SENSORS TRANSDUCERS AND MEMS

ASSIGNMENT-1

NAME: Sathiya Priya

D No: 22pel804
SUB: Sensors Transducers
CLASS: I MSc. Electronics
 SENSORS
LIDAR SENSOR:

PRINCIPLE:
The working principle of LiDAR is very similar to that of radar. With laser as the
signal source, the pulsed laser emitted by the laser will hit the trees, roads, bridges and
building on the ground and cause scattering. Part of the light wave will be reflected on the
LiDAR receiver.

DESCRIPTION:
LiDAR is an active remote sensing system. An active system means that the system
itself generates energy - in this case, light - to measure things on the ground. In a LiDAR
system, light is emitted from a rapidly firing laser. You can imagine light quickly strobing
from a laser light source.

APPLICATION:
Below are seven interesting applications of LiDAR ;

1. Autonomous Vehicles
2. Aerial Inspection
3. Precision Agriculture
4. Forestry and Land Management
5. Survey and Mapping
6. Renewable Energy
7. Robotics

PINOUT DIAGRAM:
 PICTURE OF SENSOR:

LiDAR Sensor

FEATURES:
Lidar sensors are a key component in autonomous vehicles,
providing a high-resolution 3D view of their surroundings. Lidar enables
autonomous vehicles to “see” by generating and measuring millions of data
points in real time, creating a precise map of its ever-changing surroundings for
safe navigation.
LiDAR, or light detection ranging (sometimes also referred to as
active laser scanning), is one remote sensing method that can be used to map
structure including vegetation
SPECIFICATION:
 LiDAR Detection Range.
 Range Precision and Accuracy.
 Field-of-View.
 Scan Pattern.
 Cross Talk Immunity.
 LiDAR Detection Rate.
 Multiple Returns.
AURDINO INTERFACING WITH LiDAR SENSOR:

LiDAR sensor can be classified into several types. Some of types are given below;

1. Terrestrial LiDAR
2. Airborne LiDAR
 3. Mobile LiDAR
4. Satellite LiDAR
5. Topographic LiDAR
6. Bathymetric LiDAR

TERRESTRIAL LIDAR SENSOR:

Operating principle of a terrestrial LiDAR (light detection and ranging)

scanner (FARO Photon 120). A laser beam deflected by a rotating mirror scans a vertical
plane, and the complete rotation of the device allows hemispherical scanning. This results in
the digitisation and the representation of surrounding objects in a three-dimensional (3D)
point cloud.
Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), also referred to as terrestrial LiDAR (light
detection and ranging) or topographic LiDAR, acquires XYZ coordinates of numerous points
on point land by emitting laser pulses toward these points and measuring the distance from
the by emitting laser pulses toward this and measuring the distance from the device to the
target (Vos Selman and Maas, 2010).height, density and other characteristics across a region.

SENSOR PRICE IN MARKET:

* Faro Terrestrial LiDAR sensor price range at amazon:
Rs:63,823 per piece.
* At India MART price range is Rs:15 lakhs.
AIRBORNE LiDAR SENSOR:
  Airborne Lidar is a dynamic, polar and active multi-sensor system comprising a
navigation unit (GNSS, IMU) for continuous measurement of the sensor platform’s position
and attitude and the laser scanner itself. This provides the direction of the laser beam and the
distance between the sensor and the reflecting targets. 
Airborne LIDAR measurement technology, its' height accuracy may be up to
13cm, or horizontal accuracy may be up to 20 centimetre in the open air. To improve the
accuracy of Airborne LIDAR Systems and access to high quality point cloud data, some
scholars conducted extensive studies.
Airborne LiDAR is installed on a helicopter or drone for collecting data. As soon as
it's activated, Airborne LiDAR emits light towards the ground surface, which returns to the
sensor immediately after hitting the object, giving an exact measurement of its distance.

