D I G I TA L

SKILLS
1) LIDAR TECHNOLOGY :
 READING AND WRITING ON EXISTING METHODS OF DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION :

1) LiDAR technology :

• LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is an optical remote sensing technology that measures properties of scattered
light to find range and/or other information of a distant target.
• A lidar is similar to the more familiar radar, and can be thought of as a laser radar.
• In a radar, radio waves are transmitted into the atmosphere, which scatters some of the power back to the radar's
receiver.
• A lidar also transmits and receives electromagnetic radiation, but at a higher frequency.
• Lidars operate in the ultra voilet, visible and infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
• Its operation is similar to how SONAR measures distances underwater using sound pulses.
• LIDAR often is used to measure the height of the ground's surface and the height of features on the ground.
• In this case, a LIDAR sensor, mounted in a plane, is flown over the area to be imaged.
• The sensor sends out a series of laser pulses towards the Earth's surface. Each laser pulse bounces off objects on its
journey toward the ground (tree tops and branches, vegetation, roofs, stone walls, etc.) and returns skyward toward
the sensor.
• If the pulse travels all the way to the ground without hitting any thing else, it reflects off the surface of the Earth and
returns back to the sensor.
• The LIDAR sensor measures the time it takes each pulse to travel to the ground(or other object) and back and uses
this information to create a 3-D representation of the imaged surface.
• The return pulses can be used to define both the "bare earth" (the ground) as well as aboveground structures (trees,
houses, etc.).
• These distinctions are created by processing the raw data using algorithms designed to separate bare earth from an
above ground structure.
• Most people who utilize LIDAR data will not deal with the raw data directly but instead will work with some of the
products produced from LIDAR over flights.
• Examples of LIDAR-produced data include digital elevation models, topographic contours, and intensity.
• Different types of physical processes in the atmosphere are related to different types of light scattering. Choosing
different types of scattering processes allows atmospheric composition, temperature and wind to be measured.
• This lidar (laser range finder) may be used to scan buildings, rock formations, etc., to produce a 3D model. The lidar
can aim its laser beam in a wide range: its head rotates horizontally, a mirror flips vertically. The laser beam is used to
measure the distance to the first object on its path.
• A LiDAR system combines a single narrow-beam laser with a receiver system.
• The laser produces an optical pulse that is transmitted, reflected off an object, and returned to the receiver. The
receiver accurately measures the travel time of the pulse from its start to its return.
• With the pulse traveling at the speed of light, the receiver senses the return pulse before the next pulse is sent out.
• Since the speed of light is known, the travel time can be converted to a range measurement. Combining the laser
range, laser scan angle, laser position from GPS, and laser orientation from INS, accurate x, y, z ground
coordinates can be calculated for each laser pulse.
• Laser emission rates can be anywhere from a few pulses per second to tens of thousands of pulses per second.
• Thus, large volumes of points are collected. For example, a laser emitting pulses at 10,000 times per second will
record 600,000 points every minute.
• Typical raw laser point spacing on the ground ranges from two to four meters.
• Some LiDAR systems can record “multiple returns” from the same pulse.
• In such systems the beam may hit leaves at the top of tree canopy, while part of the beam travels further and may
hit more leaves or branches. Some of the beam is then likely to hit the ground and be reflected back, ending up
with a set of recorded “multiple returns” each having an x, y, z position.
TYPES OF LIDAR :

1. DIAL Lidar (Differential Absorption Lidar):

Differential Absorption LIDAR) is a laser based method of measuring and mapping concentrations and mass emissions
of various molecules in the lower atmosphere.
It is non-invasive and single-ended, and gives concentration profiles and mass emissions of various species in the area
being survey.

2. Fluorescence Lidar :

The fluorescence lidar can positively distinguish oil from water or biological substances. A rugged system with real-
time display mounted on a small airplane and a ship could make significant aides for the pollution response sites. This
paper describes a compact lidar system which is suitable for rapid identification of oil slicks. For this application a
wider field of view was necessary. Functions of the proposed system were evaluated by airborne and ship borne tests.
During a flight of 1000ft above the surface, spots illuminated by the laser were acquired in an image with angular view
of 18.2degrees. Fluorescence data was interpreted in terms of substances referenced with the fluorescence
characteristics measured with the streak scope. A GPS instrument installed on board was used to position data precisely,
to map out the investigated course.
3. Rayleigh/Mie Lidar :

Rayleigh/Mie laser radar (lidar) is ideal for innovative avionics and ground-based instruments. It is particularly
useful in measuring air data in clear air environments found at aircraft operational altitudes .Rayleigh/Mie lidar
relies on light interaction with the constituents of the atmosphere i.e. scattering from both atmospheric aerosols (Mie
scattering) and atmospheric gas molecules (Rayleigh scattering).Few aerosols are present at aircraft operational
altitudes, so our ability to collect light returns from scatter off of the air molecules present (Rayleigh scattering) is
critical to making atmospheric measurements. Temperature and pressure measurements for ground-based and
airborne applications also benefit from the ability to measure light scattering off of molecules. Rayleigh/Mie lidar
utilizes both types of scattering phenomena (from air molecules and aerosols) and enables these returns to be
analyzed separately.

