BIO06 Final Report

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
ANTIBACTERIAL MARINE ALGAE MOISTURIZER TO PREVENT

ACNE DUE TO MASK USAGE
Final Report
GROUP 06
GROUP PERSONNEL:
ARLYA DAFFA AMIRA (1806207482)

FELICIA CARISSA (1806207734)
KANYA ARDELIA FATHINA (1806207425)
MUHAMMAD MAULANA EKAPUTRA (1806207715)
RIVA MARCELLA (1806150175)
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
MAY 2021
LIST OF GROUP MEMBERS
1. Name : Arlya Daffa Amira

NPM : 1806207482
Place, DOB : Jakarta, 13th September 2000
Address : Mahogany Residence Blok I/20, Cibubur, East Jakarta
2. Name : Felicia Carissa

NPM : 1806207734
Place, DOB : Tangerang, 10th April 2000
Address : Sutera Gardenia 6 no. 7, Tangerang Selatan, Banten
3. Name : Kanya Ardelia Fathina

NPM : 1806207425
Place, DOB : Jakarta, February 17th 2000
Address : Jl Alam Asri VII no SL 25, South Jakarta
4. Name : Muhammad Maulana Ekaputra

NPM : 1806207715
Place, DOB : Jakarta, 14th October 2000
Address : Jl. Manuhuaraya no. 9, Halim Perdanakusuma, East
Jakarta
5. Name : Riva Marcella

NPM : 1806150175
Place, DOB : Jakarta, 18th October 2000
Address : Jl. Andara Ujung No. 88, Andara Forest, Cinere, Depok
i
Universitas Indonesia
FOREWORD
First and foremost, we would like to thank God for His blessings and for
giving us the courage and the strength to completing the final report of our
Chemical Product Design assignment. The aim of the final report is to present our
chemical product design project, which is an antibacterial marine algae moisturizer
by the name of Coeur de Mer. The final report entails our research on the
development of our product, including needs and ideas identification, concept
generation, final specification, future prospects, prototype, packaging, branding,
product manufacturing, supply chain management, and its economical and
profitability analysis. Throughout the process of completing the final report, we
have encountered a number of challenges; however, we have successfully overcame
said challenges by the lessons and the guidance we have gotten. We would like to
thank:
1. Ir. Dewi Tristantini, M.T., PhD., for her guidance and her supervision, as
we are very grateful to have her as our supervisor,
2. Prof. Dr. Ir. Widodo W. Purwanto, DEA., Prof. Dr. Ing. Ir. Mistri Gozan
M.Tech, and Dr. rer. nat. Ir. Yuswan Muharam, M.T., for all of their
feedbacks and inputs,
3. Our families for their continuous support and prayers throughout the process
of completing the final report of our Chemical Product Design assignment,
4. Our friends from Chemical Engineering Department batch 2018,
specifically our friends from Bioprocess Engineering, for their moral
support,
5. Others who have helped and supported us along the way.
Lastly, we hope our final report may benefit others by contributing to the
world of science and technology, specifically in the cosmetics industry. We are
aware of how our report may have a few drawbacks; therefore, we are open for
criticisms and suggestions.
Depok, 18 June 2021.
ii
ABSTRACT
COEUR DE MER: ANTIBACTERIAL MOISTURIZER

Arlya Daffa Amira, Felicia Carissa, Kanya Ardelia Fathina, Muhammad Maulana
Ekaputra, Riva Marcella
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas
Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
In times of the COVID-19 pandemic, mask usage has an adverse effect in the form
of acne. The compounds found in marine algae exhibit a wide range of bioactivity.
Coeur de Mer, an antibacterial moisturizer, is able to prevent the formation of acne
on the face. Coeur de Mer moisturizer target consumers from the age of 20 to 34
years with middle to high income. Coeur de Mer plant is located in Kawasan
Industri Tigaraksa. The production process utilizes a batch process consisting of
blending, mixing, filling, quality control, and packaging. Each product will be
packaged in a 150 ml tube and distributed in urban areas in Java Island with the
retail price of Rp385.000,00. The product is predicted to have IRR of 34,16% and
932.539 units sold after 4,28 years of running.
Keywords: Acne, Antibacterial, Antiviral, Mask, Moisturizer
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Marine algae are known for its utilization as an alternative medicine for
skin-related diseases. The compounds found in seaweed exhibit a wide range of
bioactivity that can be used as active ingredients in cosmetic products. Natural
antiseptic is considered to be an important source of new antimicrobial agents, and
one of the important factors in acne prevention are the antimicrobial properties
found in the ingredients used in the formulation of the product.
In order to design the right bio-based antibacterial moisturizer based on
consumer needs, the writers conducted a market research for people of all ages and
genders. From a total of 154 respondents, the result showed how 95% of the
respondents are interested in using bio-based facial products to prevent the
formation of acne on their faces, and from a total of 169 respondents, the result
showed how it is important for the respondents to have a product that acts both as
moisturizer and antiseptic during COVID-19 pandemic. These concerns and
expectations were later analysed to define the list of needs of the customers.
The authors determined a concept of a new antibacterial moisturizer with
natural ingredients and supplementary benefits, which is done to ensure the final
concepts of the product meets the consumers’ needs, before the final concept was
developed into a final specification. The final product concept is a bio-based gel
moisturizer in a squeeze tube that hydrates the skin and provides antibacterial,
antiviral, and acne preventive properties.
The authors’ product contains bio-based ingredients, including red algae
and brown algae extract, andrografolid extracted from green chiretta (Andrographis
paniculata) and chavibetol extracted from betel (Piper betle). The composition of
the product includes red algae extract 24%, brown algae extract 4%, green chiretta
extract 4%, betel extract 4%, niacinimide 4%, glycerin 8%, hyaluronic acid 7%,
water 36%, behenyl alcohol 6%, and lecithin 3%.
After defining the composition and specification of the final product, the
authors developed the brand of the moisturizer. The product is called "Coeur de
Mer" which is derived from the French phrase "Heart of the Ocean”, embodying
the same philosophy as the product's vision to become the "heart" or primary
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product of a skincare regime. The moisturizer is filled inside a tube, packaged in a
carboard box that can contain up to 24-unit moisturizers per box.
To manufacture the product, the authors generated a manufacturing cycle,
utilizing a batch process consisting of blending, mixing, filling, quality control, and
packaging, using a blending tank, filling machine, and packaging machine. The raw
materials to produce 4972 tubes per day include 189,73 kg/batch of water, 36,89
kg/batch of hyaluronic acid, 21,08 kg/batch of MAA extract from red algae, 79,05
kg/batch Carrageenan, 31,62 kg/batch Behenyl Alcohol, 26,35 kg/batch
Andrografolid extract, 26,35 kg/batch Niacinimide, 21,08 kg/batch Chavibetol,
21,08 kg/batch Alginate, 0,26 kg/batch Fucoxanthin, and 0,26 kg/batch
Phlorotannin for Phase A. Phase B for the mixture made up of 42,16 kg/batch of
Glycerin and 15,8 kg/batch of Lecithin. From energy balance, by reconsidering the
process involved, the supply energy needed for the process is 19,44 kWh per batch.
The authors’ manufacturing plant will be located in Kawasan Industri
Tigaraksa, located in the West of Jakarta in Tangerang city in Banten Province with
a 5400 m2 manufacturing area and 1283 m2 office area by implementing a cellular
layout. The product itself will be distributed to retailers’ distribution centres in the
urban areas of Java Island, which include DKI Jakarta, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah,
Jawa Timur, and Banten, DI Yogyakarta with Century, Dan+Dan, Guardian,
Sephora, Sociolla, Transmart, and Watson as their retailers.
The total capital investment of the production of Coeur de Mer moisturizer
is Rp54.751.942.596,15, while the operational cost is Rp54.540.390.685,93 in
2022, and Rp50.278.143.332,02 in 2031. With the product price of Rp385.000,00
per 150 ml, the NPV of the product is Rp134.128.677.538,66, and the IRR is
34,16% while the payback period of the product is 4,28 years with break-even point
of 932.539 tubes. From this value, the project it is able to be assessed how the
project is profitable and economically favourable with the return of investment
value of 373,72%.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF GROUP MEMBERS ............................................................................. i

FOREWORD ......................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... ix
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................. xi
LIST OF APPENDICE ....................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of Ideas ................................................................................... 1
1.2 Identification and Limitation of Problem ................................................. 2
1.3 Needs Identification .................................................................................... 3
1.4. Similar Existing Products .......................................................................... 4
1.4.1 Natural Moisturizing Factors + HA by The Ordinary ................... 4
1.4.2 Tea Tree Mattifying Lotion by The Body Shop .............................. 5
1.4.3 Bija Trouble Lotion by Innisfree ..................................................... 5
1.4.4 Ceramic Skin Saviour by Somethinc ............................................... 6
1.4.5 Soothing & Moisture Aloe Vera 92% Soothing Gel by Nature
Republic ......................................................................................................... 6
1.5 General and Combining Project ................................................................ 7
1.5.1 Existing Concept .................................................................................. 7
1.5.2 Brainstorming Concept ....................................................................... 9
1.5.3 Concept Combination ...................................................................... 11
1.6. Ideas Selection .......................................................................................... 13
1.6.1. Concept Screening............................................................................. 13
1.6.2 Rate the Concept ................................................................................ 13
1.6.3 Concept Scoring ................................................................................. 14
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................... 19
2.1 Acne and the COVID-19 Pandemic ......................................................... 19
2.1.1 Effects of Excessive Mask Usage....................................................... 19
2.2 Acne Prevention Treatments .................................................................... 20
2.2.1 Common Ingredients in Product Formulation ................................ 20
2.3 Marine Algae ............................................................................................. 21
2.3.1 Bioactive Components of Marine Algae ........................................... 21
2.4 Natural Antiseptics ................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER 3 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION................................................... 24
3.1. Final Specifications of Product ............................................................... 24
3.2. Product Description ................................................................................. 27
CHAPTER 4 PROTOTYPE, PACKAGING, AND BRAND ......................... 31
4.1 Company Profile ....................................................................................... 31
vi
4.2 Brand .......................................................................................................... 31
4.3 Tagline ........................................................................................................ 31
4.4 Logo ............................................................................................................ 32
4.5 Packaging Design ...................................................................................... 32
4.5.1 Primary Packaging............................................................................. 32
4.5.2 Secondary Packaging ......................................................................... 33
CHAPTER 5 PRODUCT MANUFACTURING .............................................. 36
5.1 Market Analysis ........................................................................................ 36
5.2 Demand Approximation ........................................................................... 38
5.3 Production Capacity ................................................................................. 41
5.4. Block Flow Diagram ................................................................................ 42
5.4.1. General Description .......................................................................... 43
5.4.2. Specific Description........................................................................... 43
5.5. Equipment and Operating Conditions .............................................. 44
5.5.1. Blending Tank ................................................................................... 44
5.5.2. Filling Machine .................................................................................. 45
5.5.3. Packaging Machine ........................................................................... 46
5.6. Mass and Energy Balance .................................................................. 47
5.6.1. Mass Balance ............................................................................... 47
5.6.2. Energy Balance ............................................................................ 47
5.7. Scheduling ............................................................................................ 49
5.8. Performance Metrics .......................................................................... 51
5.9 Plant Location ........................................................................................... 52
5.9.1 Plant Location Selection .................................................................... 54
5.9.2 Plant Layout ....................................................................................... 55
CHAPTER 6 SUPPLY CHAIN ......................................................................... 57
6.1 Logistic of Raw Material .......................................................................... 57
6.1.1 Raw Material Supply ......................................................................... 57
6.1.2 Raw Material Order Capacity .......................................................... 61
6.1.3 Raw Material Inventory .................................................................. 66
6.2 Product Distribution ................................................................................. 72
6.2.1 Product Distribution Location .......................................................... 72
6.2.2 Mode of Transportation .................................................................... 75
6.2.3 Product Distribution Pathway .......................................................... 76
6.2.4 Product Inventory .............................................................................. 77
6.3 Product Marketing .................................................................................... 80
6.3.1 Target Determination ........................................................................ 80
6.3.2 Market Segmentation......................................................................... 80
6.3.3 Promotion Strategy ............................................................................ 81
CHAPTER 7 PRODUCT COSTING ................................................................ 83
7.1 Capital Investment .................................................................................... 83
7.1.1 Fixed Capital ...................................................................................... 84
vii
7.1.2 Working Capital ................................................................................. 89
7.1.3 Total Capital Investment ................................................................... 89
7.2 Operational Cost ....................................................................................... 91
7.2.1 Direct Production Cost ...................................................................... 91
7.2.2 Fixed Cost ......................................................................................... 100
7.2.3 Plant Overhead Cost ........................................................................ 109
7.2.4 General Expense ............................................................................... 111
7.2.5 Summary of Operational Cost ........................................................ 117
7.3 Depreciation ............................................................................................. 118
7.4 Economic Analysis .................................................................................. 119
7.4.1 Product Pricing................................................................................. 119
7.4.2 Cash Flow.......................................................................................... 120
7.4.3 Cost Breakdown ............................................................................... 125
7.5 Profitability Analysis .............................................................................. 127
7.5.1 Return on Investment (ROI) ........................................................... 127
7.5.2 Payback Period ................................................................................. 127
7.5.3 Breakeven Point ............................................................................... 128
7.5.4 Internal Rate of Return ................................................................... 129
7.5.5 Net Present Value ............................................................................. 129
7.6 Sensitivity Analysis ................................................................................. 130
CONCLUSION.................................................................................................. 134
PATENT ............................................................................................................ 136
REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 144
APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 151
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. 1 List of Customer Needs ......................................................................... 3

Table 1. 2 Needs Group and Needs Rank............................................................... 4
Table 1. 3 Concept Criteria Parameters ................................................................ 13
Table 1. 4 Sample List of Concept Screening ...................................................... 14
Table 1. 5 List of Criteria and Weight Factor ...................................................... 14
Table 1. 6 Concept Scoring .................................................................................. 17
w
Table 3. 1. Final Specifications ............................................................................ 24

Table 3. 2. Product Description ............................................................................ 27
1
Table 5. 1 Indonesia's Highest Number of COVID-19 Case in 2021 .................. 37

Table 5. 2 Indonesian Provinces with the Largest Economic Scale in 2018 ........ 38
Table 5. 3 Targeted Market Calculation Based on Java's Urban Population
Percentage ............................................................................................................. 39
Table 5. 4 Real Number of Market Target and Demand Approximation
Calculation ............................................................................................................ 40
Table 5. 5 Demand Approximation throughout the Decade ................................ 40
Table 5. 6 PT Arnawama Production Capacity .................................................... 42
Table 5. 7 Production Capacity of Antibacterial Moisturizer in 2021 ................. 42
Table 5. 8 Components of Phase A and B ............................................................ 43
Table 5. 9 Blending Tank Specifications ............................................................. 45
Table 5. 10. Filling Machine Specifications ......................................................... 46
Table 5. 11 Packaging Machine Specifications .................................................... 46
Table 5. 12 Mass Balance Calculation Results per Batch .................................... 47
Table 5. 13 Energy Balance ................................................................................. 48
Table 5. 14 Schedule for First Batch .................................................................... 49
Table 5. 15 Schedule for Second Batch ............................................................... 50
Table 5. 16 Operation Time of Process ................................................................ 52
s
Table 6. 1. Raw Materials and Suppliers Selection .............................................. 58

Table 6. 2 Purchase Amount of Raw Materials for Coeur de Mer Production .... 62
Table 6. 3 Order Capacity .................................................................................... 66
Table 6. 4 Scheduling Order ................................................................................. 68
Table 6. 5 Coeur de Mer’s Targeted Market ........................................................ 72
Table 6. 6 Retailer with Distribution Center Location ......................................... 73
Table 6. 7 Percentage Distribution ....................................................................... 75
Table 6. 8 Types of Transportation ...................................................................... 76
Table 6. 9 Product Distribution Pathway from Tigaraksa Plant to Retailer ......... 77
Table 6. 10 Storage Inventory .............................................................................. 78
a
Table 7. 1.Cost Index Extrapolation Result ......................................................... 85

Table 7. 2. FOB Price ........................................................................................... 86
Table 7. 3. Delivery Cost...................................................................................... 86
Table 7. 4. Plant and Site Cost ............................................................................. 87
Table 7. 5. Utilities Installation ............................................................................ 87
Table 7. 6. Patent and Copyrighting Cost ............................................................ 88
Table 7. 7. Indirect Cost ....................................................................................... 88
Table 7. 8. Working Capital ................................................................................. 89
Table 7. 9. Working Capital ................................................................................. 89
ix
Table 7. 10. Total Capital Investment Cost Breakdown ...................................... 90
Table 7. 11. Total Capital Investment .................................................................. 90
Table 7. 12. Raw Material Cost ............................................................................ 92
Table 7. 13. Direct Labor Salary .......................................................................... 95
Table 7. 14. Indirect Labor Salary ........................................................................ 96
Table 7. 15. Total Utility Cost .............................................................................. 99
Table 7. 16. Maintenance Cost ........................................................................... 100
Table 7. 17. Land and Building Tax Cost .......................................................... 101
Table 7. 18. Salary Tax Rates ............................................................................. 101
Table 7. 19. Tax and Insurance Rate .................................................................. 102
Table 7. 20. Labor Tax Calculatons ................................................................... 103
Table 7. 21. Total Tax Cost ................................................................................ 108
Table 7. 22. Total Insurance Cost ....................................................................... 108
Table 7. 23. Rent Cost per Year ......................................................................... 109
Table 7. 24. Plant Overhead Cost Calculation ................................................... 110
Table 7. 25. Administrative and Communication Cost Calculation ................... 111
Table 7. 26. Marketing Cost Communication .................................................... 112
Table 7. 27. Product Distribution Cost Calculation ........................................... 113
Table 7. 28. Other Cost Calculations ................................................................. 114
Table 7. 29. Calculation of Loan Interest from Bank ......................................... 116
Table 7. 30. Calculation of Loan Interest from Investors................................... 116
Table 7. 31. Total Financial Interest ................................................................... 117
Table 7. 32. Total Loan Interest Cost ................................................................. 117
Table 7. 33. Operational Cost Summary ............................................................ 117
Table 7. 34. WACC Calculation......................................................................... 119
Table 7. 35. Product Price Calculation ............................................................... 120
Table 7. 36. Cashflow Calculation ..................................................................... 122
Table 7. 37. Cost Breakdown ............................................................................. 126
Table 7. 38. Payback Period Calculation ........................................................... 128
Table 7. 39. Breakeven Calculation ................................................................... 129
Table 7. 40. Product Price Sensitivity ............................................................... 130
Table 7. 41. Raw Material Sensitivity ................................................................ 131
Table 7. 42. Labor Cost Sensitivity .................................................................... 131
a
x
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. 1. .Existing Bio-based Moisturizer ......................................................... 8

Figure 1. 2. New Concept Generation .................................................................. 10
Figure 1. 3. Combined Concept ........................................................................... 12
sa
Figure 3. 1. Gel-based Form................................................................................. 27

Figure 3. 2. Packaging Illustration ....................................................................... 28
as
Figure 4. 1. Brand’s Logo ................................................................................... 32

Figure 4. 2. Product’s Primary Packaging........................................................... 33
Figure 4. 3. Description on Tube Packaging ....................................................... 33
Figure 4. 4. Description on Box Packaging for A Tubes .................................... 34
Figure 4. 5. Secondary Packaging ....................................................................... 35
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Figure 5. 1. Blending Tank................................................................................... 45

Figure 5. 2. Filling Machine ................................................................................. 45
Figure 5. 3. Packaging Machine ........................................................................... 46
Figure 5. 4. Plant Location in Kawasan Industri Tigaraksa in Tangerang ........... 54
Figure 5. 5. PT. Arnawama Floor Plan ................................................................ 55
Figure 5. 6. Office Floor Plan .............................................................................. 56
Figure 5. 7. Manufacturing Floor Plan ................................................................ 56
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Figure 6. 1. Raw Material Inventory .................................................................... 67

Figure 6. 2 Product Inventory .............................................................................. 80
wd
Figure 7. 1. Linear Regression of Marshall & Swift Index Value ....................... 85

Figure 7. 2. Total Capital Investment ................................................................... 91
Figure 7. 3. Simplified Cashflow ....................................................................... 125
Figure 7. 4. Cumulative Cashflow ..................................................................... 125
Figure 7. 5. Cost Breakdown .............................................................................. 126
Figure 7. 6. NPV Graph ..................................................................................... 132
Figure 7. 7. IRR Graph ....................................................................................... 132
Figure 7. 8. Payback Period Graph .................................................................... 132
xi
LIST OF APPENDICE
Table A. 1 Interpretation of Customer Statements into Needs ........................... 151

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Table B. 1 Benchmarking Results Based on Specifications............................... 152

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Table C. 1 Description of Rating Score ............................................................. 154

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Table D. 1 Raw Material Inventory .................................................................... 155

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Table E. 1.Supporting Facilities Investment Cost .............................................. 183

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Table F. 1 Electricity Cost for Main Production Process Equipment ................ 190
Table F. 2. Electricity Cost for Supporting Facilities ........................................ 191
Table F. 3. Water Cost ....................................................................................... 192
xii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Ideas

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a newly discovered
coronavirus, is an infectious disease categorized as a pandemic by the World Health
Organization, and it is one of the deadliest pandemics in Indonesia. It has greatly
affected Indonesians and their habits, one of the most prominent ones being the
usage of masks. In times of the COVID-19 pandemic, mask usage in public spaces
is highly recommended for its proven efficacy in impeding coronavirus
transmission due to its primary route being through particles of respiratory, and one
of the methods used to decrease its spread is to lessen the probability of
transmission per contact, which mask usage is able to do by reducing transmission
of infected respiratory particles in both laboratory and clinical context (Howard, et
al., 2021). However, excessive mask usage can have adverse effects, acne being the
most common one due to the hot and humid environment created in the face regions
covered by the mask, where bacteria is able to thrive in said environment, and the
pressure derived from the tight fit of the mask. Acne can be dangerous, not only
because acne may leave scars on the skin, but also because people tend to scratch
or touch their faces more often when they have can on their faces, which can lead
to the transmission of coronavirus, as, according to WHO, coronavirus can be
transmitted by touching the eyes, nose, and mouth after touching surfaces or objects
which have come into contact with infected droplet.
As mask usage is necessary due to its efficacy in decreasing the rapid spread of
COVID-19, it is necessary to take preventive action against the formation of acne
on the face in the form of using skincare products, one of them being moisturizers.
There are a vast number of moisturizers in the market with ingredients which
prevent acne, but according to the FDA, the use of some over-the-counter (OTC)
products containing the active ingredients benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid can, in
rare instances, cause severe allergic reactions or irritation. Nowadays, bio-based
moisturizer can be used as an alternative for chemical-based moisturizer, which is
a moisturizer made from substances derived from living, or once-living, organism.
1
2
Bio-based moisturizers are often made from substances derived from aloe vera,
seaweed, witch hazel, and marine algae.
Indonesia has a wide variety of seaweeds, most of which grow on coral reef
ecosystems (Hutomo, et al., 2004). Green algae, brown algae, and red algae are
potential sources for bioactive compounds, which are useful in the agrochemical
industry, namely as an antibacterial, antifeedant, antifouling, anti-inflammatory,
fungicide, and herbicide (Mufinah, 2008), which is why the authors are interested
in creating a moisturizer by utilizing marine algae as its main component and
natural antiseptic as one of its components for their qualities as an antibacterial to
prevent acne from forming across the face, and therefore, preventing people from
touching or scratching their faces and risk the transmission of coronavirus from
infected droplets on their fingers.
1.2 Identification and Limitation of Problem

The following are the problems identified for the report:
1. How does acne form on the face?
2. What are the common products and their ingredients to prevent acne?
3. What type of marine algae is the best to be utilized as a main component
for an antibacterial moisturizer?
4. What type of natural antiseptic is the best to be utilized as a component
for an antibacterial moisturizer?
5. What do people expect from a bio-based antibacterial moisturizer?
6. What do people consider in buying existing products?
7. What will be the specifications of a bio-based antibacterial moisturizer?
8. What will be the new features of the bio-based antibacterial moisturizer?
Based on the background idea and the identification of problems described
above, the limitation of the problem in the process of creating the antibacterial
moisturizer will be based on the survey of needs, the specification of the product,
and the benchmarking of similar or existing products.
3
1.3 Needs Identification

The questionnaire had previously been distributed by the authors. The
questionnaire was filled out by 154 people. 71,4% of those polled are female, while
28,6% are male. The questionnaire responses are interpreted into a list of
requirements, which is displayed in Appendix Table A.1. Once the needs are
known, the writer can classify and rank them. This list of needs gathered
information where grouping is also done, groups that have comparable necessities.
Accordingly, here is a list of needs that have been managed.
Table 1. 1 List of Customer Needs
No. List of Customer Needs

1. Facial products that contain ingredients to prevent acne
2. A moisturizer that keeps the hydration of the skin
3. A moisturizer that has the gel-like viscosity
4. A moisturizer that has an affordable price
5. A moisturizer that does not contain alcohol
6. A fragrance-free moisturizer
7. A moisturizer that is made with natural ingredients (bio-products)
8. A moisturizer that is able to act as moisturizer and antiseptic
9. A moisturizer that is able to act as an antiseptic
The following phase of the discover needs is a gathering and positioning of

necessities. All the requirements getting from the respondents and other
information are gathered into similar groups that have comparable necessities and
given rankings as indicated by the property of those necessities. The reason for this
progression is to encourage the distinguishing proof of need needs and choose
which one is the scale should be satisfied and paid ahead of time. In the wake of
deciding customer needs and rank those necessities. Assurance of the needs rank
were finished regarding the following classifications:
1. Undesirable needs
2. Not important needs
3. Nice to have needs
4. Highly desirable needs
5. Essential needs
4
Table 1. 2 Needs Group and Needs Rank

No. Needs Needs Rank
Product Performances
1. Facial products that contain ingredients to prevent acne 5
8. A moisturizer that is able to moisturize the skin 5
9. A moisturizer that is able to act as an antiseptic 5
Product Properties
2. A moisturizer that keeps the hydration of the skin 4
3. A moisturizer that has the gel-like viscosity 4
4. A moisturizer that does not contain alcohol 4
5. A fragrance-free moisturizer 4
A moisturizer that is made with natural ingredients
6. 5
(bio-products)
Retailing
7. A moisturizer that has an affordable price 3
1.4. Similar Existing Products
To help our team develop a product with the best standards, benchmarking
to similar or existing product is used to compare the desired product to the
existing ones. Benchmarking compares the product from aspects such as product
design, pricing strategy, and the product’s performance. The purpose of
benchmarking is to study how other companies can produce great products with
a high level of efficiency and to help identify their product’s performance
methods, so our product can compete with other products on the market as well.
The products which are benchmarked by our team are listed below.
1.4.1 Natural Moisturizing Factors + HA by The Ordinary
The Ordinary’s Natural Moisturizing Factors + HA keeps the skin

hydrated and protected. It contains multiple amino acids, fatty acids,
triglycerides, urea, ceramides, phospholipids, glycerin, saccharides, sodium
5
PCA, hyaluronic acid and many other compounds that are naturally present
in the skin. This product’s formula does not contain oil, gluten, nuts,
alcohol, silicones, parabens, sulfates, and offers non-greasy hydration that
acts as a direct topical supplement in impaired skin. In addition, this product
can replenish long lost moisture in the skin, and provides barrier support
from acne formation. The pH of this product ranges from 6.5-7.0. It is also
vegan and cruelty-free. It is perfect for all skin types. The product has a tube
packaging which allows the customer to only take a sufficient amount of
product. This product is usually applied after serums for effective skin
hydration. The Ordinary’s Natural Moisturizing Factors + HA is priced
around Rp 225.000 for 100 mL.
1.4.2 Tea Tree Mattifying Lotion by The Body Shop
The Body Shop’s Tea Tree Mattifying Lotion is a face moisturizer

with the texture of light lotion that easily absorbs. This product helps keep
your skin hydrated, moisturized, and balance sebum control. Sebum is one
of the main causes of acne formation. The Body Shop’s Tea Tree Mattifying
Lotion contains Melaleuca Alternifolia leaf oil (tea tree oil) from Kenya and
salix alba (willow) bark extract. With its’ matte finish, this product is
perfect for customers with oily and acne-prone skin. The product has a tube
packaging which allows the customer to only take a desirable amount of the
product. This product is applied before putting on sunscreen and makeup.
The Body Shop’s Tea Tree Mattifying Lotion is priced around Rp 209.000
for 50 mL.
1.4.3 Bija Trouble Lotion by Innisfree
Innisfree’s Bija Trouble Lotion is a lotion moisturizer that treats oily

and acne-prone skin. One of the main components in this product is bija oil
which is suitable for treating problematic skin. In addition, it also contains
natural salicylic acid to exfoliate and hide blemishes on the skin as well as
100% natural essential oil. The product’s texture is light and easily absorbed
by the skin. With its cooling sensation, it gives off a calming and soothing
6
effect on impaired skin. The product has a tube packaging which is perfect
because it allows the customer to only take an adequate amount of the
product. This product is applied after putting on toner and serums.
Innisfree’s Bija Trouble Lotion is priced around Rp 190.000 for 100 mL.
1.4.4 Ceramic Skin Saviour by Somethinc
Somethinc’s Ceramic Skin Saviour is a moisturizer with a water-like

gel texture which feels very light on the skin. This product can lock moisture
for up to 18 hours, helps slow down aging on the skin, gives nutrients to the
skin, strengthens the skin barrier, and makes the skin more plump. It’s
powerful components include marine collagen, kelp/brown algae extract,
ceramide, peptides, caffeine, oat, and niacinamide. Marine collagen itself
are proven to improve skin elasticity with a faster absorption rate, while
kelp/brown algae extract are known to help prevent free radical damage to
the skin and it has a calming sensation, as well as having anti-bacterial, anti-
inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Ceramides can help with
strengthening the skin barrier and locking in moisture, peptides can help
reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, caffeine has anti-aging
properties, oat can help sebum control, and niacinamide helps reduce
pigmentation on the skin. This product is packaged in a jar with a round
pump inside, which is not quite as sanitary compared to the other products.
This product is priced at Rp 299.000 for 50 mL.
1.4.5 Soothing & Moisture Aloe Vera 92% Soothing Gel by Nature Republic
Nature Republic’s Soothing & Moisture Aloe Vera 92% Soothing Gel
is a gel-like moisturizer containing 92% aloe vera extract. It can be used as
a moisturizer or a sleeping pack. This product gives off a soothing and
calming sensation on the skin which is perfect as a light base before putting
on makeup or sunscreen. In addition, it also creates a glass skin effect. Their
formula is free from paraben, minerals, and artificial colouring. Moreover,
this product can also be used in hair and body. This product is packaged in
a plastic jar so it is quite unsanitary, because customers cannot control the
7
desired amount when taking the product out of the jar, and bacterias could
contaminate the whole product available inside the jar. Nature Republic’s
Soothing & Moisture Aloe Vera 92% Soothing Gel is priced at Rp 98.000
for 300 mL.
To benchmark our product with the products that are available on the
market, authors have created a matrix with specifications based on
customer’s needs. The comparison of our product and existing products can
be found in Appendix Table B.1.
1.5 General and Combining Project
1.5.1 Existing Concept
There are multiple concepts of moisturizers available in the market.