SENSOR PRICE IN MARKET:

* Airborne LiDAR Sensor price range at amazon:
Rs: 4,971 per piece.
* Airborne LiDAR Sensor price at India MART:
Rs: 2,500 per piece.
MOBILE LiDAR SENSOR:
Mobile LiDAR, or 3D laser scanning, is one of the fastest, most efficient ways to
collect spatial data. Our non-invasive technologies capture all required data-point
measurements in a single pass, speeding up your processes and eliminating the need for
additional mobilization costs.
Mobile LiDAR is an advanced mapping solution that incorporates the most
advanced LiDAR sensors, cameras and position/navigation/DGPS/GNSS receivers to collect
survey grade 3D point cloud data quickly and accurately.
Survey Grade Mobile LiDAR mapping is the process of collecting geospatial
data from a mobile vehicle, typically fitted with a LiDAR remote sensing system. Such
systems are composed of an integrated array of time synchronized navigation sensors (survey
grade DGPS/GNSS) and imaging sensors mounted on a mobile platform. The primary output
after pre-processing from such systems include; geo-referenced 3D point cloud data, digital
maps, images and videos. The overall accuracy of the data which can be easily achieved is
about +/- 2 cm.

SENSOR PRICE IN MARKET:

* Mobile LiDAR sensor price range at amazon:
Rs: 2000.
* Mobile LiDAR sensor price range at India MART:
Rs: 1500.

TOPOGRAPHIC LiDAR SENSOR:

 Topographic lidar typically uses a near-infrared laser to map the land, while
bathymetric lidar uses water-penetrating green light to also measure seafloor and riverbed
elevations. A lidar map of Lynnhaven Inlet, Virginia.
The principle of using laser for range measurement was known since late 1960s.   At
the same time people begun thinking about the use of airborne laser for measurement of
ground coordinates.  However, this could not be realized till late 1980s as determination of
location of airborne laser sensor, which is a primary requirement, was not possible.  The
operationalization of GPS solved this problem.  This is among the important reasons that why
the laser mapping from airborne platform could not be realized before. 
LiDAR sensors are able to achieve range accuracy of 0.5 to 10mm rLiDAR sensors
are able to achieve range accuracy of 0.5 to 10mm relative to the sensor and a mapping
accuracy of up to 1cm horizontal (x, y) and 2cm vertical (z). This makes them particularly
useful as a remote sensing tool for mobile mapping. 

SENSOR PRICE IN MARKET:

* Topographic LiDAR sensor price at amazon:
Rs: 1600.
* At India Mart price:
Rs: 1500.

SATELLITE LiDAR SENSOR:

Lidar, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, is a remote sensing method
that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the
Earth.
Satellite lidar systems determine vegetation structure by emitting lasers down to Earth
at a known distance from the planet's surface and measuring the time it takes for the lasers to
return to their origin. As the satellite orbits the Earth, its lasers bounce off different features
of a landscape.
Considering the enlarging threats to India and with the possibility of conflict with
China and its allies in the short, medium and long terms, our scientists, policy makers and
military planners need to examine the military applications of satellite-based LiDAR
platforms.
The first space-borne LIDAR is the ICE Sat (Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite)
satellite carrying the GLAS instrument which was launched in January 2003.

SENSOR PRICE IN MARKET:

* Satellite LiDAR sensor price range at amazon:
Rs: 30,458 per piece.
* At India Mart:
Rs: 28,597 per piece.
PROXIMITY SENSOR:
PRINCIPLE:
Proximity Sensors are available in models using high-frequency oscillation to
detect ferrous and non-ferrous metal objects and in capacitive models to detect non-metal
objects. Models are available with environment resistance, heat resistance, resistance to
chemicals, and resistance to water.
"Proximity Sensor" includes all sensors that perform non-contact detection in
comparison to sensors, such as limit switches, that detect objects by physically contacting
them. Proximity Sensors convert information on the movement or presence of an object into
an electrical signal. There are three types of detection systems that do this conversion:
systems that use the eddy currents that are generated in metallic sensing objects by
electromagnetic induction, systems that detect changes in electrical capacity when
approaching the sensing object, and systems that use magnets and reed switch.