4. Raman Lidar :

The Raman Lidar (RL) is an active, ground-based laser remote sensing instrument that measures vertical profiles of
water-vapor mixing ratio and several cloud- and aerosol-related quantities. Lidar (light detection and ranging) is the
optical analog of radar, using pulses of laser radiation to probe the atmosphere. This system is fully computer
automated, and will run unattended for many days following a brief (~5-minute) startup period. The self-contained
system (requiring only external electrical power) is housed in a climate-controlled 8'x8'x20' standard shipping
container.
2 ) P H O TO G R A M M E T RY
T E C H N O L O G Y:
2) Photogrammetry technology :

• Photogrammetry is the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the
environment through processes of recording, measuring, and interpreting photographic images and patterns of
recorded radiant electromagnetic energy and other phenomena.
• Photogrammetry is nearly as old as photography itself. Since its development approximately 150 years ago,
photogrammetry has moved from a purely analog, optical–mechanical technique to analytical methods based on
computer-aided solution of mathematical algorithms and finally to digital or softcopy photogrammetry based on
digital imagery and computer vision, which is devoid of any opto-mechanical hardware.
• Photogrammetry is primarily concerned with making precise measurements of three-dimensional objects and
terrain features from two-dimensional photographs.
• Applications include the measuring of coordinates; the quantification of distances, heights, areas, and volumes; the
preparation of topographic maps; and the generation of digital elevation models and orthophotographs.
• Photogrammetry, as its name implies, is a three-dimensional coordinate measuring technique that uses photographs
as the fundamental medium for metrology or measurement.
• Two general types of photogrammetry exist:
A) Aerial (with the camera in the air) and
B) Terrestrial (with the camera handheld or on a tripod).
• Terrestrial photogrammetry dealing with object distances up to ca. 200 m is also termed close-range
photogrammetry. Small-format aerial photogrammetry in a way takes place between these two types, combining the
aerial vantage point with close object distances and high image detail.
• Aerial photogrammetry is technically a subset of remote sensing that primarily involves visible light waves in the
electromagnetic spectrum. There are some excellent uses in the near-infrared applications as well. Aerial
photography is perhaps the most widely used method for creating geographic databases in forestry and natural
resource management.

• Stereo photogrammetry is a technique that involves the estimation of 3D coordinates of points on an object by
considering the measurements made of two or more images taken from different positions. By collecting the points
obtained from the x,y, and z coordinate the image is calculated. The principles on which Stereo photogrammetry is
based is stereoscopic principles which allow the user to create or enhance the illusions of the image by the means of
stereopsis for binocular vision.
Engineering :

• As photogrammetry is nothing but accurate measurements of images.

• The first industry to adapt or use this technology in engineering.
• While building a complex structure it is very important to have accurate measurements of everything.
• The planning and the execution should be perfect and because of this reason, photogrammetry is used.
• By using the images from drones, engineers can evaluate the sites of construction properly which ensures that
everything runs smoothly without any hurdle.
• If a client needs to see the progress of the work, Photogrammetry is used to create perspective images and 3D
renderings which helps in analyzing the current work.

Film and Entertainment :

• Photogrammetry plays an important role in film and entertainment.

• Throughout many years the filmmakers have started to heavily rely on photogrammetry for 3D modelling and
accurate measurements that are required for world-building for games and movies. photogrammetry has started
to play a big role in various CGI movies.
• The 3D modelling of photogrammetry can help in bringing the planned virtual worlds like cities and other
historical places with accurate measurements. Movies such as fight club, the matrix, and games such as the
battlefield have utilized the technique of photogrammetry.
Forensics :

• Knowing all the details while solving a case is very important and photogrammetry plates an important role in the
crime investigation. photogrammetry helps in documenting the precise measurements of the scenes of crime when
presenting the case in front of the court. Photogrammetric lawyers are experts who are also present that are skilled at
intreretting the photo models and can also help in solving the case both inside and outside the courtroom.

Land Surveying :

• Land surveying is a method that uses science, measurements, and technologies to determine the surface of the earth.
Land surveying uses photogrammetry to take accurate images of things such as landmasses.
• Land surveying also uses photogrammetry to get accurate measurements of a particular object.