This is divisible by its form, mechanism, packaging, application, and
additional benefits. Through assessing the existing concept, the product can
be seen and developed from what that is already available in the market and
to be developed into something better. The following mind map is used to
breakdown the available concepts.
8
Figure 1. 1. .Existing Bio-based Moisturizer
9
1.5.2 Brainstorming Concept
To generate the product ideas, the group brainstorms together to

generate more ideas regarding the product concept this brainstorming
process uses the mind map to visualize the way of thinking that has been
developed by the group. Through this mind map of brainstorming new
concepts for this product. The points of assessment are the same with the
points assessed in the existing products. Even so, the assessment involves
new points and more “out of the box” kind of ideas.
10
Figure 1. 2. New Concept Generation
11
1.5.3 Concept Combination
The idea generated through the brainstorming process then will be

unified with the existing products, which then can amplify the current
products into a better one. All the concepts that have been generated during
both existing concept and new concept will then became a cluster of
concepts. The tree of concept will then be converted into table. From the
mind map of concept combination listed below, we acquired 1008 concepts.
Some concepts are then disqualified due to impractical reasons. Therefore,
we use the RVF method to analyze each concept that has been obtained
previously and to eliminate which concept should be set aside and which
one should stay. The ARVF method are valued with four labels, which are
A (Acceptable), R (Redundant), V (Vague), and F (Foolish). The authors
succeeded on generating 115 concepts.
12
Figure 1. 3. Combined Concept
13
1.6. Ideas Selection

1.6.1. Concept Screening
Concept screening is done to further streamline and improve on the list of
concepts by and is done so by a rough comparative analysis based off of a selection
matrix and a common reference model. A rough comparative system is used
because a detailed qualitative and/or qualitative analyses may provide deceptive
and therefore inaccurate results. The steps taken for concept screening can be seen
below.
Table 1. 3 Concept Criteria Parameters
No Criteria Parameters
1. Ease of Use Difficulty of product usage
2. Price Payment required to purchase product
3. Ease of Production Difficulty of production process
4. Multifunctionality Number of added benefits in product
1.6.2 Rate the Concept

The system we have used is split into three scores which are “better than” (+),
“same as” (0) or worse than (-). Each of these scores is marked in the matrix to
mark how each concept performs in each criterion comparative to the standard
reference model. In the lower rows of the matrix, the total scores are calculated
where each score carries either a value of (+1) for “better than”, (0) for “same as”
and (-1) for “worse than”. The total scores are then ranked and these ranks are
used to determine which concept is best suited for further study and refinement.
Following the previous steps, we have now obtained a number of concepts
deemed proper for further refinement and analysis. A number of issues and
concerned will be addressed among the writers to determine what is best suited
for the selected final concept. Along with the discussion, the next selection phase
will be using weighted selection criteria and a more comprehensive scoring
method.
The reference model was chosen based on the criteria we have made. In order
to provide fair scoring for the concepts tested, we have chosen concept AC as the
14
reference model because based on the criteria scoring, this concept has no added
or reduced value, therefore making it a suitable standard reference model.
Table 1. 4 Sample List of Concept Screening
Criteria AH BX BY CC CD DE DF
Ease of Use 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Price 0 + + + + + +
Ease of Production 0 + + + + + +
Multifunctionality 0 + + + + + +
+ 0 3 3 3 3 3 3
- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 0 3 3 3 3 3 3
Rank 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
Selection Ref Y Y Y Y Y Y
1.6.3 Concept Scoring

In this section, the authors use an objective method to pick the final concept
list. In order to assess and satisfy the needs of consumers, writers must conduct
additional research using more specific criteria in order to limit the remaining
design combinations. The parameters are expressed as a weight ratio, with a total
of 100% separated into four distinct categories. In addition, the concept's relative
success and definition are rated.
Table 1. 5 List of Criteria and Weight Factor
No. Criterion Weight
1. Multifunctionality 0,4
2. Ease of Production 0,3
3. Price 0,2
4. Ease of Use 0,1
The following is a brief summary of each criterion:

1. Ease of Use
This criterion is inextricably linked to how customers use the
antibacterial moisturizer. As a result, the antibacterial moisturizer
15
must be simple to use without the use of any extra equipment or

mechanisms. The authors conclude that ease of use is not that
relevant based on our direct and indirect analysis.
2. Price
The price will influence whether or not customers want to
purchase the antibacterial moisturizer. The price must be reasonable
in order for the product to appeal to both the middle and lower
classes. The challenge for the writers was to produce a product that
was both affordable and of high quality. As a result, the authors must
choose the appropriate materials and ingredients.
3. Ease of Production
The term "ease of production" refers to how simple it is to
make a product. The raw materials and key ingredients, on the other
hand, are relatively simple to come by. It would be much easier if
the raw materials were locally available. The manufacturing method
is also included in this group. The price of a commodity would be
affected if the manufacturing process is easy.
4. Multifunctionality
Multifunctionality refers to an antibacterial moisturizer's
primary ability to perform antibacterial functions, such as providing
and maintaining moisture on the skin while also avoiding acne
caused by mask use. The antibacterial moisturizer's performance and
the correct amount of active ingredients will be influenced by these
essential skills. The product's multifunctionality is regarded as the
most important consideration when selecting ingredients and
measuring the amount of active ingredients needed. As a result, the
product quality is explicitly defined.
1.6.3.1. Rate the Concept

After the criterion and weight factor have been developed, the
concept's rate, which includes relative performance and rating, is
provided. Each criteria has five parameters: 1 for terrible, 2 for enough, 3
16
for good, 4 for outstanding, and 5 for exceptional. Appendix C contains

the score parameters for each criteria.
1.6.3.2. Rank the Concept

Following the determination of each idea's rating, the total score of
each concept may be derived by multiplying the weight by the rating of
each criterion. The notion will then be graded based on the overall score.
The final score is shown in the table below.
17
Table 1. 6 Concept Scoring
BW BX BY BZ CA CB CC CD
Criteria Weight
R WR R WR R WR R WR R WR R WR R WR R WR
Multifunctionality 0,4 4 1,6 4 1,6 5 2 5 2 4 1,6 4 1,6 5 2 5 2
Ease of Production 0,3 4 1,2 4 1,2 4 1,2 4 1,2 3 0,9 3 0,9 3 0,9 3 0,9
Price 0,2 3 0,6 3 0,6 3 0,6 3 0,6 4 0,8 4 0,8 4 0,8 4 0,8
Ease of Use 0,1 3 0,3 3 0,3 3 0,3 3 0,3 5 0,5 5 0,5 5 0,5 5 0,5
Sum 1 3,7 3,7 4,1 4,1 3,8 3,8 4,2 4,2
Rank 4 4 2 2 3 3 1 1
18
From the scoring, the highest rank is concept CC and CD which are A Gel
Anti-Acne Moisturizer in Tubes with UV Protection by Topical
Application with Red and Brown Algae and was scored 4,2. The anti-acne
moisturizer with UV protection is given a score of 5 because as specified
before, UV protection works as an extra addition to acne prevention. Ease
of production is given a 3 as it is more difficult to pack products within
tubes than pots. With the lower cost of tube packaging, it is expected the
retail price of the product is around Rp170.000 – 180.000. The ease-of-use
score is given as 5 as it is simpler and more hygienic to apply gels from
tubes than tubs.
Based on the idea rating, the final phase of idea scoring is choosing which
concept should be developed as the core concept of the product. The
chosen concept is A Gel Anti-Acne Moisturizer in Tubes with UV
Protection by Topical Application.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Acne and the COVID-19 Pandemic

During this pandemic, one of many means of mitigating the spread of the virus
is wearing a mask. In June of 2020, the WHO updated its guidance, in which they
stated the obligation for individuals and healthcare workers to wear a mask in public
settings and environments, where they might encounter others who might be
infected by the virus, as due to the transmission of coronavirus’ primary route being
through respiratory particles. Wearing a mask for a long amount of time will cause
a number of physical and psychological burden, and may reduce work efficiency.
2.1.1 Effects of Excessive Mask Usage

One of the most noticeable adverse physical effects of long-term use of masks
is the formation of acne on the area covered by masks, or the formation of “maskne”
or mask acne, which is a term for skin condition related to acne on the regions of
the face covered by masks, such as the nose, the chin, and the cheeks. Acne may
form due to excessive mask usage because of the hot and humid microclimate
created in regions of the face covered by the mask, which predisposes to a flare-up
of acne, which is why acne formed due to mask usage can be classified as
occasional acne, which is a type of temporary acne which is able to heal itself, and
occurs in individuals who are not prone to acne, and is preceded by the presence of
certain trigger factors. Otherwise, occlusion of pilosebaceous ducts due to local
pressure on the skin from the close-fitting mask could result in a flare-up of acne,
which is why maskne formed due to mask usage can also be classified as acne
mechanica, which is a type of acne which occurs due to friction and pressure on the
skin, and can happen when the skin is rubbed, squeezed, or stretched.
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20
2.2 Acne Prevention Treatments

Treatments for acne mostly aim to reduce severity of the lesions and lessen
recurrences of acne on the skin as well as to improve the skin’s overall
appearance. Various treatments aim to tackle different steps in the formation
of acne, from controlling androgens and decreasing sebum production to
preventing follicular blockage, reducing the growth of P. acnes and decreasing
inflammation. Among these formulations, there are a few common ingredients
typically used in acne prevention and recovery treatments. These ingredients
are discussed in the next section
2.2.1 Common Ingredients in Product Formulation

Topical treatments are applied directly on the skin in and around the area of
concern. Topical treatments for acne is standard care for mild to moderate cases.
Retinoids and antimicrobials such as benzoyl peroxide and antibiotics are common
in topical acne therapy. These treatments are active at application sites and also help
to prevent new lesions from forming.
1. Retinoids
Acne treatments usually target the microcomedones, and typical topical
retinoids acts on follicular keratinocytes to prevent excessive skin cell
damage follicular blockage. Retinoids also tend to help in reducing the
release of pro-inflammatory substances from the lesions. Retinoid therapies
have been shown to reduce the number of comedones and inflamed lesions
by 40 – 70%. The most commonly available topical retinoids are tretinoin,
adapalene and tazarotene. Different concentrations of retinoids within the
formulation affect the user’s tolerability towards the formula. Retinoids are
commonly used by starting with the lowest possible concentration and
increase slowly as tolerated by the user.
2. Antimicrobials and Antibiotics
Topical antimicrobials are used to treat inflammatory diseases. One of the
more common antimicrobials used in treating acne is benzoyl peroxide
which is a bactericidal agent that helps to prevent the resistance of P. acnes
to antibiotic therapy. Benzoyl peroxide has anti-inflammatory and
21
comedolytic properties which allow the substance to slow down or stop the
formation of comedones. Benzoyl peroxide is usually available in various
concentrations in different topic formulations ranging from 2.5% to 10.0%,
where any strength of the substance can be used at initial application.
Antimicrobials also come in the form of antibiotics such as erythromycin
and clindamycin which are generally well tolerated and have also been
proven to reduce inflammatory lesions by 46% to 70%. Topical antibiotics
also contain intrinsic anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial that allow it to
fight bacteria such as P. acnes.
2.3 Marine Algae

Many studies have revealed the potential of seaweed and their anti-allergic,
antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-lipedemic and anti-microbial
properties. The compounds found in seaweed which include phenolic compounds,
polysaccharides, pigments, PUFA, sterols, proteins, peptides and mycosporine-like
amino acid (MAA), which all exhibit a wide range of bioactivity that can be used
as active ingredients in cosmetic products.
2.3.1 Bioactive Components of Marine Algae

As stated above, the bioactive compounds contained within marine algae that
can contribute to cosmetic formulation can be classified as follows:
1. Phenolic compounds
These compounds are water-soluble secondary metabolites that have high
amount of bioactivity. These phenolic compounds are responsible for the
antioxidant activity in seaweed. Examples of these phenolic compounds
are found in seaweed suchas Ecklonia cava Kjellman and Ishige okamurae
Yendo which both are proven to have high bioactivities which include anti-
oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, etc.
2. Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are considered to be the most important compounds
present in seaweeds and are proven to have high biological activity.
Among discovered polysaccharides, fucoidan from brown seaweed have
22
been studied for their high bioactivity such as antioxidant, anticancer,

antimicrobial, hyperlipedemic, and anti-inflammatory properties.
3. Proteins
Amino acids are one of the important components in natural moisturizing
factors which work by preventing water loss in the skin. The amino acids
contained within seaweeds include alanine, proline, arginine, serine,
histidine, and tyrosine. Arginine is considered a natural moisturizing factor
used in cosmetic products can be found in Palmaria and Porphyra seaweed.
4. Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAA)

MAA helps defend seaweeds exposed to UV radiation and act as a potent
photo protector candidate. They have received attention in the cosmetics
industry as a UV protective and antioxidant agent.
5. Peptides
Peptides have drawn attention in the skincare industry in recent years due
to their ability to bind specifically to target cells and change the
physiological functions in the skin.
6. Pigments
Marine algae can contain a variety of pigments derived from the three
different pigment classification of algae (green, red and brown). These
pigments act as a protective shield to UV irradiation.
7. Vitamins
Marine algae are also an important source of vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin
C, vitamin D and vitamin E which are all widely used in skincare
formulations.
8. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)
PUFA found in seaweeds are higher than in terrestrial plants. The fatty
acids found in seaweed have anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory properties
as well as soothing properties that protect the skin from water loss.
23
2.4 Natural Antiseptics
As we have seen, one of the important factors in acne prevention are the
antimicrobial properties found in the ingredients used in the formulation of the
product. Plants have an almost limitless ability to synthesize aromatic substances
in the form of phenols and their derivatives as a defence mechanism against
microorganisms, insects and herbivores. In the search for a possible cure or vaccine
for COVID-19, aromatic herbs, herbal teas, culinary spices and medicinal plants
have shown to be promising sources.
1. Green Chiretta (Andrographis paniculate)
Andographis pinaculate is a medical plant reported to have anti-HIV, anti-

pathogenic bacteria and also shows signs of immunoregulatory activities.
A. paniculate are mostly consisted of diterpenoids, flavonoids and
polyphenols. Andrographolide is the major compound found from A.
paniculate in terms of bioactive properties and abundance. Research shows
that the andrographolide extract was able to perform antiviral activity
through enhanced lymphocyte proliferation against Simian Retro Virus
(SRV) when pitted against A549 cells (Churiyah et al, 2015).
2. Betel Leaf (Piper betle)
The betel leaf which is widely grown in South and Southeast Asia is known
to have many therapeutic properties such as anti-plaque, anti-diabetic and
anti-inflammatory properties. In many developing countries, such as
Indonesia, boiled Piper betle L. leaf has been widely used as an alternative
treatment, usually for halitosis, vaginal and oral anti-candidiasis. Betel
leaves contains many chemical components such as chavicol, chavibetol,
and other phenolic compounds. These components are known to have
strong potentials in anti-fungi, anti-bacteria properties of betel. Betel leaves
are proven to have antibacterial activities on inhibiting the growth of
Staphylococcus aureus (Lubis et al., 2020).
CHAPTER 3
PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
3.1. Final Specifications of Product
Based on the concept selection that we have done in Chapter 1, the final concept of
our product is a bio-based moisturizer that hydrates the skin and provides
antibacterial, antiviral, and acne preventive properties. We have collected the final
specifications from market needs and we have completed the table written below.
Table 3. 1. Final Specifications
No. Specification Unit Own
Ingredients
Glycerin 8
1 Humectants
Hyaluronic Acid 7
2 Solvents Water 36
MAAs from red

% weight
algae extract
3 UV Protective Agent 4
(Porphyra
umbilicalis)
Thickening and Gelling Carrageenan

15
Agent from red algae
4 extract
Emollient (Kappaphycus 5
alvarezii)
24
25
Table 3.1. Final Specifications (Cont’1)
Ingredients
5 Viscosity Controller Behenyl Alcohol 6
6 Emulsifier Lecithin 3
Andrografolid extract
from Green Chiretta
7 Antiviral Agent 4
(Andrographis
paniculata)
Anti-inflammatory
8 Niacinimide 4
Agent
Chavibetol extract
% weight
9 Antibacterial Agent from Betel (Piper 4
betle)
Alginate from brown

algae extract 3
(Sargassum sp.)
Fucoxanthin from
10 Antioxidants brown algae extract 0.5
(Sargassum sp.)
Phlorotannin from
brown algae extract 0.5
(Sargassum sp.)
26
Table 3.1. Final Specifications (Cont’2)

Properties
11 Density g/cm3 5241.814
12 Molecular Weight g/mol 238.616
13 Viscosity cP 168.75
14 Normal pH pH 7
Retailing
11 Net Weight g 150
Squeeze
12 Appearance/Packaging Subjective
Tubes
13 Price IDR 300.000
Regulation
Subjective (Has to contain

composition of the product,
expiration date, function,
Labelling how to use, notification Yes
number, net weight, and
other warnings if
necessary)
Safety Oxybenzone Content (max. 10%)

14 Registration
from BPOM Methanol Content (max. 5%) 0
% weight
Hydroquinone Content
Steroid Content
Arsenic (As) Content (max. 5 mg/L)
Cadmium (Cd) Content
(max. 5 mg/L)
mg/L 0
Mercury (Hg) Content
(max. 1 mg/L)
Lead (Pb) Content (max. 20 mg/L)
Safety Registration from LPPOM MUI (Halal % weight of pig derived

15 0
Certification) components
27
3.2. Product Description

Table 3. 2. Product Description
Product
Characteristic Brief Description
Description
Form Gel
Figure 3. 1. Gel-based Form
(Source: pinterest.com)
Gel-based moisturizer are known to have a

absorb faster and have a more watery and
lighter structure. Gels provide hydration
without a greasy finish.
Our skincare is targeted to be

colourless/neutral-coloured, it depends on
Colour Colourless/Neutral
what material is used, without additional
colouring.
Our product aims to be fragrance-free, as it

Unscented/Fragrance-
Fragrance causes negative effects on the skin, especially
free
irritation and sensitizing.
28
Table 3. 2. Product Description (Cont’1)
Product
Description
Volume 150 ml
Figure 3. 2. Packaging Illustration

(Source: alibaba.com)
Squeeze tubes prevent the product
Squeeze from air and bacteria exposure, as
Shape
Packaging Tubes consumers only need to squeeze an
adequate amount.
The plastic/polyethylene material is
perfect for squeeze tubes, as it
provides an easier access for
consumers to squeeze out the
Plastic/
product. Polyethylene packaging
Material Polyethy
doesn't allow water vapor or any of
lene
the active ingredients to pass
through, which means it can seal
the product inside the tube
perfectly.
29

Product
Description
Brown algae extract are proven to have
antioxidant and antibacterial ingredients, such
Brown algae extract
as fucoidan. They are also known to hydrate
the skin completely.
Red algae extract is proven to have UV
protective agents such as MAAs, which is
considered to be one of the strongest natural
Red algae extract absorbers of UV radiation. It can protect skin
cells from the harmful UV-A and UV-B
components of sunlight. Red algae extract also
has lots of antioxidant properties.
Studies have shown that andrografolid (extract
Ingredients of green chiretta) has proven to have antiviral
Andrografolid extract properties. It has been tested to treat patients
from Green Chiretta with HIV and dengue virus (Calabrese et al.,
2000; Maryam et al., 2019). Andrografolid can
be found in green chiretta leaves.
Betel leaves contains many chemical
components such as chavicol, chavibetol, and
other phenolic compounds. These components
Chavibetol extract are known to have strong potentials in anti-
from Betel fungi, anti-bacteria properties of betel. Betel
leaves are proven to have antibacterial
activities on inhibiting the growth of
Staphylococcus aureus (Lubis et al., 2020).
30
Product
Description
Rubbing the
moisturizer all over
the face daily to
provide antibacterial, All the ingredients will work together to
antiviral, anti- protect the skin from bacteria and virus,
Mechanism inflammatory, UV hydrate the skin, give anti-inflammatory
protective and properties, and give additional benefits such as
moisturizing UV protection.
properties with good
skin penetration and
fast absorption
CHAPTER 4
PROTOTYPE, PACKAGING, AND BRAND
4.1 Company Profile

Our company is called PT Arnawama, which comes from the Sanskrit word
“Arnawama,” that means “Ocean.” This name has a particular significance in
relation to the products we carry, as our company’s vision is to use environmentally
sustainable marine materials to create advanced facial products, specifically bio-
based materials. “Beautify and Protect” is the company’s primary value. Our
products are formulated from natural ingredients that have marine ingredients to
keep our customers’ skin safe, moisturized, and free of viruses that cling to their
faces.
4.2 Brand
A brand is a name that is assigned to a product or service that has its own
branding. Marketers recognize that they have the ability to create a particular
impression of a product in the minds of customers about its content and attributes.
In a nutshell, a name is what customers think and expect when they hear or see our
goods.
Our product is called “Coeur de Mer,” which is derived from the French phrase
“Heart of the Ocean.” We picked this name because it embodies the same
philosophy as the product’s vision. Since our company means the sea and has a
vision to utilize ingredients from the sea, this product is the “heart” of our company,
as it uses marine ingredients, specifically marine algae. Our product is primarily a
moisturizer with UV protection and anti-viral properties to deter viruses from
adhering to the skin, and we hope that it will become a “heart” or facial product that
they will use as their primary product. We chose French because it is unique and
gives a sense of luxury, and it also has a philosophy that relates to the products we
offer.
4.3 Tagline
The tagline should be a term that is synonymous with the brand. A great tagline
will alert consumers to a brand right away. Our tagline is “Beauty of The Ocean in
31
32
The Palm of Your Hands”. Our tagline means that we bring beauty made from
marine ingredients directly into the hands of consumers. We hope the beauty that
we bring can be a mainstay product that is used by many people.
4.4 Logo
Our brand is represented by a graphic icon called a logo. Our logo, like other
skincare brands on the market, includes of the brand logo and tagline with a little
accent. On this logo, the algae symbol reflects our natural ingredients. Since we use
algae as our main ingredient, the hue is green.
Figure 4. 1. Brand’s Logo
4.5 Packaging Design

Packaging works to ensure that consumers receive goods in good condition.
Packaging that is well-designed follows quality specifications while reducing the
economic and environmental costs of both the product and the box. There will be
two forms of packaging used: primary packaging and secondary packaging. Both
can be accommodated by the product’s shape and type.
4.5.1 Primary Packaging
The material in which the product is placed is known as primary
packaging. It’s the form in which the substance is first encased and kept. The
logo and product summary are written on the product’s design, as well as the
instructions for use, ingredients, company address, and our tagline.
33
Figure 4. 2. Product’s Primary Packaging
Figure 4. 3. Description on Tube Packaging
4.5.2 Secondary Packaging

In a 5 x 5 x 15 cm box, a bottle of moisturizer is set. The package is made of
an environmentally friendly paperboard folding carton that is lightweight but strong
enough to accommodate 150 ml of product moisturizer. The logo and product
summary are written on the product’s packaging, as seen in figure 2.2. Other details,
34
such as the product’s formulations, and expiration date, is printed on the reverse
side of the packaging. The following is an overview of the object.
Figure 4. 4. Description on Box Packaging for A Tubes
1. Product’s name and logo

The name and logo are printed on the front of the package as well on the
tube.
2. Instructions to use
It is a consumer guide that explains how to use the formula and how much
moisturizer to apply to their skin. The usage instructions are particularly
useful for a first-time user of such a product.
3. Product’s composition
Since the efficacy of skincare is highly dependent on the user’s skin type
and condition, it is important to inform consumers about the source of the
moisturizer. Customers will discover whether they are allergic to or
susceptible to a certain substance when purchasing and using it.
35
4. BPOM RI and barcode

The barcode on the side of the package demonstrate that our product has
been approved by BPOM RI, indicating that it is absolutely safe to use.
5. Expiry date
The maximum amount of moisturizer that can be used is shown at the
bottom of the box. A moisturizer’s shelf life is normally 30 months before
opening and a year after the product’s seal is broken. The date of
manufacture is also written.
6. Storage information
A statement of how the product can be used in order for the buyer to
maintain the product’s consistency over its usual shelf life. It's safer to keep
the tube at room temperature and out of direct sunlight.
Per box is packaged for sale in a recycled reshipped carton with internal
corrugated dividers to protect against loss during storage and shipment. The large
cartons box measures 34 cm in length, 20 cm in width, and 15 cm in height. A single
package can hold up to 24 moisturizer units.
34 cm
20 cm
15 cm
Figure 4. 5. Secondary Packaging
CHAPTER 5
PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
5.1 Market Analysis

According to Dillerup and Stoi (2006), market analysis is the study of the
appeal and dynamics of a niche market within a niche industry, and is important to
do in order to identify the authors’ targeted consumers. Market segmentation is an
important aspect in analysing a market, due to market not being homogeneous.
Market segmentation is the process of splitting potential customers within a market
into specific segments consisting of customers with similar needs (McDonald and
Dunbar, 2004). According to Dolnicar (2018), it is divided into variables based on
the chosen criterion of segmentation, the most common ones including socio-
demographic, psychographic, behavioural, and geographic.
Customers’ location of residence serves as the only criterion to form market
segments in geographic information. For the geographic segmentation, the authors
choose Indonesia’s population as their targeted market, as Indonesia is predicted to
climb up on the top 10 Asian cosmetics market within 10 to 15 years, and
Indonesia’s cosmetic industry has been increasing in terms of value from around
IDR 15 trillion in 2008 to IDR 355.4 trillion in 2017, with one of the major
contributors being skin products by 31.7% (EIBN, 2019).
The distribution of Indonesia’s population is still highly concentrated on the
Java Island, as it is inhabited by 151,59 million people, which is about 56,1% of
Indonesia’s population (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2021), and its population growth
during 2020 to 2025 is projected to be 0.81%, and during 2025 to 2030 is projected
to be 0.62% (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2013). Otherwise, four out of the six provinces
in Java Island have the highest economic scales in Indonesia (Aditya, 2020), as
shown in Table 5.1. Due to its high population and relatively middle to high level
of income, the authors choose the population in Java Island for the geographic
segmentation, as Java also has a range of urban areas and a wide market for
industrial and business ventures.
36
37
Table 5. 1 Indonesia's Highest Number of COVID-19 Case in 2021
No Provinces Number of COVID-19 Case

1. DKI Jakarta 405,812
2. West Java 276,389
3. Central Java 182,673
4. East Java 146,571
5. East Kalimantan 67,978
Four out of the six provinces in Java also have the highest case of COVID-19
as of April 2021, including DKI Jakarta with 24.6% of the entirety of COVID-19
cases in Indonesia, West Java with 16.8%, Central Java with 11.1%, and East Java
with 8.9%, as shown in the Table 3.3, which is why the population of Java Island
is also suitable to be the targeted market for the authors’ product for the product’s
antiviral and antibacterial properties to help prevent the transmission of COVID-19
through touching the face due to mask acne, which happens frequently to people
during the times of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Common demographic segmentation criteria include age, gender, and level of
income (Dolnicar, 2018). Based on the data derived from the survey conducted by
the authors during the first and second assignment, the targeted market for the
product will cover people of all genders due to the product, moisturizer, being
universally needed for the health of the skin of people of all genders. Otherwise,
the targeted market for the product cover people within the age of 20 to 34 years
old with middle to upper level of income. This is due to the product’s branding
being suitable for young people, and due to young adult are the ones who have the
most interest towards skincare and have realized the importance of skincare for their
skin. Furthermore, the targeted market for the product cover people with middle to
upper level of income due to the price which the authors have decided to give the
product by considering the properties, production process, and ingredients of the
product, which is why people with middle to upper level of income are more likely
to buy the authors’ product. In 2018, Badan Pusat Statistik released a data of
provinces with the largest economic scales in Indonesia, in which it was reported
four out of six provinces in Java are placed amongst the five provinces with the
largest economic scales (Aditya, 2020).
38
Table 5. 2 Indonesian Provinces with the Largest Economic Scale in 2018
No Province Gross Regional Domestic Income (IDR trillion)

1. DKI Jakarta 2,559.17
2. East Java 2,189.78
3. West Java 1,962.78
4. Central Java 1,962.78
5. Riau 1,268.71
Psychographic segmentation is utilized to group customers based on

psychological criteria, such as customers’ beliefs, interests, preferences,
aspirations, or benefits sought when purchasing a product (Dolnicar, 2018). From
the date gathered from the surveys conducted by the authors during the previous
assignments, two of the most considered factors when customers buy a moisturizer
is its texture and price, in which they prefer a gel texture over a cream texture, and
an affordable price. The authors’ product meets the customers’ preference, as Coeur
de Mer has a gel texture and could be considered affordable compared to existing
and competing products in the market, as its price is Rp385.000,00 per 150 ml.
Furthermore, a survey conducted by L’Oreal revealed 75% of Indonesian women
prefer beauty products created with natural ingredients (EIBN, 2019), which Coeur
de Mer is in line with since its main ingredient is marine algae, and its antiviral
properties come from green chiretta and its antibacterial properties come from betel.
Behavioural segmentation is an approach to extract segmentation by searching
for similarities in the behaviour of customers (Dolnicar, 2018). The authors’
product is in line with the behaviour of customers in Indonesia, since Coeur de Mer
sounds like a foreign brand and according to a report by EIBN in 2019, there is a
tendency in retails that customers are more attracted towards brands of foreign or
foreign-like nature than local. Furthermore, the majority of Indonesian audience,
which are the younger generation, has a low level of brand-loyalty, meaning at least
30% of Indonesian customers are willing to try a new product rather than stay loyal
to a particular product from a particular brand.
5.2 Demand Approximation

After market segmentation, the authors determine the demand of the product
by considering market segments. The authors’ market segmentation is Java’s urban
population. Drawing the average percentage of the urban population in Java Island,
39
the authors obtain the percentage of 72%, which the authors will use as their
assumption for the percentage for reachable area for the calculation for the demand
approximation for the product.
Table 5. 3 Targeted Market Calculation Based on Java's Urban Population Percentage
Province Percentage (%) Population Targeted Market

DKI Jakarta 100 2708531 2708531
Jawa Barat 78,7 12032662 9469705
Jawa Tengah 51,3 7535870 3865901,31
DI Yogyakarta 74,6 914100 681918,6
Jawa Timur 54,7 8778720 4801959,84

Banten 69,9 3123363 2183230,737
Total 23711246,48
Referring back to the demographic segmentation of the market segmentation,

the authors’ targeted customers include people of all genders, but with a specific
level of income class and ages, which include middle to upper income class, and
people within the age of 20 to 34 years. According to World Banks (2020), the
percentage for Indonesia’s population with middle to upper income class is 20,5%.
The population shown in Table 3.4 above have also been calculated based on the
age range of 20 to 34 years old. Lastly, the authors take into account of interest
probability, which is 43%, based on a report conducted by Compas in 2020 about
the percent of skincare sales of a newcomer local brand in 2020, which reached
43% during the month of August. This data was taken as the authors’ basis for
interest probability due to the authors’ brand being both a newcomer and a local
brand simultaneously, similar to the product.
The real number of market target is defined by multiplying Indonesia’s urban
population in Java Island, reachable area assumption, middle to upper income class
population percentage, and the interest probability, to then discover the demand
approximation for the authors’ product. The authors’ product will be packed in a
150 ml tube, with the assumption of one tube of product lasting for 3 months before
the products needs to be repurchased, which is why it is predicted how customers
will buy 1 tube of product in every 3 months. From this analysis, the authors are
40
able to define the real number of market target and demand approximation in the
table below:
Table 5. 4 Real Number of Market Target and Demand Approximation Calculation
Indonesia’s urban population in Java Island

23,711,246.48
within the age range of 20-34 years old
Reachable area assumption 72%
Middle-upper income class population
20,5%
percentage
Interest probability 43%
Real Number of Market Target
23,711,246.48 × 72% × 20.5 % × 43% = 1,495,151.375 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒
Demand Approximation
1 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 12 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 30 𝑚𝑙 1𝐿
1,495,151.375 × × × × = 897,090.83
3 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 1 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 1000 𝑚𝑙
As Coeur de Mer is going to be produced during the third decade of the

twenty-first century, and it is assumed Coeur de Mer is going to be in production
throughout the whole decade. As mentioned before, Java Island’s population
growth during the first five years of the decade is projected to be 0.81%, and during
the last five years of the decade is projected to be 0.62% (Badan Pusat Statistik,
2013). By considering said growth rate, the population in Java Island and the
demand approximation are able to be calculated and estimated in the table below:
Table 5. 5 Demand Approximation throughout the Decade
Demand
Population in the Real Number of
Year Approximation
Target Area Market Target
(L/year)
2020 23711246,5 1495151,38 897090,8251
2021 23903307,6 1507262,1 904357,2608
2022 24096924,4 1519470,92 911682,5546
2023 24292109,5 1531778,64 919067,1833
2024 24488875,5 1544186,05 926511,6275
2025 24687235,4 1556693,95 934016,3717
2026 24840296,3 1566345,46 939807,2732
2027 24994306,1 1576056,8 945634,0783
2028 25149270,8 1585828,35 951497,0096
2029 25305196,3 1595660,49 957396,291
2030 25462088,5 1605553,58 963332,148
41
5.3 Production Capacity

Production capacity is the maximum output of a production which can be
produced in business by utilizing resources available for the manufacturers. When
measuring production capacity, the authors are able to adjust the product capacity
according to the market demand (Bhasin, 2020). Production capacity affects the
production utilization, scheduling, equipment design, efficiency, and cost, among
others; hence why it is vital for the authors to determine the production capacity
with the basis of the previous market analysis and the demand approximation.
Based on the market analysis and the demand approximation done by the
authors, the authors would like to take 5% of the demand approximation and
consider it as a market share by benchmarking with current existing product brand’s
market share, which is Wardah. Wardah is a long-established local brand, since
1995, with loyal customers, and it has a current market share of 30% (Jakarta Post,
2019). Taking into account the recentness of the authors’ product and the number
of competitors in the form of existing products by well-known brands, including
Wardah itself, the authors decide to take a much smaller number for its market share
percentage.
PT. Arnawama would like to take 1.17% by calculating the size of the market
size of skincare, which is 16,236,000 by calculating the number of populations in
Indonesia, which is 270 million in 2020 (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2021) and the
percentage of the overall domestic consumer demand for the skincare industry.
Market share percentage is then calculated by dividing the 5% of the demand
approximation with the market size, and multiplying it with 100 and making it into
percentage. The number is considered to be rational as the author’s brand is
considered to be a newcomer brand. The table below shows the authors’ production
capacity per year throughout the third decade of the 21st century.
42
Table 5. 6 PT Arnawama Production Capacity
Year Production Capacity (L/year)

2020 247835,658
2021 249843,127
2022 251866,856
2023 253906,978
2024 255963,624
2025 258036,93
2026 259636,758
2027 261246,506
2028 262866,235
2029 264496,005
2030 266135,881
Table 5. 7 Production Capacity of Antibacterial Moisturizer in 2021
Plant Capacity 249843,13 L/year

335 days/yr
Operating Time
12 hrs/day
Production Capacity 745,8 L/day
4972 tube/day
Product Result
1665620,85 tube/yr
Batch Cycle Time 6 hours/day
2 batches/day
Amount of Batch
335 batches/year
5.4. Block Flow Diagram
43
Table 5. 8 Components of Phase A and B
Component Input Phase A Component Input Phase B

Hyaluronic Acid Lecithin
Water Glycerin
MAAs
Carrageenan
Behenyl Alcohol
Sambiloto Extract (Andrografolid extract )
Niacinimide
Sirih extract (Chavibetol)
Alginate
Fucoxanthin
Phlorotannin
5.4.1. General Description

