MECHANICS OF MACHINE

DMCM 3723

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UTeM
SEM 1-2017/2018
DR RAINAH ISMAIL

CHAPTER 2
SPEED CONTROLLER
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CHAPTER 2.2
FLYWHEEL
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LEARNING OUTCOMES

APPLY FREE BODY DIAGRAM TO SOLVE PROBLEMS IN FLYWHEEL

AND GOVERNOR.

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FLYWHEEL

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CONTENTS

WHAT IS FLYWHEEL?
SPEED CONTROLLER IN ONE CYCLE
FLUCTUATION OF SPEED AND ENERGY

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WHAT IS FLYWHEEL?
Flywheel is a speed controller in one cycle.
Flywheel is a rotating mass used to maintain the speed of a
machine between given limits while the machine releases or
receives energy at a varying rate.
Flywheel is an energy storage device. It stores energy as its
speed increases, and gives up energy as the speed decreases.
Controls only cyclic fluctuations in speed.

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 SINGLE MASS-FLYWHEEL

Balancing
hole
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMazLuxp
zxE

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DUAL MASS-FLYWHEEL

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 SPEED CONTROLLER IN ONE
CYCLE
A mechanical system have a driver (motor) and driven (load).
Input torque on driver is either constant or fluctuate.
Resisting torque/load torque on driven is either constant or fluctuate.
There are three combinations of different torque between driver and driven to
control the fluctuation speed in a cycle:

a) When the input torque is constant and the resisting torque is

The
constant.
controller
speed is b) When the input torque is constant and the resisting torque is
required fluctuating. Example: motor drives a machine punches.
c) When the input torque is fluctuating and the resisting torque
is fluctuating. Example: internal combustion engine.

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TYPE OF FLYWHEEL

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APPLICATION OF FLYWHEEL
• Flywheels are often used to provide continuous energy in
systems where the energy source is not continuous.

• In such cases, the flywheel stores energy when torque is applied

by the energy source, and it releases stored energy when the
energy source is not applying torque to it.

• For example, a flywheel is used to maintain constant angular

velocity of the crankshaft in a reciprocating engine.

• In this case, the flywheel—which is mounted on the

crankshaft—stores energy when torque is exerted on it by a
firing piston, and it releases energy to the crankshaft when a
piston is in the process of compressing a fresh charge of air and
fuel.
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FLUCTUATION OF SPEED AND
ENERGY

Turning moment/crank effort diagram for a single-

cylinder 4-stroke engine
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 FLUCTUATION OF SPEED AND
ENERGY
The net area of the diagram,
as shown shaded, represents
the work done during the
cycle and the average height
represents the mean torque
exerted as shown by the line
AE. If the resisting torque is
uniform, this is equal to the
mean engine torque if the
mean speed is to remain
constant.

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 FLUCTUATION OF SPEED AND
ENERGY
If the engine torque exceeds
the resisting torque, such as
between points A and B, the
engine speed up, and if it is
less than the resisting torque,
such as between points B and
C, the engine slows down.

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 FLUCTUATION OF SPEED AND
ENERGY
At the points of intersection,
A,B,C,D,E, the engine torque
and load torque are equal
and hence there is no
acceleration or deceleration;
thus the speed is a maximum
or minimum at these points.

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FLUCTUATION OF SPEED AND
ENERGY
Over a complete cycle, the sum of the areas of the loops
above and below the mean engine torque line are equal.

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FLUCTUATION OF SPEED AND
ENERGY

The energy at point E

must be the same as the
energy at point A since
the cycle is repeated.

Lets; Energy at point A = U Minimum energy

Energy at point B = U + a Maximum energy
Energy at point C = U + a – b
Energy at point D = U + a – b + c
Energy at point E = U + a – b + c – d = U
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 FLUCTUATION OF SPEED AND
ENERGY

Fluctuation of energy, βE
Maximum speed, 1
Minimum speed, 2
Mean torque line

By inspection of the areas of the loops above and below the mean
torque line, the points of maximum and minimum energy may be
obtained and these correspond with points of maximum and minimum
speeds respectively.
The excess energy available between the points of minimum and
maximum speeds is called fluctuation of energy, βE.
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FLUCTUATION OF SPEED AND
ENERGY
The fluctuation of energy, βE is represents the difference between the
kinetic energies of the system at these points.
If 1 and 2 are the maximum and minimum speed respectively during
the cycle, then:
1 2 1 2
E  I1  I2 ; where I  moment of inertia of the rotating parts/flywheel
2 2
1

 I 12  22
2

1
 I 1  2 1  2 
2
1  2
Where the mean speed;  
2
1
Then; E  I 2 1   2   I  1   2 
2
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FLUCTUATION OF SPEED AND
ENERGY
1  2
Coefficient of fluctuation of speed;  

Then;  E  I 2
E
Or;   2
I
I  mk 2

Cofficient of fluctuation energy  max energy fluctuatio n,  E

work done per cycle

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EXAMPLE 2.4
The graph of torque against the crank angle for a petrol engine is drawn to the
following scales: torque, 1mm = 5Nm; crank angle, 1mm = 1o as shown in
Figure below. The areas above and below the mean torque, P line, taken in
order, are 295mm2, 685mm2, 40mm2, 340mm2, 960mm2 and 270mm2. The
rotating parts are equivalent to mass of 36kg at a radius of gyration of 150mm.
Determine the coefficient of fluctuation of speed,  when the engine runs at
1800rpm.

960

295
A B C 40 D E F G P
270
340
685

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EXAMPLE 2.5
Flywheels are used to smooth out fluctuating torques such as produced on the
crank of piston engines. The graph of torque against the crank angle for a certain
machine is shown in Figure below. The speed of the shaft must be maintained
between 490 and 510 rpm. Find:
i. The moment of inertia of a suitable flywheel
ii. The mass required if the radius of gyration is to be 0.3 m

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EXAMPLE 2.6
Figure below shows the variation with time of the torque required on
the driving shaft of a machine during one cycle of operations. The shaft
is direct-coupled to an electric motor which exerts a constant torque
and runs at a mean speed of 1500rpm. The rotating parts are
equivalent to a flywheel of mass 18kg with a radius of gyration of
250mm. Determine:

44Nm

5.5Nm 5.5Nm

0 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 2.0 Time, t (sec)

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EXAMPLE 2.7
A machine press is worked by an electric motor, delivering 2.25kW
continuously. At the commencement of an operation, a flywheel of
moment of inertia 50kgm2 on the machine is rotating at 250rpm. The
pressing operation requires 4.75kJ of energy and occupies 0.75s. Find:

a) the maximum number of pressings that can be made in one hour.

b) the reduction in speed of the flywheel after each pressing.
Neglect friction losses.

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