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    2 views9 pages

    Heinemann Biology

    Uploaded by

    Bunny

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 9
    an 2 & & B® Bacteria Sas Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia. Bacteria Archaea Eukarya igure 2.2.6 The classification of living ings, ‘showing the three domains based on cell types, ‘andthe sickingdoms. Bacteria ard Archaea have prokaryotic cals Protista, Pantae, Fung) ‘and Animalia have eularyaticcel PROKARYOTES Prokaryotic organisms are unicellular and have a simple cell structure. Bacteria, cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria), and archaea such as methanogens are examples of prokaryotes, Prokaryotic organisms can be found everywhere, even in extreme environments such as volcanoes. ‘Most prokaryotic cells are small and therefore havea large surface area relative to their volume (see Section 2.3 for discussion of surface are to volume ratio). This allows the cells to take in and release materials efficiently and replicate quickly. ‘The structure of a typical prokarvotic cell is shown in Figure 2.1.7. Prokarvote cells lack membrane-bound organelles, and their cytoplasm contains scattered ribosomes that are involved in the synthesis of proteins. ‘The genetic material of prokaryotic cells s usually a single, circular DNA chromosome called the genophore, which is contained in an irregularly shaped region called the nucleoid, ‘The nucleoid does not have a nuclear membrane like the nucleus of eukaryotes. ‘This chromosomal DNA is attached to the plasma membrane by a region of the chromosome called the origin. In addition to this chromosomal DNA, many prokaryotic cells also contain small rings of double-stranded DNA called plasmids. “The plasma membrane of prokaryotic cell is surrounded by an outer cell wall, Many bacteria also have a capsule outside the cell wall, which protects the cell from damage and dehydration. Many prokaryotes also have flagella that enables them to move freely. ‘Many prokaryotes also have small hair-like projections called pili, which are involved in the transfer of DNA between organisms and can also help gencrate ‘movement. Specialised pili that can attach to surfaces are called fimbriae. plasma membrane DNA capsule een cytoplasm — flagenum_ ~ ribosomes pili FIGURE 2.1.7 A typical prokaryote bacterial cel, €© Carbohyarates are organic ‘compounds of carbon, hy

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