To form a moisturizer, there are blending process involved to create the
perfect oil-in-water consistency in the gel moisturizer. The process is done in batch
and in one day the plant is able to run twice. In this situation, there are 90 000 tubes
per day. The ingredients made the product up bought from their respective suppliers
to fit the specification and capacity of the product. At the end, the mixed product
will be filled and labelled in the packaging before shipped off to the marketplace.
5.4.2. Specific Description

5.4.2.1. Blending
Before the mixing begin, each phase needs to be blended beforehand. In the
phase A, the ingredients involved are 8% Hyaluronic Acid, 41% Water, 4.6%
MAAs, 15% Carrageenan, 7% Behenyl Alcohol, 5.8% Sambiloto Extract
(Andrografolid Extract), 5.8% Niacinimide, 4.6% Sirih Extract (Chavibetol), 4.6%
Alginate, 0.05% Fucoxanthin, and 0.05% Phlorotannin. These are the ones that are
considered as the water phase. In another tank, phase B, or the oil phase, is blended
thoroughly. This phase is made up of 72.72% glycerine and 27.27% Lecithin. Both
phases are made in the condition where it’s heated to 70-75°C each for 60 minutes.
44
5.4.2.2. Mixing
Both phase A and phase B then will be mixed in another blending tank to
form the gel moisturizer in a 30°C for 60 minutes. The combined phase at the end
forms the final product of gel moisturizer in the form of oil in water emulsion.
5.4.2.3. Filling
The tubes used as the product packaging will then be processed through to
be filled with the moisturizer gel. The machine can full up to 60 tubes per minute.
5.4.2.4. Quality Control

After the filling process of the product into the packaging, the product then
will be gone through quality control, where the product will be inspected with
sensory analysis to make sure the product has no damage in all quality and physical
aspects. The product is tested their colour, texture, and odour, as well as the
packaging condition, whether it’s air tight or there’s leakage, to make sure the best
quality of product could be sent to the market.
5.4.2.5. Packaging
The product that has successfully passed the quality control, the tube will
be packed and labelled to be sent into the market. The tube will be packed in a 5
cm x 5 cm x 15 cm individual boxes and in a 30 cm x 30 cm x15 cm box that can
pack up to 36 products.
5.5. Equipment and Operating Conditions

5.5.1. Blending Tank
To make sure the ingredients in both phase A and B as well as the mixing
step of the all over material is well mixed and form a homogenous mixture. In this
process, the amount of blending tank needed are 2 tanks with 2 different capacities,
which are 10000 L and 1000L. The equipment used is as the following:
45
Figure 5. 1. Blending Tank

(Sumber: Alibaba.com)
This tank specifications are as the following:

Table 5. 9 Blending Tank Specifications
Brand Name ZH/oem
Condition New
Origin Shanghai
Material Stainless Steel 304 / 316
Power 5 kW
Type Agitator
Capacity 10000 L
Dimension 600 mm x 600 mm x 1500 mm
Price 1802 USD
5.5.2. Filling Machine
After the mixing process completed, the mixture then will be filled into the
tube packaging. The machine used has the speed of filling up to 60 tubes per minute.
The filling machine can be set to fill bottles to multiple sizes, which will be set to
150 mL. The filling processes is set with microcomputer to make sure it happens
without any faults. The machine is also made with no-dip no-spill design so there
are no mixture spilled out of the packaging. The equipment used is as the following:
Figure 5. 2. Filling Machine

46
This machine specifications are as the following:

Table 5. 10. Filling Machine Specifications
Brand Name JOYGOAL
Condition New
Origin Shanghai
Material Stainless Steel 304
Power 5 kW
Type Filling Machine
Capacity 60 pcs/min,
Price 315 USD
5.5.3. Packaging Machine
Before sending the product to the market, the tube needs to be into boxes
before being sent to the market. The machine used is a multifunction packaging
machine that will pack the tubes in boxes in the dimension of 5 cm x 5 cm x 15 cm
individual boxes and in a 34 cm x 20 cm x15 box that can pack up to 24 products
before being shipped off to marketplace. The machine is able to automatically stop
when carton is unavailable. The machine is as the following:
Figure 5. 3. Packaging Machine

This machine specifications are as the following:

Table 5. 11 Packaging Machine Specifications
Brand Name JB
Condition New
Origin Shanghai, China
Material Stainless Steel 304
Power 2.1 kW
Type Multifunction Packaging Machine
Capacity 30-100 boxes/min,
Price 25,000 USD
47
5.6. Mass and Energy Balance

5.6.1. Mass Balance
In process engineering, one of the most important basic courses on
determining the right amount of ingredients needed to form the product. The
concept of mass and energy balance runs through the law of conservation of mass
and energy. This step is taken to get right product specification to fulfil the
production capacity effectively. There are 5 thorough processes the ingredients
have to go through to get the final product form of gel moisturizer. Initially, the
counting will start by calculating the input and output flow based on the percent
composition in the final specification table. By multiplying the percentage of the
component with the product capacity per batch, the specific flowrate of the said
ingredient can be obtained. The results of calculation are shown below:
Table 5. 12 Mass Balance Calculation Results per Batch
Components Input (kg) Output (kg)

Hyaluronic Acid 36.89
Water 189.73
MAAs 21.08
Carrageenan 79.05
Behenyl Alcohol 31.62
Andrografolid extract 26.35
Niacinimide 26.35
Sirih extract (Chavibetol) 21.08
Alginate 21.08
Fucoxanthin 0.26
Phlorotannin 0.26
Lecithin 15.81
Glycerin 42.16
Packaging Tube 124.3
Product in the bottle 636
636 636
5.6.2. Energy Balance
It is also needed to count the energy required to run the whole process. In
this step, the amount of energy required and the energy loss for each process gone
through by the equipment involved. The data on each equipment energy capacity is
based on equipment specification. Total energy requirement is calculated based on
the energy requirement, equipment requirement, as well as the duration each
48
equipment needed to run each batch. The calculation of energy balance is of the
following.
Table 5. 13 Energy Balance
Process A B C D E F G
Mixing 9.100 3.000 3.000 9.100 1.820 10.920 10.920
Filling 5 1 1 5 1.000 6.000 6.000
Packaging 2.1 1 1 2.1 0.420 2.520 2.520
TOTAL 19.440 19.440
Where:
A: Electricity Power based on specification (kW)
B: Number of Equipment
C: Total operational time per batch (h)
D: Total energy consumption per batch (kWh)
E: Energy Losses (kWh)
F: Energy Supply Requirement (kWh)
G: Supplied Energy (kWh)
49
5.7. Scheduling
Table 5. 14 Schedule for First Batch
Duration TIME
No. Process
(mins) 7.00 AM 8.00 AM 9.00 AM 10.00 AM 11.00 AM 12.00 AM
Worker
1 30
Preparation
Equipment
2 30
Checking
3 Mixing Phase A 60 LUNCH
4 Mixing Phase B 60
5 Mixing 60
6 Filling 60
7 Packaging 60
50
Table 5. 15 Schedule for Second Batch
Duration Time
No. Process
(mins) 1.00 PM 2.00 PM 3.00 PM 4.00 PM 5.00 PM
1 Worker Preparation 30
Equipment
2 30
Checking
3 Mixing Phase A 60
4 Mixing Phase B 60
5 Mixing 60
6 Filling 60
7 Packaging 60
51
Scheduling is a vital aspect in manufacturing which involves careful

consideration and arrangement of all the steps in the production process. The
created schedule will be met with the required time and date all the operations must
be completed so as to fulfil the distribution and consumer demands on time.
Developing an effective production schedule will help in reducing labour costs and
minimize any errors in production.
The first component in scheduling is worker preparations which start at 7.30
AM in the morning and is given 30 minutes to finish preparation. The next step is
equipment checking which will also be allocated 30 minutes. Therefore, the first
process will start at 8.30 AM which is mixing phase A and phase B simultaneously
in their individual blending tanks. The process will take an hour and will end at 9.30
AM.
Both the final mixtures of phase A and phase B will be mixed together
starting from 9.30 AM for exactly one hour until 10.30 AM. From there we move
on to the filling stage for one hour and will end at 11.30 AM where we will start
packaging phase for an hour until 12.30 PM. The process takes a total of 5 hours
and afterwards workers will be given a half hour lunch break before repeating the
same process which starts at 1 PM and ends at 5 PM. The detailed scheduling can
be seen in the above Tables 4. 1 and 4. 2.
5.8. Performance Metrics
Through performance metrics, the process is determined whether it is
efficiently working or not by reconsidering certain parameters which are the
throughput time, process velocity, productivity, utilization and efficiency. Each
parameter will be counted to be determined whether it’s effective or not. The
following is the counting process.
1. Throughput time is the average amount of time that the product needed to
go through the whole process. The operation throughput time is 1 hour
where each process occurred with the following throughput time:
52
Table 5. 16 Operation Time of Process
Equipment Total Operation Time (h)

Mixing 3
Filling 1
Packaging Machine 1
2. Process velocity measures the amount of time spent in the system which
can be counted by:
Throughput time 1h
Process velocity = = = 0.59
Value − added time 1.67 h
3. Productivity measures on how well the company uses the resources. With
the assumption of the loss of mass during transferring process from the
mixing tank, the calculated productivity is the following:
Output 41 544, 22 kg
Productivity = = = 95%
Input 43 730,75 kg
4. Utilization is the proportion of time needed for a resource to use
Time a resource used 5h
Utilization = = = 83.3%
Time a resource available 6 h
5. Efficiency is the measure of performance relative to the standard
Actual output 41 544.22 kg
Efficiency = = = 96.6%
Standard output 42 000 000 kg
6. Energy utilization measures the total energy used to manufacture a
product
Energy comsumed
Energy utilization =
Output product
21.84 kWh Wh
= = 0.488
44734 bottle bottle
5.9 Plant Location
One of the key aspects in product creation is the location of the factory. The
location must meet a few strategic requirements to provide for its function as a place
for product production, storage of raw materials, product distribution as well as
53
administrative offices. Plant location also affects the supply chain of products and
will also determine the sustainability of plant activities.
Selecting plant location requires consideration by several aspects as well as the

advantages and disadvantages of the location. With these considerations, we are
then able to select the most strategic possible location for our production plant. The
most important factors that affect the final decision of the plant location are as
follows:
1. Availability of Raw Materials
Availability of raw materials is considered to be the most important factor

in choosing a location for production plants. Where manufacturing units
covert the raw materials into finished goods is the main objective of the
plant, it is important to be able to acquire the needed raw materials in
abundance and lower cost.
2. Proximity to Market
Proximity of plant location to targeted market not only reduces

transportation cost for distribution, but also can help deliver quick service
to customers. If the plant location is too far away, it also risks product
spoiling or damage in the process of distribution.
3. Availability of Labor
Production plants that are labour-intensive should select the plant location
nearest to the source of manpower with a combination of adequate skills
and reasonable labor wages which can highly benefit the company.
4. Transport Facilities
Transportation is key to bring the raw materials to the plant as well as

distribute the finished products to the market. Depending on the size of the
finished goods or raw materials used in production, the proper type of
transportation must be chosen between roads, water, rail and air.
54
Transportation costs can increase cost of production and therefore must be

kept low.
5. Availability of Fuel and Power
Fuel and power sources such as electricity are necessary in powering

manufacturing units, therefore it would be wise in selecting a location
closer to power plants to avoid a shortage of electricity and power that will
impact money and time. Unavailability of fuel and power is a major
drawback in location considerations.
6. Availability of Water
Regardless the nature of the plant, water availability needs to be given

importance in selecting proper plant location, as water is required as a basic
amenity in a proper working environment.
5.9.1 Plant Location Selection
Based on the previous considerations we have selected our location at Kawasan

Industri Tigaraksa located in Kabupaten Tangerang in Banten Province.
Figure 5. 4. Plant Location in Kawasan Industri Tigaraksa in Tangerang
(Source: Google Maps)
55
5.9.2 Plant Layout
PT. Arnawama has decided to implement the cellular layout where machines
and similar equipment are grouped together and the operators are static in each of
their own work stations. We have chosen this layout because it is the most efficient,
least time consuming and cost-effective method for manufacturing our product.
Aside from a proper manufacturing layout, we have also designed proper office
spaces and an adequate recreational space to ensure a proper working environment
for employees as this will also directly impact productivity of our company. The
plant layout is designed on a plot of land measuring 135 metres by 135 metres
giving a 18225 m2 space.
Figure 5. 5. PT. Arnawama Floor Plan
56
Figure 5. 6. Office Floor Plan
Figure 5. 7. Manufacturing Floor Plan
CHAPTER 6
SUPPLY CHAIN
6.1 Logistic of Raw Material

6.1.1 Raw Material Supply
There are three supporting components of supply chain management. The
first one is upstream, which is where the company gets raw materials from
suppliers. The second is internal, a process of changing the raw materials to a
finished product. Finally, the third supporting component is downstream, which
is the process of distributing goods by the company to customers which is
usually carried out by an external distributor. It can be concluded that raw
material is an important aspect in supply chain, starting from the upstream to the
internal supply chain management. The raw material should have a good quality,
easy to get, easy to process and manufacture, and have a relatively cheap price.
We choose raw material’s suppliers that meet our qualification. Another
consideration in choosing is the distance from the supplier to the plant. The
further, the more cost is needed so picking a supplier located near the plant is
preferable.
Raw materials needed for Coeur de Mer moisturizer are Glycerin,
Hyaluronic Acid, MAAs from red algae extract, Carrageenan from red algae
extract, Behenyl Alcohol, Lecithin, Andrografolid extracted from Green
Chiretta, Niacinimide, Chavibetol extracted from Betel, Alginate from brown
algae extract, Fucoxanthin from brown algae extract, and Phlorotannin from
brown algae extract. Raw materials used to pack the moisturizer, starting from
the primary, are plastic cosmetic squeeze tubes, paperboard folding carton, and
cardbox. More than one alternative supplier needs to be considered for each raw
material to ensure production continues (in case one of them is out of stock) to
operate in the event of a shortage by one of the suppliers. The comparison
between the two suppliers lists on table below.
57
58
Table 6. 1. Raw Materials and Suppliers Selection
No. Raw Supplier 1 Supplier 2

Materials Distance Travel Price/unit Supplier Supplier Distance Travel Price/unit Supplier Supplier
(km) Time (RP/kg or Company Location (km) Time (RP/kg or Company Location
(days) RP/pcs) (days) RP/pcs)
1 Glycerin 71 1 RP HK Chemicals Bekasi, Jawa 40 1 RP PT. Graha Jaya Kota Jakarta

28.000 Barat, Indonesia 72.500 Pratama Barat, DKI
Kinerja Jakarta,
Indonesia
2 Hyaluronic 43,4 1 RP Tritunggalchem Kota Tangerang 42 1 RP Get It and Go Kota Jakarta
Acid 98.000 Selatan, Indonesia 2.100.000 Barat, DKI
Jakarta,
Indonesia
4 MAAs from 88 1 RP Galic Cikarang, Bekasi, 3938 10 RP Xi'an Best Bio- Xi'an, China
red algae 462.000 Arthabahari Indonesia 1.434.305 Tech Co., Ltd.
extract
5 Carrageenan 834 2 RP INDOPLANT Yogyakarta, 857 2 RP Kappa Pasuruan,
from red algae 150.000 Indonesia 880.000 Carrageenan Jawa Timur,
extract Nusantara Indonesia
6 Behenyl 25,5 1 RP CV Boslapa Tangerang, 46 1 RP Wresty Shop DKI Jakarta,
Alcohol 75.000 Indonesia 76.000 Indonesia
7 Lecithin 838 2 RP Rajaya Shop Surabaya, 830 2 RP CV. Nura Jaya Surabaya,
85.000 Indonesia 88.500 Indonesia
59
Table 6.1 Raw Materials and Suppliers Selection (Cont’1)

Materials
Distance Travel Price/unit Supplier Supplier Distance Travel Price/unit Supplier Supplier
8 Andrografolid 596 2 RP Ari Herbal Shop Bantul, 832 2 RP Nano Brothers Kabupaten
from Green 35.000 Yogyakarta, 35.000 Herbal Situbondo,
Chiretta Indonesia Jawa
Timur,
Indonesia
9 Niacinamide 22,8 1 RP Tritunggalchem Kota 25 1 RP PT. INSOCLAY Tangerang,
270.000 Tangerang 572.276 ACIDATAMA Indonesia
Selatan INDONESIA
10 Chavibetol 1023 10 RP Hang Xanh Ho Chi 4443 5 RP RBCHEM(FUAN) Shanghai,
from Betel 42.987 Company Limited Minh City, 687.794 BIO-TECH China
Vietnam LIMITED
11 Alginate from 3027 10 RP Tangshan UMG Hebei, 1802 10 RP Foshan Stardent Guangdong,
brown algae 60.945 Medical China 206.000 Equipment Co., China
extract Instrument Limited
12 Fucoxanthin 1802 10 RP Changsha Hunan, 3027 10 RP Xi'an Salus Nutra Shaanxi,
from brown 14.717 Vigorous-Tech China 118.466 Bio-Tech China
algae extract
13 Phlorotannin 1858 10 RP TK Shaanxi, 1858 10 RP Salus Shaanxi,
from brown 143.424 China 2.216.306 China
algae extract
60
Table 6.1 Raw Materials and Suppliers Selection (Cont’2)

Materials Distance Travel Price/unit Supplier Supplier Distance Travel Price/unit Supplier Supplier
14 Plastic 234 1 RP OLin Packaging Bandung, 205 1 RP Jualan Cici Cimenyan,
Squeeze 4.500 Indonesia 5.500 Bandung,
Tubes Indonesia
15 Paperboard 197 1 RP Indowater Bandung, 197 1 RP Safeea Store Bandung,
Folding 1.288 Indonesia 2.200 Indonesia
Carton
16 Carboard 71 1 RP RGD Packaging Bekasi, 846 2 RP Sinar Terang Surabaya,
Box 6.000 Indonesia 7.154 Box Indonesia
61
6.1.2 Raw Material Order Capacity
To decide how much raw materials should be ordered, the amount of raw
materials needed is listed first. First, manufacturer have to know how many mass
unit or pieces of material needed in a day so that material needed per year can be
determined. Besides that, minimum amount of order from the suppliers of each
material has to be known.
In the beginning of the year, manufacturer should have excessive raw

material for inventory by ordering it in larger amount. The amount is usually 10%
larger than the usual order quantity. It is called safety inventory. Safety inventory
is done to prevent problems such as delay in delivery or out of stock of raw
materials. With safety inventory, the production of the antibacterial moisturizer can
still run if problems occur. The order capacity for this production presented on the
Table 6.3.
Raw material from overseas such as Alginate or Chavibetol are delivered

by ship (sea route). Other raw materials from local sellers will be delivered by
shipping logistic service directly to the plant in Kawasan Industri Tigaraksa,
Tangerang.
62
Table 6. 2 Purchase Amount of Raw Materials for Coeur de Mer Production
Raw Supplier Supplier Supplier Supplier Materials Materials Minimum Minimum

Material Company 1 Location 1 Company 2 Location 2 needed/day needed/year Order 1 Order 2
Amount Unit Amount Unit kg pcs kg pcs
PT. Graha Jaya Kota Jakarta
HK Bekasi, Jawa
Glycerin Pratama Barat, DKI 84,32 kg 27319,68 kg 1,1 - 10 -
CHEMICALS Barat, Indonesia
Kinerja Jakarta
Kota Jakarta
Kota Tangerang
Hyaluronic Barat, DKI
Tritunggalchem Selatan, Get It and Go 73,78 kg 23904,72 kg 1 - 5 -
Acid Jakarta,
Indonesia
Indonesia
MAAs from Xi'an Best
Galic Cikarang, Bekasi,
red algae Bio-Tech Co., Xi'an, China 42,16 kg 13659,84 kg 1 - 1 -
Arthabahari Indonesia
extract Ltd.
Carrageenan Kappa Pasuruan,
Yogyakarta,
from red INDOPLANT Carrageenan Jawa Timur, 158,1 kg 51224,4 kg 1,2 - 10 -
Indonesia
algae extract Nusantara Indonesia
63
Table 6.2 Purchase Amount of Raw Materials for Coeur de Mer Production (Cont’1)
Raw Material Supplier Supplier Supplier Supplier Materials Materials Minimum Minimum
Company 1 Location 1 Company 2 Location 2 needed/day needed/year Order 1 Order 2
Behenyl Tangerang, DKI Jakarta,

CV Boslapa Wresty Shop 63,2 kg 20476,8 kg 1 - 1 -
Alcohol Indonesia Indonesia
Surabaya, Surabaya,
Lecithin Rajaya Shop CV. Nura Jaya 31,62 kg 10244,88 kg 0,5 - 1 -
Indonesia Indonesia
Kabupaten
Andrografolid Bantul,
Nano Brothers Situbondo,
from Green Ari Herbal Shop Yogyakarta, 52,7 kg 17074,8 kg 1 - 1 -
Herbal Jawa Timur,
Chiretta extract Indonesia
Indonesia
Kota
PT. INSOCLAY
Tangerang Tangerang,
Niacinamide Tritunggalchem ACIDATAMA 52,7 kg 17074,8 kg 1 - 1 -
Selatan, Indonesia
INDONESIA
Indonesia
64
Raw Supplier Company Supplier Supplier Company Supplier Materials Materials Minimum Minimum
Material 1 Location 2 Location 2 needed/day needed/year Order 1 Order 2
1 Amount Unit Amount Unit kg pcs kg pcs
Ho Chi
RBCHEM(FUAN)
Chavibetol Hang Xanh Minh Shanghai,
BIO-TECH 42,16 kg 13659,84 kg 1000 - 200 -
from Betel Company Limited City, China
LIMITED
Vietnam
Alginate Tangshan UMG Foshan Stardent

Hebei, Guangdong,
from brown Medical Equipment Co., 42,16 kg 13659,84 kg 300 - 1000 -
China China
algae extract Instrument Limited
Fucoxanthin
Changsha Hunan, Xi'an Salus Nutra Shaanxi,
from brown 0,53 kg 171,72 kg 1 - 1 -
Vigorous-Tech China Bio-Tech China
algae extract
Phlorotannin
Shaanxi, Shaanxi,
from brown TK Salus 0,53 kg 171,72 kg 1 - 1 -
China China
algae extract
65
Raw Supplier Company Supplier Supplier Supplier Materials Materials Minimum Minimum
Material 1 Location 1 Company 2 Location 2 needed/day needed/year Order 1 Order 2
Plastic Cimenyan,
Bandung,
Squeeze OLin Packaging Jualan Cici Bandung, 4972 pcs 1610928 pcs 1 1
Indonesia
Tubes Indonesia
Paperboard
Bandung, Bandung,
Folding Indowater Safeea Store 4972 pcs 1610928 pcs - 50 - 50
Indonesia Indonesia
Carton
Carboard Bekasi, Sinar Surabaya,

RGD Packaging 208 pcs 67392 pcs - 50 - 50
Box Indonesia Terang Box Indonesia
66
Table 6. 3 Order Capacity
Materials Minimum Amount

Raw Material Needed/Day of Order/Month First Order
Amount Unit Amount Unit
Glycerin 84,32 kg 2276,64 kg 2504,304
Hyaluronic Acid 73,78 kg 1992,06 kg 2191,266
MAAs from red
42,16 kg 1138,32 kg 1252,152
algae extract
Carrageenan from
158,1 kg 4268,7 kg 4695,57
red algae extract
Behenyl Alcohol 63,2 kg 1706,4 kg 1877,04
Lecithin 31,62 kg 853,74 kg 939,114
Andrografolid from
52,7 kg 1422,9 kg 1565,19
Green Chiretta
Niacinamide 52,7 kg 1422,9 kg 1565,19
Chavibetol from
42,16 kg 1138,32 kg 1252,152
Betel
Alginate from
42,16 kg 1138,32 kg 1252,152
brown algae extract
Fucoxanthin from
0,53 kg 14,31 kg 15,741
brown algae extract
Phlorotannin from
0,53 kg 14,31 kg 15,741
brown algae extract
Plastic Squeeze
4972 pcs 134244 pcs 147668,4
Tubes
Paperboard Folding
4972 pcs 134244 pcs 147668,4
Carton
Carboard Box 208 pcs 5616 pcs 6177,6
6.1.3 Raw Material Inventory

Raw material inventory is one of the most expensive assets in a company.
On one side, the company requires cost in inventories to be low, but on the other
hand we must also keep the raw material stock from running out and disrupting the
production process. After calculating the order quantity, the inventory of raw
material is determined. Based on the calculation, the graph of raw material shown
in Figure 6.1 below. The graphs are divided into two, which is the material
inventory graph and packaging inventory graph. The raw inventory table is
presented in Appendices D.
67
Raw Material Inventory

1200
Glycerin
Hyaluronic Acid
1000
MAAs from red algae extract
Lecithin
800
Carrageenan
Behenyl Alcohol
Units
600 Andrografolid
Chavibetol
400 Niacinimide
Alginate
Fucoxanthin
200
Phlorotannin
Plastic Squeeze Tubes
0
Paperboard Folding Carton
243
306
0
9
18
27
36
45
54
63
72
81
90
99
108
117
126
135
144
153
162
171
180
189
198
207
216
225
234
252
261
270
279
288
297
315
324
333
Cardboard Box
Days
Figure 6. 1. Raw Material Inventory
68
Table 6. 4 Scheduling Order
Preparation
1st Month 2nd Month 3rd Month 4th Month 5th Month 6th Month
Raw Materials Activity Month
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Order
Glycerin
Receive
Order
Hyaluronic Acid
Receive
MAAs from red Order
algae extract Receive
Carrageenan from Order
red algae extract Receive
Order
Behenyl Alcohol
Receive
Order
Lecithin
Receive
Andrografolid from Order
Green Chiretta Receive
Order
Niacinimide
Receive
Chavibetol from Order
Betel Receive
Alginate from brown Order
69
Table 6.4 Scheduling Order (Cont’1)
Preparation
Raw 1st Month 2nd Month 3rd Month 4th Month 5th Month 6th Month
Activity Month
Materials
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Fucoxanthin Order
from brown
Phlorotannin Order
from brown
Plastic Order
Squeeze
Tubes Receive
Paperboard Order
Folding
Carton Receive
Cardboard Order
Box Receive
70
7th Month 8th Month 9th Month 10th Month 11th Month 12th Month 13th Month
Raw Materials Activity
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
Order
Glycerin
Receive
Hyaluronic Order
Acid Receive
MAAs from Order
red algae
extract Receive
Carrageenan Order
from red algae
extract Receive
Behenyl Order
Alcohol Receive
Order
Lecithin
Receive
Andrografolid Order
from Green
Chiretta Receive
Order
Niacinimide
Receive
Chavibetol Order
from Betel Receive
Alginate from Order
brown algae
extract Receive
71
Raw 7th Month 8th Month 9th Month 10th Month 11th Month 12th Month 13th Month
Activity
Materials
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
Fucoxanthin Order
from brown
Phlorotannin Order
from brown
Plastic Order
Squeeze
Tubes Receive
Paperboard Order
Folding
Carton Receive
Cardboard Order
Box Receive
72
6.2 Product Distribution

6.2.1 Product Distribution Location
Based on the market analysis the authors did in the previous assignment, the
location that the writers choose as the main product distribution area is on Java
Island, Indonesia. Market segmentation are evaluated based on the geographic,
demographic, psychographic, and behavioural segmentation. Authors selected Java
Island because it is the most populated island in Indonesia and it is included in the
equatorial climate area with high sunlight intensity and thus consumers need our
antibacterial moisturizer with UV protection. The middle to high-end consumers
are concentrated in big cities such as Jakarta, Bandung, and Surabaya, and also its
surrounding areas which are Tangerang, Depok and Bekasi. Therefore, the authors
are targeting consumers with middle to high class in Indonesia, especially urban
cities in Java Island within the age of 20 - 34 years old.
Table 6. 5 Coeur de Mer’s Targeted Market
Targeted
Province Population
Market
DKI Jakarta 10.652.088 2.708.531
Jawa Barat 48.274.162 12.032.662
Jawa Tengah 36.516.035 7.535.870
DI Yogyakarta 3.668.719 914.100
Jawa Timur 40.665.696 8.778.720
Banten 11.904.562 3.123.363
Total 100.588.868 35.093.246
73
Table 6. 6 Retailer with Distribution Center Location
Distribution
Retailer Store Location
Center Location
Jakarta
Bekasi
Tangerang
Depok
Bogor
From the DC spread across cities in
Century Bandung
Java Island
Semarang
Solo
Yogyakarta
Surabaya
Malang
Jakarta
Bekasi From the DC spread across cities in
Dan+Dan
Bogor Java Island
Tangerang
Jakarta
Bekasi
Tangerang
Depok
Bogor From the DC spread across cities in
Guardian
Bandung Java Island
Semarang
Solo
Yogyakarta
Surabaya
Jakarta
Sephora Bandung
Java Island
Surabaya
Jakarta From the DC spread across cities in
Sociolla
Surabaya Java Island
74
Table 6. 6 Retailer with Distribution Center Location (Cont’1)

Distribution
Retailer Center Store Location
Location
Jakarta
Bekasi
Tangerang
Depok
Bogor From the DC spread across cities in
Transmart
Bandung Java Island
Semarang
Yogyakarta
Surabaya
Malang
Jakarta
Bekasi
Tangerang
Depok
Watson Bogor
Java Island
Bandung
Semarang
Yogyakarta
Surabaya
All the retailers listed above have their own distribution center. The
authors decided to choose several retailers which are Century, Dan+Dan,
Guardian, Sephora, Sociolla, Transmart, and Watson. The authors chose
Century, Watson, Guardian, and Transmart because these retailers/drug stores
are well-known for makeup and skin care products, and they are easy to be
found all over Java Island. After that, the authors decided to add distribution of
Coeur de Mer to Dan+Dan, Sephora, and Sociolla because nowadays they are
popular to people in Indonesia when they want to buy skincare or cosmetics,
especially those in our target which is 20-34 years old. Besides, they also
provide online shopping which can help promote Coeur de Mer.
The product distribution location is divided into several distribution
places in Java Island which are Jakarta (Century, Watson, Guardian, Transmart,
Dan+Dan, Sociolla, and Sephora), Tangerang (Century, Watson, Guardian,
Transmart, and Dan+Dan), Bekasi (Century, Watson, Guardian, Transmart, and
Dan+Dan), Depok (Century, Watson, Guardian, and Transmart), Bogor
(Century, Watson, Guardian, Transmart, and Dan+Dan), Bandung (Century,
Watson, Guardian, Transmart, and Sephora), Semarang (Century, Watson,
Guardian, and Transmart), Solo (Century, Guardian), Yogyakarta (Century,
75
Watson, Guardian, and Transmart), Surabaya (Century, Watson, Guardian,

Transmart, Sociolla, and Sephora), and Malang (Century, Watson, Guardian,
and Transmart).
Based on the production capacity calculations done on the previous
assignment, our production per month is 5616 cardboxes in which one
cardboard box contains 24 bottles of moisturizer. Then, based on the
characteristics of the area, we divide the percentage of product distribution
which is shown in the following table.
Table 6. 7 Percentage Distribution
Number
Percentage Product Distribution Per
No. City of
(%) Delivery Time (boxes/month)
Retailer
1 Jakarta 149 41 2305
2 Bekasi 34 9 526
3 Tangerang 23 6 356
4 Depok 21 6 325
5 Bogor 24 7 371
6 Bandung 33 9 511
7 Semarang 10 3 155
8 Solo 5 1 77
9 Yogyakarta 12 3 186
10 Surabaya 48 13 742
11 Malang 4 1 62
TOTAL 363 100 5616
6.2.2 Mode of Transportation
The mode of transportation that we use to distribute our products are trucks.
The trucks that will be used are Mitsubishi Colt Diesel Engkel Box 110PS for Area
III (Semarang, Yogyakarta, Solo, Surabaya, and Malang) and Mitsubishi Colt
Diesel Canter 110PS for Area I (South Jakarta, East Jakarta, West Jakarta, North
Jakarta) and Area II (Tangerang, Bekasi, Depok, Bogor, Bandung). The fuel for
both of the trucks is Pertamina Dex Lite, in which one liter of Pertamina Dex Lite
can travel a distance of 3.46 km. The price of Pertamina Dex Lite is RP 9,500 per
liter.
76
Table 6. 8 Types of Transportation
Max.
Max.
Weight Price
Truck Volume
Capacity (RP)
(m3)
(ton)
Mitsubishi
Colt
Diesel
Engkel 14 4.5 145,000,000
Box 110
PS (3908
CC)
Mitsubishi
Colt
Diesel
25 8 348,500,000
Canter
110PS
(3908 CC)
6.2.3 Product Distribution Pathway

The product distribution pathway, which is focused in Java Island, are
divided into 3 (three) areas as listed below.
• Area I : East Jakarta, North Jakarta, West Jakarta, South
Jakarta
• Area II : Bekasi, Tangerang, Depok, Bogor, Bandung
• Area III : Solo, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Malang, Surabaya
This area division aims to facilitate easier and equally distribution among
big cities in Java Island. The distribution will take 3 pathways according to the area
division.
77
Table 6. 9 Product Distribution Pathway from Tigaraksa Plant to Retailer
Total Distance Total

