Agriculture and Forestry University

CNRM, Puranchaur kaski

Date of submission: 2078-04-03

Submitted by, Submitted to,

Sujan ghimire Manoj dhakal

Exam roll no.- 1048
Deficiency/disorder diseases(black tip of mango,tip burn and khaira disease of
paddy, browning , whiptail and buttoning of cauliflower, black heart of potato
and blossom end rot of tomato)

BLACK TIP OR NECROSIS OF MANGO:

Black tip is a serious disorder that is

capable of causing considerable set back to
the grower. Among the commercial
cultivars, Dashehari is most prone to the
disorder, while Lucknow Safeda is least

Symptoms:
 The infection of fruits is initiated right at marble stage, with a
characteristics yellowing of tissues at the distal end.
 Gradually, the color intensifies into brown and finally black.
 At this stage, further growth and development of the fruit is
retarded and the black ring at the tip extends toward the upper part
of the fruit.
 Inner portion of the tip become soft, rottened, and secretion of dark
brown liquid.
Causes of the disease:
 Black tip disorder has generally been detected in orchard located in
the vicinity of brick kilns. located upto 200m of distance from
brick kilns. it is characterized by depressed spots.
 Caused by SO2, CO2 and acetylene gases released from the brick
kilns.
Mangement:
 No brick kilns near the garden.
 Chimney should be 15- 18 m height.

 Covering of mango plants with cellophane bags rescue from brick

links smoke.
 A spray of 1% borax at the time of fruit set, followed by two more
sprays at 10 day intervals might be useful in controlling the
disorder.
 Sprays of washing soda (0.5%) and caustic soda (0.8%) were
found to be equally good in minimizing the disorder.
 Irrigation in the orchards after fruit should be maintained at regular
intervals to reduce the severity of black tip; this will also increase
the fruit size.
Khira disease of Rice:

Zinc deficiency is the most widespread

micronutrient disorder in rice. Its
occurrence has increased with the
introduction of modern varieties, crop
intensification, and increased Zn
removal. Zinc deficiency has similar
symptoms as Iron (Fe) deficiency (also
occurs on alkaline soils), Fe toxicity
(leaf spots, appearance), grassy stunt
virus, and tungro virus.
Compared with Zn deficiency, Fe
toxicity occurs on high organic status soils with low pH.
To confirm Zn deficiency, send soil and plant sample to the laboratory
for testing.
The important symptoms of Khaira disease are-

 Discoloration of lower leaves (brown streaks and blotches) occurring two weeks

after transplanting. 

 The midrib at the base of growing leaves is sometimes chlorotic. 

Plants are stunted, and roots are scanty. 

 The disorder becomes apparent after several years of rice cropping the

following reclamation. 

 The symptoms became more severe when bright sunny days prevail. 


The affected plants show some recovery six weeks after transplanting. 

Favorable for Khaira disease of Rice:

 Zn is precipitated as sparingly soluble Zn(OH)2 when PH increase in soil

 Depress Zn uptake by increasing the Fe, Ca, Mg , Cu, P content in the soil
 Formation of Zn- phosphate when large application of phosphates fertilizer.
 Formation of complex between Zn and organic matter in the soil because of
the large application of organic manures and crop residues.
 High Ca to Mg ratio

MANAGEMENT:

 Grow Zn efficient varities.

 Used fertilizer that generate acidity I e replace some urea with ammonium
sulphate.
 Apply organic manures before seeding in the nursery or transplanting of
rice in the main field.
 Monitor irrigation of water quality.
 Dip seedling or presoak seeds in the 2- 4% ZnO suspension.
  Use 25kg Znso4/ha before transplanting or sowing at time of land
preparation

 If crop is infected then use 5 kg Znso4 + 25 kg lime in 600-700 litre water

per hectare.

Tip burn of Rice:

 Caused by deficiency of potassium(K).

 Deficiency of potassium affecting the crop growth.

Symptoms:

 Dark green plants with yellowish.

 Brown leaf margins and brown necrotic spots on the tips of the older
leaves.

 Rusty brown spots on the panicles and poor grain formation.

 weak stem leads to lodging.

Management :

 Soil application of 25% excess of the recommended K.

 Foliar application of 1% KCl.

 Spread and incorporate the straw evenly over the field before burning.

 Burns straw heaps should also be spread over the field.

 Potassium sources: Farmyard manure, castor cake, neem cake, muriate of

potash, potassium sulphate.

BLACK TIP OR NECROSIS OF MANGO:

Black tip is a serious disorder that is capable of causing considerable set back to
the grower. Among the commercial cultivars, Dashehari is most prone to the
disorder, while Lucknow Safeda is least.