Proximity sensor

DESCRIPTION:
A proximity sensor is a non-contact sensor that detects the presence of an object
(often referred to as the “target”) when the target enters the sensor’s field. Depending on the
type of proximity sensor, sound, light, infrared radiation (IR), or electromagnetic fields may
be utilized by the sensor to detect a target.

APPLICATION:
Applications where these sensors can be used in automotive include infotainment
systems, keyless entry systems, 3D gestures, and interior lighting control. The increased
adoption of industrial robots is another key factor driving the growth of the proximity sensor
market. There are some applications to use in proximity sensor.
 1. Smartphones or mobile phones
2. Usage in parking
3. Usage in automatic faucet
4. Usage in automation
5. Usage in security
6. Usage in counter system
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

There are so many types of proximity sensor. Some of them are given below
* Inductive proximity sensor
* Capacitive proximity sensor
* Magnetic proximity sensor
* Optical proximity sensor
* Ultrasonic proximity sensor

INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR:

It has two versions:

 Unshielded: Electromagnetic field generated by the coil is unrestricted, allowing

for wider and greater sensing distances
 Shielded: Electromagnetic field generated is concentrated in the front, where sides
of the sensor coil are covered up and comprises of 4 main components. It
comprises of 4 main components as seen in the picture; Coil, Oscillator, Schmitt
Trigger, and output switching circuit.

PRINCIPLE:

 An alternating current is supplied to the coil, generating an electromagnetic detection

field
 When a metal object comes close to the magnetic field, eddy currents build-up, and
result in coil inductance changes
 When coil inductance changes, the circuit that has been continuously monitoring, will
trigger the sensor’s output switch.

SENSOR PRICE IN MARKET:

* Inductive proximity sensor price range at amazon:
Rs: 420 per piece.
CAPACITATIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR:
Capacitive proximity sensors are contactless sensors that detect both metallic
and non-metallic objects, including liquid, powders, and granular. It operates by detecting a
change in capacitance.
Similar to inductive sensors, it consists of an oscillator, Schmitt trigger and
output switching circuit. The only difference is it comprises of 2 charging plates (1 internal, 1
external) for capacitation:

 Internal plate connected to the oscillator.

  External plate (sensor electrodes) used as the sensing surface.

PRINCIPLE:

 Capacitive proximity sensor produces an electrostatic field

 When an object (conductive/non-conductive) approaches the sensing area, the
capacitance of both plates increases, resulting in oscillator amplitude gain
 The resulted amplitude gain triggers sensor output switch.

SENSOR PRICE IN MARKET:

* Capacitive proximity sensor price range at amazon:

Rs: 675 per piece

MAGNETIC PROXIMITY SENSOR:

Magnetic proximity sensors are proximity devices used to detect magnetic objects
through their large sensing ranges. A typical one incorporates glass and metal blade, allowing
for quick magnetizing.

Though it merely senses magnets, it’s still great for its low cost, long-range, and small
dimensions.
SENSOR PRICE IN MARKET:
* Magnetic proximity sensor price at amazon:
Rs: 250 per piece.
OPTICAL PROXIMITY SENSOR:
It is the light source that is used for the detection of light. As these are the
devices installed in mobile phones these are most in demand.
Optical proximity sensors basically consist of two main units: the
emitter and the receiver. Depending on type and application, reflectors and fibre optic
cables are required in addition. Emitter and receiver are either installed in a common housing
(diffuse sensors and retro reflective sensors), or housed separately (through beam sensors).
The emitter houses the source of red or infrared light emission, which according
to the laws of optics extends in a straight line and can be diverted, focused, interrupted, reflected
and directed. It is accepted by the receiver, separated from external light and electronc
reflectors and fibre-optic cables are required in addition.
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