Time*
Area From To Distance per area Time
(hours)
(km) (km) (days)
Tigaraksa Plant West Jakarta 15.5 0.5
West Jakarta North Jakarta 10.5 0.5
Area
North Jakarta East Jakarta 15 90 0.5 1
I
East Jakarta South Jakarta 15 0.5
South Jakarta Tigaraksa Plant 34 1.0
Tigaraksa Plant BSD City 27 1.0
BSD City Depok 28 1.0
Area Depok Bogor 44 1.0
476 1
II Bogor Bekasi 56 1.0
Bekasi Bandung 132.5 3.0
Bandung Tigaraksa Plant 188.5 3.0
Tigaraksa Plant Semarang 486 7
Semarang Solo 106 1.5
Area Solo Yogyakarta 64 1.5
1962 2
III Yogyakarta Malang 393 5.5
Malang Surabaya 95 1.5
Surabaya Tigaraksa Plant 818 11
*The time in this table already include the drop off time to each retailer (estimated
around 2 hours)
The distribution pathway takes the land mode of transportation. It takes 3
hours (1 day) trip to distribute the product to area I, 10 hours (1 day) trip to distribute
the product to area II, and 28 hours (2 days), to distribute the product to area III.
The distance in kilometers are stated on Table 1.10 above, which is an estimated
distance between cities and each retailer location.
6.2.4 Product Inventory
The product will be distributed directly from the Tigaraksa plant storage to
the distribution center of each retailer in all three areas. Therefore, the company
needs to consider its product inventory in the plant. Product inventory is crucial
because it might affect the ability of the company to respond to the market demand.
Product inventory is used to fulfill the fluctuating demand from the consumer. If
the market demand decreases, the product should be kept in the inventory facilities
for a while to meet a demand when it suddenly increases.
78
The amount of product inventory is determined by the amount of product

distribution. The company will discharge product from the storage once every
month. 2305 boxes for area I will be discharged on the 4th week of every month,
2089 boxes for area II will be discharged on the 1st week of every month, while
1222 boxes for area III will be discharged on the 2nd week of every month starting
at the 2nd month of manufacturing operation. The company product inventory plant
for a period time of 1 year is shown in the Table 6.10.
Table 6. 10 Storage Inventory
Total Product Distribution Areas

Products in
Months Days
Warehouse 1 2 3
(boxes)
7 1602 0 0 0
14 1981 0 0 1222
1
21 1494 0 2089 0
28 790 2305 0 0
7 2246 0 0 0
14 2480 0 0 1222
2
21 1847 0 2089 0
28 998 2305 0 0
7 2454 0 0 0
14 2688 0 0 1222
3
21 2055 0 2089 0
28 1206 2305 0 0
7 2662 0 0 0
14 2896 0 0 1222
4
21 2263 0 2089 0
28 1414 2305 0 0
7 2870 0 0 0
14 3104 0 0 1222
5
21 2471 0 2089 0
28 1622 2305 0 0
79
Table 6.10 Storage Inventory (Cont’1)
Total Product Distribution Areas

Products in
Months Days
Warehouse 1 2 3
(boxes)
7 3078 0 0 0
14 3312 0 0 1222
6
21 2679 0 2089 0
28 1830 2305 0 0
7 3286 0 0 0
14 3520 0 0 1222
7
21 2887 0 2089 0
28 2038 2305 0 0
7 3494 0 0 0
14 3728 0 0 1222
8
21 3095 0 2089 0
28 2246 2305 0 0
7 3702 0 0 0
14 3936 0 0 1222
9
21 3303 0 2089 0
28 2454 2305 0 0
7 3910 0 0 0
14 4144 0 0 1222
10
21 3511 0 2089 0
28 2662 2305 0 0
7 4118 0 0 0
14 4352 0 0 1222
11
21 3719 0 2089 0
28 2870 2305 0 0
7 4326 0 0 0
14 4560 0 0 1222
12
21 3927 0 2089 0
28 3078 2305 0 0
80
Total Product Inventory

5000
Total Boxes in Warehouse

4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Days
Figure 6. 2 Product Inventory
6.3 Product Marketing
In order to gain market’s interest and willingness to buy the product, a

marketing strategy is an important step so that the product can be known by the
public and consumers. A marketing strategy should help the company communicate
the value of the product to the consumer to gain new customer, retain customer,
encourage repeat purchases, as well as build the loyalty between the company and
customer. Furthermore, a marketing strategy is also needed to identify the target
consumer as well as understand the needs of the consumers so that the product
matches the target market. Having a good market strategy will have an impact on
product sales and help the product grow in the future. To achieve that, combination
of networking is needed for promoting the product.
6.3.1 Target Determination
The target of our antibacterial moisturizer is to use bio-based ingredients and

combat acne formation due to mask usage during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Specifically with prices that are still affordable but with the best quality. The
determination of this target will be useful for analyzing based on market
segmentation which is divided into geographical and demographic.
6.3.2 Market Segmentation
By having a market segmentation, a company can clearly identify the needs

of consumer demand in the market homogeneously. In addition, with a market
81
segmentation, it will be easier for companies in terms of product distribution to

meet the target consumer demand in accordance with what is desired.
From the results of research on geographical segments, the first

consideration on market segmentation shows that the most ideal products are used
by consumers who are in densely populated areas, vulnerable to UV rays, air
pollution and have a busy schedule and will most likely use the mask daily.
Consumers are very vulnerable to acne formation due to the combination of daily
mask usage, air pollution, and high UV rays in densely populated cities.
The second consideration is the demographic segment of income from the

consumer market. From a survey that the authors have done, people who are
interested to buy our antibacterial moisturizer are people who have a medium to
high income behaviour. So, PT. Arnawama is targeting the market to middle to high
consumers.
6.3.3 Promotion Strategy
Promotion strategy decides how will the company promote the product so that
information from the product can be known and known by consumers. The way to
deliver a product promotion must be easy to understand, charming and persuasive
so that prospective consumers feel interested to buy our antibacterial moisturizer.
There are a few methods that authors have chosen to support the promotion of our
product to prospective consumers:
a. Advertisement
Advertising is one of the media in digital marketing that is moving forward in line
with the development of technology. With the development of advertisement
platforms, advertising services now are not only limited to advertisements in
newspapers, magazines or radio, but also on social media, where various social
media platforms are now available to help companies advertise their products. In
this modern era, people are more often to use social media than reading
advertisements in magazines or newspapers.
82
b. Campaign
Campaign is a way to engage with consumers to increase brand awareness and
brand images of our company and product. One way to attract new consumers is to
use a media campaign that includes elements of discussion about skincare, or about
ingredients to help consumers gain knowledge about basic skincare routines.
c. Website
Having a company website will be very useful for marketing strategies, because the
site will appear if people search for keywords that match the company's web
content. This technique of marketing is called search engine optimization. With this
method, companies will get more attention and consumers will be interested in
buying the product. The company's website also functions as a forum for
prospective consumers to read some information related to the company and
products such as list of ingredients, product price, or maybe even shipping costs if
they wish to buy the product online. By having a website, consumers also tend to
be more confident and feel secure with the company, as it makes the company look
more transparent about what they are selling. In addition, the website also provides
columns for consumers to criticize and give suggestions to the company as well as
customer service.
d. Endorsement
Nowadays, in social media we have lots of influencers, who are public figures with
a big platform. They have lots of followers in their social media so that they can
influence their audience on the platform. By giving endorsements to influencers,
they will upload posts such as videos or photos of them using the product and
provide their own personal review of the product. Endorsement is a very good
strategy because lots of people have their own favorite influencers who they trust
very much regarding their opinion on products. Most people will become interested
after the product is recommended by their trusted influencers.
CHAPTER 7
PRODUCT COSTING
7.1 Capital Investment
To develop a business, it is important to know the amount of money needed

as the first investment to start the business where the company will carry out
manufacturing, construction, and start the production. The capital investment is
needed to start and run the factory, thus the amount of money needed is based on
the money needed to build the factory and pre-operating costs. It will then could be
obtained through investor loans and bank loans. In analysing the total capital
investment amount is based on assumptions which are:
1. PT. Arnawama plant will be built on the last quarter of 2021
2. PT Arnawama plant will start to run on the first quarter of 2022
3. PT Arnawama plant will be operating from 2021 to 2031.
4. Operating time for each day is 6 hours each shift and 12 hours per day.
5. There are 2 batches of production each day
6. PT Arnawarma’s plant will have the production capacity of 745.3 L/day
7. PT Arnawarma’s plant will form 4972 tube/day
8. Currency conversion used for USD 1 is Rp 14, 365.6 as for the 21st of
May 2021
With the assumptions and the factors listed above, it is possible to calculate the
Total Capital Investment (TCI) with the Guthrie method. In the total capital
investment, there are two types of capital count, the working capital and fixed
capital. Each has a specific calculation than will help the production cost of the
product. The calculations include cost needed for land, buildings, machinery, raw
materials, and even the installation as well as usage cost for utilities. By completing
the calculation estimate for TCI, it can be measured the probable product cost and
whether the company is profitable or not. TCI can be calculated by the following
formula:
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84
𝐶𝑇𝐶𝐼 = 𝐶𝐹𝐶 + 𝐶𝑊𝐶

𝐶𝑇𝐶𝐼 = (𝐶𝐷𝐶 + 𝐶𝐼𝐶 ) + 𝐶𝑊𝐶
Where,
𝐶𝑇𝐶𝐼 : Cost of Total Capital Investment
𝐶𝐹𝐶 : Cost of Total Plant Investment, which includes the total bare module, cost
of site, cost of buildings, and the cost of site facilities
𝐶𝑊𝐶 : Cost of Working Capital
𝐶𝐷𝐶 : Cost of Direct Cost
𝐶𝐼𝐶 : Cost of Indirect Cost
7.1.1 Fixed Capital

Fixed capital is the amount of money paid once in the beginning of the
company establishment. This capital is needed for all the equipment needed for the
process and supporting equipment to support the company’s performance. These
assets will be maintained for a long-term keeping. The equipment involved each
has a module factor that then will form to get the final cost and the initial installation
costs. This asset can be applied over a long period of time and has depreciation
value at the end of operating years. In fixed capital, there are 2 types of costs, which
are made of direct and indirect costs.
7.1.1.1 Direct Cost
Direct costs are the prices of production needed for the product production.
The costs are related to the production of goods are the equipment, installations of
utilities, labor cost, electrical, piping, building and improvement of service facilities
and land. The following is the detailed calculation of direct costs, grouped into 6
subgroups which are equipment, supporting facilities cost, plant site, utilities
installment, and licensing of product.
A. Equipment Cost
Equipment cost covers the amount of money required to get the equipment to
be used through the process in the factory. The plant is planned in mid-2021 and
will be start running on the first quarter of 2022. Each of the equipments has
different value each year as it might increase or decrease. The calculation of
equipment cost is linked to the cost index of the equipment price. This method
calculates the amount of money needed to deliver the equipment from supplier to
85
the nearest port, including the time adjustment which is known as Free On Board
(FOB) price.
𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 2021
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 2021 = 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 2020 𝑥
𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 2020
The index value of the equipment is obtained with Marshall and Swift Equipment
Cost Index and put it into the graph to get the relation equation to get the data for
the unavailable years by plotting the data into the following graph:
Marshall and Swift Cost Index
1800
1600
1400 y = 38.957x - 76876

R² = 0.9377
1200
Cost Index
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Year
Series1 Linear (Series1)
Figure 7. 1. Linear Regression of Marshall & Swift Index Value

The line equation from the graphic is used to determine the cost index. The
formulation can be written as
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 38.957(𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟) − 76876
The extrapolation result is shown on table below.
Table 7. 1.Cost Index Extrapolation Result
Year Cost Index

2021 1856.097
2022 1895.054
The estimation of FOB price of equipment in 2021 is tabulated as follow.
86
Table 7. 2. FOB Price
Price in 2020 Price in 2021

No Equipment Quantity FOB Price
USD Rp USD Rp
Blending Tank USD Rp USD Rp Rp
1 2
10 000L 3,604.00 51,773,622.40 3,679.64 52,860,281.67 52,860,281.67
Blending Tank USD Rp USD Rp Rp
2 1
1 000L 1,802.00 25,886,811.20 1,839.82 26,430,140.83 26,430,140.83
Filling USD Rp USD Rp Rp
3 1
Machine 315.00 4,525,164.00 321.61 4,620,141.16 4,620,141.16
Packaging USD Rp USD Rp Rp
4 1
Machine 330.00 4,740,648.00 336.93 4,840,147.88 4,840,147.88
The cost of FOB only covers the amount of cost needed for the equipment
being sent from the supplier’s company to the closest port. The FOB cost will then
need to be calculated more by multiplying the FOB with the module factor to get
the total bare module cost of shipping. The calculated cost is as follow:
Table 7. 3. Delivery Cost
Module
Total FOB Module Total Bare Module
No Equipment Equipment
Price in 2021 Factor Cost
Assumption
Blending Tank Rp Tank with
1 2.08 Rp 109,949,385.87
10 000L 52,860,281.67 Agitator
Blending Tank Rp Tank with
2 2.08 Rp 54,974,692.93
1 000L 26,430,140.83 Agitator
Filling Rp Bagging
3 1.87 Rp 8,639,663.96
Machine 4,620,141.16 Machines
Packaging Rp Bagging
4 1.87 Rp 9,051,076.53
Machine 4,840,147.88 Machines
Rp 182,614,819.30
B. Supporting Facilities Investment Cost

Other than the main equipments involved, it is important to invest in supporting
facilities to support the performance of the company. The cost spent in this section
is not included in the main production section as the facilities involved supports the
process of marketing, administration, production and the distribution of workers in
the company. Each of the rooms will have each of their supporting equipments
which specified in Appendix E: Supporting Facilities Table E. 1. Supporting
Facilities Investment Cost. The total cost needed to cover the supporting facilities
investment cost is Rp 432,094,100.00.
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C. Land and Plant Building Cost

PT Arnawarma’s plant will be built on a empty plot of land in Tigaraksa
Industrial Complex in Tangerang, Banten. The size of the land is 18225 m2 and
assumed to be sold by rumah.com. the land is ready to be used and build upon with
the following cost specification:
Table 7. 4. Plant and Site Cost
Land cost
No Description Price per m2 Area (m2) Land Cost
1 Selling Price RP 20,000.00 18225 RP 364,500,000.00
Building Cost
No Description Price (Rp) Area (m2) Total Price (Rp)
1 Plant Area Rp 2,600,000.00 5443.9 Rp 14,154,140,000.00
Office and
2 Rp 2,800,000.00 1789.9 Rp 5,011,720,000.00
Micellaneous Area
Road and Parking
3 Rp 250,000.00 10991.2 Rp 2,747,800,000.00
Area
Total Building Cost Rp 19,530,360,000.00
D. Utilities and Installation Cost

In the production process, it is important to reconsider the utility usage. This
relates to the amount of energy needed to run the equipment, amount of water, and
safety measures towards the probable cause of fires. These utilities need to be
installed prior any production process starts. The calculation of the company utility
cost is as the following:
Table 7. 5. Utilities Installation
No Installation Cost
1 Electricity Installation 900VA Rp 816,867,000.00
Water Installation (PAM Group III-A,
2 Rp 36,115,500.00
3m)
Fire Sprinkler and Fire Alarm
3 Rp 5,775,000.00
Installation
4 Truck Purchase Rp 493,500.00
5 Telephone and Internet Installation Rp 4,900,000.00
Total Utilities Installation Cost Rp 864,151,000.00
E. License, Patent and Copyright Cost

Products made are regulated to register the patent, copyright and the brand
of the product. The product, “Coeur De Mer” need to be registered into the patent
88
and registry patent. This is need to be done to avoid the possibility of abuse by
irresponsible parties. The licensing can also provide guarantee the quality and
safety of the product. This applies to both keeping the company credibility and to
create the basis of trust with customer. The process of taking care of the licensing
and patent has costs spent. The following tables shows the specification which
totals the amount of Rp 8,325,000.00.
Table 7. 6. Patent and Copyrighting Cost
No Installation Cost
1 Electricity Installation 900VA Rp 816,867,000.00
Water Installation (PAM Group III-A,
2 Rp 36,115,500.00
3m)
Fire Sprinkler and Fire Alarm
3 Rp 5,775,000.00
Installation
4 Truck Purchase Rp 493,500.00
5 Telephone and Internet Installation Rp 4,900,000.00
Total Utilities Installation Cost Rp 864,151,000.00
7.1.1.2 Indirect Cost

Indirect costs cover the intangible assets that has to paid at the beginning of
construction progress. These costs cover the fee for contractor, engineering, and
supervision. The costs of engineering cover the product designing process. While
construction covers the construction of the plant and contingency covers the
probability of natural disasters, external damage, and uncertain costs. The following
is the amount of fee needed to cover the indirect cost with assumptions of
Contractors Fee and Contingency Costs equals to 18% of basic production cost.
Whilst engineering and supervision assumed to be 10% of direct cost. The
following is the specifications of indirect cost calculations:
Table 7. 7. Indirect Cost
No. Component Unit Assumption Total Price (Rp)

Contractors Fee and
1 18% CBM Rp 3,781,570,755.47
Contingency Cost
2 Engineering and Supervision 10% Direct Cost Rp 2,101,705,141.93
Total Indirect Cost Rp 5,883,275,897.40
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7.1.2 Working Capital
The cost of working capital investment came from the costs used to start
manufacturing. This covers the costs needed to start manufacturing. This cost based
on a month spending of the operational cost, which covers the first initial cost
needed to start the manufacturing. It is assumed that the factory will work for a full
month before getting the first income which then become the initial working capital.
The cost calculation is as the following:
Table 7. 8. Working Capital
Types Components Cost

Raw Material Rp 3,853,878,066.36
Labor Cost Rp 243,500,000.00
Direct Production Cost Utility Rp 597,602,111.77
Plant Overhead Rp 4,077,984.00
Maintenance Rp 21,809,445.33
Depreciation Rp 4,315,800,902.11
Tax Rp 4,053,361.17
Fixed Cost
Insurance Rp 154,701,795.65
Land Renting Rp 30,375,000.00
Table 7. 9. Working Capital
Types Components Cost

Comunication Cost Rp 3,182,500.00
Distribution Cost Rp 43,013,366.76
General Expenses Product Marketing Rp 1,666,666.67
RnD Rp 5,833,333.33
CSR Rp 4,166,666.67
TOTAL Rp 9,283,661,199.82
7.1.3 Total Capital Investment
Total capital investment shows the complete summary for all fees needed
to start the building of the factory. The total capital investment can be calculated
by adding working capital and fixed capital by the following formula
𝐶𝑇𝐶𝐼 = 𝐶𝐹𝐶 + 𝐶𝑊𝐶
Where,
CTCI = cost of total capital investment
CFC = cost of fixed capital
CWC = cost of working capital
Therefore, the CTCI can be calculated as follow
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Table 7. 10. Total Capital Investment Cost Breakdown
Type of Total Each Type

Sub Type of Fixed Capital Cost for Each Sub Type
Fixed Capital of Fixed Capital
Equipment Cost Rp 182,614,819.30
Supporting Facilities Cost Rp 432,094,100.00
Rp
Direct Cost Plant Site Cost Rp 19,530,360,000.00
21,017,051,419.30
Utilities Installment Cost Rp 863,657,500.00
Licensing Cost Rp 8,325,000.00
Contractors Fee and Contingency
Rp 3,781,570,755.47 Rp
Indirect Cost Cost
5,883,275,897.40
Engineering and Supervision Rp 2,101,705,141.93
Rp
Total fixed capital investment cost
26,900,327,316.70
Rp
Total working capital investment
9,283,661,199.82
Rp
Total capital investment (capex)
36,183,988,516.52
The percentage of each cost is as the following
Table 7. 11. Total Capital Investment
Total Capital Investment Percentage

Equipment Cost 0.505%
Supporting Facilities Cost 1.194%
Plant Site Cost 53.975%
Utilities Installment Cost 2.387%
Licensing Cost 0.023%
Contractors Fee and
10.451%
Contingency Cost
Engineering and Supervision 5.808%
Working Capital 25.657%
Total 100%
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Total Capital Investment

1% 1%
Equipment Cost
Supporting Facilities Cost

26%
Plant Site Cost
Utilities Installment Cost
6% Licensing Cost
54%
Contractors Fee and Contingency Cost
10%
Engineering and Supervision
0% Working Capital
2%
Figure 7. 2. Total Capital Investment
7.2 Operational Cost
Operational costs are expenses that are spent in dealing with the operation of a
plant or business on a day-to-day basis. The total operating costs for a company
include the costs of goods sold, daily operating expenses, as well as overhead
expenses that are spent in support of daily operations.
7.2.1 Direct Production Cost
Direct production costs are costs that are charged to directly to the cost of the
object or the service directly related to the production of products. These direct
production costs include raw material cost, labor salaries, utility costs, maintenance
cost, and fixed costs spent for product manufacturing.
7.2.1.1 Raw Material
Raw material costs refer to the cost needed to purchase raw materials involved
in the manufacturing process of goods. For our ‘Coeur de Mar’ moisturizer, there
are 12 raw materials needed in the formula of the product, and 3 more for the
packaging and storage of our product. The calculation of the total raw material costs
per year is show in the table below:
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Table 7. 12. Raw Material Cost

Materials Travel
Raw Supplier Supplier Needed/Day Minimum Distance Delivery Transportation Raw Material Raw Material
Price/Unit time
Material Company Location Order/Month (km) Cost Type Cost/Month Cost/Year
Amount Unit (days)
Bekasi,
HK
Glycerin Jawa Barat, 84,32 kg Rp28.000 2276,64 71,0 1 Rp765.500 Engkel Box Rp64.511.420 Rp774.137.040
CHEMICALS
Indonesia
Kota
Hyaluronic Tangerang
Tritunggalchem 73,78 kg Rp98.000 1992,06 43,4 1 Rp565.000 Engkel Box Rp195.786.880 Rp2.349.442.560
Acid Selatan,
Indonesia
MAAs red Cikarang,
Galic
algae Bekasi, 42,16 kg Rp462.000 1138,32 88 1 Rp859.000 Engkel Box Rp526.762.840 Rp6.321.154.080
Arthabahari
extract Indonesia
Carrageenan
from red Yogyakarta,
INDOPLANT 158,1 kg Rp150.000 4268,70 834 2 Rp3.099.000 CDD Box Rp643.404.000 Rp7.720.848.000
algae Indonesia
extract
Behenyl Tangerang,
CV Boslapa 63,2 kg Rp75.000 1706,40 25,5 1 Rp460.000 Engkel Box Rp128.440.000 Rp1.541.280.000
Alcohol Indonesia
Surabaya, L300 Pick Up
Lecithin Rajaya Shop 31,62 kg Rp85.000 853,74 838 2 Rp220.000 Rp72.787.900 Rp873.454.800
Indonesia Box
93
Table 7.13. Raw Material Cost (Cont’ 1)
Materials Travel
Raw Supplier Supplier Minimum Distance Delivery Transportation Raw Material Raw Material
Price/Unit Time
Material Company Location Amount Unitit Order/Month (km) Cost Type Cost/Month Cost/Year
(days)
Andrografolid Bantul,
Ari Herbal
from Green Yogyakarta, 52,7 kg Rp35.000 1422,90 596 2 Rp2.811.000 Engkel Box Rp52.612.500 Rp631.350.000
Shop
Chiretta Indonesia
Kota
Niacinimide Tritunggalchem Tangerang 52,7 kg Rp270.000 1422,90 22,8 1 Rp572.000 Engkel Box Rp384.755.000 Rp4.617.060.000
Selatan
Hang Xanh Ho Chi
Chavibetol Sea Routes via
Company Minh City, 42,16 kg Rp42.987 1138,32 1023 5 Rp7.700.000 Rp56.632.962 Rp679.595.542
from Betel Ship
Limited Vietnam
Alginate from Tangshan
Hebei, Sea Routes via
brown algae UMG Medical 42,16 kg Rp60.945 1138,32 3027 10 Rp6.875.000 Rp76.249.912 Rp914.998.949
China Ship
extract Instrument
Fucoxanthin
Changsha Hunan, Sea Routes via
from brown 0,53 kg Rp14.717 14,31 1802 10 Rp89.375 Rp299.975 Rp3.599.703
Vigorous-Tech China Ship
algae extract
Phlorotannin
Shaanxi, Sea Routes via
from brown TK 0,53 kg Rp143.424 14,31 1858 10 Rp89.375 Rp2.141.765 Rp25.701.183
China Ship
algae extract
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Table 7.13. Raw Material Cost (Cont’ 2)
Materials Travel
Raw Supplier Supplier Minimum Distance Delivery Transportation Raw Material Raw Material
Price/Unit Time
Material Company Location Amount Unit Order/Month (km) Cost Type Cost/Month Cost/Year
(days)
Plastic
OLin Bandung,
Squeeze 4972 pcs Rp4.500 134244 234 1 Rp1.534.000 CDD Box Rp605.632.000 Rp7.267.584.000
Packaging Indonesia
Tubes
Paperboard
Bandung,
Folding Indowater 4972 pcs Rp1.288 134244 197,0 1 Rp1.534.000 CDD Box Rp174.440.272 Rp2.093.283.264
Indonesia
Carton
Carboard RGD Bekasi,
208 pcs Rp6.000 5616 71,0 1 Rp965.500 CDD Box Rp34.661.500 Rp415.938.000
box Packaging Indonesia
Total Material Cost Rp3.019.118.927 Rp36.229.427.122
95
7.2.1.2 Labor Salary
Types of labor employees in a company can be divided into two types which
are direct and indirect labor types. Direct labor refers to the staff employed whose
work is involved directly in the manufacturing process of the goods. This type of
labor includes but are not limited to manual labor workers, machinery operators,
quality control testers, and factory supervisors. On the other hand, indirect workers
are those whose work is not directly involved in the production process such as
executive board members which includes the company’s CEO and COO, human
resource, finance, administration, supply chain, sales, marketing departments and
auxiliary services.
The wages paid to workers must be above the regional minimum wage
(UMR) given by the local government of where our plant is based. According to
the latest laws, the minimum wage of Banten Province equates to Rp 4.168.268,62.
The salaries determined and distributed to the workforce are adjusted based on that
number.
Table 7. 13. Direct Labor Salary
Amount Salary per Month

Position Total Salary/Month
(Person) per Person
Operator 8 Rp 4.500.000,00 Rp 36.000.000,00
Maintenance
2 Rp 4.500.000,00 Rp 9.000.000,00
Technician
Supervisor 1 Rp 5.000.000,00 Rp 5.000.000,00
Manual Labor 8 Rp 4.200.000,00 Rp 33.600.000,00
Quality Controller 2 Rp 5.000.000,00 Rp 10.000.000,00
Total Salary/Year Rp 1.123.200.000,00
96
Table 7. 14. Indirect Labor Salary
Amount Salary per Month per

Department Position Total Salary per Month
(Person) Person
Board Members Chief Executive Rp 10.000.000 Rp 10.000.000

1
Officer
Chief Operational Rp 8.500.000 Rp 8.500.000
1
Officer
Finance Finance Manager 1 Rp 6.500.000 Rp 6.500.000
Accounting Personnel 1 Rp 5.000.000 Rp 5.000.000
Administrative Services General Secretary 1 Rp 6.500.000 Rp 6.500.000
Administrative Rp 5.000.000 Rp 5.000.000
1
Personnel
Human Resource Development HRD Manager 1 Rp 6.500.000 Rp 6.500.000
HRD Associate 1 Rp 5.000.000 Rp 5.000.000
Health and Safety Executive HSE Manager 1 Rp 6.500.000 Rp 6.500.000
97
Table 7.14. Indirect Labor Salary (Cont’ 1)

(Person) Person
HSE Associate 1 Rp 5.000.000 Rp 5.000.000
Engineering and Plant Operations Operational Manager 1 Rp 6.500.000 Rp 6.500.000
Supply Chain Supply Chain Rp 6.500.000 Rp 6.500.000
Department Manager 1
Transport Service 1 Rp 5.000.000 Rp 5.000.000
Product Distribution Rp 5.000.000 Rp 5.000.000
Control Staff 1
Research and Development and R&D Manager 1 Rp 6.500.000 Rp 6.500.000
Quality Assurance Research Analyst 1 Rp 5.000.000 Rp 5.000.000
QA Staff 1 Rp 5.000.000 Rp 5.000.000
Sales and Marketing Sales and Marketing Rp 6.500.000 Rp 6.500.000
1
Manager
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Table 7.14. Indirect Labor Salary (Cont’ 2)

(Person) Person
Marketing Office 1 Rp 5.000.000 Rp 5.000.000
Customer Service 1 Rp 5.000.000 Rp 5.000.000
Security 2 Rp 4.200.000 Rp 8.400.000
Receptionist 1 Rp 4.200.000 Rp 4.200.000
Auxiliary
Office Boy/Girl 2 Rp 4.200.000 Rp 8.400.000
Cleaning Service 2 Rp 4.200.000 Rp 8.400.000
Total Amount 27 Total Salary Rp 149.900.000
Total Salary per Year Rp 1.798.800.000
99
7.2.1.3 Utility
Utility requirements include the needs of the manufacturing process as well

as the day-to-day usage of the office workers. Basic utility requirements include
electricity and water usage. For the electricity needed in the manufacturing process,
the data for the required power use can be determined using material and energy
balances as well as the individual energy requirements of each of the equipment
involved in the process. The same method is used in determining electrical needs
in the office by determining the power needed by all electronic devices requiring
direct electrical power in the office.
The electricity will be directly supplied by PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara
(PLN) where each kWh is priced at Rp 996,74 based on the high-voltage client
category (PTT) for industries and businesses. The expenditure for monthly and
yearly electricity usage is detailed in Table E1 and E2 in the appendix. Water is
required in the plant as it is involved in the manufacturing process as a raw material
that acts as the main solvent component for our product. Office space also needs
water supply for day-to-day productivity such as for prayers, cafeterias and
washrooms. The water installation in our plant location is provided by PAM JAYA.
Our plant is categorized as type 4d and the cost of water for
chemical/pharmaceutical/cosmetic industries is priced at Rp 12.550 for 20m3 of
water used or Rp 628 for every liter of water. The water expenditure is detailed in
Table E3 appendix.
The summary and total cost of all utility expenses that include electricity and
water use is summarized in the following table.
Table 7. 15. Total Utility Cost

Component Total Utility Cost
Electricity Rp 184.977.333,82
Water Rp 6.986.248.007
Total Rp 7.171.225.341,22
100
7.2.1.4 Maintenance
Maintenance cost is related to facility and equipment prices in order to maintain

constant productivity within the plant. Maintenance will ensure that every
equipment and structure involved in the manufacturing process are in good
condition. Activities involved in maintenance include inspection, lubrication of
equipment, and also replacement of faulty spare parts. Maintenance is an important
aspect in ensuring production sustainability where production can continuously run
smoothly when maintenance is done properly to avoid any problems that may
occur.
We have based our building maintenance cost on general property maintenance
which is 1% of total value property. As for factory and supporting equipment we
have based our cost on Douglas Stewart Thomas’ technical report published in 2018
on the cost and benefits of advanced maintenance in manufacturing where it states
that equipment maintenance is based around 1 – 10% of plant value which equates
to equipment cost.
Table 7. 16. Maintenance Cost

Component Amount (%) Cost per Year
5% of Supporting
Supporting Facilities Rp 48.148.262
Facilities Cost
Factory, Warehouses, and 1% of Plant, Building
Rp 195.303.600
Buildings and Site Cost
Equipment 10% of Equipment Cost Rp 18.261.482
Total Maintenance Cost per Year Rp 261.713.344
Total Maintenance Cost per Month Rp 21.809.445
7.2.2 Fixed Cost

Fixed costs refer to the expenditures that are not affected by the amount of
production and remains constant year after year. This cost includes the local tax
charged for the location of the plant as well as insurance that covers the safety and
retirement funds of all staff employed in the company.
7.2.2.1 Local Tax
Rented land that is utilized and the buildings that are built on the land will be
subject to land building tax (PBB) that must be paid off. The taxed amount is based
101
on the Sales Value of Taxable Object (NJOP) which is an estimated building and
land price as well as a value that varies depending on the region where the building
is based. The total price of NJOP is divided between NJOP earth for the area of the
utilized land, and NJOP building for the area of the building built on the land.
There is a certain amount of NJOP that does not need to be paid referred to as
Non-Taxable Tax Object Sale Value (NJOPTKP). Based on the Finance Minister’s
policy Number 201/KMK.04/2000, NJOPTKP cannot exceed Rp 12.000.000 for
property in towns and districts. Aside from that there is also an Assessment Value
(NJKP) from which the total tax credited is a percentage of said value. NJKP is
worth 20% of the total NJOP and the PBB Tax is taken as 5% from the NJKP value.
Table 7. 17. Land and Building Tax Cost
Description Area (m2) Price Total Price

Rp
NJOP Earth 18225 Rp 25.515.000.000
1.400.000
Rp
NJOP Building 7234 Rp 12.297.460.000
1.700.000
Total NJOP Rp 37.812.460.000
NJOPTKP Rp 12.000.000
NJOP for PBB Rp 37.800.460.000
NJKP (20% NJOP) Rp 7.560.092.000
Debted PBB (0,5% NJKP) Rp 37.800.460
After PBB, we must also calculate the salary tax that each of our employees
will have to pay. The amount charged to them is based on the amount of salary they
receive. The calculations used are based on Undang Undang Pajak Penghasilan and
the information provided in the official website of Indonesia’s Finance Ministry.
The tax rates for each class of salary income is listed below:
Table 7. 18. Salary Tax Rates
Salary Tax Rate