Symptoms:
 The infection of fruits is initiated right at marble stage, with a
characteristics yellowing of tissues at the distal end.
 Gradually, the color intensifies into brown and finally black.
 At this stage, further growth and development of the fruit is
retarded and the black ring at the tip extends toward the upper part
of the fruit.
 Inner portion of the tip become soft, rottened, and secretion of dark
brown liquid.
Causes of the disease:
 Black tip disorder has generally been detected in orchard located in
the vicinity of brick kilns. located upto 200m of distance from
brick kilns. it is characterized by depressed spots.
 Caused by SO2, CO2 and acetylene gases released from the brick
kilns.
Mangement:
 No brick kilns near the garden.
 Chimney should be 15- 18 m height.

 Covering of mango plants with cellophane bags rescue from brick

links smoke.
 A spray of 1% borax at the time of fruit set, followed by two more
sprays at 10 day intervals might be useful in controlling the
disorder.
  Sprays of washing soda (0.5%) and caustic soda (0.8%) were
found to be equally good in minimizing the disorder.
 Irrigation in the orchards after fruit should be maintained at regular
intervals to reduce the severity of black tip; this will also increase
the fruit size.

Cauliflower Disorders and their control

Browning :

Causes of the disorders:

Browning is caused due to boron

deficiency. Generally, the deficiency
symptoms of boron are externally
visible on plants after the curd
formation.

Symptoms:

 In early stage, the water

soaked areas appear on the stem and curd surface.
 As the plant grows, the stem becomes hollow with water soaked tissue
covering the internal walls of the cavity.
 In advanced stage of deficiency, brown or pink coloured areas are
seen on curd surface and therefore, it is also called brown rot or red
rot or browning of the curd.
 Sometimes the stem may become hollow even without brown areas on
the curd. The affected curds are bitter in taste.
 The foliage colour first changes to dull green and then greenish yellow
at the apical margin of the older leaves.
  When there is severe deficiency of boron, then leaves are under
developed andsmaller.
 The growing point may die in young stage of plant itself.

Control: 

 The deficiency of boron may be corrected by applying borax.

 The quantity of borax depends on soil type, soil pH and the extent of
deficiency.
 In acid soil, 10- 15 kg borax/ha is sufficient while larger quantity may
be required as natural and alkaline soils.

Whiptail: 

Whiptail disorder is caused due

to deficiency of molybdenum
in cauliflower. In young plants the
deficiency symptoms are chlorosis
of leaf margins and the whole
leaves may turn white. The leaf
blades do not develop properly.
When the deficiency is severe,
only the midribs develop.

Symptoms:

 Whiptail disorder is caused due to deficiency of molybdenum.

 In young plants the deficiency symptoms are chlorosis of leaf margins
and the whole leaves may turn white.
 The leaf blades do not develop properly. When the deficiency is
severe, only the midribs develop. This condition is commonly known as
'Whiptail'.
 The growing point of the plant is also deformed which prevents the
curd development.
 The deficiency of molybdenum generally occurs in acid soils when the
soil pH is below 5.5.
Control:

 Lime application in acidic soils is done to increase the availability of

molybdenum.
 The quantity of lime is determined by initially measuring the pH of the
soil. Alternately, soil application of Sodium Molybdate (10-15 kg/ha)
effectively controls the deficiency symptoms.

Buttoning:

Buttoning of Cauliflower, Sometime it is

observed that cauliflower plant after forming
a few numbers of small leaves produced
very small size curd. This condition is
called buttoning of cauliflower. There is no
ideal size of button card but in European
countries below 9 cm sized curd sometimes
it is recommended as a button.

 Symptoms:

 The development of small premature curds or buttons while the plants

are young is known as buttoning.
 The button heads are exposed and the plants showing this condition
have usually small poorly developed leaves.
 Several factors like poor nitrogen supply, planting of over-age
seedlings, unfavorable climatic conditions and improper time of
planting are reported to cause buttoning.

Control: 

 Adequate supply of nitrogen and moisture for rapid vegetative growth

of plant is considered important for preventing the occurrence of
button plants.
Black heart of potato:
Blackheart is an internal defect caused by
low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels
in the tuber and occurs where the
respiration demand for oxygen exceeds
the available supply. This might be due to
low oxygen levels in the environment,
such as field flooding, or high tuber
respiration rates, usually in response to
temperature extremes. Crops are most
vulnerable around harvest time where
respiration rates are likely to be higher.

