Endomembrane

System
BIO 107 (Cell and Molecular Biology)
 Learning Outcomes
1. Describe the structure and function of
endoplasmic reticulum (ER);
2. Describe the structure and function of
Golgi complex;
3. Describe the structure and function of
endosomes, lysosomes, and peroxisomes
Endomembrane System
 Endoplasmic Reticulum

ergatoplasm
Types of ER
Types of ER

• Covered with
ribosomes on the
cytoplasmic side of its
membrane
• Flattened sacs
• Transitional elements
Types of ER

• No attached
ribosomes
• interconnecting
network of tubular
membrane
elements
Rough ER Function
▪ Biosynthesis of membrane-bound and soluble
proteins
▪ Initial step of glycosylation
▪ Initial folding of peptides
▪ Assembly of multimeric proteins
▪ Site for quality control
Rough ER Function
 Signal-recognition Particle (SRP)

The basic structure of the

process is a signal-
recognition Particle (SRP),that
lead the ribosomes attach to
the outer surface of rER ,and
then lead the newly protein
pass completely through the
membrane into the lumen of
rER.
Signal-recognition Particle (SRP)
 Signal-recognition Particle (SRP)
The site to recognize and
bind to ER signal sequence

The site to block further

translation
The site to recognize
receptor protein
ER signal sequence

▪ 15-30 amino acids

▪ Consist of three domains:
▪ a positively charged N-terminal region
▪ a central hydrophobic region
▪ a polar region adjoining the site where cleavage
from the mature protein will take place.
▪ A signal sequence on nascent secretory
proteins targets them to the ER and is then
cleaved off
Signal Hypothesis

• Signal Recognition
Particle(SRP)
• ER signal sequence
• SRP receptor
Rough ER Function
(Glycosylation)

• N-linked: oligosaccharide chain is linked to the

amide nitrogen of asparagine (Asn) (in ER)
• O-linked: oligosaccharide chain is linked to the
hydroxyl group of serine or threonine (in Golgi)
Rough ER Function (protein
folding)
Protein Disulfide Isomerase
Rough ER Function (transport)

▪ formation of transport
vesicles (secretory
proteins)
▪ transport of integral
membrane proteins
▪ transport of soluble
proteins
Summary of rER Functions
1. Proteins synthesized on ribosomes of RER
2. Modification and processing of newly
synthesized proteins
1. glycosylation
2. the folding of proteins
3. the formation of disulfide bonds within polypeptide
3. Transport of proteins
Smooth ER Function
(Synthesis of Lipids)
The side of cytoplasm

• Phospholipids
• Steroids (e.g.,
hormones)
The lumen of SER
flippase
Smooth ER Function (Drug
Detoxification)
• Hydroxylation reaction
• Cytochrome P-450 protein
• NADPH and NADH
• Molecular oxygen
• mixed-function oxidases or monooxygenases
Smooth ER
Function (CHO
Metabolism)
Smooth ER Function (Calcium
Storage)
• In the case of smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum in muscle
cells, the tubules
serve as a store of
calcium which is
released as one step
in the contraction
process of muscle.
Calcium pumps serve
to move the calcium.
Summary of sER Functions
1. Synthesis of lipids
2. Detoxification of organic compounds in liver
cells
3. Carbohydrate catabolism
4. The SER serve as a storage place for
calcium
 Golgi Complex

The Golgi complex

is a polarized
structure consisting
of an oriented
stack of disc-
shaped cisternae
surrounded by a
swarm of small
vesicles.
Structure of the Golgi Complex
Function of the Golgi Complex
(Terminal Glycosylation)
▪ Golgi complex plays a key role in the assembly
of the carbohydrate component of
glycoproteins and glycolipids
▪ O-linked oligosaccharides takes place in Golgi
complex
▪ Oligosaccharide chain is linked to the hydroxyl
group of serine or threonine
Function of the Golgi Complex
(Terminal Glycosylation)

• Luminal side of the ER and Golgi

• Glucan synthetase
• Glycosyl transferase
The processing, sorting and
transport in the Golgi complex
• The Golgi stacks are
processing and
sorting stations where
proteins are modified,
segregated and then
shipped in different
directions.
Summary of Golgi Complex
Functions

• Glycosylation (O-linked glycosylation)

• Processing, sorting and transporting of

substances to their destinations
Lysosomes
• Discovered in 1950s
by Rene de Duve
• Membrane-bound
organelle found in the
cytoplasm of all
eukaryotic cells
• Contains various acid
hydrolytic enzymes
Structure of Lysosomes

Lysosome membrane:
• H+-pumps: keep internal • 0.5 μm
proton (H+) concentration • pH: 4.0-5.0
high
• Marker enzyme:
• Glycosylated proteins: acid phosphatase
may protect the lysosome
from self-digestion.
• Transport proteins:
transporting digested
materials
Structure of Lysosomes
Biogenesis of Lysosomes

hydrolase = hydrolytic enzyme

Types of Lysosomes

• Primary lysosomes
• Secondary
lysosomes
• Phagosome
• Autaphagosome
• Residual bodies
Functions of Lysosomes

• Heterophagy
• Autophagy
• Extracellular digestion
• Autocytolysis
Heterophagy

Digestion in a
fused vacuole
and lysosome of
material taken
into a cell by
phagocytosis and
pinocytosis
Autophagy
Natural, conserved
degradation of the
cell that removes
unnecessary or
dysfunctional
components through
a lysosome-
dependent regulated
mechanism
Extracellular Digestion
Autocytolysis
Summary

Lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle in

the cytoplasm of most cells containing various
acid hydrolases. Lysosomes are involved in four
major cell functions: phagocytosis, autophagy,
extracellular digestion, and autocytolysis.
Peroxisomes

• Not part of the endomembrane

system
• Found in all eukaryotic cell
• Smaller than mitochondria
• Catalase: degradation of H2O2
• Oxidase
• Microbodies
Peroxisomal Functions
• Hydrogen peroxide metabolism
• Detoxification of harmful compounds
• Oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl-CoA
• Metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds
(urate oxidase and aminotranferase)
• Catabolism of unusual substances
(xenobiotics)
Peroxisomes in Plant Cells

• Leaf peroxisomes
• Glyoxysomes
END