Rp 0 - Rp 50.000.000,00 0,05
Rp 50.000.000,00 - Rp 250.000.000,00 0,15
Rp 250.000.000,00 - Rp 500.000.000,00 0,25
> Rp 500.000.000,00 0,3
102
As with the PBB tax, there are also allowances for salary tax known as PTKP
(penghasilan tidak kena pajak) or un-taxed income. Unmarried employees receive
PTKP as high as Rp 54.000.000 and an extra Rp 4.500.000 for each member of the
family which includes spouse and up to 3 children in the employee’s care. For our
calculation, we assume that all employees are unmarried, have no children, and
have permanent worker status.
We must also calculate insurance for our workers based on BPJS
Ketenagakerjaan rules. BPJS provides three insurance programs which are
retirement insurance (JHT), life insurance (JK) and safety insurance (JKK) to cover
any and all work-related injuries. The payment for each type of insurance differs
where retirement insurance takes 2% from total salary, life insurance takes 0.3%
from total salary, and work safety insurance takes 1.27% of total salary. The tax
and employee insurance calculations are as follows.
Table 7. 19. Tax and Insurance Rate
Tax and Insurance Categories Percentage

JKK for Direct Labor 1,27% of salary
JKM for Direct Labor 0,30% of salary
JHT for Direct Labor 2% of salary
JKK for Indirect Labor 0,54% of salary
JKM for Indirect Labor 0,30% of salary
JHT for Indirect Labor 2% of salary
Income Tax 5% of Bruto Income
PTKP for Employee with no
54000000 /year
child
/every
PTK for Families 4500000
member/year
JHT Cost for Companies 3,70% of salary
103
Table 7. 20. Labor Tax Calculatons
Total
Income
Salary per Income Income
Gross Position Net Income Net Income Non Taxable Taxable Tax
Position Amount month per Insurance Deduction Tax
Income Cost per month per year Income Income per
person (JHT) per
Year
Year
Direct Labor
Operator 8 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
4.500.000,00 70.650,00 4.570.650,00 228.532,50 90.000,00 4.252.117,50 51.025.410,00 58.500.000,00 - - -
Maintenance 2 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Technician 4.500.000,00 70.650,00 4.570.650,00 228.532,50 90.000,00 4.252.117,50 51.025.410,00 58.500.000,00 - - -
Supervisor 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
5.000.000,00 78.500,00 5.078.500,00 253.925,00 100.000,00 4.724.575,00 56.694.900,00 58.500.000,00 - - -
Manual 8 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Labor 4.200.000,00 65.940,00 4.265.940,00 213.297,00 84.000,00 3.968.643,00 47.623.716,00 58.500.000,00 - - -
Quality 2 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Controller 5.000.000,00 78.500,00 5.078.500,00 253.925,00 100.000,00 4.724.575,00 56.694.900,00 58.500.000,00 - - -
104
Table 7. 20. Labor Tax Calculations (Cont’ 1)
Salary Incom
Net Total
per e Net Non Income
Amo Insura Gross Positio Income Taxable Income
Position month Deduc Income Taxable Tax per
unt nce Income n Cost per Income Tax per
per tion per year Income Year
month Year
person (JHT)
Indirect Labor
Chief 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Executive 10.000. 84.000 10.084.0 500.00 200.00 9.384.00 112.608.0 58.500.0 54.108.0 3.116.20 3.116.20
Officer 000 ,00 00,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 00,00 00,00 00,00 0,00 0,00
Chief 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Operationa 8.500.0 71.400 8.571.40 428.57 170.00 7.972.83 95.673.96 58.500.0 37.173.9 1.858.69 1.858.69
l Officer 00 ,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 00,00 60,00 8,00 8,00
Finance 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Manager 6.500.0 54.600 6.554.60 327.73 130.00 6.096.87 73.162.44 58.500.0 14.662.4 733.122, 733.122,
00 ,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 00,00 40,00 00 00
Accounting 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Personnel 5.000.0 42.000 5.042.00 252.10 100.00 4.689.90 56.278.80 58.500.0 - - -
00 ,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 00,00
GeneralSec 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
retary 6.500.0 54.600 6.554.60 327.73 130.00 6.096.87 73.162.44 58.500.0 14.662.4 733.122, 733.122,
00 ,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 00,00 40,00 00 00
105
Table 7.20. Labor Tax Calculations (Cont’ 2)
Salary
Income Net Total
per Net Non Income
Amou Insura Gross Position Deducti Income Taxable Income
Position month Income Taxable Tax per
nt nce Income Cost on per Income Tax per
per per year Income Year
(JHT) month Year
person
Administra 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
tive 5.000.0 42.000, 5.042.000 252.100, 100.000, 4.689.900 56.278.800 58.500.000 - - -
Personnel 00 00 ,00 00 00 ,00 ,00 ,00
HRD 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Manager 6.500.0 54.600, 6.554.600 327.730, 130.000, 6.096.870 73.162.440 58.500.000 14.662.440 733.122, 733.122,
00 00 ,00 00 00 ,00 ,00 ,00 ,00 00 00
HRD 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Associate 5.000.0 42.000, 5.042.000 252.100, 100.000, 4.689.900 56.278.800 58.500.000 - - -
00 00 ,00 00 00 ,00 ,00 ,00
HSE 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Manager 6.500.0 54.600, 6.554.600 327.730, 130.000, 6.096.870 73.162.440 58.500.000 14.662.440 733.122, 733.122,
00 00 ,00 00 00 ,00 ,00 ,00 ,00 00 00
HSE 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Associate 5.000.0 42.000, 5.042.000 252.100, 100.000, 4.689.900 56.278.800 58.500.000 - - -
00 00 ,00 00 00 ,00 ,00 ,00
Operational 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Manager 6.500.0 54.600, 6.554.600 327.730, 130.000, 6.096.870 73.162.440 58.500.000 14.662.440 733.122, 733.122,
00 00 ,00 00 00 ,00 ,00 ,00 ,00 00 00
106
Table 7. 20. Labor Tax Calculations (Cont’ 3)
Salary
Income Net Total
per Net Non Income
Amou Insuran Gross Position Deducti Income Taxable Income
Position month Income Taxable Tax per
nt ce Income Cost on per Income Tax per
per per year Income Year
(JHT) month Year
person
Supply 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Chain 6.500.0 54.600, 6.554.600 327.730, 130.000, 6.096.870 73.162.440 58.500.000 14.662.440 733.122, 733.122,
Departm 00 00 ,00 00 00 ,00 ,00 ,00 ,00 00 00
ent
Manager
Transport 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Service 5.000.0 42.000, 5.042.000 252.100, 100.000, 4.689.900 56.278.800 58.500.000 - - -
00 00 ,00 00 00 ,00 ,00 ,00
Product 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Distributi 5.000.0 42.000, 5.042.000 252.100, 100.000, 4.689.900 56.278.800 58.500.000 - - -
on 00 00 ,00 00 00 ,00 ,00 ,00
Control
Staff
R&D 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Manager 6.500.0 54.600, 6.554.600 327.730, 130.000, 6.096.870 73.162.440 58.500.000 14.662.440 733.122, 733.122,
00 00 ,00 00 00 ,00 ,00 ,00 ,00 00 00
Research 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Analyst 5.000.0 42.000, 5.042.000 252.100, 100.000, 4.689.900 56.278.800 58.500.000 - - -
00 00 ,00 00 00 ,00 ,00 ,00
QA Staff 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
5.000.0 42.000, 5.042.000 252.100, 100.000, 4.689.900 56.278.800 58.500.000 - - -
00 00 ,00 00 00 ,00 ,00 ,00
Sales and 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Marketin 6.500.0 54.600, 6.554.600 327.730, 130.000, 6.096.870 73.162.440 58.500.000 14.662.440 733.122, 733.122,
g 00 00 ,00 00 00 ,00 ,00 ,00 ,00 00 00
Manager
107
Table 7. 20 Labor Tax Calculations (Cont’ 4)
Salary Total
Taxabl Incom
per Income Net Non Incom
Amou Insuran Gross Position Net Income e e Tax
Position month Deductio Income Taxable e Tax
nt ce Income Cost per year Incom per
per n (JHT) per month Income per
e Year
person Year
Marketing 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Officer 5.000.0 42.000,0 5.042.000, 252.100, 100.000, 4.689.900, 56.278.800, 58.500.000, - - -
00 0 00 00 00 00 00 00
Customer 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Service 5.000.0 42.000,0 5.042.000, 252.100, 100.000, 4.689.900, 56.278.800, 58.500.000, - - -
00 0 00 00 00 00 00 00
Security 2 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
4.200.0 35.280,0 4.235.280, 211.764, 84.000,0 3.939.516, 47.274.192, 58.500.000, - - -
00 0 00 00 0 00 00 00
Receptioni 1 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
st 4.200.0 35.280,0 4.235.280, 211.764, 84.000,0 3.939.516, 47.274.192, 58.500.000, - - -
00 0 00 00 0 00 00 00
Office 2 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Boy/Girl 4.200.0 35.280,0 4.235.280, 211.764, 84.000,0 3.939.516, 47.274.192, 58.500.000, - - -
00 0 00 00 0 00 00 00
Cleaning 2 Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
Service 4.200.0 35.280,0 4.235.280, 211.764, 84.000,0 3.939.516, 47.274.192, 58.500.000, - - -
00 0 00 00 0 00 00 00
Rp
Total
10.839.874,00
108
Table 7. 21. Total Tax Cost
Type of Tax Amount

Debted PBB Rp 37.800.460
Salary Tax Rp 10.839.874,00
Total Rp 48.640.334,00
7.2.2.2 Insurance
Total insurance cost includes the employee insurance as well as for the plant
itself. Insurance is required to protect the assets of the company as well as ensure
that our employees are cared for financially. As stated before, employee insurance
fees which cover safety and life insurance will account for 1.57% of employee’s
salary for direct labor, and 0.84% for indirect labor. JHT Spending refers to the
amount that companies will have to bear for employee retirement funds which is
3.7% of employee salary. The last form of insurance is plant insurance which is
fixed at 0.5% of total working capital investment. Insurance calculations are shown
in the table below:
Table 7. 22. Total Insurance Cost
Insurance Type Monthly Cost Annual Cost
Employee Insurance
Rp 2.519.850 Rp 30.238.200
(JKK+JKM)
JHT Spending Rp 5.938.500 Rp 71.262.000
Plant Insurance Rp 147.245.736 Rp 1.766.948.828
Total Insurance Rp 155.704.085,65 Rp 1.868.449.028
109
7.2.2.3 Land Renting Cost

Since the plant is built on rented land, we must also calculate the price of the
rented land as large as 18225 m2 per month. The cost of the land per month is Rp
20.000 per every m2 of land. The total expenditure on rent is as follows:
Table 7. 23. Rent Cost per Year
Year Expense per Year

2021 Rp 364.500.000
2022 Rp 364.500.000
2023 Rp 364.500.000
2024 Rp 364.500.000
2025 Rp 364.500.000
2026 Rp 364.500.000
2027 Rp 364.500.000
2028 Rp 364.500.000
2029 Rp 364.500.000
2030 Rp 364.500.000
2031 Rp 364.500.000
7.2.3 Plant Overhead Cost

Plant overhead costs refers to expenses obtained from the manufacturing
process excluding the costs or direct labor and raw materials. Overhead costs are
also charged as expenses when calculating the final product price. The main
component for our overhead costs are spent on worker safety and overall workplace
safety precautions. The calculations for overhead costs are shown in the table
below.
110
Table 7. 24. Plant Overhead Cost Calculation
Materials Distr
Minimum
Needed/Day ibuti Plant
Supplier Supplier Amount of Distanc Delivery Transportatio Plant Overhead
Raw Material Price/Unit on Overhead
Companies Location Order/Mo e (km) Cost n Type Cost/Month
Amou time Cost/Year
Unit nth
nt (h)
Disposable Central Rp
Sensi 17 box Rp 51.000 17 25 24 Rp 6.000 SiCepat Rp 873.000
Safety Masks Jakarta 10.476.000
North Rp
Latex Gloves Sensi 17 box Rp 129.000 17 30 24 Rp 5.000 Wahana Rp 2.198.000
Jakarta 26.376.000
Disposable East Rp
Evo Plusmed 5 box Rp 95.800 5 45 24 Rp 6.000 SICepat Rp 485.000
Bouffant Cap Jakarta 5.820.000
Central Rp
First Aid Kit Charlottie Medika 3 set Rp150.000 3 25 24 Rp 18.000 SiCepat Rp 468.000
Jakarta 5.616.000
AbadiInternasion North piec Rp

Safety Goggles 16 Rp 2.999 16 25 24 Rp 6.000 SiCepat Rp 53.984
alTrading Jakarta e 647.808
Rp
Total Rp 4.077.984
48.935.808
111
7.2.4 General Expense
General expenses refer to the expenditures that are directly related to the
routine expenses of the plant in support of operational plant activity. The general
expense for our plant is divided into marketing costs, product distribution costs,
financial investment interests and other supporting costs such as research and
development as well as corporate social responsibility.
7.2.4.1 Administrative and Communication Cost
Administrative and communication cost refer to the cost of supporting

communication aspects such as internet and telephone to enable uninterrupted
coordination with third parties such as suppliers and distributors along with
customers. The total administrative and communication costs are detailed in the
table below.
Table 7. 25. Administrative and Communication Cost Calculation
Communication Type Cost/year

Internet Connection Rp 35.000.000
Telephone Rp 2.820.000
Printing Rp 370.000
Total Communication Cost Rp 38.190.000
7.2.4.2 Marketing
Our company’s strategy for marketing is focused on online advertising as our

product’s main target demographic are people aged 20 – 35. That age demographic
can be assumed to quite active in social media apps and have a better trusting
relationship with e-commerce websites, therefore most of our marketing
expenditure is focused on social media advertisements, website hosting, as well as
providing discounts in retail stores
112
Table 7. 26. Marketing Cost Communication
Qty (for 1
Marketing Price Total cost/year
year)
Through Retail Outlets (Supermarkets, Specialty Stores, Pharmacies)
Discount Rp 4.000.000 - Rp 8.000.000
Online Advertisement
Website (Domain + Rp 2.500.000 - Rp 3.000.000
Development)
Website Rp 500.000 12 Rp 6.000.000
Maintenance
Instagram Rp 300.000 6 Rp 3.000.000
Advertising
TikTok Advertising Rp 500.000 6 Rp 3.000.000
Total Product Marketing Cost/Year Rp 20.000.000
7.2.4.3 Distribution
Product distribution cost is calculated by determining the total distance

travelled by our armada of trucks on route to the distribution point and back to the
plant and then multiplied by the cost of fuel and divided by the amount of distance
travelled per liter of fuel. Since our targeted market is the island of Java, all our
distribution routes are on land and therefore take advantage of trucks that run on
diesel fuel. The cost of Dex Lite diesel fuel by Pertamina as per May 2021 is Rp
9.500. The total calculated distribution cost is as follows.
113
Table 7. 27. Product Distribution Cost Calculation
Frequen Round
DISTAN Trip Total Fuel Toll Costs Total Cost per Total Cost per
From To cy (per Distance Fuel Cost
CE Cost (Rp) (Rp) Month (Rp) Year (Rp)
month) (km)
Tigaraksa West Jakarta Rp 9.500 Rp 254.758 Rp 3.057.095

15,5
Plant
West Jakarta North Jakarta 10,5 Rp - Rp 245.258 Rp 2.943.095
Area I North Jakarta East Jakarta 15 90,1 Rp 245.258 Rp 15.000 Rp 260.258 Rp 3.123.095
East Jakarta South Jakarta 15 Rp - Rp 245.258 Rp 2.943.095
South Jakarta Tigaraksa Plant 34 Rp 33.000 Rp 278.258 Rp 3.339.095
Tigaraksa BSD City Rp 9.500 Rp 1.306.291 Rp 15.675.490
27
Plant
BSD City Depok 28 Rp - Rp 1.296.791 Rp 15.561.490
Depok Bogor 44 Rp - Rp 1.296.791 Rp 15.561.490
Area II 476,4 Rp 1.296.791
Bogor Bekasi 1 56 Rp 9.500 Rp 41.000 Rp 1.337.791 Rp 16.053.490
Bekasi Bandung 132,5 Rp 132.000 Rp 1.428.791 Rp 17.145.490
Bandung Tigaraksa Plant Rp 136.000 Rp 1.432.791 Rp 17.193.490
188,5
Tigaraksa Semarang Rp 531.000 Rp 5.758.722 Rp 69.104.665
486
Plant
Semarang Solo 106 Rp 123.500 Rp 5.351.222 Rp 64.214.665
Solo Yogyakarta 64 Rp - Rp 5.227.722 Rp 62.732.665
Area III 1920,5 Rp 5.227.722
Yogyakarta Malang 393 Rp 483.000 Rp 5.710.722 Rp 68.528.665
Malang Surabaya 95 Rp 67.000 Rp 5.294.722 Rp 63.536.665
Surabaya Tigaraksa Plant Rp1.059.500 Rp 6.287.222 Rp 75.446.665
818
Total Rp43.013.367 Rp516.160.401
114
7.2.4.4 Other Costs
Other costs include in general expenses are Research and Development funds
to ensure the sustainability and innovation of our company by conducting
developmental research to better our products and services. We determined the cost
for R&D as a percentage of our average profits. We have based our calculations on
L’Oréal’s research and development expenditure as large as 27,3% of total profits
for 39 worldwide brands and divided that cost as an average expenditure of 0,7%
per brand. With our total estimated profit as Rp 8.000.000.000, the cost for
Research and Development is estimated at Rp 56.000.000.
Corporate social responsibility refers to the charitable acts expected out of

corporate offices and therefore is considered an expenditure. According to
PERMEN BUMN No. PER-09/MBU/07/2015, the cost for CSR is a maximum of
3% of total profits. Given that we are a new company, we have allocated 1% of
profits for CSR with an amount of Rp 80.000.000. The total costs needed are
detailed below.
Table 7. 28. Other Cost Calculations

Components Cost
Research and Development Rp 56.000.000,00
Corporate Social
Rp 80.000.000,00
Responsibility
Total Rp 136.000.000,00
7.2.4.5 Financial Interest
All the expenses listed in order to build and operate this plant which includes
raw materials, equipment and other supporting materials, facilities and equipment
will be funded by taking out a loan from BCA Bank and investors. The total cost
needed will be covered 70% from the bank loan and 30% from investors. BCA
provides an 8% interest rate for corporate loans and investors will be given a 10%
interest, both of which will be paid off after 5 years of annual payment. The
financial interest of our company is calculated using the following equation.
115
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 =
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 × 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝐵𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 0
𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 + 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑛 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑛 − 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Our calculations for financial interest are detailed in the two tables provided
below.
116
Table 7. 29. Calculation of Loan Interest from Bank
Year Initial Loan Loan Interest Payment Total Payment Loan After Payment
0 Rp 25.332.994.933,34 Rp - Rp - Rp - Rp 25.332.994.933,34
1 Rp 25.332.994.933,34 Rp 2.026.639.594,67 Rp 5.066.598.986,67 Rp 7.093.238.581,33 Rp 20.266.395.946,67
2 Rp 20.266.395.946,67 Rp 1.621.311.675,73 Rp 5.066.598.986,67 Rp 6.687.910.662,40 Rp 15.199.796.960,00
3 Rp 15.199.796.960,00 Rp 1.215.983.756,80 Rp 5.066.598.986,67 Rp 6.282.582.743,47 Rp 10.133.197.973,34
4 Rp 10.133.197.973,34 Rp 810.655.837,87 Rp 5.066.598.986,67 Rp 5.877.254.824,53 Rp 5.066.598.986,67
5 Rp 5.066.598.986,67 Rp 405.327.918,93 Rp 5.066.598.986,67 Rp 5.471.926.905,60 Rp -
Total Rp 6.079.918.784,00
Table 7. 30. Calculation of Loan Interest from Investors
Year Initial Loan Loan Interest Payment Total Payment Loan After Payment
0 Rp 10.856.997.828,57 Rp - Rp - Rp - Rp 10.856.997.828,57
1 Rp 10.856.997.828,57 Rp 1.085.699.782,86 Rp 2.171.399.565,71 Rp 3.257.099.348,57 Rp 8.685.598.262,86
2 Rp 8.685.598.262,86 Rp 868.559.826,29 Rp 2.171.399.565,71 Rp 3.039.959.392,00 Rp 6.514.198.697,14
3 Rp 6.514.198.697,14 Rp 651.419.869,71 Rp 2.171.399.565,71 Rp 2.822.819.435,43 Rp 4.342.799.131,43
4 Rp 4.342.799.131,43 Rp 434.279.913,14 Rp 2.171.399.565,71 Rp 2.605.679.478,86 Rp 2.171.399.565,71
5 Rp 2.171.399.565,71 Rp 217.139.956,57 Rp 2.171.399.565,71 Rp 2.388.539.522,29 Rp -
Total Rp 3.257.099.348,57
117
Table 7. 31. Total Financial Interest
Year Financial Interest

0 Rp -
1 Rp 3.112.339.377,52
2 Rp 2.489.871.502,02
3 Rp 1.867.403.626,51
4 Rp 1.244.935.751,01
5 Rp 622.467.875,50
Total Rp 9.337.018.133
Table 7. 32. Total Loan Interest Cost
Year Loan Interest

0 Rp -
1 Rp 7.237.998.552,38
2 Rp 7.237.998.552,38
3 Rp 7.237.998.552,38
4 Rp 7.237.998.552,38
5 Rp 7.237.998.552,38
Total Rp 36.189.992.761,91
7.2.5 Summary of Operational Cost
The following table consists of the summarized expenses of all operational

costs.
Table 7. 33. Operational Cost Summary
Expenses Annual Amount
Raw Material Cost Rp 46.246.536.796
Direct Total Labor Salary Rp 2.922.000.000
Production
Utility Cost Rp 7.171.225.341,22
Costs
Maintenance Rp 261.713.344
Total Tax (Labor + PBB) Rp 48.640.334,00
Fixed Costs Insurance Rp 1.856.421.548
Land Renting Cost Rp 364.500.000
Plant Overhead Cost Rp 48.935.808
Administrative and Communication Rp 38.190.000
Marketing Rp 20.000.000
Distribution Rp 516.160.401
General Research and Development Rp 56.000.000,00
Expense
CSR Rp 80.000.000,00
Financial Interest Rp 9.337.018.133
Financial Loan Rp 36.189.992.761,91
118
7.3 Depreciation
All items that are being purchased, including main equipment, supporting
equipment, and building, have a life-time value, which is considered as tangible
depreciable property. Depreciation is a book method which represents the reduction
in value of tangible asset (Leland and Tarquin, 2012), and is used to establish an
annual deduction against before-tax income. The larger depreciation is given in a
year, the smaller federal income tax and the greater the net profit. Asset value will
decrease every year. The tangible assets that depreciate in this assignment consists
of building also main, supplementary, and utilities equipment. In this case, there is
a 10-year depreciation calculated and at the end of the 10th year it becomes a
salvage value.
The authors use declining balance method to determine the depreciation of the
company’s property, which uses the same ratio for the depreciation value of assets
each year. The equation to determine the amount of depreciation in the declining
balance method is shown as follows:
𝐷𝑛 = 𝑉𝑖 . 𝑓
𝑆𝑉 = 𝑉𝑖 (1 − 𝑓)𝑛
Where:
Dk = Depreciation at year n.
Vi = Initial value.
f = Factor of depreciation.
SV = Savage value.
n = Year n.
Based on Worldwide Capital and Fixed Assets Guide of Ernst & Young 2020,
the depreciation factor for main and supporting equipment are 10% in the chemical
industry, and 2% for building.
119
7.4 Economic Analysis

7.4.1 Product Pricing
In order to determine the price of a product, authors are required to determine
the minimum price of the product, which authors are able to do by determining the
Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). WACC is a financial ratio which
calculates a company’s cost of acquiring assets and financing by comparing the
debt and equity structure of the business (Maha ALOmar, 2020), where the ratio is
considered to be comprehensive as it averages all capital sources. The Minimum
Acceptable Rate of Return (MARR) is assumed based on the WACC, which is able
to be calculated by the equation below:
𝐸 𝐷
𝑊𝐴𝐶𝐶 = ( × 𝑅𝑒 ) × ( × 𝑅𝑑 × (1 − 𝑇𝑎𝑥 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒))
𝐸+𝐷 𝐸+𝐷
Where:
E = Equity.
D = Debt.
Re = Cost of equity.
Rd = Cost of Debt.
The tax rate is based on the Peraturan Mentri Keuangan No. 215/PMK/2018,
which is 25%. The WACC is 6,35% as shown below:
Table 7. 34. WACC Calculation
WACC
E/(E+D) D/(D+E) Re Rd Tax Rate WACC
82,20% 17,8% 7,16% 3,53% 25% 6,35%
where the value of each component to calculate the WACC is based on Cost
of Equity and Capital 2021 Table by using the date of Chemical (Specialty)
industry, since cosmetic and skincare is considered to be a part of said industry.
Based on the WACC, MARR is assumed to be 7,85%. Afterwards, authors are able
to determine the minimum price and the price of the product. To determine the
minimum price of the product, by utilizing Microsoft Excel, specifically the Goal
120
Seek feature with the company’s income tax rate, which is 25%. The Net Present
Value (NPV) is set to zero by changing the minimum product price in order to
ensure the internal rate of return (IRR) would be equal to the MARR. From the
calculation, the minimum product price is Rp289.929,93.
Meanwhile, the price of the product is calculated by the authors by setting the
percentage of the expected profit margin and then ensuring the relevance of the IRR
value. The authors set the percentage of the expected profit margin by
benchmarking the average profit margin of the FMCG industry, which ranges from
3% to 60% (Tiwari, 2020), hence, the profit margin is set to be 32,79% with the
final price of the product being Rp385.000,00. The product price calculation is
concluded in the table below.
Table 7. 35. Product Price Calculation
Production Capacity per Year 249.843 tubes

Company’s Income Tax 25%
Targeted Profit Margin 32,79%
MARR 7,85%
Minimum Product Price Rp289.929,93
Selling Price (Minimum Product RP 385.000,00
Price + Amount of Profit Margin)
Final IRR 34,16%
Final Selling Price Rp385.000,00
7.4.2 Cash Flow

Cash flow is a financial term for a method to calculate the amount of profit
gained per year, whilst also showing the income and outcome of a company per
year (Nour, 2012). By determining the cash flow, the authors are able to calculate
other values, which include NPV and IRR, and payback period and return on
investment (ROI), which, the latter two will be discussed further in the next chapter.
Based on the calculation, the NPV value is Rp134.128.677.538,66, while the IRR
value is 34,16%.
To determine the cash flow, the authors assume the percentage of unit sold
during the first year to be 60%, as Coeur de Mer is a product coming from a new
local brand with various competitions in the form of other skincare brands, followed
by 75% during the second year, and 90% during the third year. During the fourth
121
year and onwards, the authors assume the percentage of unit sold to be 100% with
the help of marketing and advertising, and therefore, the product sales will increase
and produce a good profit. Otherwise, the company tax is set to be 25%. The table
for cash flow calculation can be seen in Table 7.40 below, while the cash flow
diagrams can be seen in Figure 7.3 and 7.4 below.
122
Table 7. 36. Cashflow Calculation
OPEX
Year Product Sold Product Price Revenue CAPEX
COGS Other Expense
Rp Rp Rp Rp
2021 Rp52.251.665.177,45
0 385.000,00 - - -
Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
2022
149.905,88 385.000,00 57.713.762.289,64 - 46.633.301.614,66 7.907.089.071,27
Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
2023
187.382,35 385.000,00 72.142.202.862,05 - 46.633.301.614,66 6.995.630.676,40
Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
2024
224.858,81 385.000,00 86.570.643.434,45 - 46.633.301.614,66 6.084.832.784,81
Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
2025
249.843,13 385.000,00 96.189.603.816,06 - 46.633.301.614,66 5.174.641.595,64
Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
2026
249.843,13 385.000,00 96.189.603.816,06 - 46.633.301.614,66 4.265.008.443,08
Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
2027
249.843,13 385.000,00 96.189.603.816,06 - 46.633.301.614,66 3.355.889.287,84
Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
2028
249.843,13 385.000,00 96.189.603.816,06 - 46.633.301.614,66 3.355.889.287,84
Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
2029
249.843,13 385.000,00 96.189.603.816,06 - 46.633.301.614,66 3.673.309.571,17
Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
2030
249.843,13 385.000,00 96.189.603.816,06 - 46.633.301.614,66 3.653.914.808,62
Rp Rp Rp Rp Rp
2031
249.843,13 385.000,00 96.189.603.816,06 - 46.633.301.614,66 3.644.841.717,36
123
Table 7.36. Cashflow Calculation (Cont’1)
Year Depreciation Cash Expense Financial Loan Gross Profit Net Profit Before Tax
Rp Rp
2021 Rp-
- 52.251.665.177,45 Rp- Rp -
Rp Rp
2022
433.533.583,04 54.106.857.102,90 Rp10.450.333.035,49 Rp11.080.460.674,98 Rp3.173.371.603,70
Rp Rp
2023
420.803.829,21 53.208.128.461,84 Rp10.450.333.035,49 Rp25.508.901.247,38 Rp18.513.270.570,99
Rp Rp
2024
408.734.578,68 52.309.399.820,79 Rp10.450.333.035,49 Rp 39.937.341.819,79 Rp33.852.509.034,98
Rp Rp
2025
397.272.030,56 51.410.671.179,74 Rp10.450.333.035,49 Rp49.556.302.201,40 Rp44.381.660.605,76
Rp Rp
2026
386.367.519,05 50.511.942.538,69 Rp10.450.333.035,49 Rp49.556.302.201,40 Rp45.291.293.758,32
Rp Rp
2027 Rp-
375.977.004,86 49.613.213.897,64 Rp49.556.302.201,40 Rp46.200.412.913,56
Rp Rp
2028 Rp-
375.977.004,86 49.613.213.897,64 Rp49.556.302.201,40 Rp46.200.412.913,56
Rp Rp
2029 Rp-
366.060.617,34 49.940.550.568,50 Rp49.556.302.201,40 Rp45.882.992.630,23
Rp Rp
2030 Rp-
356.582.242,31 49.930.634.180,97 Rp49.556.302.201,40 Rp45.902.387.392,78
Rp Rp
2031 Rp-
347.509.151,05 49.930.634.180,97 Rp49.556.302.201,40 Rp45.911.460.484,04
124
Table 7. 36. Cashflow Calculation (Cont’2)
Year Income Tax Net Profit After Tax Cash Flow Cumulative Cash Flow
Rp -Rp
2021 Rp- -Rp 52.251.665.177,45
- 52.251.665.177,45
Rp -Rp
2022 Rp2.380.028.702,78 -Rp 59.095.093.026,20
793.342.900,93 6.843.427.848,75
Rp Rp
2023 Rp13.884.952.928,24 -Rp 50.611.351.661,49
4.628.317.642,75 8.483.741.364,71
Rp Rp
2024 Rp25.389.381.776,23 -Rp 26.800.441.083,31
8.463.127.258,74 23.810.910.578,17
Rp Rp
2025 Rp33.286.245.454,32 Rp 7.528.158.517,52
11.095.415.151,44 34.328.599.600,83
Rp Rp
2026 Rp33.968.470.318,74 Rp 42.755.486.759,40
11.322.823.439,58 35.227.328.241,88
Rp Rp
2027 Rp34.650.309.685,17 Rp 89.331.876.677,83
11.550.103.228,39 46.576.389.918,43
Rp Rp
2028 Rp34.650.309.685,17 Rp 135.908.266.596,25
11.550.103.228,39 46.576.389.918,43
Rp Rp
2029 Rp34.412.244.472,67 Rp 182.157.319.843,82
11.470.748.157,56 46.249.053.247,56
Rp Rp
2030 Rp34.426.790.544,58 Rp 228.416.289.478,90
11.475.596.848,20 46.258.969.635,09
Rp Rp
2031 Rp34.433.595.363,03 Rp 274.675.259.113,99
11.477.865.121,01 46.258.969.635,09
125
Figure 7. 3. Simplified Cashflow
Figure 7. 4. Cumulative Cashflow
7.4.3 Cost Breakdown
The cost to produce a moisturizer requires a variety of variable

considerations, where cost breakdown is conducted to determine which variable
contributes the most for the total cost to produce the moisturizer, as the variable
with the most significant cost will determine the profitability of the product, which
is why the sensitivity of the most significant cost must be conducted in the
following chapter. Table 41 and Figure 5 show the raw material is the most
significant cost for the profitability by 64,04%, followed by utilities by 12,68%.
126
Table 7. 37. Cost Breakdown
Component Cost per Year Percentage

Labor Salary Rp2.922.000.000,00 5,16%
Raw Material Rp36.229.427.121,54 64,04%
Utilities Rp7.171.225.341,22 12,68%
Distribution Rp516.160.401,15 0,91%
Tax Rp48.640.334,00 0,09%
Insurance Rp1.856.421.547,83 3,28%
Land Renting Rp364.500.000,00 0,64%
Communication Rp38.190.000,00 0,07%
Marketing Rp20.000.000,00 0,04%
Total Depreciation Rp4.315.800.902,11 7,63%
Maintenance Rp261.713.343,90 0,46%
Interest Rp2.696.185.923,16 4,77%
CSR Rp80.000.000,00 0,14%
R&D Rp56.000.000,00 0,10%
Total Rp56.576.264.914,91 100%
Figure 7. 5. Cost Breakdown
127
7.5 Profitability Analysis