Symptoms:

 Blackheart is often first visible at the centre of the tuber where a dark
grey to black tissue discolouration indicates necrosis.
 Affected tissue is firm to the touch and may smell of sweet alcohol if
warm. Cavities can form within the darkened area, which is usually
isolated from the surface.
 However, blackheart symptoms can reach the surface appearing as
dark sunken patches and disease infections are likely where the
surface is broken.
Control:
  In the field, promote good soil drainage and avoid excessive
irrigation. Do not delay harvest in hot soils.
 Positive store ventilation will improve gas exchange, dry crops
quicker and help prevent condensation events.
 Avoid a build up of carbon dioxide in excessively sealed stores and
any temperature extreme (above 30 C or near freezing).
 Be vigilant for any crop stress that might stimulate excessive
respiration.

Blossom end rot of tomato:

A serious disorder of tomato, pepper,

cucumber and eggplant, blossom end rot
is an environmental problem (not fungal)
most often caused by uneven watering or
by calcium deficiency. (These can be
related; uneven watering can interfere with
the uptake of calcium.This common
garden “disease” is often brought on by
rapid growth from too much fertilizer, high
salt levels or drought.

Symptoms:

 Blossom end rot symptoms occur on both green and ripe fruits and is
identified by water-soaked areas that gradually widen and mature
into sunken, brown, leathery spots on the bottom end. 

MANAGEMENT:

 Choose resistant vegetable varieties whenever possible.

 Prevent problems by keeping soil evenly moist and by foliar spraying
plants with calcium sulphate.

 Adding high levels of calcium —  bone meal, oyster shell, or gypsum

to the soil at planting time usually prevents this problem from
developing. A layer of mulch (straw, compost, grass ) will help
conserve soil moisture during the hot, dry days of July and August.

 Foliar application of liquid calcium 5%(1-2 Tbsp/ gallon of water) can

be used to correct or prevent deficiencies of this essential nutrient.
For best results, combine with natural surfactant to increase adhesion
and spray leaves to the point of run-off.

 Mulching plants will help conserve moisture and provide a more

uniform water supply.

 Avoid using high nitrogen fertilizers which accelerate vegetative

growth and reduce the uptake of calcium by plants.
Measure ornamental diseases and their causal agents
with their control measures:

Fig: Rose disease

1. Gladiolus:
Fusarium corm rot
Etiology: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp gladioli
Control: Fusarium corm rot is difficult to prevent but can be controlled to some
extent by growing disease tolerant cultivars and by various control measure. Hot water
treatment of corm at temperature of 500 C for 30 minutes before planting, use of clean
soil or fumigated soil, and treatment of corms in 0.02% solution of Benlate or Bevistin
for half an hour before planting and soil application of furadan 3g per square meter.

Gladiolus rust
Etiology: Uromyces transversalis
Control: To protect the plants, spray or dust the gladiolus when they reach 6 inches in
height and continuing treatment every 7 to 10days until flowering . Diazinon should be
used for control.
2. Rose:
Die back
Etiology: Diplodia rosarum
Control: The common practice is to cut away the affected plants and burn it. The
secateur should be disinfected with spirit and cut ends immediately coated with
chaubatia paste containing 4 parts of copper carbonate, 4 parts of red lead and 5 parts
of linseed oil.

Black spot
Etiology: Diplocarpon rosae
Control measure: Spray of Bavistin (0.1%) followed by Benlate (0.1%) at 15 days interval has
been found to be highly effective in checking the diseases. Dithane M-45 and Dithane Z-78
(0.2%) are also useful.
Powdery mildew
Etiology: Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae
Control: The disease can be controlled by spraying Bavistin or Benlate (0.1%) at 30 days
interval regularly. Wettable sulphur (0.2%), propiconazole (0.1%) and Karathane (0.05%)
may be used at 7-10 days interval to control the disease.
3. Orchids:
Leaf spot
Etiology: Gloeosporium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Cercospora sp. and Phyllostictina sp
 Control: Removal and destruction of infected leaves prevent the disease from spreading.
Spraying with Dithane M-45 (0.2%) or Bavistin (0.1%) is effective.
Black rot
Etiology: Pythium ultimum
Control: Diseased leaves and plants should be removed and destroyed. Withholding of
irrigation for few days and shifting the plant to less humid part help to check the
disease. Fungicides such as Metalaxyl (0.1%), Fosetyl- Al or Mancozeb (0.2%) should be
applied to control the disease.
Root, rhizome or pseudobulb rot
Etiology: Phytophthora palmivora
Control: Rogue out the infected plants. Spray systemic fungicides like Fosetyl- Al and
Metalaxyl to prevent spread of the disease.
4. Tuberose:
Stem rot
Etiology: Sclerotium rolfsii
Control: Soil application of fungicides such as Brassical (0.1%), Bavistin (0.5-0.7%),
Thiram (0.2%-0.3%) or Zineb (0.3%), three times at 20 days interval has been found to
be effective in checking the disease.
Botrytis spot
Etiology: Botrytis elliptica
Control: Spraying the plants with Carbendazim @ 2 g/l of water effectively controls the
disease. The treatment should be repeated at 15 days interval.
Flower bud rot
Etiology: Fusarium equiseti
Control: Spraying with Bavistin (0.02%) is useful in controlling the disease