Real Estate :

• We live in a society where we can get everything online. From renting a book to renting or owning a house everything
is dealt with online. As a result of this many buyers are depending on an online listing to find new homes and many real
estates have to create a striking visual about the various properties which they want to sell. Instead of spending
thousands of rupees on an advertisement, Modern drones and the technique of photogrammetry have been used by
many real estate agents to create an accurate image of the house.
3) DRONE SCANNING TECHNOLOGY :
• Drone scanning involves using drones to capture images and data from
above. The drones are then flown over the area of interest to capture
images and data from different angles and orientations. This data is then
processed to create detailed 2D and 3D models of the area being scanned.
• Drone scanning is a powerful technology that has the potential to
revolutionize the scanning industry. With its time and cost savings,
increased safety, improved accuracy, and versatility, drone scanning is a
valuable tool for businesses in a variety of industries.

The drone allows for airborne capturing of data while the operator receives
live feedback as it scans. Inspecting the condition of products or verifying
the contents of pallets can be easily achieved as the drone is also fitted with
a camera.
• Time and Cost Savings:
Drone scanning can save time and money compared to traditional scanning methods. Drones can capture data
much faster, allowing for quicker data analysis and decision-making. Additionally, drones can access areas that are
difficult or dangerous for humans to access, eliminating the need for costly equipment or manpower.

• Increased Safety:
Drone scanning eliminates the need for human workers to access dangerous or inaccessible areas. This reduces the
risk of accidents or injuries in the workplace.

• Improved Accuracy:
Drone scanning can produce highly accurate 2D and 3D models of the area being scanned. This level of accuracy
can be used to identify potential issues or areas of concern that may not be visible with traditional scanning
methods.

• Versatility:
Drone scanning can be used in a variety of industries, including construction, agriculture, inventory management
and more. This versatility makes it a valuable tool for businesses in a wide range of fields.
Drones, equipped with advanced tools like LiDAR and high-resolution cameras, have become indispensable in
creating detailed 3D maps of structures and landscapes. This technology is proving invaluable across various
sectors:

• Construction and Urban Planning:

In these sectors, drones facilitate tracking construction progress and identifying issues early on. Their usage in
monitoring the health of aging infrastructure like bridges and dams is becoming increasingly crucial.

• Environmental Surveys:
Drones play a pivotal role in conducting environmental surveys and assessing natural hazards, aiding in disaster
management and ecological conservation.

• Urban Development:
The efficiency of planning and managing urban development projects is significantly enhanced through the
detailed aerial perspectives provided by drones.
Inspection and Maintenance Revolutionized
Drones have significantly impacted the way inspection and maintenance are conducted, especially in areas
that are challenging to access:

• Enhanced Safety and Cost-Efficiency:

By minimizing the need for manual inspections in hazardous areas, drones improve worker safety and
reduce the costs and downtime associated with traditional methods.

• Proactive Problem Identification:

Drones enable early detection of potential issues in structures like wind turbines or high-rise buildings,
preventing major problems and ensuring structural integrity.
Geospatial Analysis through Drone Data
A key aspect of drone technology is its ability to gather data for geospatial analysis, which is crucial for:

• Risk Assessment and Land Use Planning:

Drones aid in creating digital elevation models (DEMs) that are essential for flood risk assessment and effective land
use planning.

• Environmental Monitoring:
They are instrumental in tracking changes in vegetation cover and monitoring wildlife habitats, playing a vital role in
conservation efforts.

3D Scanners: Enhancing Building Information Modeling (BIM)

• Stakeholder Collaboration: It fosters improved collaboration and communication among architects, engineers, and
construction professionals.

• Optimized Design and Construction: The technology aids in optimizing building design and construction
processes and preemptively identifying potential design issues.
Facility Management and Cultural Heritage Preservation

In facility management, 3D scans are pivotal for space planning, maintenance, and optimizing energy efficiency. In
cultural heritage, they help in the preservation and restoration of historical sites and artifacts, providing a digital
means of documentation and education.

The Crucial Role of Geospatial Technology Integration

Geospatial technology is the linchpin in integrating natural phenomena with the built environment. By synthesizing
data from drones, 3D scanners, and other sensors, it enables:

• Resilient Infrastructure Design: Understanding natural elements like floodplains and wind patterns is crucial in
designing buildings resistant to extreme weather.

• Creation of Sustainable Urban Spaces: The technology aids in designing green spaces and urban oases,
balancing the built environment with natural elements.

• Water Resource Management: It's instrumental in managing water resources effectively, addressing challenges
like water scarcity and flood prevention.
 SKETCHUP CLASS :

MODEL 2

MODEL 1 MODEL 3