7.5.1 Return on Investment (ROI)
The annual financing cost made by the benefits on the first venture is known
as return on investment (ROI). Return on investment (ROI) measures the plant's
productivity by analysing the various components of the project. The annual benefit
generated by one unit of capital contributed is known as the return on investment
(ROI). The following condition can be used to calculate return on investment.
𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑔𝑠 (𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐴𝑇𝐶𝐹)
𝑅𝑂𝐼 = 𝑥 100%
𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
The ROI is 373,72%, based on an average ATCF value of Rp
24.970.478.101,27 and a capital investment of Rp 52.251.665.177,45. It can be
seen from the ROI value that Coeur de Mer is particularly appealing to investors
because to its high ROI value. The approach for calculating the ROI does not
consider the time value of money. As a result, this strategy implies that all projects
are identical in type, and that all money for all years is given equal weight, which
is not necessarily the case.
7.5.2 Payback Period
The time it takes for yearly earnings to match the initial investment is known
as the payback period. Payback time, pay-out period, payoff period, and cash
recovery period are all terms for the same thing. Payback period (PBP) is often used
in early assessments to evaluate alternatives since it is straightforward and even
more intelligible than ROI. The payback period of a given investment or project is
an important factor in deciding whether to proceed with the project.
𝑃𝐵𝑃
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐹𝐶𝐼 + 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝐶𝐼 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒
= 𝑋 100%
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
(𝑎𝑣𝑔 + 𝑎𝑣𝑔 ) 𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑦𝑟 𝑦𝑟
128
By combining all cash flows with the present value, the payback period can be
calculated. Then, using Microsoft Excel, calculate the total present value from year
one to year ten. Table 7.42 depicts the present cumulative cash flow. According to
the projection, the payback period is 4,28 years.
Table 7. 38. Payback Period Calculation
Year Cashflow PV PV Balance
0 (52.251.665.177,45) (52.251.665.177,45) (52.251.665.177,45)
1 (6.843.427.848,75) (6.345.320.212,10) (58.596.985.389,55)
2 8.483.741.364,71 7.293.686.985,38 (51.303.298.404,17)
3 23.810.910.578,17 18.980.845.569,54 (32.322.452.834,63)
4 34.328.599.600,83 25.373.214.413,97 (6.949.238.420,66)
5 35.227.328.241,88 24.142.317.599,23 17.193.079.178,57
6 46.576.389.918,43 29.596.811.547,72 46.789.890.726,29
7 46.576.389.918,43 27.442.569.817,08 74.232.460.543,36
8 46.249.053.247,56 25.266.300.167,97 99.498.760.711,33
9 46.258.969.635,09 23.432.283.342,90 122.931.044.054,23
10 46.258.969.635,09 21.726.734.671,21 144.657.778.725,45
The time it takes for yearly earnings to match the initial investment is known
as the payback period. The payback period indicates how long it will take for the
project to make a profit. The longer the project's payback period, the less beneficial
it is for investment purposes. The cashflow was used to calculate the payback
period. The cashflow period is set at ten years. This time frame is commonly used
to examine the project's economics. The payback period is calculated using the
Present Worth method, which involves converting all cash flows to present value.
Microsoft Excel was used to calculate the cumulative cash flow for the present
value.
7.5.3 Breakeven Point

The point at which sales equal expenses is known as the breakeven point. In other
words, it is the point at which a business ceases to profit or lose money. The amount
of product that must be produced to avoid a loss and the amount of sales that must
129
be achieved to achieve a certain profit are determined using this analysis by

company management. The Payback Period can be used to calculate the BEP
analysis. The Payback Period for this project is estimated to be 4,28 years. As a
result, the total amount of product sold to reach the break-even point is 932.539
units.
Table 7. 39. Breakeven Calculation
Cumulative of
Sold product Sold product
Years Days Products sold products
(%) (units)
(unit)
1 330 149.906 60% 89.944 89.944
2 330 187.382 75% 140.537 230.480
3 330 224.859 90% 202.373 432.853
4 330 249.843 100% 249.843 682.696
4,288 94,98875447 249.843 100% 249.843 932.539
7.5.4 Internal Rate of Return

The internal rate of return at which a project's net present value becomes
zero is known as the internal rate of return. It is called internal because it does not
consider any external factors, such as inflation. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is a
metric that is commonly used to evaluate large, multi-year investments. The
internal rate of return (IRR) is the percentage rate at which you can discount net
benefits over time until they exceed the initial costs.
The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Net Present Value (NPV) are
inextricably linked (NPV). The IRR-determined rate of return is the discount rate
that you should apply to your benefits to achieve a net present value of zero. An
economic function in Microsoft Excel is used to calculate the IRR. The IRR for this
project is 34,16%, according to the calculations. To determine the possibility of this
project's profitability, the value of IRR should be compared to the MARR.
7.5.5 Net Present Value

The Net Present Value (NPV) of a project is the value that represents the
net benefits that a project offers over the course of its life at a certain interest rate.
The IRR of a project is calculated using NPV to guarantee that the project is viable
130
and lucrative. A suitable interest rate is required for NPV computation. The
previously set MARR value was utilized in this computation. The rate value of
MARR is calculated using the WACC value assumption. The actual rate is 7,85%.
The NPV value will decide whether the project is profitable. If the net
present value (NPV) is greater than zero, the project is lucrative or has the potential
to be lucrative if carried through. If the NPV is less than zero, the project is not
profitable to execute, and if the NPV is equal to zero, the project is neither profitable
nor profitable. According to the calculations. The calculated NPV is Rp
134.128.677.538,66. Because the value obtained is more than zero, it may be argued
that this project is viable to run and benefit from.
7.6 Sensitivity Analysis

Sensitivity analysis is a financial planning methodology that examines how
a single dependent variable effect the various values of a set of independent
variables under certain situations. Any financial model that includes a sensitivity
analysis will gain credibility. The link between changes in selling price, raw
material cost, direct labor cost, utilities cost, and distribution cost, as well as the
NPV, IRR, and Payback Period, were employed in this research. These criteria are
being considered because they have the greatest potential for fluctuation.
Table 7. 40. Product Price Sensitivity
Payback
Deviation Selling Price NPV IRR
Period (Years)
-15% Rp327.250,00 Rp52.652.656.406,15 19% 7,178
-10% Rp346.500,00 Rp79.811.330.116,99 24% 5,853
-5% Rp365.750,00 Rp106.970.003.827,82 29% 4,947
0% Rp385.000,00 Rp134.128.677.538,66 34% 4,29
5% Rp404.250,00 Rp161.287.351.249,50 39% 3,787
10% Rp423.500,00 Rp188.446.024.960,33 44% 3,394
15% Rp442.750,00 Rp215.604.698.671,17 49% 3,077
131
Table 7. 41. Raw Material Sensitivity
Payback
Deviation Raw Material Cost NPV IRR
Period (Years)
-15% Rp30.795.013.053,31 Rp168.169.816.319,24 41% 3,60
-10% Rp32.606.484.409,39 Rp156.822.770.059,03 39% 3,81
-5% Rp34.417.955.765,46 Rp145.475.723.798,88 36% 4,04
0% Rp36.229.427.121,54 Rp134.128.677.538,66 34% 4,29
5% Rp38.040.898.477,62 Rp122.781.631.278,45 32% 4,57
10% Rp39.852.369.833,69 Rp111.434.585.018,29 30% 4,88
15% Rp41.663.841.189,77 Rp100.087.538.758,08 27% 5,23
Table 7. 42. Labor Cost Sensitivity
Payback
Deviation Labor Cost NPV IRR
Period (Years)
-15% Rp2.483.700.000,00 Rp136.874.186.243,04 35% 4,23
-10% Rp2.629.800.000,00 Rp135.959.016.674,91 35% 4,25
-5% Rp2.775.900.000,00 Rp135.043.847.106,79 34% 4,27
0% Rp2.922.000.000,00 Rp134.128.677.538,66 34% 4,29
5% Rp3.068.100.000,00 Rp133.213.507.970,53 34% 4,31
10% Rp3.214.200.000,00 Rp132.298.338.402,41 34% 4,33
15% Rp3.360.300.000,00 Rp131.383.168.834,28 34% 4,35
The following graphs demonstrate the link between NPV, IRR, and payback
period and variance.
132
Rp250,000,000,000.00
Rp200,000,000,000.00
Net Present Value
Rp150,000,000,000.00
Rp100,000,000,000.00
Rp50,000,000,000.00
Rp-
-20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Deviation
Figure 7. 6. NPV Graph
60%
50%
Internal Rate of Return
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
-20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Deviation
Figure 7. 7. IRR Graph

8
7
6
Payback Period
5
4
3
2
1
0
-20% -15% -10% -5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
Deviation
Figure 7. 8. Payback Period Graph
133
Microsoft Excel is used for calculations. The graphs show that a slight change in
product pricing results in a substantial movement in profitability. The lower the
product's price, the less lucrative it is and the longer it takes to break even. Raw
material and labor costs, on the other hand, have little impact on profitability.
However, the cost of raw materials will have a greater impact on profitability than
the cost of labor. The lower the raw material and labor costs, the higher the
profitability and the shorter the time to break-even. Changes in raw material and
labor costs have no major impact on the time to break-even in terms of payback
period although still having an impact.
CONCLUSION
8.1 Conclusion
Based on the chapters of this report, it is concluded:
1. Concept selection was done from concept generation and primarily filtered
through RVF selection method; we have selected 115 concepts from the initial
amount of 1008 concepts. The remaining 115 goes through concept screening
using criteria matrix and resulted in 16 accepted concepts.
2. The 16 concepts go through concepts scoring and we are left with 4 possible
candidates are the final concept was chosen based on our market survey.
3. Through ranking and testing of concepts, the authors discovered customers are
more likely to buy a gel anti-acne moisturizer in tubes with UV protection by
topical application, which is chosen as the final concept.
4. Through benchmarking, which is rechecked with a demand-driven approach,
the authors’ annual production capacity is 249843,13 L per year which is
equal to 745,8 L or 4972 tubes per day by 6 hours of work per day.
5. The product made per day is 4972 tubes per day which is 2489 tubes per batch
6. The plant will be located in Kawasan Industri Tigaraksa in Kabupaten
Tangerang, Banten Province because of its ease of access as well as certified
utility availability as being located in an industrial complex.
7. The type of plant layout we have used is the cellular layout as it is the most
efficient and optimized with each worker centred in their own post during the
manufacturing of our product.
8. The total area of the plant is 18225 m2 with a building area of 7234 m2.
9. The raw material needed are 189,73 kg/batch of water, 36,89 kg/batch of
hyaluronic acid, 21,08 kg/batch of MAA extract from red algae, 79,05 kg/batch
Carrageenan, 31,62 kg/batch Behenyl Alcohol, 26,35 kg/batch Andrografolid
extract, 26,35 kg/batch Niacinimide, 21,08 kg/batch Chavibetol, 21,08
kg/batch Alginate, 0,26 kg/batch Fucoxanthin, and 0,26 kg/batch Phlorotannin
for Phase A. Phase B for the mixture made up of 42,16 kg/batch of Glycerin
and 15,8 kg/batch of Lecithin.
10. From energy balance the supply energy needed for the process is 19,44 kWh
per batch.
134
135
11. The capital investment needed to manufacture this product is

Rp54,751,942,596.15.
12. The weighted average cost of capital of the authors’ product is calculated to be
6,35%.
13. The minimum product price of the authors’ product is Rp289.929,93, while the
final product price is Rp385.000,00 with a profit margin of 32,79%.
14. Annual cost needed for the manufacture process of this product is
Rp56.576.264.914,91.
15. From the cost breakdown of the authors’ product, it is discovered how the
largest expenses come from raw material, followed by utilities.
16. The ROI is placed at 373,72%, while the MARR is set at 7.85%. The product
has a payback period of 4.28 years. When 932.539 can products are sold, the
breakeven point is achieved.
8.2 Recommendation
To maintain the sustainability of the project, the authors offer several
recommendations as listed below.
1. Further research should be done in order to acquire good quality materials with
the most affordable price to cut the cost of producing the product, since it is the
variable with the largest expenses.
2. Further research should be done regarding marine algaes in Indonesia so it is
possible for the authors to cut the shipping cost of the materials for the product.
3. Research, including scientific tests, should be done involving customers to
continue to improve the authors' product.
4. The authors' marketing strategy should be improved in order to increase the
product selling price, as it is the most sensitive variable of the product.
Deskripsi
“COEUR DE MER” PELEMBAP ANTIBAKTERIAL DENGAN

PERLINDUNGAN DARI SINAR UV BERBAHAN DASAR EKSTRAK ALGA,
DAUN SIRIH, DAN SAMBILOTO BERBASIS AIR
Bidang Teknik Invensi
Invensi ini berhubungan dengan pembuatan kosmetik

wajah berupa pelembap antibakterial dengan menggunakan
bahan alami utama berupa ekstrak alga, daun sirih, dan
sambiloto. Pelembap antibakterial dengan perlindungan
dari sinar UV berbahan dasar ekstrak alga, daun sirih,
dan sambiloto ini tepat digunakan bagi pengguna yang
memiliki aktivitas padat di luar ruangan dan sering
terpapar sinar matahari, terutama di masa pandemi COVID-
19 ini untuk mencegah pembentukan jerawat karena
pemakaian masker.
Latar Belakang Invensi

C o r o n a vi r u s dis e a s e 2 01 9 ( CO V I D - 1 9) , yang
disebabkan oleh virus corona yang baru ditemukan, adalah
penyakit menular yang dikategorikan sebagai pandemi oleh
Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia, dan merupakan salah satu
pandemi paling mematikan di Indonesia. Hal ini sangat
mempengaruhi masyarakat Indonesia dan kebiasaan mereka,
di mana salah satunya penggunaan masker. Di masa pandemi
COVID-19, penggunaan masker di ruang publik sangat
dianjurkan karena terbukti efektif dalam menghambat
penularan virus corona karena jalur utamanya melalui
partikel pernapasan, dan salah satu cara yang digunakan
untuk mengurangi penyebarannya adalah dengan mengurangi
probabilitas penularan per kontak, yang dapat dilakukan
oleh penggunaan masker dengan mengurangi penularan
136
137
partikel pernapasan yang terinfeksi baik dalam konteks

laboratorium maupun klinis. Namun, penggunaan masker
yang berlebihan dapat memiliki efek buruk berupa jerawat
karena lingkungan yang panas dan lembab yang tercipta di
daerah wajah yang ditutupi oleh masker, di mana bakteri
dapat berkembang biak di lingkungan tersebut, dan
tekanan yang berasal dari ketatnya masker. Jerawat dapat
berbahaya karena orang cenderung menggaruk atau
menyentuh wajah mereka lebih sering ketika terdapat
jerawat di wajah mereka, yang dapat menyebabkan
penularan virus corona, sebagaimana menurut WHO, virus
corona dapat ditularkan melalui sentuhan pada mata,
hidung, dan mulut setelah menyentuh permukaan atau benda
yang pernah kontak dengan droplet yang terinfeksi.
Penggunaan masker diperlukan karena khasiatnya
dalam mengurangi penyebaran COVID-19 yang cepat,
sehingga perlu dilakukan tindakan preventif terhadap
pembentukan jerawat di wajah berupa penggunaan produk
perawatan kulit, salah satunya pelembab. Ada sejumlah
pelembab di pasar dengan bahan-bahan yang mencegah
jerawat, tetapi menurut FDA, penggunaan beberapa produk
yang dijual bebas (OTC) yang mengandung bahan aktif
benzoil peroksida atau asam salisilat dapat menyebabkan
reaksi alergi yang parah atau iritasi. Saat ini, pelembab
bio-based dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pelembab
berbahan dasar kimia, yaitu pelembab yang terbuat dari
bahan yang berasal dari organisme hidup atau pernah
hidup. Pelembab bio-based sering dibuat dari bahan yang
berasal dari lidah buaya, rumput laut, witch hazel, dan
ganggang laut.
Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman jenis rumput laut
yang sebagian besar tumbuh di ekosistem terumbu karang.
Alga hijau, alga coklat, dan alga merah merupakan sumber
138
potensial senyawa bioaktif yang berguna dalam industri

agrokimia, yaitu sebagai antibakteri, antifeedant,
antifouling, antiinflamasi, fungisida, dan herbisida.
Pembuatan pelembab dengan memanfaatkan alga laut sebagai
komponen utamanya dan antiseptik alami sebagai salah
satu komponennya karena kualitasnya sebagai antibakteri
untuk mencegah timbulnya jerawat di seluruh wajah dapat
mencegah orang menyentuh atau menggaruk wajah yang
memiliki risiko yaitu penularan virus corona dari
tetesan yang terinfeksi di jari mereka.
Uraian Singkat Invensi
Tujuan utama dari invensi ini adalah untuk membuat

pelembap antibakterial dengan menggunakan bahan alami
utama berupa ekstrak alga, daun sirih, dan sambiloto
yang aman bagi kulit wajah. Selain itu, produk pelembap
antibacterial ini juga menyediakan berbagai manfaat lain
atau multifungsi. Tidak hanya menyediakan mekanisme
antibakterial dengan mencegah pembentukan jerawat,
pelembap antibakterial berbahan dasar ekstrak alga, daun
sirih, dan sambiloto ini juga memberi manfaat lain yaitu
memberikan perlindungan dari sinar UV, melindungi kulit
dari virus (bersifat antiseptik), serta melembapkan
kulit. Dengan demikian, masyarakat akan tertarik untuk
menggunakan pelembap tersebut untuk mencegah pembentukan
jerawat pada kulit mereka karena meningkatnya penggunaan
masker di masa pandemi ini.
Konsep invensi pelembap antibakterial ini adalah

menggunakan bahan dasar ekstrak alga alami yang dapat
menyehatkan kulit dengan kandungan antioksidan dan
melindungi kulit dari sinar UV dan memiliki fungsi
antibakterial yang hadir dalam daun sirih serta fungsi
139
antiseptik yang hadir dalam sambiloto. Pelembap ini

bersifat cair sehingga mudah dalam penggunaannya. Bahan
utama yaitu ekstrak alga, daun sirih, dan sambiloto
diformulasikan dengan gliserin dan asam hialuronat
sebagai humektan, air sebagai pelarut, behenil alcohol
sebagai pengontrol viskositas, lesitin sebagai
pengemulsi, serta nikotinamida sebagai agen
antiinflamasi untuk membantu pencegahan jerawat serta
merangsang produksi kolagen pada kulit sehingga noda
hitam bekas jerawat menjadi tersamarkan.
Uraian Singkat Gambar

Gambar 1, adalah gambar tampak depan dari tabung produk
Coeur de Mer pelembab antibakterial ganggang laut
beserta boks per satuan kemasan sesuai dengan invensi
ini.
Gambar 2, adalah ilustrasi logo dan merek dagang dari
produk bahan kimia Coeur de Mer pelembab antibakterial
berbasis ekstrak alga sesuai dengan invensi ini.
140
Uraian Lengkap Invensi
Mengacu pada Gambar 1, yang memperlihatkan gambar

produk Coeur de Mer yaitu tabung dan boks per satuan
kemasan. Coeur de Mer berbahan dasar alga, daun sirih,
dan sambiloto ini memiliki tekstur gel sehingga kemasan
tabung merupakan kemasan yang tepat. Ukuran dari boks
kemasan Coeur de Mer adalah 5 cm x 5 cm x 15 cm (panjang
x lebar x tebal) dengan ukuran botol di dalamnya sebesar
4,5 cm x 15 cm (diameter x tinggi) dengan berat 150 gram.
Coeur de Mer tidak memiliki aroma untuk meminimalisir
kemungkinan iritasi kulit sensitif terhadap aditif
beraroma. Coeur de Mer juga dibuat tidak memiliki warna.
Jenis tabung ini merupakan kemasan umum untuk pelembap
dan beberapa produk kecantikan lainnya dikarenakan
memiliki toleransi suhu, ketahanan terhadap bahan kimia
yang baik, serta dapat didaur ulang.
Mengacu pada Gambar 2, yang memperlihatkan gambar

logo dan merk dagang dari produk Coeur de Mer pelembap
antibakterial. Terdapat ornamen alga sebagai ikon dari
Coeur de Mer yang mewakili bahan alami utama yang
digunakan. Warna hijau digunakan sebagai warna dasar
dikarenakan Coeur de Mer menggunakan bahan-bahan alami
dalam pembuatannya seperti ekstrak alga, daun sirih, dan
sambiloto. Tagline yang tertera pada bagian kanan boks
kemasan ‘Beauty of the Ocean in the Palm of Your Hands’
dibuat sesuai dengan klaim perusahaan PT. Arnawama yaitu
untuk menyediakan produk yang menggunakan bahan dasar
dari laut, yaitu ekstrak alga alami yang merupakan bahan
utama dalam pelembap antibakterial ini.
141
Klaim
1. Pelembab anti-bakterial berbahan dasar ekstrak

alga, daun sirih, dan sambiloto berbasis air memiliki
kemampuan untuk melembabkan kulit dengan menjaga
kandungan air dalam kulit sekaligus melindungi kulit
dari bakteri penyebab jerawat dengan menginhibisi
pertumbuhannya, serta memberi perlindungan lebih
terhadap virus yang dapat menempelkan diri ke kulit
wajah, dan memberi keuntungan tambahan berupa
perlindungan dari sinar UV; penggunaan pelembab anti-
bakterial berbahan dasar ekstrak alga, daun sirih, dan
sambiloto berbasis air digunakan dengan cara
mengusapkan bahan secara merata ke wajah setelah
membersihkan kulit wajah.

alga, daun sirih, dan sambiloto berbasis air sesuai
dengan klaim 1, memiliki bentuk cair, tidak berwarna,
dan tidak beraroma atau memiliki aroma netral tanpa
tambahan senyawa, dan memiliki viskositas 168,75 cP
dalam botol berukuran 150 ml dengan diameter 5 cm dan
tinggi 15 cm.

dengan klaim 1, memiliki logo dangan berwarna hijau tua
pada botol dan kemasan sekunder dengan inisial “C” yang
melambangkan nama produk serta ikon alga dan dedaunan
hijau yang merepresentasikan komposisi utama produk dan
slogan dangan yang digunakan adalah “Beauty of the Ocean
in the Palm of Your Hands”; merek dagang yang digunakan
adalah “Couer de Mer”.
142

dengan klaim 1, memiliki komposisi terdiri atas Glycerin
8% dari berat total, asam hyaluronic 7% dari berat total,
air 36% dari berat total, MAA dari ekstrak alga merah
Porphyra umbilicalis 4% dari berat total, Carrageenan
dari ekstrak alga merah Kappaphycus alvarezii 5% dari
berat total, Behenyl alcohol 6% dari berat total,
lecithin 3% dari berat total, ekstrak andrografolid dari
daun sirih 4% dari berat total, niacinamide 4% dari berat
total, ekstrak chavibetol dari daun sambiloto 4% dari
berat total, alginat dari ekstrak alga coklat Sargassum
sp. 3% dari berat total, fucoxanthin dari ekstrak alga
coklat Sargassum sp. 0,5% dari berat total, dan
phlorotannin dari ekstrak alga coklat Sargassum sp.
0,5%.
143
Abstrak
“COEUR DE MER” PELEMBAP ANTIBAKTERIAL DENGAN
PERLINDUNGAN DARI SINAR UV BERBAHAN DASAR EKSTRAK ALGA,
DAUN SIRIH, DAN SAMBILOTO BERBASIS AIR
Di masa pandemi COVID-19, penggunaan masker

berdampak buruk berupa jerawat. Coeur de Mer, pelembab
antibakteri, mampu mencegah pembentukan jerawat di
wajah. Alga laut digunakan sebagai bahan utama dan
dikenal pemanfaatannya sebagai obat alternatif penyakit
kulit. Senyawa yang ditemukan dalam rumput laut
menunjukkan berbagai bioaktivitas yang dapat digunakan
sebagai bahan aktif dalam produk kosmetik. Antiseptik
alami dianggap sebagai sumber penting agen antimikroba
baru, dan salah satu faktor penting dalam pencegahan
jerawat adalah sifat antimikroba yang ditemukan dalam
bahan yang digunakan dalam formulasi produk. Produk ini
mengandung bahan-bahan berbasis alami, termasuk ekstrak
ganggang merah dan ganggang coklat, andrografolid yang
diekstrak dari chiretta hijau (Andrographis paniculata)
dan chavibetol yang diekstrak dari sirih. Komposisi
produk meliputi ekstrak ganggang merah, ekstrak ganggang
coklat, ekstrak chiretta hijau, ekstrak sirih,
niacinimide, gliserin, asam hialuronat, air, behenil
alkohol, dan lesitin. Diharapkan dengan produk ini,
masalah yang berkaitan jerawat pada kulit wajah dapat
diatasi dengan aman dan efektif.
144
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A. Interpreting Needs from Analysis
Table A. 1 Interpretation of Customer Statements into Needs
No. Question Answer Statement of Needs

Do you have acne- Most of the Facial products that
1.
prone skin respondents’ answered contain ingredients to
problems while yes prevent acne
using the mask?
2. What factors should Smoothing the skin A moisturizer that
you consider when keeps the hydration of
purchasing a the skin
moisturizer? Texture of the product A moisturizer that has
that is gel the gel-like viscosity
Affordable price A moisturizer that has
an affordable price
3. What are the things Alcohol A moisturizer that does
do you avoid in a not contain alcohol
moisturizer? Fragrance A fragrance-free
moisturizer
4. Do you thing bio- Common answer that A moisturizer that is
based moisturizer is responded say yes made with natural
important? ingredients (bio-
products)
5. Do you think it is Common answer that A moisturizer that is
important to have a responded say yes able to moisturize the
product that acts skin
both as moisturizer
and antiseptic A moisturizer that is
during SARS Cov- able to act as an
19 pandemic? antiseptic
151
152
Appendix B: Benchmarking Table to Competitors
Table B. 1 Benchmarking Results Based on Specifications
Competitor
Needs
No. List of Needs Specifications Our Product The The Body Nature
Rank Innisfree Somethinc
Ordinary Shop Republic
Product Performances
Investigator Global
Facial products that Assessment scale by US
1. contain ingredients to 5 FDA (Scale 0-4 where 0 2 1 2 2 2 3
prevent acne is clear skin and 4 is
severe)
A moisturizer that is
Water binding capacity
8. able to act as 5 3 0 1 1 1 2
(% g water/g dry matter)
moisturizer
Active components %
9. able to act as an 5 3 0 0 0 0 0
w/w
antiseptic
Product Properties
A moisturizer that
Water binding capacity
2. keeps the hydration of 4 < 10 8-10 8-10 15-20 5-10 5-10
(% g water/g dry matter)
the skin
A moisturizer that has

3. 4 Viscosity (Pa.s) 10 13-15 13-15 10-12 10 10
a gel-like viscosity
153
Table B. 1 Benchmarking Results Based on Specifications (Cont’1)
Competitor
Needs Our
No. List of Needs Specifications
Rank Product Nature
The Ordinary The Body Shop Innisfree Somethinc
Republic
A moisturizer that
Active components
5. does not contain 4 0 0 0 0 0 3-4
% w/w
alcohol
A fragrance-free
6. 4 Scent (Y/N) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
moisturizer
made with natural Ingredients used
7. 5 Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes
ingredients (bio- (Y/N)
products)
Retailing
A moisturizer that
200.000 - 225.000/100 190.000/1 299.000/50 98.000/300
4. has an affordable 3 Cost (IDR) 209.000/50 mL
215.000 mL 00 mL mL mL
price
154
Appendix C. Rate the Concept
Table C. 1 Description of Rating Score
Rating Multifunctionality (40%) Ease of Production (30%) Price (20%) Ease of Use (10%)
Difficult to manufacture. Parts are difficult

Does not provide any additional Hard to use. Requires two or more
1 to manufacture and desired form is difficult >200.000
functionality additional equipment or mechanisms
to achieve. Ingredients are difficult to find
Quite difficult to manufacture. Easier to

Provides one additional Quiet hard to use, requires one
2 manufacture and desired form is difficult to 190.000 - 200.000
functionality but not that necessary additional equipment or mechanism
achieve. Ingredients are difficult to find
Quite easy to manufacture. Parts are

Quiet easy to use, does not need
Provides one additional difficult to manufacture, but desired form
3 180.000 - 190.000 additional equipment but requires
functionality that is beneficial is quite easy to achieve. Ingredients are
complicated steps for application
easier to find
Provides two additional Quite easy to manufacture. Parts are easy Quiet easy to use, does not need
4 functionalities but one of the two to manufacture and desired form is easy to 170.000 - 180.000 additional equipment but still has a
functions is unnecessary achieve. Ingredients are easier to find few steps for application
Easy to use. Does not need
Provides two additional Easy to manufacture. Parts are easy
any additional equipment or
5 functionalities where both functions to manufacture and desired form is easy to 160.000 - 170.000
mechanisms and no extra steps for
are beneficial achieve. Ingredients are easy to find
application
155
Appendix D. Raw Material Inventory

Table D. 1 Raw Material Inventory
Raw Material (End Day)
Plastic Paperboard
Hyaluron Carragee Behenyl Androgra Niacin Chavibe Fucoxa Phlorot Cardboard
Day Glycerin MAAs Lecithin Alginate Squeeze Folding
ic Acid nan Alcohol folid imide tol nthin annin Box
Tubes Carton
1565,1
0 2504,30 2192,27 1252,15 4695,57 1877,04 939,11 1565,19 1252,15 1252,15 15,74 15,74 147668,4 147668,4 6177,6
9
1512,4
1 2419,98 2118,49 1209,99 4537,47 1813,84 907,49 1512,49 1209,99 1209,99 15,21 15,21 142696,40 142696,40 5969,60
9
1459,7
2 2335,66 2044,71 1167,83 4379,37 1750,64 875,87 1459,79 1167,83 1167,83 14,68 14,68 137724,40 137724,40 5761,60
9
1407,0
3 2251,34 1970,93 1125,67 4221,27 1687,44 844,25 1407,09 1125,67 1125,67 14,15 14,15 132752,40 132752,40 5553,60
9
1354,3
4 2167,02 1897,15 1083,51 4063,17 1624,24 812,63 1354,39 1083,51 1083,51 13,62 13,62 127780,40 127780,40 5345,60
9
1301,6
5 2082,70 1823,37 1041,35 3905,07 1561,04 781,01 1301,69 1041,35 1041,35 13,09 13,09 122808,40 122808,40 5137,60
9
1248,9
6 1998,38 1749,59 999,19 3746,97 1497,84 749,39 1248,99 999,19 999,19 12,56 12,56 117836,40 117836,40 4929,60
9
1196,2
7 1914,06 1675,81 957,03 3588,87 1434,64 717,77 1196,29 957,03 957,03 12,03 12,03 112864,40 112864,40 4721,60
9
1143,5
8 1829,74 1602,03 914,87 3430,77 1371,44 686,15 1143,59 914,87 914,87 11,50 11,50 107892,40 107892,40 4513,60
9
1090,8
9 1745,42 1528,25 872,71 3272,67 1308,24 654,53 1090,89 872,71 872,71 10,97 10,97 102920,40 102920,40 4305,60
9
1038,1
10 1661,10 1454,47 830,55 3114,57 1245,04 622,91 1038,19 830,55 830,55 10,44 10,44 97948,40 97948,40 4097,60
9
11 1576,78 1380,69 788,39 2956,47 1181,84 591,29 985,49 985,49 788,39 788,39 9,91 9,91 92976,40 92976,40 3889,60
156
Table D. 1. Raw Material Inventory (Cont’1)

MAAs
from Niaci Plastic Paperboard
Hyaluron Carrage Behenyl Androgra Chavibe Fucoxa Phlorot Cardboar
Day Glycerin red Lecithin nimid Alginate Squeeze Folding
ic Acid enan Alcohol folid tol nthin annin d Box
algae e Tubes Carton
extract
932,7
12 1492,46 1306,91 746,23 2798,37 1118,64 559,67 932,79 746,23 746,23 9,38 9,38 88004,40 88004,40 3681,60
9
880,0
13 1408,14 1233,13 704,07 2640,27 1055,44 528,05 880,09 704,07 704,07 8,85 8,85 83032,40 83032,40 3473,60
9
827,3
14 1323,82 1159,35 661,91 2482,17 992,24 496,43 827,39 661,91 661,91 8,32 8,32 78060,40 78060,40 3265,60
9
774,6
15 1239,50 1085,57 619,75 2324,07 929,04 464,81 774,69 619,75 619,75 7,79 7,79 73088,40 73088,40 3057,60
9
721,9
16 1155,18 1011,79 577,59 2165,97 865,84 433,19 721,99 577,59 577,59 7,26 7,26 68116,40 68116,40 2849,60
9
669,2
17 1070,86 938,01 535,43 2007,87 802,64 401,57 669,29 535,43 535,43 6,73 6,73 63144,40 63144,40 2641,60
9
616,5
18 986,54 864,23 493,27 1849,77 739,44 369,95 616,59 493,27 493,27 6,20 6,20 58172,40 58172,40 2433,60
9
563,8
19 902,22 790,45 451,11 1691,67 676,24 338,33 563,89 451,11 451,11 5,67 5,67 53200,40 53200,40 2225,60
9
511,1
20 817,90 716,67 408,95 1533,57 613,04 306,71 511,19 408,95 408,95 5,14 5,14 48228,40 48228,40 2017,60
9
458,4
21 733,58 642,89 366,79 1375,47 549,84 275,09 458,49 366,79 366,79 4,61 4,61 43256,40 43256,40 1809,60
9
405,7
22 649,26 569,11 324,63 1217,37 486,64 243,47 405,79 324,63 324,63 4,08 4,08 38284,40 38284,40 1601,60
9
353,0
23 564,94 495,33 282,47 1059,27 423,44 211,85 353,09 282,47 282,47 3,55 3,55 33312,40 33312,40 1393,60
9
157

