PHYSICS

PROJECT WORK

TRANSFORMER AND IT’S WORKING

 Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. /Ms. ................................

Of class XII of Darul Falah English School, Poopalam, has

done this project under my supervision. He/ she has
successfully completed the “Project work in Physics” Up to
my satisfaction

Teacher in charge

Name: Mr./Ms.:

Date :
External Examiner
Name : Mr. /Ms. :
Date :

Principal:

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Title of the project: Transformers and it’s working

Project members:

Teacher in charge :

Name of the school : Darul Falah English School.

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 INDEX
No. Contents Page no.
1. Introduction
2. Principle
3. Step down
transformer
4. Construction
5. Theory
6. Energy losses
in
transformer
7. Bibliography

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 Introduction
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high
alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage

Principle
It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if a
varying current is set-up in a circuit induced e.m.f. is
produced in the neighboring circuit. The varying current in
a circuit produce varying magnetic flux which induces
e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit.

Step Down Transformer

In our project step-down transformer is used: This transformer converts high
voltage at alternating current into low voltage alternating current. In step-down

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 transformer the number of turns in primary coil remains large as compare to
secondary coil.

Construction
The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated with each other by
insulated material and wound on a common core. For operation at low frequency,
we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips
coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The
input circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is called secondary

Theory
Suppose, the number of turns in the primary coil is NP and that in the secondary
coil is NS. The resistance of the coil is assumed to be zero. Let be the rate of
change of flux in each turn of the primary coil. If Ep be the e.m.f. in the primary
circuit then. EP = –NP

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 (1) We suppose that there is no loss of flux between the primary and secondary
coils.Then, the induced e.m.f. in the secondary coil will be: ES = –NS

(2) From equations (i) and (ii), we find:Ns/Np = K is called transformer ratio or
turn ratio. For step up transformer K > 1
For step down transformer K < 1
That is for step-up transformer NS > NP, therefore ES>EP.
For the step down transformer NS < NP therefore ES < EP.
Efficiency: The efficiency of the transformer is given by:
If Ip and Is be the currents in the primary and secondary circuits.
For ideal transformer
= 1 = 100%.
Therefore ESIS = EPIP Or
Therefore, for step up, transformer current in the secondary is less than in the
primary (IS < IP). And in a step down transformer we have IS > IP.

Energy Losses in
Transformer
In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the input
energy, because energy losses occur due to a number of reasons as explained
below.

1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils

is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the primary
coil is not linked up with the secondary coil

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 2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores inspite of lamination,Eddy currents are
produced. The magnitude of eddy current
may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat produced in
the iron core.

3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer

possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the heat produced
in the resistance of the coil.

4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes

the iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So
Energy is lost due to hysteresis.

5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the

Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound
may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be lost
due to humming.

Bibliography:
www.Google.com
www.Wikipedia.com