Chrysanthemum:

Black leaf spot

Etiology: Septoria chrysanthemi

Control: A control measure includes picking and destroying the infected leaves.
The application of Bavistin (0.01%) or Benlate (0.01%) is effective in checking the
infection. Excessive irrigation should be avoided.
Powdery mildew

Etiology: Erysiphe cichoracearum

Control: Spraying with Karathane (0.025%), Bavistin (0.1%) or sulphur based
fungicide (0.2%) and providing a dry environment helps to check this disease.
Foot rot

Etiology: Rhizoctonia solani

Control: Soil sterilization and drenching with copper fungicides give
effective control of the disease.Biofungicide made from the combination
of Bacillus subtilis and Kaslin has been reported to give protection
against foot rot. It has been also reported that spraying with or dipping in
Benomyl (0.2%) gives protection to young plants.

Marigold:

Damping off

Etiology: Rhizoctonia solani

Control: Proper drainage should be provided in nursery bed. Soil drenching with
Carbendazim (0.1%) should be followed to manage the malady. Three-four years
crops rotation should be followed.

Leaf spot and blight

Etiology: Alternaria spp. (A. tagetica, A. alternata),Cercospora spp. Septeria spp.

Control: To keep the disease under check the marigold crop should be sprayed with
Dithane M-45 @ 0.2%or Carbendazim (.05%) at fortnightly intervals starting from
the first appearance of disease symptoms.
Powdery Mildew

Etiology: Oidium sp., Leveillula taurica

Control: The disease can be controlled by spraying with Karathane @ 0.05% or

Sulfex (3g/l of water) at fortnightly intervals.

Carnation:

Fusarium wilt
Etiology: Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi

Control: Since the fungus involved in this disease is soil born, the first point in
control is to avoid contaminated
soil. Drenching of soil with Copper oxychloride (0.4%) and spraying with Bavistin
(0.1%) reduces the malady. Soil solarization has been found very effective in
minimizing the disease. Biological agents like Trichoderma harzianum,
Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces sp. and non-pathogenic
isolates of Fusarium are reported to be effective against the disease. Neem based
formulations have also been reported to be effective against the disease

Alternaria leaf spot

Etiology: Alternaria dianthi

Control: Remove infected leaves. Foliar application of Dithane M-45 (0.2%) or

Bavistin (0.1%) is effective to minimizing disease losses.

Calyx splitting

Causes: Temperature fluctuation and prolonged heat , deficiency of boron.

Management: Automatic ventilation either by fans or gravity has helped bring

about better temperature control. Automatic heating when used properly gives us
con trol of the temperature at night and on cold days.

Gerbera:

Root rot and foot rot

Etiology: Foot Rot [Phytophthora cryptogea]

Root Rot [Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium irregulare]

Control: Use well drained soil. Soil sterilization with Vapam at 100 ml/m2 has
been found to be very effective to control the disease. Drenching root zone of the
plants with Metalaxyl (0.1%) can effectively minimizing the disease. Avoid
overhead watering.
Alternaria leaf spot
Etiology: Alternaria gerberae

Control: Spray plants with Bavistin (0.01%). Pick off and burn diseased foliage.
The bio agents viz., Trichoderma viride, and T. hamatum have been found
effective in checking the growth of the pathogen.
Jasmine:

Wilt

Etiology: Fusarium solani

Control: Controlling Fusarium fungus in the garden relies upon crop rotations and
clean and sanitary practices. There are fumigants that are useful against Fusarium
fungus. Many of these require a professional for application so read the
instructions carefully before you purchase. Fungicides are used as a root or bulb
soak. Drenching the soil around the plant with 1% Bordeaux mixture controls this
disease.

Rust

Etiology: Urornyces hobsoni

Control: The disease can be controlled by pruning the branches or spraying

Copper Oxychloride (0.3%) or Mancozeb (0.2%). Sulphur at the rate of 20-25
kg/ha is also useful.

Leaf blight

Etiology: Cercospora jasminicola and Alternaria jasmini

Control: Spraying of 0.4% Benlate solution, 0.2% Dithane M-45 or 0.1% Bordeaux
mixture has been found effective in control of the disease.

Dahlia

Powdery mildew
Etiology: Erysiphe cichoracearum

Control: Fortnightly sprays with Morestan (0.1%) Bavistin, Benlate (0.1%) or

Wettable Sulphur (0.2%) is most effective to control the incidence of the disease.