MAAs
extract
300,3
24 480,62 421,55 240,31 901,17 360,24 180,23 300,39 240,31 240,31 3,02 3,02 28340,40 28340,40 1185,60
9
247,6
25 396,30 347,77 198,15 743,07 297,04 148,61 247,69 198,15 198,15 2,49 2,49 23368,40 23368,40 977,60
9
194,9
26 311,98 273,99 155,99 584,97 233,84 116,99 194,99 155,99 155,99 1,96 1,96 18396,40 18396,40 769,60
9
142,2
27 227,66 200,21 113,83 426,87 170,64 85,37 142,29 113,83 113,83 1,43 1,43 13424,40 13424,40 561,60
9
28 143,34 126,43 71,67 268,77 107,44 53,75 89,59 89,59 71,67 71,67 0,90 0,90 8452,40 8452,40 353,60
1459,
29 2335,66 2044,71 1167,83 4379,37 1750,64 875,87 1459,79 1167,83 1167,83 14,68 14,68 137724,40 137724,40 5761,60
79
1407,
30 2251,34 1970,93 1125,67 4221,27 1687,44 844,25 1407,09 1125,67 1125,67 14,15 14,15 132752,40 132752,40 5553,60
09
1354,
31 2167,02 1897,15 1083,51 4063,17 1624,24 812,63 1354,39 1083,51 1083,51 13,62 13,62 127780,40 127780,40 5345,60
39
1301,
32 2082,70 1823,37 1041,35 3905,07 1561,04 781,01 1301,69 1041,35 1041,35 13,09 13,09 122808,40 122808,40 5137,60
69
1248,
33 1998,38 1749,59 999,19 3746,97 1497,84 749,39 1248,99 999,19 999,19 12,56 12,56 117836,40 117836,40 4929,60
99
1196,
34 1914,06 1675,81 957,03 3588,87 1434,64 717,77 1196,29 957,03 957,03 12,03 12,03 112864,40 112864,40 4721,60
29
1143,
35 1829,74 1602,03 914,87 3430,77 1371,44 686,15 1143,59 914,87 914,87 11,50 11,50 107892,40 107892,40 4513,60
59
158

MAAs
extract
1090,
36 1745,42 1528,25 872,71 3272,67 1308,24 654,53 1090,89 872,71 872,71 10,97 10,97 102920,40 102920,40 4305,60
89
1038,
37 1661,10 1454,47 830,55 3114,57 1245,04 622,91 1038,19 830,55 830,55 10,44 10,44 97948,40 97948,40 4097,60
19
985,4
38 1576,78 1380,69 788,39 2956,47 1181,84 591,29 985,49 788,39 788,39 9,91 9,91 92976,40 92976,40 3889,60
9
932,7
39 1492,46 1306,91 746,23 2798,37 1118,64 559,67 932,79 746,23 746,23 9,38 9,38 88004,40 88004,40 3681,60
9
880,0
40 1408,14 1233,13 704,07 2640,27 1055,44 528,05 880,09 704,07 704,07 8,85 8,85 83032,40 83032,40 3473,60
9
827,3
41 1323,82 1159,35 661,91 2482,17 992,24 496,43 827,39 661,91 661,91 8,32 8,32 78060,40 78060,40 3265,60
9
774,6
42 1239,50 1085,57 619,75 2324,07 929,04 464,81 774,69 619,75 619,75 7,79 7,79 73088,40 73088,40 3057,60
9
721,9
43 1155,18 1011,79 577,59 2165,97 865,84 433,19 721,99 577,59 577,59 7,26 7,26 68116,40 68116,40 2849,60
9
669,2
44 1070,86 938,01 535,43 2007,87 802,64 401,57 669,29 535,43 535,43 6,73 6,73 63144,40 63144,40 2641,60
9
616,5
45 986,54 864,23 493,27 1849,77 739,44 369,95 616,59 493,27 493,27 6,20 6,20 58172,40 58172,40 2433,60
9
563,8
46 902,22 790,45 451,11 1691,67 676,24 338,33 563,89 451,11 451,11 5,67 5,67 53200,40 53200,40 2225,60
9
511,1
47 817,90 716,67 408,95 1533,57 613,04 306,71 511,19 408,95 408,95 5,14 5,14 48228,40 48228,40 2017,60
9
159

MAAs
extract
458,4
48 733,58 642,89 366,79 1375,47 549,84 275,09 458,49 366,79 366,79 4,61 4,61 43256,40 43256,40 1809,60
9
405,7
49 649,26 569,11 324,63 1217,37 486,64 243,47 405,79 324,63 324,63 4,08 4,08 38284,40 38284,40 1601,60
9
353,0
50 564,94 495,33 282,47 1059,27 423,44 211,85 353,09 282,47 282,47 3,55 3,55 33312,40 33312,40 1393,60
9
300,3
51 480,62 421,55 240,31 901,17 360,24 180,23 300,39 240,31 240,31 3,02 3,02 28340,40 28340,40 1185,60
9
247,6
52 396,30 347,77 198,15 743,07 297,04 148,61 247,69 198,15 198,15 2,49 2,49 23368,40 23368,40 977,60
9
194,9
53 311,98 273,99 155,99 584,97 233,84 116,99 194,99 155,99 155,99 1,96 1,96 18396,40 18396,40 769,60
9
142,2
54 227,66 200,21 113,83 426,87 170,64 85,37 142,29 113,83 113,83 1,43 1,43 13424,40 13424,40 561,60
9
55 143,34 126,43 71,67 268,77 107,44 53,75 89,59 89,59 71,67 71,67 0,90 0,90 8452,40 8452,40 353,60
1459,
56 2335,66 2044,71 1167,83 4379,37 1750,64 875,87 1459,79 1167,83 1167,83 14,68 14,68 137724,40 137724,40 5761,60
79
1407,
57 2251,34 1970,93 1125,67 4221,27 1687,44 844,25 1407,09 1125,67 1125,67 14,15 14,15 132752,40 132752,40 5553,60
09
1354,
58 2167,02 1897,15 1083,51 4063,17 1624,24 812,63 1354,39 1083,51 1083,51 13,62 13,62 127780,40 127780,40 5345,60
39
1301,
59 2082,70 1823,37 1041,35 3905,07 1561,04 781,01 1301,69 1041,35 1041,35 13,09 13,09 122808,40 122808,40 5137,60
69
160

MAAs
extract
1248,
60 1998,38 1749,59 999,19 3746,97 1497,84 749,39 1248,99 999,19 999,19 12,56 12,56 117836,40 117836,40 4929,60
99
1196,
61 1914,06 1675,81 957,03 3588,87 1434,64 717,77 1196,29 957,03 957,03 12,03 12,03 112864,40 112864,40 4721,60
29
1143,
62 1829,74 1602,03 914,87 3430,77 1371,44 686,15 1143,59 914,87 914,87 11,50 11,50 107892,40 107892,40 4513,60
59
1090,
63 1745,42 1528,25 872,71 3272,67 1308,24 654,53 1090,89 872,71 872,71 10,97 10,97 102920,40 102920,40 4305,60
89
1038,
64 1661,10 1454,47 830,55 3114,57 1245,04 622,91 1038,19 830,55 830,55 10,44 10,44 97948,40 97948,40 4097,60
19
985,4
65 1576,78 1380,69 788,39 2956,47 1181,84 591,29 985,49 788,39 788,39 9,91 9,91 92976,40 92976,40 3889,60
9
932,7
66 1492,46 1306,91 746,23 2798,37 1118,64 559,67 932,79 746,23 746,23 9,38 9,38 88004,40 88004,40 3681,60
9
880,0
67 1408,14 1233,13 704,07 2640,27 1055,44 528,05 880,09 704,07 704,07 8,85 8,85 83032,40 83032,40 3473,60
9
827,3
68 1323,82 1159,35 661,91 2482,17 992,24 496,43 827,39 661,91 661,91 8,32 8,32 78060,40 78060,40 3265,60
9
774,6
69 1239,50 1085,57 619,75 2324,07 929,04 464,81 774,69 619,75 619,75 7,79 7,79 73088,40 73088,40 3057,60
9
721,9
70 1155,18 1011,79 577,59 2165,97 865,84 433,19 721,99 577,59 577,59 7,26 7,26 68116,40 68116,40 2849,60
9
669,2
71 1070,86 938,01 535,43 2007,87 802,64 401,57 669,29 535,43 535,43 6,73 6,73 63144,40 63144,40 2641,60
9
161

MAAs
extract
616,5
72 986,54 864,23 493,27 1849,77 739,44 369,95 616,59 493,27 493,27 6,20 6,20 58172,40 58172,40 2433,60
9
563,8
73 902,22 790,45 451,11 1691,67 676,24 338,33 563,89 451,11 451,11 5,67 5,67 53200,40 53200,40 2225,60
9
511,1
74 817,90 716,67 408,95 1533,57 613,04 306,71 511,19 408,95 408,95 5,14 5,14 48228,40 48228,40 2017,60
9
458,4
75 733,58 642,89 366,79 1375,47 549,84 275,09 458,49 366,79 366,79 4,61 4,61 43256,40 43256,40 1809,60
9
405,7
76 649,26 569,11 324,63 1217,37 486,64 243,47 405,79 324,63 324,63 4,08 4,08 38284,40 38284,40 1601,60
9
353,0
77 564,94 495,33 282,47 1059,27 423,44 211,85 353,09 282,47 282,47 3,55 3,55 33312,40 33312,40 1393,60
9
300,3
78 480,62 421,55 240,31 901,17 360,24 180,23 300,39 240,31 240,31 3,02 3,02 28340,40 28340,40 1185,60
9
247,6
79 396,30 347,77 198,15 743,07 297,04 148,61 247,69 198,15 198,15 2,49 2,49 23368,40 23368,40 977,60
9
194,9
80 311,98 273,99 155,99 584,97 233,84 116,99 194,99 155,99 155,99 1,96 1,96 18396,40 18396,40 769,60
9
142,2
81 227,66 200,21 113,83 426,87 170,64 85,37 142,29 113,83 113,83 1,43 1,43 13424,40 13424,40 561,60
9
82 143,34 126,43 71,67 268,77 107,44 53,75 89,59 89,59 71,67 71,67 0,90 0,90 8452,40 8452,40 353,60
1459,
83 2335,66 2044,71 1167,83 4379,37 1750,64 875,87 1459,79 1167,83 1167,83 14,68 14,68 137724,40 137724,40 5761,60
79
162

MAAs
extract
1407,
84 2251,34 1970,93 1125,67 4221,27 1687,44 844,25 1407,09 1125,67 1125,67 14,15 14,15 132752,40 132752,40 5553,60
09
1354,
85 2167,02 1897,15 1083,51 4063,17 1624,24 812,63 1354,39 1083,51 1083,51 13,62 13,62 127780,40 127780,40 5345,60
39
1301,
86 2082,70 1823,37 1041,35 3905,07 1561,04 781,01 1301,69 1041,35 1041,35 13,09 13,09 122808,40 122808,40 5137,60
69
1248,
87 1998,38 1749,59 999,19 3746,97 1497,84 749,39 1248,99 999,19 999,19 12,56 12,56 117836,40 117836,40 4929,60
99
1196,
88 1914,06 1675,81 957,03 3588,87 1434,64 717,77 1196,29 957,03 957,03 12,03 12,03 112864,40 112864,40 4721,60
29
1143,
89 1829,74 1602,03 914,87 3430,77 1371,44 686,15 1143,59 914,87 914,87 11,50 11,50 107892,40 107892,40 4513,60
59
1090,
90 1745,42 1528,25 872,71 3272,67 1308,24 654,53 1090,89 872,71 872,71 10,97 10,97 102920,40 102920,40 4305,60
89
1038,
91 1661,10 1454,47 830,55 3114,57 1245,04 622,91 1038,19 830,55 830,55 10,44 10,44 97948,40 97948,40 4097,60
19
985,4
92 1576,78 1380,69 788,39 2956,47 1181,84 591,29 985,49 788,39 788,39 9,91 9,91 92976,40 92976,40 3889,60
9
932,7
93 1492,46 1306,91 746,23 2798,37 1118,64 559,67 932,79 746,23 746,23 9,38 9,38 88004,40 88004,40 3681,60
9
880,0
94 1408,14 1233,13 704,07 2640,27 1055,44 528,05 880,09 704,07 704,07 8,85 8,85 83032,40 83032,40 3473,60
9
827,3
95 1323,82 1159,35 661,91 2482,17 992,24 496,43 827,39 661,91 661,91 8,32 8,32 78060,40 78060,40 3265,60
9
163

MAAs
extract
774,6
96 1239,50 1085,57 619,75 2324,07 929,04 464,81 774,69 619,75 619,75 7,79 7,79 73088,40 73088,40 3057,60
9
721,9
97 1155,18 1011,79 577,59 2165,97 865,84 433,19 721,99 577,59 577,59 7,26 7,26 68116,40 68116,40 2849,60
9
669,2
98 1070,86 938,01 535,43 2007,87 802,64 401,57 669,29 535,43 535,43 6,73 6,73 63144,40 63144,40 2641,60
9
616,5
99 986,54 864,23 493,27 1849,77 739,44 369,95 616,59 493,27 493,27 6,20 6,20 58172,40 58172,40 2433,60
9
563,8
100 902,22 790,45 451,11 1691,67 676,24 338,33 563,89 451,11 451,11 5,67 5,67 53200,40 53200,40 2225,60
9
511,1
101 817,90 716,67 408,95 1533,57 613,04 306,71 511,19 408,95 408,95 5,14 5,14 48228,40 48228,40 2017,60
9
458,4
102 733,58 642,89 366,79 1375,47 549,84 275,09 458,49 366,79 366,79 4,61 4,61 43256,40 43256,40 1809,60
9
405,7
103 649,26 569,11 324,63 1217,37 486,64 243,47 405,79 324,63 324,63 4,08 4,08 38284,40 38284,40 1601,60
9
353,0
104 564,94 495,33 282,47 1059,27 423,44 211,85 353,09 282,47 282,47 3,55 3,55 33312,40 33312,40 1393,60
9
300,3
105 480,62 421,55 240,31 901,17 360,24 180,23 300,39 240,31 240,31 3,02 3,02 28340,40 28340,40 1185,60
9
247,6
106 396,30 347,77 198,15 743,07 297,04 148,61 247,69 198,15 198,15 2,49 2,49 23368,40 23368,40 977,60
9
194,9
107 311,98 273,99 155,99 584,97 233,84 116,99 194,99 155,99 155,99 1,96 1,96 18396,40 18396,40 769,60
9
164

MAAs
extract
142,2
108 227,66 200,21 113,83 426,87 170,64 85,37 142,29 113,83 113,83 1,43 1,43 13424,40 13424,40 561,60
9
109 143,34 126,43 71,67 268,77 107,44 53,75 89,59 89,59 71,67 71,67 0,90 0,90 8452,40 8452,40 353,60
1459,
110 2335,66 2044,71 1167,83 4379,37 1750,64 875,87 1459,79 1167,83 1167,83 14,68 14,68 137724,40 137724,40 5761,60
79
1407,
111 2251,34 1970,93 1125,67 4221,27 1687,44 844,25 1407,09 1125,67 1125,67 14,15 14,15 132752,40 132752,40 5553,60
09
1354,
112 2167,02 1897,15 1083,51 4063,17 1624,24 812,63 1354,39 1083,51 1083,51 13,62 13,62 127780,40 127780,40 5345,60
39
1301,
113 2082,70 1823,37 1041,35 3905,07 1561,04 781,01 1301,69 1041,35 1041,35 13,09 13,09 122808,40 122808,40 5137,60
69
1248,
114 1998,38 1749,59 999,19 3746,97 1497,84 749,39 1248,99 999,19 999,19 12,56 12,56 117836,40 117836,40 4929,60
99
1196,
115 1914,06 1675,81 957,03 3588,87 1434,64 717,77 1196,29 957,03 957,03 12,03 12,03 112864,40 112864,40 4721,60
29
1143,
116 1829,74 1602,03 914,87 3430,77 1371,44 686,15 1143,59 914,87 914,87 11,50 11,50 107892,40 107892,40 4513,60
59
1090,
117 1745,42 1528,25 872,71 3272,67 1308,24 654,53 1090,89 872,71 872,71 10,97 10,97 102920,40 102920,40 4305,60
89
1038,
118 1661,10 1454,47 830,55 3114,57 1245,04 622,91 1038,19 830,55 830,55 10,44 10,44 97948,40 97948,40 4097,60
19
985,4
119 1576,78 1380,69 788,39 2956,47 1181,84 591,29 985,49 788,39 788,39 9,91 9,91 92976,40 92976,40 3889,60
9
165

MAAs
extract
932,7
120 1492,46 1306,91 746,23 2798,37 1118,64 559,67 932,79 746,23 746,23 9,38 9,38 88004,40 88004,40 3681,60
9
880,0
121 1408,14 1233,13 704,07 2640,27 1055,44 528,05 880,09 704,07 704,07 8,85 8,85 83032,40 83032,40 3473,60
9
827,3
122 1323,82 1159,35 661,91 2482,17 992,24 496,43 827,39 661,91 661,91 8,32 8,32 78060,40 78060,40 3265,60
9
774,6
123 1239,50 1085,57 619,75 2324,07 929,04 464,81 774,69 619,75 619,75 7,79 7,79 73088,40 73088,40 3057,60
9
721,9
124 1155,18 1011,79 577,59 2165,97 865,84 433,19 721,99 577,59 577,59 7,26 7,26 68116,40 68116,40 2849,60
9
669,2
125 1070,86 938,01 535,43 2007,87 802,64 401,57 669,29 535,43 535,43 6,73 6,73 63144,40 63144,40 2641,60
9
616,5
126 986,54 864,23 493,27 1849,77 739,44 369,95 616,59 493,27 493,27 6,20 6,20 58172,40 58172,40 2433,60
9
563,8
127 902,22 790,45 451,11 1691,67 676,24 338,33 563,89 451,11 451,11 5,67 5,67 53200,40 53200,40 2225,60
9
511,1
128 817,90 716,67 408,95 1533,57 613,04 306,71 511,19 408,95 408,95 5,14 5,14 48228,40 48228,40 2017,60
9
458,4
129 733,58 642,89 366,79 1375,47 549,84 275,09 458,49 366,79 366,79 4,61 4,61 43256,40 43256,40 1809,60
9
405,7
130 649,26 569,11 324,63 1217,37 486,64 243,47 405,79 324,63 324,63 4,08 4,08 38284,40 38284,40 1601,60
9
353,0
131 564,94 495,33 282,47 1059,27 423,44 211,85 353,09 282,47 282,47 3,55 3,55 33312,40 33312,40 1393,60
9
166

MAAs
extract
300,3
132 480,62 421,55 240,31 901,17 360,24 180,23 300,39 240,31 240,31 3,02 3,02 28340,40 28340,40 1185,60
9
247,6
133 396,30 347,77 198,15 743,07 297,04 148,61 247,69 198,15 198,15 2,49 2,49 23368,40 23368,40 977,60
9
194,9
134 311,98 273,99 155,99 584,97 233,84 116,99 194,99 155,99 155,99 1,96 1,96 18396,40 18396,40 769,60
9
142,2
135 227,66 200,21 113,83 426,87 170,64 85,37 142,29 113,83 113,83 1,43 1,43 13424,40 13424,40 561,60
9
136 143,34 126,43 71,67 268,77 107,44 53,75 89,59 89,59 71,67 71,67 0,90 0,90 8452,40 8452,40 353,60
1459,
137 2335,66 2044,71 1167,83 4379,37 1750,64 875,87 1459,79 1167,83 1167,83 14,68 14,68 137724,40 137724,40 5761,60
79
1407,
138 2251,34 1970,93 1125,67 4221,27 1687,44 844,25 1407,09 1125,67 1125,67 14,15 14,15 132752,40 132752,40 5553,60
09
1354,
139 2167,02 1897,15 1083,51 4063,17 1624,24 812,63 1354,39 1083,51 1083,51 13,62 13,62 127780,40 127780,40 5345,60
39
1301,
140 2082,70 1823,37 1041,35 3905,07 1561,04 781,01 1301,69 1041,35 1041,35 13,09 13,09 122808,40 122808,40 5137,60
69
1248,
141 1998,38 1749,59 999,19 3746,97 1497,84 749,39 1248,99 999,19 999,19 12,56 12,56 117836,40 117836,40 4929,60
99
1196,
142 1914,06 1675,81 957,03 3588,87 1434,64 717,77 1196,29 957,03 957,03 12,03 12,03 112864,40 112864,40 4721,60
29
1143,
143 1829,74 1602,03 914,87 3430,77 1371,44 686,15 1143,59 914,87 914,87 11,50 11,50 107892,40 107892,40 4513,60
59
167

MAAs
extract
1090,
144 1745,42 1528,25 872,71 3272,67 1308,24 654,53 1090,89 872,71 872,71 10,97 10,97 102920,40 102920,40 4305,60
89
1038,
145 1661,10 1454,47 830,55 3114,57 1245,04 622,91 1038,19 830,55 830,55 10,44 10,44 97948,40 97948,40 4097,60
19
985,4
146 1576,78 1380,69 788,39 2956,47 1181,84 591,29 985,49 788,39 788,39 9,91 9,91 92976,40 92976,40 3889,60
9
932,7
147 1492,46 1306,91 746,23 2798,37 1118,64 559,67 932,79 746,23 746,23 9,38 9,38 88004,40 88004,40 3681,60
9
880,0
148 1408,14 1233,13 704,07 2640,27 1055,44 528,05 880,09 704,07 704,07 8,85 8,85 83032,40 83032,40 3473,60
9
827,3
149 1323,82 1159,35 661,91 2482,17 992,24 496,43 827,39 661,91 661,91 8,32 8,32 78060,40 78060,40 3265,60
9
774,6
150 1239,50 1085,57 619,75 2324,07 929,04 464,81 774,69 619,75 619,75 7,79 7,79 73088,40 73088,40 3057,60
9
721,9
151 1155,18 1011,79 577,59 2165,97 865,84 433,19 721,99 577,59 577,59 7,26 7,26 68116,40 68116,40 2849,60
9
669,2
152 1070,86 938,01 535,43 2007,87 802,64 401,57 669,29 535,43 535,43 6,73 6,73 63144,40 63144,40 2641,60
9
616,5
153 986,54 864,23 493,27 1849,77 739,44 369,95 616,59 493,27 493,27 6,20 6,20 58172,40 58172,40 2433,60
9
563,8
154 902,22 790,45 451,11 1691,67 676,24 338,33 563,89 451,11 451,11 5,67 5,67 53200,40 53200,40 2225,60
9
511,1
155 817,90 716,67 408,95 1533,57 613,04 306,71 511,19 408,95 408,95 5,14 5,14 48228,40 48228,40 2017,60
9
168

MAAs
extract
458,4
156 733,58 642,89 366,79 1375,47 549,84 275,09 458,49 366,79 366,79 4,61 4,61 43256,40 43256,40 1809,60
9
405,7
157 649,26 569,11 324,63 1217,37 486,64 243,47 405,79 324,63 324,63 4,08 4,08 38284,40 38284,40 1601,60
9
353,0
158 564,94 495,33 282,47 1059,27 423,44 211,85 353,09 282,47 282,47 3,55 3,55 33312,40 33312,40 1393,60
9
300,3
159 480,62 421,55 240,31 901,17 360,24 180,23 300,39 240,31 240,31 3,02 3,02 28340,40 28340,40 1185,60
9
247,6
160 396,30 347,77 198,15 743,07 297,04 148,61 247,69 198,15 198,15 2,49 2,49 23368,40 23368,40 977,60
9
194,9
161 311,98 273,99 155,99 584,97 233,84 116,99 194,99 155,99 155,99 1,96 1,96 18396,40 18396,40 769,60
9
142,2
162 227,66 200,21 113,83 426,87 170,64 85,37 142,29 113,83 113,83 1,43 1,43 13424,40 13424,40 561,60
9
163 143,34 126,43 71,67 268,77 107,44 53,75 89,59 89,59 71,67 71,67 0,90 0,90 8452,40 8452,40 353,60
1459,
164 2335,66 2044,71 1167,83 4379,37 1750,64 875,87 1459,79 1167,83 1167,83 14,68 14,68 137724,40 137724,40 5761,60
79
1407,
165 2251,34 1970,93 1125,67 4221,27 1687,44 844,25 1407,09 1125,67 1125,67 14,15 14,15 132752,40 132752,40 5553,60
09
1354,
166 2167,02 1897,15 1083,51 4063,17 1624,24 812,63 1354,39 1083,51 1083,51 13,62 13,62 127780,40 127780,40 5345,60
39
1301,
167 2082,70 1823,37 1041,35 3905,07 1561,04 781,01 1301,69 1041,35 1041,35 13,09 13,09 122808,40 122808,40 5137,60
69
169

MAAs
extract
1248,
168 1998,38 1749,59 999,19 3746,97 1497,84 749,39 1248,99 999,19 999,19 12,56 12,56 117836,40 117836,40 4929,60
99
1196,
169 1914,06 1675,81 957,03 3588,87 1434,64 717,77 1196,29 957,03 957,03 12,03 12,03 112864,40 112864,40 4721,60
29
1143,
170 1829,74 1602,03 914,87 3430,77 1371,44 686,15 1143,59 914,87 914,87 11,50 11,50 107892,40 107892,40 4513,60
59
1090,
171 1745,42 1528,25 872,71 3272,67 1308,24 654,53 1090,89 872,71 872,71 10,97 10,97 102920,40 102920,40 4305,60
89
1038,
172 1661,10 1454,47 830,55 3114,57 1245,04 622,91 1038,19 830,55 830,55 10,44 10,44 97948,40 97948,40 4097,60
19
985,4
173 1576,78 1380,69 788,39 2956,47 1181,84 591,29 985,49 788,39 788,39 9,91 9,91 92976,40 92976,40 3889,60
9
932,7
174 1492,46 1306,91 746,23 2798,37 1118,64 559,67 932,79 746,23 746,23 9,38 9,38 88004,40 88004,40 3681,60
9
880,0
175 1408,14 1233,13 704,07 2640,27 1055,44 528,05 880,09 704,07 704,07 8,85 8,85 83032,40 83032,40 3473,60
9
827,3
176 1323,82 1159,35 661,91 2482,17 992,24 496,43 827,39 661,91 661,91 8,32 8,32 78060,40 78060,40 3265,60
9
774,6
177 1239,50 1085,57 619,75 2324,07 929,04 464,81 774,69 619,75 619,75 7,79 7,79 73088,40 73088,40 3057,60
9
721,9
178 1155,18 1011,79 577,59 2165,97 865,84 433,19 721,99 577,59 577,59 7,26 7,26 68116,40 68116,40 2849,60
9
669,2
179 1070,86 938,01 535,43 2007,87 802,64 401,57 669,29 535,43 535,43 6,73 6,73 63144,40 63144,40 2641,60
9
170

MAAs
extract
616,5
180 986,54 864,23 493,27 1849,77 739,44 369,95 616,59 493,27 493,27 6,20 6,20 58172,40 58172,40 2433,60
9
563,8
181 902,22 790,45 451,11 1691,67 676,24 338,33 563,89 451,11 451,11 5,67 5,67 53200,40 53200,40 2225,60
9
511,1
182 817,90 716,67 408,95 1533,57 613,04 306,71 511,19 408,95 408,95 5,14 5,14 48228,40 48228,40 2017,60
9
458,4
183 733,58 642,89 366,79 1375,47 549,84 275,09 458,49 366,79 366,79 4,61 4,61 43256,40 43256,40 1809,60
9
405,7
184 649,26 569,11 324,63 1217,37 486,64 243,47 405,79 324,63 324,63 4,08 4,08 38284,40 38284,40 1601,60
9
353,0
185 564,94 495,33 282,47 1059,27 423,44 211,85 353,09 282,47 282,47 3,55 3,55 33312,40 33312,40 1393,60
9
300,3
186 480,62 421,55 240,31 901,17 360,24 180,23 300,39 240,31 240,31 3,02 3,02 28340,40 28340,40 1185,60
9
247,6
187 396,30 347,77 198,15 743,07 297,04 148,61 247,69 198,15 198,15 2,49 2,49 23368,40 23368,40 977,60
9
194,9
188 311,98 273,99 155,99 584,97 233,84 116,99 194,99 155,99 155,99 1,96 1,96 18396,40 18396,40 769,60
9
142,2
189 227,66 200,21 113,83 426,87 170,64 85,37 142,29 113,83 113,83 1,43 1,43 13424,40 13424,40 561,60
9
190 143,34 126,43 71,67 268,77 107,44 53,75 89,59 89,59 71,67 71,67 0,90 0,90 8452,40 8452,40 353,60
1459,
191 2335,66 2044,71 1167,83 4379,37 1750,64 875,87 1459,79 1167,83 1167,83 14,68 14,68 137724,40 137724,40 5761,60
79
171

MAAs
extract
1407,
192 2251,34 1970,93 1125,67 4221,27 1687,44 844,25 1407,09 1125,67 1125,67 14,15 14,15 132752,40 132752,40 5553,60
09
1354,
193 2167,02 1897,15 1083,51 4063,17 1624,24 812,63 1354,39 1083,51 1083,51 13,62 13,62 127780,40 127780,40 5345,60
39
1301,
194 2082,70 1823,37 1041,35 3905,07 1561,04 781,01 1301,69 1041,35 1041,35 13,09 13,09 122808,40 122808,40 5137,60
69
1248,
195 1998,38 1749,59 999,19 3746,97 1497,84 749,39 1248,99 999,19 999,19 12,56 12,56 117836,40 117836,40 4929,60
99
1196,
196 1914,06 1675,81 957,03 3588,87 1434,64 717,77 1196,29 957,03 957,03 12,03 12,03 112864,40 112864,40 4721,60
29
1143,
197 1829,74 1602,03 914,87 3430,77 1371,44 686,15 1143,59 914,87 914,87 11,50 11,50 107892,40 107892,40 4513,60
59
1090,
198 1745,42 1528,25 872,71 3272,67 1308,24 654,53 1090,89 872,71 872,71 10,97 10,97 102920,40 102920,40 4305,60
89
1038,
199 1661,10 1454,47 830,55 3114,57 1245,04 622,91 1038,19 830,55 830,55 10,44 10,44 97948,40 97948,40 4097,60
19
985,4
200 1576,78 1380,69 788,39 2956,47 1181,84 591,29 985,49 788,39 788,39 9,91 9,91 92976,40 92976,40 3889,60
9
932,7
201 1492,46 1306,91 746,23 2798,37 1118,64 559,67 932,79 746,23 746,23 9,38 9,38 88004,40 88004,40 3681,60
9
880,0
202 1408,14 1233,13 704,07 2640,27 1055,44 528,05 880,09 704,07 704,07 8,85 8,85 83032,40 83032,40 3473,60
9
827,3
203 1323,82 1159,35 661,91 2482,17 992,24 496,43 827,39 661,91 661,91 8,32 8,32 78060,40 78060,40 3265,60
9
172

MAAs
extract
774,6
204 1239,50 1085,57 619,75 2324,07 929,04 464,81 774,69 619,75 619,75 7,79 7,79 73088,40 73088,40 3057,60
9
721,9
205 1155,18 1011,79 577,59 2165,97 865,84 433,19 721,99 577,59 577,59 7,26 7,26 68116,40 68116,40 2849,60
9
669,2
206 1070,86 938,01 535,43 2007,87 802,64 401,57 669,29 535,43 535,43 6,73 6,73 63144,40 63144,40 2641,60
9
616,5
207 986,54 864,23 493,27 1849,77 739,44 369,95 616,59 493,27 493,27 6,20 6,20 58172,40 58172,40 2433,60
9
563,8
208 902,22 790,45 451,11 1691,67 676,24 338,33 563,89 451,11 451,11 5,67 5,67 53200,40 53200,40 2225,60
9
511,1
209 817,90 716,67 408,95 1533,57 613,04 306,71 511,19 408,95 408,95 5,14 5,14 48228,40 48228,40 2017,60
9
458,4
210 733,58 642,89 366,79 1375,47 549,84 275,09 458,49 366,79 366,79 4,61 4,61 43256,40 43256,40 1809,60
9
405,7
211 649,26 569,11 324,63 1217,37 486,64 243,47 405,79 324,63 324,63 4,08 4,08 38284,40 38284,40 1601,60
9
353,0
212 564,94 495,33 282,47 1059,27 423,44 211,85 353,09 282,47 282,47 3,55 3,55 33312,40 33312,40 1393,60
9
300,3
213 480,62 421,55 240,31 901,17 360,24 180,23 300,39 240,31 240,31 3,02 3,02 28340,40 28340,40 1185,60
9
247,6
214 396,30 347,77 198,15 743,07 297,04 148,61 247,69 198,15 198,15 2,49 2,49 23368,40 23368,40 977,60
9
194,9
215 311,98 273,99 155,99 584,97 233,84 116,99 194,99 155,99 155,99 1,96 1,96 18396,40 18396,40 769,60
9
173

MAAs
extract
142,2
216 227,66 200,21 113,83 426,87 170,64 85,37 142,29 113,83 113,83 1,43 1,43 13424,40 13424,40 561,60
9
217 143,34 126,43 71,67 268,77 107,44 53,75 89,59 89,59 71,67 71,67 0,90 0,90 8452,40 8452,40 353,60
1459,
218 2335,66 2044,71 1167,83 4379,37 1750,64 875,87 1459,79 1167,83 1167,83 14,68 14,68 137724,40 137724,40 5761,60
79
1407,
219 2251,34 1970,93 1125,67 4221,27 1687,44 844,25 1407,09 1125,67 1125,67 14,15 14,15 132752,40 132752,40 5553,60
09
1354,
220 2167,02 1897,15 1083,51 4063,17 1624,24 812,63 1354,39 1083,51 1083,51 13,62 13,62 127780,40 127780,40 5345,60
39
1301,
221 2082,70 1823,37 1041,35 3905,07 1561,04 781,01 1301,69 1041,35 1041,35 13,09 13,09 122808,40 122808,40 5137,60
69
1248,
222 1998,38 1749,59 999,19 3746,97 1497,84 749,39 1248,99 999,19 999,19 12,56 12,56 117836,40 117836,40 4929,60
99
1196,
223 1914,06 1675,81 957,03 3588,87 1434,64 717,77 1196,29 957,03 957,03 12,03 12,03 112864,40 112864,40 4721,60
29
1143,
224 1829,74 1602,03 914,87 3430,77 1371,44 686,15 1143,59 914,87 914,87 11,50 11,50 107892,40 107892,40 4513,60
59
1090,
225 1745,42 1528,25 872,71 3272,67 1308,24 654,53 1090,89 872,71 872,71 10,97 10,97 102920,40 102920,40 4305,60
89
1038,
226 1661,10 1454,47 830,55 3114,57 1245,04 622,91 1038,19 830,55 830,55 10,44 10,44 97948,40 97948,40 4097,60
19
985,4
227 1576,78 1380,69 788,39 2956,47 1181,84 591,29 985,49 788,39 788,39 9,91 9,91 92976,40 92976,40 3889,60
9
174

MAAs
extract
932,7
228 1492,46 1306,91 746,23 2798,37 1118,64 559,67 932,79 746,23 746,23 9,38 9,38 88004,40 88004,40 3681,60
9
880,0
229 1408,14 1233,13 704,07 2640,27 1055,44 528,05 880,09 704,07 704,07 8,85 8,85 83032,40 83032,40 3473,60
9
827,3
230 1323,82 1159,35 661,91 2482,17 992,24 496,43 827,39 661,91 661,91 8,32 8,32 78060,40 78060,40 3265,60
9
774,6
231 1239,50 1085,57 619,75 2324,07 929,04 464,81 774,69 619,75 619,75 7,79 7,79 73088,40 73088,40 3057,60
9
721,9
232 1155,18 1011,79 577,59 2165,97 865,84 433,19 721,99 577,59 577,59 7,26 7,26 68116,40 68116,40 2849,60
9
669,2
233 1070,86 938,01 535,43 2007,87 802,64 401,57 669,29 535,43 535,43 6,73 6,73 63144,40 63144,40 2641,60
9
616,5
234 986,54 864,23 493,27 1849,77 739,44 369,95 616,59 493,27 493,27 6,20 6,20 58172,40 58172,40 2433,60
9
563,8
235 902,22 790,45 451,11 1691,67 676,24 338,33 563,89 451,11 451,11 5,67 5,67 53200,40 53200,40 2225,60
9
511,1
236 817,90 716,67 408,95 1533,57 613,04 306,71 511,19 408,95 408,95 5,14 5,14 48228,40 48228,40 2017,60
9
458,4
237 733,58 642,89 366,79 1375,47 549,84 275,09 458,49 366,79 366,79 4,61 4,61 43256,40 43256,40 1809,60
9
405,7
238 649,26 569,11 324,63 1217,37 486,64 243,47 405,79 324,63 324,63 4,08 4,08 38284,40 38284,40 1601,60
9
353,0
239 564,94 495,33 282,47 1059,27 423,44 211,85 353,09 282,47 282,47 3,55 3,55 33312,40 33312,40 1393,60
9
175

MAAs
extract
300,3
240 480,62 421,55 240,31 901,17 360,24 180,23 300,39 240,31 240,31 3,02 3,02 28340,40 28340,40 1185,60
9
247,6
241 396,30 347,77 198,15 743,07 297,04 148,61 247,69 198,15 198,15 2,49 2,49 23368,40 23368,40 977,60
9
194,9
242 311,98 273,99 155,99 584,97 233,84 116,99 194,99 155,99 155,99 1,96 1,96 18396,40 18396,40 769,60
9
142,2
243 227,66 200,21 113,83 426,87 170,64 85,37 142,29 113,83 113,83 1,43 1,43 13424,40 13424,40 561,60
9
244 143,34 126,43 71,67 268,77 107,44 53,75 89,59 89,59 71,67 71,67 0,90 0,90 8452,40 8452,40 353,60
1459,
245 2335,66 2044,71 1167,83 4379,37 1750,64 875,87 1459,79 1167,83 1167,83 14,68 14,68 137724,40 137724,40 5761,60
79
1407,
246 2251,34 1970,93 1125,67 4221,27 1687,44 844,25 1407,09 1125,67 1125,67 14,15 14,15 132752,40 132752,40 5553,60
09
1354,
247 2167,02 1897,15 1083,51 4063,17 1624,24 812,63 1354,39 1083,51 1083,51 13,62 13,62 127780,40 127780,40 5345,60
39
1301,
248 2082,70 1823,37 1041,35 3905,07 1561,04 781,01 1301,69 1041,35 1041,35 13,09 13,09 122808,40 122808,40 5137,60
69
1248,
249 1998,38 1749,59 999,19 3746,97 1497,84 749,39 1248,99 999,19 999,19 12,56 12,56 117836,40 117836,40 4929,60
99
1196,
250 1914,06 1675,81 957,03 3588,87 1434,64 717,77 1196,29 957,03 957,03 12,03 12,03 112864,40 112864,40 4721,60
29
1143,
251 1829,74 1602,03 914,87 3430,77 1371,44 686,15 1143,59 914,87 914,87 11,50 11,50 107892,40 107892,40 4513,60
59
176

MAAs
extract
1090,
252 1745,42 1528,25 872,71 3272,67 1308,24 654,53 1090,89 872,71 872,71 10,97 10,97 102920,40 102920,40 4305,60
89
1038,
253 1661,10 1454,47 830,55 3114,57 1245,04 622,91 1038,19 830,55 830,55 10,44 10,44 97948,40 97948,40 4097,60
19
985,4
254 1576,78 1380,69 788,39 2956,47 1181,84 591,29 985,49 788,39 788,39 9,91 9,91 92976,40 92976,40 3889,60
9
932,7
255 1492,46 1306,91 746,23 2798,37 1118,64 559,67 932,79 746,23 746,23 9,38 9,38 88004,40 88004,40 3681,60
9
880,0
256 1408,14 1233,13 704,07 2640,27 1055,44 528,05 880,09 704,07 704,07 8,85 8,85 83032,40 83032,40 3473,60
9
827,3
257 1323,82 1159,35 661,91 2482,17 992,24 496,43 827,39 661,91 661,91 8,32 8,32 78060,40 78060,40 3265,60
9
774,6
258 1239,50 1085,57 619,75 2324,07 929,04 464,81 774,69 619,75 619,75 7,79 7,79 73088,40 73088,40 3057,60
9
721,9
259 1155,18 1011,79 577,59 2165,97 865,84 433,19 721,99 577,59 577,59 7,26 7,26 68116,40 68116,40 2849,60
9
669,2
260 1070,86 938,01 535,43 2007,87 802,64 401,57 669,29 535,43 535,43 6,73 6,73 63144,40 63144,40 2641,60
9
616,5
261 986,54 864,23 493,27 1849,77 739,44 369,95 616,59 493,27 493,27 6,20 6,20 58172,40 58172,40 2433,60
9
563,8
262 902,22 790,45 451,11 1691,67 676,24 338,33 563,89 451,11 451,11 5,67 5,67 53200,40 53200,40 2225,60
9
511,1
263 817,90 716,67 408,95 1533,57 613,04 306,71 511,19 408,95 408,95 5,14 5,14 48228,40 48228,40 2017,60
9
177

MAAs
extract
458,4
264 733,58 642,89 366,79 1375,47 549,84 275,09 458,49 366,79 366,79 4,61 4,61 43256,40 43256,40 1809,60
9
405,7
265 649,26 569,11 324,63 1217,37 486,64 243,47 405,79 324,63 324,63 4,08 4,08 38284,40 38284,40 1601,60
9
353,0
266 564,94 495,33 282,47 1059,27 423,44 211,85 353,09 282,47 282,47 3,55 3,55 33312,40 33312,40 1393,60
9
300,3
267 480,62 421,55 240,31 901,17 360,24 180,23 300,39 240,31 240,31 3,02 3,02 28340,40 28340,40 1185,60
9
247,6
268 396,30 347,77 198,15 743,07 297,04 148,61 247,69 198,15 198,15 2,49 2,49 23368,40 23368,40 977,60
9
194,9
269 311,98 273,99 155,99 584,97 233,84 116,99 194,99 155,99 155,99 1,96 1,96 18396,40 18396,40 769,60
9
142,2
270 227,66 200,21 113,83 426,87 170,64 85,37 142,29 113,83 113,83 1,43 1,43 13424,40 13424,40 561,60
9
271 143,34 126,43 71,67 268,77 107,44 53,75 89,59 89,59 71,67 71,67 0,90 0,90 8452,40 8452,40 353,60
1459,
272 2335,66 2044,71 1167,83 4379,37 1750,64 875,87 1459,79 1167,83 1167,83 14,68 14,68 137724,40 137724,40 5761,60
79
1407,
273 2251,34 1970,93 1125,67 4221,27 1687,44 844,25 1407,09 1125,67 1125,67 14,15 14,15 132752,40 132752,40 5553,60
09
1354,
274 2167,02 1897,15 1083,51 4063,17 1624,24 812,63 1354,39 1083,51 1083,51 13,62 13,62 127780,40 127780,40 5345,60
39
1301,
275 2082,70 1823,37 1041,35 3905,07 1561,04 781,01 1301,69 1041,35 1041,35 13,09 13,09 122808,40 122808,40 5137,60
69
178

MAAs
extract
1248,
276 1998,38 1749,59 999,19 3746,97 1497,84 749,39 1248,99 999,19 999,19 12,56 12,56 117836,40 117836,40 4929,60
99
1196,
277 1914,06 1675,81 957,03 3588,87 1434,64 717,77 1196,29 957,03 957,03 12,03 12,03 112864,40 112864,40 4721,60
29
1143,
278 1829,74 1602,03 914,87 3430,77 1371,44 686,15 1143,59 914,87 914,87 11,50 11,50 107892,40 107892,40 4513,60
59
1090,
279 1745,42 1528,25 872,71 3272,67 1308,24 654,53 1090,89 872,71 872,71 10,97 10,97 102920,40 102920,40 4305,60
89
1038,
280 1661,10 1454,47 830,55 3114,57 1245,04 622,91 1038,19 830,55 830,55 10,44 10,44 97948,40 97948,40 4097,60
19
985,4
281 1576,78 1380,69 788,39 2956,47 1181,84 591,29 985,49 788,39 788,39 9,91 9,91 92976,40 92976,40 3889,60
9
932,7
282 1492,46 1306,91 746,23 2798,37 1118,64 559,67 932,79 746,23 746,23 9,38 9,38 88004,40 88004,40 3681,60
9
880,0
283 1408,14 1233,13 704,07 2640,27 1055,44 528,05 880,09 704,07 704,07 8,85 8,85 83032,40 83032,40 3473,60
9
827,3
284 1323,82 1159,35 661,91 2482,17 992,24 496,43 827,39 661,91 661,91 8,32 8,32 78060,40 78060,40 3265,60
9
774,6
285 1239,50 1085,57 619,75 2324,07 929,04 464,81 774,69 619,75 619,75 7,79 7,79 73088,40 73088,40 3057,60
9
721,9
286 1155,18 1011,79 577,59 2165,97 865,84 433,19 721,99 577,59 577,59 7,26 7,26 68116,40 68116,40 2849,60
9
669,2
287 1070,86 938,01 535,43 2007,87 802,64 401,57 669,29 535,43 535,43 6,73 6,73 63144,40 63144,40 2641,60
9
179

MAAs
extract
616,5
288 986,54 864,23 493,27 1849,77 739,44 369,95 616,59 493,27 493,27 6,20 6,20 58172,40 58172,40 2433,60
9
563,8
289 902,22 790,45 451,11 1691,67 676,24 338,33 563,89 451,11 451,11 5,67 5,67 53200,40 53200,40 2225,60
9
511,1
290 817,90 716,67 408,95 1533,57 613,04 306,71 511,19 408,95 408,95 5,14 5,14 48228,40 48228,40 2017,60
9
458,4
291 733,58 642,89 366,79 1375,47 549,84 275,09 458,49 366,79 366,79 4,61 4,61 43256,40 43256,40 1809,60
9
405,7
292 649,26 569,11 324,63 1217,37 486,64 243,47 405,79 324,63 324,63 4,08 4,08 38284,40 38284,40 1601,60
9
353,0
293 564,94 495,33 282,47 1059,27 423,44 211,85 353,09 282,47 282,47 3,55 3,55 33312,40 33312,40 1393,60
9
300,3
294 480,62 421,55 240,31 901,17 360,24 180,23 300,39 240,31 240,31 3,02 3,02 28340,40 28340,40 1185,60
9
247,6
295 396,30 347,77 198,15 743,07 297,04 148,61 247,69 198,15 198,15 2,49 2,49 23368,40 23368,40 977,60
9
194,9
296 311,98 273,99 155,99 584,97 233,84 116,99 194,99 155,99 155,99 1,96 1,96 18396,40 18396,40 769,60
9
142,2
297 227,66 200,21 113,83 426,87 170,64 85,37 142,29 113,83 113,83 1,43 1,43 13424,40 13424,40 561,60
9
298 143,34 126,43 71,67 268,77 107,44 53,75 89,59 89,59 71,67 71,67 0,90 0,90 8452,40 8452,40 353,60
1459,
299 2335,66 2044,71 1167,83 4379,37 1750,64 875,87 1459,79 1167,83 1167,83 14,68 14,68 137724,40 137724,40 5761,60
79
180

MAAs
extract
1407,
300 2251,34 1970,93 1125,67 4221,27 1687,44 844,25 1407,09 1125,67 1125,67 14,15 14,15 132752,40 132752,40 5553,60
09
1354,
301 2167,02 1897,15 1083,51 4063,17 1624,24 812,63 1354,39 1083,51 1083,51 13,62 13,62 127780,40 127780,40 5345,60
39
1301,
302 2082,70 1823,37 1041,35 3905,07 1561,04 781,01 1301,69 1041,35 1041,35 13,09 13,09 122808,40 122808,40 5137,60
69
1248,
303 1998,38 1749,59 999,19 3746,97 1497,84 749,39 1248,99 999,19 999,19 12,56 12,56 117836,40 117836,40 4929,60
99
1196,
304 1914,06 1675,81 957,03 3588,87 1434,64 717,77 1196,29 957,03 957,03 12,03 12,03 112864,40 112864,40 4721,60
29
1143,
305 1829,74 1602,03 914,87 3430,77 1371,44 686,15 1143,59 914,87 914,87 11,50 11,50 107892,40 107892,40 4513,60
59
1090,
306 1745,42 1528,25 872,71 3272,67 1308,24 654,53 1090,89 872,71 872,71 10,97 10,97 102920,40 102920,40 4305,60
89
1038,
307 1661,10 1454,47 830,55 3114,57 1245,04 622,91 1038,19 830,55 830,55 10,44 10,44 97948,40 97948,40 4097,60
19
985,4
308 1576,78 1380,69 788,39 2956,47 1181,84 591,29 985,49 788,39 788,39 9,91 9,91 92976,40 92976,40 3889,60
9
932,7
309 1492,46 1306,91 746,23 2798,37 1118,64 559,67 932,79 746,23 746,23 9,38 9,38 88004,40 88004,40 3681,60
9
880,0
310 1408,14 1233,13 704,07 2640,27 1055,44 528,05 880,09 704,07 704,07 8,85 8,85 83032,40 83032,40 3473,60
9
827,3
311 1323,82 1159,35 661,91 2482,17 992,24 496,43 827,39 661,91 661,91 8,32 8,32 78060,40 78060,40 3265,60
9
181

MAAs
extract
774,6
312 1239,50 1085,57 619,75 2324,07 929,04 464,81 774,69 619,75 619,75 7,79 7,79 73088,40 73088,40 3057,60
9
721,9
313 1155,18 1011,79 577,59 2165,97 865,84 433,19 721,99 577,59 577,59 7,26 7,26 68116,40 68116,40 2849,60
9
669,2
314 1070,86 938,01 535,43 2007,87 802,64 401,57 669,29 535,43 535,43 6,73 6,73 63144,40 63144,40 2641,60
9
616,5
315 986,54 864,23 493,27 1849,77 739,44 369,95 616,59 493,27 493,27 6,20 6,20 58172,40 58172,40 2433,60
9
563,8
316 902,22 790,45 451,11 1691,67 676,24 338,33 563,89 451,11 451,11 5,67 5,67 53200,40 53200,40 2225,60
9
511,1
317 817,90 716,67 408,95 1533,57 613,04 306,71 511,19 408,95 408,95 5,14 5,14 48228,40 48228,40 2017,60
9
458,4
318 733,58 642,89 366,79 1375,47 549,84 275,09 458,49 366,79 366,79 4,61 4,61 43256,40 43256,40 1809,60
9
405,7
319 649,26 569,11 324,63 1217,37 486,64 243,47 405,79 324,63 324,63 4,08 4,08 38284,40 38284,40 1601,60
9
353,0
320 564,94 495,33 282,47 1059,27 423,44 211,85 353,09 282,47 282,47 3,55 3,55 33312,40 33312,40 1393,60
9
300,3
321 480,62 421,55 240,31 901,17 360,24 180,23 300,39 240,31 240,31 3,02 3,02 28340,40 28340,40 1185,60
9
247,6
322 396,30 347,77 198,15 743,07 297,04 148,61 247,69 198,15 198,15 2,49 2,49 23368,40 23368,40 977,60
9
194,9
323 311,98 273,99 155,99 584,97 233,84 116,99 194,99 155,99 155,99 1,96 1,96 18396,40 18396,40 769,60
9
182

MAAs
extract
142,2
324 227,66 200,21 113,83 426,87 170,64 85,37 142,29 113,83 113,83 1,43 1,43 13424,40 13424,40 561,60
9
325 143,34 126,43 71,67 268,77 107,44 53,75 89,59 89,59 71,67 71,67 0,90 0,90 8452,40 8452,40 353,60
1459,
326 2335,66 2044,71 1167,83 4379,37 1750,64 875,87 1459,79 1167,83 1167,83 14,68 14,68 137724,40 137724,40 5761,60
79
1407,
327 2251,34 1970,93 1125,67 4221,27 1687,44 844,25 1407,09 1125,67 1125,67 14,15 14,15 132752,40 132752,40 5553,60
09
1354,
328 2167,02 1897,15 1083,51 4063,17 1624,24 812,63 1354,39 1083,51 1083,51 13,62 13,62 127780,40 127780,40 5345,60
39
1301,
329 2082,70 1823,37 1041,35 3905,07 1561,04 781,01 1301,69 1041,35 1041,35 13,09 13,09 122808,40 122808,40 5137,60
69
1248,
330 1998,38 1749,59 999,19 3746,97 1497,84 749,39 1248,99 999,19 999,19 12,56 12,56 117836,40 117836,40 4929,60
99
1196,
331 1914,06 1675,81 957,03 3588,87 1434,64 717,77 1196,29 957,03 957,03 12,03 12,03 112864,40 112864,40 4721,60
29
1143,
332 1829,74 1602,03 914,87 3430,77 1371,44 686,15 1143,59 914,87 914,87 11,50 11,50 107892,40 107892,40 4513,60
59
1090,
333 1745,42 1528,25 872,71 3272,67 1308,24 654,53 1090,89 872,71 872,71 10,97 10,97 102920,40 102920,40 4305,60
89
1038,
334 1661,10 1454,47 830,55 3114,57 1245,04 622,91 1038,19 830,55 830,55 10,44 10,44 97948,40 97948,40 4097,60
19
183
Appendix E: Supporting Facilities

Table E. 1.Supporting Facilities Investment Cost
Supporting Facilities Investment Cost
No Equipment Brand Source Quantity Price per piece Total Price
Reception Area
1 Reception Table INFORMA TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 7,319,000.00 Rp 7,319,000.00
2 Chairs - TOKOPEDIA 2 Rp 400,000.00 Rp 800,000.00
3 Guest Seats Sofa Lotus TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 3,500,000.00 Rp 3,500,000.00
4 CCTV HD TURBO 5 MP SONY EXMOR TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 200,000.00 Rp 200,000.00
5 Clock IKEA IKEA.CO.ID 1 Rp 29,900.00 Rp 29,900.00
6 LED Lights Hannochs TOKOPEDIA 2 Rp 76,900.00 Rp 153,800.00
7 Telephone Panasonic BLIBLI.COM 1 Rp 195,000.00 Rp 195,000.00
8 Fingerprint Scanner ICON WIFI TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 730,000.00 Rp 730,000.00
9 Television DAICHI TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 1,050,000.00 Rp 1,050,000.00
10 Air Conditioner 1 PK Daikin Selka.id 1 Rp 2,172,000.00 Rp 2,172,000.00
Smoke Detector Addressable Analog
11 HOCHIKI TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 395,000.00 Rp 395,000.00
Type ALN-V
12 Recycle Bin Informa INFORMA 1 Rp 159,200.00 Rp 159,200.00
OFFICE SPACE
13 Office Table IKEA IKEA.CO.ID 20 Rp 1,999,000.00 Rp 39,980,000.00
14 Office Chair IKEA IKEA.CO.ID 20 Rp 498,900.00 Rp 9,978,000.00
15 Filing Cabinet - SHOPEE 3 Rp 1,250,000.00 Rp 3,750,000.00
16 Printer and Fax Epson L5190 TOKOPEDIA 3 Rp 4,025,000.00 Rp 12,075,000.00
18 CCTV HD TURBO 5 MP SONY EXMOR TOKOPEDIA 6 Rp 200,000.00 Rp 1,200,000.00
184
Table E. 1. Supporting Facilities Investment Cost (Cont’ 2)

Ace
19 Dispenser Kris 2 Rp 1,799,000.00 Rp 3,598,000.00
Hardware
21 Book Case Funika TOKOPEDIA 2 Rp 299,000.00 Rp 598,000.00
22 Computer Set Lenovo SHOPEE 10 Rp 4,150,000.00 Rp 41,500,000.00
24 Recycle bin Informa INFORMA 4 Rp 159,200.00 Rp 636,800.00
25 Television DAICHI TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 1,050,000.00 Rp 1,050,000.00
Smoke Detector
26 Addressable Analog Type HOCHIKI TOKOPEDIA 3 Rp 395,000.00 Rp 1,185,000.00
ALN-V
27 Fire Extinguisher 6 kg Chemguard TOKOPEDIA 2 Rp 270,000.00 Rp 540,000.00
Omega
29 Whiteboard TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 575,000.00 Rp 575,000.00
Whiteboard
MEETING ROOM
Meeting Table + Chair for
30 - TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 2,650,000.00 Rp 2,650,000.00
10 people
Omega
31 Whiteboard TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 575,000.00 Rp 575,000.00
Whiteboard
33 LCD Fox 168 TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 320,000.00 Rp 320,000.00
Pusat Proyektor
34 Projector TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 1,950,000.00 Rp 1,950,000.00
Indonesia
185

Smoke Detector Addressable
Analog Type ALN-V
REST ROOM (2)
40 Toilet Seat Kris Ace Hardware 8 Rp 1,199,000.00 Rp 9,592,000.00
41 Urinal EuropeEnchanting TOKOPEDIA 6 Rp 550,000.00 Rp 3,300,000.00
42 Washtafel Classica Italiano BLIBLI.COM 4 Rp 599,000.00 Rp 2,396,000.00
Analog Type ALN-V
LOCKER ROOM
46 Locker - SHOPEE 2 Rp 2,350,000.00 Rp 4,700,000.00
Analog Type ALN-V
51 Recycle bin Informa INFORMA 1 Rp 159,200.00 Rp 159,200.00
PRAYER ROOM
186

Analog Type ALN-V
Bazar Tanah
56 Carpet Roll TOKOPEDIA 7 Rp 95,000.00 Rp 665,000.00
Abang
CAFETERIA
60 Canteen Table Sets Krisbow Ace Hardware 5 Rp 999,000.00 Rp 4,995,000.00
Analog Type ALN-V
63 Kitchen Sink Set - TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 11,700,000.00 Rp 11,700,000.00
64 Exhaust Fan - TOKOPEDIA 2 Rp 265,000.00 Rp 530,000.00
RAW MATERIAL STORAGE
75 Shelf Warehouse - TOKOPEDIA 12 Rp 3,700,000.00 Rp 44,400,000.00
76 Air Conditioner Daikin Selka.id 3 Rp 2,172,000.00 Rp 6,516,000.00
77 LED Lights Hannochs TOKOPEDIA 16 Rp 76,900.00 Rp 1,230,400.00
Steel Rolling Warehouse
78 - TOKOPEDIA 2 Rp 3,900,000.00 Rp 7,800,000.00
Ladders
187

80 Door Lock Access Control AS Realand TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 1,534,000.00 Rp 1,534,000.00
Smoke Detector
82 Addressable Analog Type HOCHIKI TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 395,000.00 Rp 395,000.00
ALN-V
83 Waste Tank IBC Bukalapak 3 Rp 3,322,100.00 Rp 9,966,300.00
WASTE DUMP
Smoke Detector
ALN-V
88 Waste Classification tank IBC Bukalapak 3 Rp 3,322,100.00 Rp 9,966,300.00
POWER ROOM
90 Generator Diesel Vermogen TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 30,000,000.00 Rp 30,000,000.00
Smoke Detector
ALN-V
92 Office Desk IKEA IKEA.CO.ID 1 Rp 1,999,000.00 Rp 1,999,000.00
93 Office Chair IKEA IKEA.CO.ID 1 Rp 498,900.00 Rp 498,900.00
MAINTANANCE ROOM
188

Analog Type ALN-V
CONTROL ROOM
100 Air Conditioners Daikin Selka.Id 1 Rp 2,172,000.00 Rp 2,172,000.00
101 Computer Set Lenovo SHOPEE 1 Rp 4,150,000.00 Rp 4,150,000.00
103 Office Desk IKEA IKEA.CO.ID 1 Rp 1,999,000.00 Rp 1,999,000.00
106 Office Chair IKEA IKEA.CO.ID 1 Rp 498,900.00 Rp 498,900.00
Analog Type ALN-V
UTILITY ROOM
Analog Type ALN-V
PRODUCT STORAGE
113 Air Conditioner Daikin Selka.Id 3 Rp 2,172,000.00 Rp 6,516,000.00
189
No Equipment Brand Source Quantity Price Per Piece Total Price

Steel Rolling Warehouse
115 - TOKOPEDIA 2 Rp 3,900,000.00 Rp 7,800,000.00
Ladders
116 Fire Extinguisher 6 Kg Chemguard TOKOPEDIA 2 Rp 270,000.00 Rp 540,000.00
118 Door Lock Access Control AS Realand TOKOPEDIA 1 Rp 1,534,000.00 Rp 1,534,000.00
Smoke Detector
ALN-V
Parking Area
Outdoor Convex Mirror 60
122 - SHOPEE 3 Rp 235,000.00 Rp 705,000.00
Cm
Total Supporting Facillities Cost Rp 432,094,100.00
190
Appendix F. Utilities
Table F. 1 Electricity Cost for Main Production Process Equipment
Equipment
Operating Net Power Total Power per
Power Total Cost per
Equipment Quantity Time per Requirement per Day Month
Consumption Month
Batch (h) (kWh/day) (kWh/month)
(kW)
Blending Tank
2 5 2 40 1080 Rp 1.076.479
10000L
Blending Tank
1 5 1 10 270 Rp 269.120
1000L
Filling Machine 1 4 1 8 216 Rp 215.296
Packaging Machine 1 2,1 1 4,2 113,4 Rp 113.030
Total 1679,4 Rp 1.673.925
191
Table F. 2. Electricity Cost for Supporting Facilities
Equipment
Power Operating Net Power Requirement Total Power per
Equipment Quantity Total Cost per Month
Consumption Time (h) per Day (kWh/day) Month (kWh/month)
(kW)
CCTV 27 0,004 24 2,592 77,76 Rp 77.506,50
LED Lights 79 0,009 11,5 8,1765 220,7655 Rp 220.045,80
Telephone 7 0,005 11,5 0,4025 10,8675 Rp 10.832,07
Fingerprint Scanner 1 0,0035 24 0,084 2,52 Rp 2.511,78
Television 2 0,05 11,5 1,15 31,05 Rp 30.948,78
Air Conditioner 13 2,5 11,5 373,75 10091,25 Rp 10.058.352,53
Smoke Detectors 16 1,00E-07 24 0,0000384 0,001152 Rp 1,15
Fax & Printer 3 0,02 24 1,44 43,2 Rp 43.059,17
Dispenser 1 0,5 24 12 360 Rp 358.826,40
Computer Set 21 0,45 11,5 108,675 2934,225 Rp 2.924.659,43
Door Lock Access
2 0,005 24 0,24 7,2 Rp 7.176,53
Control
Exhaust Fan 2 0,0112 11,5 0,2576 6,9552 Rp 6.932,53
Total 13785,79435 Rp 13.740.852,66
192
Table F. 3. Water Cost
Amount per
Water Usage Unit Cost per Month
Month
Solvent Material 869738,58 L Rp 545.760.959
Musholla 54000 L Rp 33.885.000
Toilet 1215 L Rp 762.413
Cafeteria 1890 L Rp 1.185.975
Pantry 945 L Rp 592.988
Total Water
Total Amount 927788,58 Cost per Rp 582.187.334
Month
Total Water Cost per Year Rp 6.986.248.007

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UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

ANTIBACTERIAL MARINE ALGAE MOISTURIZER TO PREVENT

ARLYA DAFFA AMIRA (1806207482)

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

1. Name : Arlya Daffa Amira

2. Name : Felicia Carissa

3. Name : Kanya Ardelia Fathina

4. Name : Muhammad Maulana Ekaputra

5. Name : Riva Marcella

Depok, 18 June 2021.

COEUR DE MER: ANTIBACTERIAL MOISTURIZER

Keywords: Acne, Antibacterial, Antiviral, Mask, Moisturizer

LIST OF GROUP MEMBERS ............................................................................. i

Table 1. 1 List of Customer Needs ......................................................................... 3

Table 3. 1. Final Specifications ............................................................................ 24

Table 5. 1 Indonesia's Highest Number of COVID-19 Case in 2021 .................. 37

Table 6. 1. Raw Materials and Suppliers Selection .............................................. 58

Table 7. 1.Cost Index Extrapolation Result ......................................................... 85

Figure 1. 1. .Existing Bio-based Moisturizer ......................................................... 8

Figure 3. 1. Gel-based Form................................................................................. 27

Figure 4. 1. Brand’s Logo ................................................................................... 32

Figure 5. 1. Blending Tank................................................................................... 45

Figure 6. 1. Raw Material Inventory .................................................................... 67

Figure 7. 1. Linear Regression of Marshall & Swift Index Value ....................... 85

Table A. 1 Interpretation of Customer Statements into Needs ........................... 151

Table B. 1 Benchmarking Results Based on Specifications............................... 152

Table C. 1 Description of Rating Score ............................................................. 154

Table D. 1 Raw Material Inventory .................................................................... 155

Table E. 1.Supporting Facilities Investment Cost .............................................. 183

1.1 Background of Ideas

1.2 Identification and Limitation of Problem

1.3 Needs Identification

Table 1. 1 List of Customer Needs

No. List of Customer Needs

The following phase of the discover needs is a gathering and positioning of

Table 1. 2 Needs Group and Needs Rank

4. A moisturizer that does not contain alcohol 4

1.4. Similar Existing Products

1.4.1 Natural Moisturizing Factors + HA by The Ordinary

The Ordinary’s Natural Moisturizing Factors + HA keeps the skin

1.4.2 Tea Tree Mattifying Lotion by The Body Shop

The Body Shop’s Tea Tree Mattifying Lotion is a face moisturizer

1.4.3 Bija Trouble Lotion by Innisfree

Innisfree’s Bija Trouble Lotion is a lotion moisturizer that treats oily

1.4.4 Ceramic Skin Saviour by Somethinc

Somethinc’s Ceramic Skin Saviour is a moisturizer with a water-like

1.5 General and Combining Project

1.5.1 Existing Concept

There are multiple concepts of moisturizers available in the market.

Figure 1. 1. .Existing Bio-based Moisturizer

1.5.2 Brainstorming Concept

To generate the product ideas, the group brainstorms together to

Figure 1. 2. New Concept Generation

1.5.3 Concept Combination

The idea generated through the brainstorming process then will be

Figure 1. 3. Combined Concept

1.6. Ideas Selection

2. Price Payment required to purchase product

3. Ease of Production Difficulty of production process

4. Multifunctionality Number of added benefits in product

1.6.2 Rate the Concept

1.6.3 Concept Scoring

No. Criterion Weight

The following is a brief summary of each criterion: