CENTRE OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY

FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

BACHELOR IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SAFETY (HONS.)

ENV 650

AIR QUALITY AND HEALTH

ASSIGNMENT 1

CASE STUDY REVIEW: IVORY COAST TOXIC WASTE DUMP (2006)

NAME STUDENT ID GROUP

NUR AIMI IZZATI BINTI AZIZ 2020628432 HS243 7D

NUR IDAYU BINTI ZAINUDIN 2020899298 HS243 7D

NURIN WIDAD HANIS BINTI AZHAR 2020452662 HS243 7D

YUSRINA AFIFA BINTI MUHAMAD YUSOFF 2020899132 HS243 7D

NURUL SYUHADA BINTI SHAMSUL FAIRUZ 2020483718 HS243 7D

PREPARED FOR

DR. NOOR HAZIQAH BTE KAMALUDIN

DATE OF SUBMISSION

16 JANUARY 2023
1.0 INTRODUCTION

More than ten years ago, a cargo ship, the 'Probo Koala', reached the end of a four-month
journey that resulted in toxic waste being dumped illegally in Côte d’Ivoire. The impact of
the dumping was so massive that it made into international news since over 100,000 people
required medical attention. In late 2005, a multinational oil trading company, Trafigura,
decided to buy large amounts of an unrefined gasoline called coker naphtha. Trafigura
intended to use the coker naphtha as a cheap blendstock for fuels, but first needed to find a
way of refining it. This was done through an industrial process called caustic washing,
initially carried out on land, but later at sea, on board a ship named Probo Koala. The
company already knew that the waste produced was hazardous, however, they did not know
how to dispose of it safely. The company had also rejected the offer to treat the waste at a
specialist facility in the Netherlands due to its high cost. In August 2006, a company hired by
Trafigura had set out to dump the toxic wastes in more than 18 locations around Abidjan,
Ivory Coast consisting of densely populated areas. The residents in these areas had woken up
to nausea, dizziness, and headaches. From the incident, 15 people died, 69 people were
hospitalized and over 108,000 others sought medical assistance. Even though the wastes were
announced to be completely cleaned and decontaminated, the residents of Abidjan still suffer
from health symptoms related to the toxic poisoning till this day.

2.0 OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the events that took place during the toxic waste dumping incidents.
2. To identify the emergency response and control measures taken relating to air quality
issues.
3. To determine the implication of the issues to the public as well as officials.
3.0 METHOD OF REVIEW

To achieve the objective of this study review, the methodology used for this study is a
method of review. The data and fact for this study were derived from online article regarding
the air pollution issues cover in this study which is Ivory Coast Toxic Waste Dump. As for
the main reference in this study, we refer the study by Amnesty International (2018) that
investigate the case for a medical study of the long-term health impacts of the Trafigura toxic
waste dumping as our main reference. However, as for other additional fact and data, several
keywords were used to extracted the data and the article was retrieved from google scholar,
Google, and Science Direct using keywords search such as “toxic waste dumping”, “Probo
Koala”, “air pollution issue”, “ivory coast”, “disaster” and “Trafigura”.

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Location or area

As mentioned by a case study made by Mind the Gap (2020), Trafigura, headquartered in
Singapore, produced approximately 100 gallons of toxic waste on board its ship, the ‘Probo
Koala,’ as a result of the refining of a dirty petroleum product in early 2006. Trafigura was
aware that the large amount of waste was hazardous but had not determined how to safely
dispose of it. The cargo has been attempted and failed to be disposed of in five different
countries: Malta, Italy, Gibraltar, the Netherlands, and Nigeria. Aside from that, its attempt to
dispose of the waste in Amsterdam sparked an environmental incident when residents
complained of an overwhelming odor as well as nausea, dizziness, and headaches after some
of the waste was unloaded (Amnesty International, 2021).
Figure 1: The ship known as ‘Probo Koala’ owned by Trafigura which has been intoxicating
Africa with poisonous waste.

Soon after, Amsterdam Port Services (APS), a Dutch waste disposal company, offered to
properly dispose of the waste in the Netherlands for the company, but it was rejected because
proper disposal would have cost more money than they anticipated. The safe disposal will
cost them the equivalent of US$620,000. Refusing to pay extra, the ship then made its way to
the Ivorian port of Abidjan. The toxic waste was eventually illegally dumped in Côte d'Ivoire
by a local company Trafigura hired to dispose of it for only US$17,000—a fraction of the
price quoted in the Netherlands. According to Leigh and Hirsch (2018), the company has no
prior experience in waste removal and has agreed to handle the highly toxic material for a
sum that is 20 times less than the amount demanded by APS in Amsterdam.

Côte d'Ivoire, also known as Ivory Coast, is a country on West Africa's southern coast,
with Abidjan as its capital city (Mundt, 1999). According to the BBC (2010), the hazardous
substances belonging to the Anglo-Dutch commodity trading company Trafigura, were later
dumped at 18 locations throughout the city, including municipal dumpsites, while many other
possible locations remain unknown to this day.
 Figure 2: The map of Côte d'Ivoire.

4.2 Victims of community affected

The effects on people's health were felt right away, causing a medical emergency that at
its height resulted in approximately 8000 persons seeking care in a single day. Official data
show that by the end of October 2006, more than 100 000 patients had received treatment.
According to the government, pollution caused between 15 and 17 deaths. At the end of
October 2006, the medical response was formally concluded, and by that point, health centres
had tallied almost 107 000 consultations, 69 hospitalisations, and 10 fatalities. The actual
number of patients, however, is probably larger because partial data exist and not all patients
visited a specific medical facility. According to a Ministry of Health evaluation of
consultation data, 33.6% of those who sought treatment were under the age of 19, with 11.6%
being under the age of five (Amnesty International, 2018). Nevertheless, United Nation
(2016), stated that according to official estimates, the "Probo Koala disaster" resulted in 15
fatalities, 69 hospitalisations, and more than 108,000 other medical visits.
4.3 Air quality issues

Derived from irresponsible action has resulted in environmental issues, subsequently

causing detrimental effects on humans and the environment. The accident caused slops (a
term for cargo and tank washing residues, as well as some oil refinery waste) to be disposed
of in Ivory Coast with a mixture of gasoline water and caustic washing. The process of
caustic washing required the mixing of caustic soda and coker naphtha, which contributes to
the production of hydrogen sulfide as the by-product of the activity and produces higher
content of sulfur.

Moreover, the toxic waste also contained substantial chemicals such as hydrogen, sulfide,
sodium hydroxide (acoustic soda), and mercaptans. Pino-Cortés et al. (2020) found that
mercaptan oxidation is a technology that is widely used for mercaptans removal content in
the oil industry and the strong odor of sulfides and mercaptans are highly toxic even at
minimal concentration. The impact primarily occurred when the public started to report and
complained of being overwhelmed by a strong smell which was then attributed to mercaptans
(methanethiol), a harmless but pungent-smelling gas that resembled rotting cabbage or smelly
garlic (Lambert, 2020). It is identified to pose a health risk to humans when exposed to high
doses of usage causing headaches, nausea, eye irritation, and respiratory distress (Marcoux,
2022).

The accident has severely affected the air and caused air pollution when gasses leaked
from the open-air dumping. Hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) has been identified to be present in
the air which has contributed to the colorless, flammable gas and the smelly characteristics.
Sulfide gas is considered to be harmful to human inhalation as it can disrupt the respiratory
system and cause further implications. Besides, the presence of mercaptans has been
identified to be converted from the mercaptide s from the waste and being released into
the air, thus polluting the environment. The long-term- air pollution issues have been faced
by the public in Abidjan as the foul smell also called “Probo Koala smell” has kept rising
particularly after the rainfall and that occurred for months even after the initial dumping of
the toxic waste.
4.4 Timeline of emergency response

19 August 2006
The cargo ship, ‘Probo Koala’ arrived in Nigeria and attempted to dispose of the waste there.
However, all attempts were unsuccessful. Then, a newly licensed company, Compaigne
Tommy was hired by Trafigura to help the cargo ship discharge 500 tonnes of toxic waste in
Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Without any written contract on treating the waste to make it safe
beforehand, the hazardous waste was dumped at 18 sites around the city while many other
possible locations remain unknown to date.

20 August 2006
Abidjan residents woke up that morning to a strong and spreading smell that was described as
suffocating with a mix of rotten eggs, garlic, gas, and petroleum. Tens of thousands of people
experienced similar symptoms including headaches, skin irritations, and breathing problems.
The Ivorian government issued orders to shut down schools in affected areas and to destroy
produce that was grown on or near dumping sites as a preventative measure. Fishing was
prohibited in the Ébrié Lagoon's bays and livestock that was raised close to the areas was also
put to death.

23 August 2006
The Ministry of the Environment informed the Minister of Health of the dumping problem
and a medical emergency response was immediately commenced where the scope expanded
as more dump sites were discovered. The Minister of Health also increased designated
treatment facilities from 2 hospitals to 32 medical centers and 20 mobile medical units.

Middle of September 2006

As 8000 people sought treatment in just one day, the Côte d’Ivoire government had to rely on
assistance from the Red Cross and the World Health Organization (WHO), as well as the UN
Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) team that undertook a mission to Abidjan
in the middle of September 2006. In this month, the clean-up and decontamination process
officially began.
End of October 2006
At the end of the month, the medical response officially ended. After the incident, 15 people
died, 69 people were hospitalized and over 108,000 others sought medical treatment.
However, the number may be higher due to incomplete records.

September 2006 until February 2007

A French company, Tredi was hired to remove more that 9000 tonnes of contaminated
materials from 15 of 18 identified sites around Abidjan.

April 2007
The Côte d’Ivoire government and Trafigura hired another French company, Burgeap, to
audit the work undertaken by Tredi and to identify known and potential dump sites that may
still require decontamination.

October 2007
Tredi mentioned that more than 6000 tonnes of heavily contaminated materials were still
present in Abidjan. The Côte d’Ivoire government hired a Canadian company, Biogenie, to
carry out a biodegradation process as part of a polluted soil treatment method.

March 2010
The Biogenie company had only begun treating the polluted soil using the biodegradation
process.

November 2010
Biogenie took a break from the polluted soil treatments due to post-election violence where
Côte d’Ivoire was plunged into political turmoil.

November 2011
Biogenie finally resumed their soil treatments operations after the state institutions started
functioning again in May 2011.
4.5 Who respond towards the issues

There were several responsible authorities taking responsibility and immediate action
towards the issues. After the increasing number of people experienced similar health issues,
the Ivory Coast's government came out with a mandated and issued precautionary measures
around the contamination areas. Other than that, the Minister of Health, Red Cross, World
Health Organization (WHO) as well as the UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination
(UNDAC) team are also the actors that play an important role in overcoming the pollution
issues. As for the cleanup process, Trafigura immediately mobilized top personnel to handle
the issue which were 25 specialists from France’s Sche group to ascertain the truth behind the
Probo Koala slops, aid in the cleanup effort, and provide assistance to the Ivory Coast.
Numerous authorities, including those from the Ivory Coast, the UK, and the Netherlands,
looked into this affair.

The first phase of the cleanup, which began in September 2006 and involved excavating
the dumping sites and transporting the waste to France for incineration, was done by the
French business Trédi. The government of Côte d'Ivoire, which was conducting an
environmental monitoring of the sites, was one of the several actors who carried out
additional clean-up and rehabilitation work in the ten years that followed the dumping.
(United Nation Environment, 2018). Besides that, Burgeap and Biogeni also another
company that has been hired by Trafigura to perform an audit at the dumping activities.
Lastly, the UN Environment Programme was another actor that was involved in controlling
the issues.

4.6 How the issues have been controlled

After tens of thousands of people experienced a range of similar health problems,

including headaches, skin irritations, and breathing problems, the Ivorian government
immediately issued a precautionary measure to close down schools in affected areas and the
destruction of fruits and vegetables grown on or near dumping sites. Other than that, livestock
raised in proximity to some sites was also culled while fishing was banned in the bays of the
Ébrié Lagoon. Subsequently, the Minister of Health had immediately initiated a medical
emergency response as they were informed of the dumping incident. The response scale
expanded as more dumpsites were discovered including increasing the designated treatment
facilities from 2 hospitals to 32 medical centers and 20 mobile medical units to accommodate
all victims. As the number of people who sought treatment reached 8000 people per day, the
Côte d’Ivoire government had to be assisted by the Red Cross and the World Health
Organization (WHO), as well as the UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC)
team. Besides that, around 25 specialists from France's Seche group deployed the necessary
equipment at more than 10 sites (Peter Murphy, 2017). With the help of these organizations,
the official clean-up and decontamination process finally began after almost 4 weeks prior to
dumping. At the end of October 2006, the medical response officially finished at the end of
the month.

From September 2006 until February 2007, a French company, Tredi was hired to remove
more than 9000 tonnes of contaminated materials from 15 of 18 identified sites around
Abidjan. The Côte d’Ivoire government and Trafigura had also hired another French
company, Burgeap to audit the work undertaken by Tredi and to identify known and potential
dump sites that may still require decontamination. Even Though this helps in controlling the
spread of the toxic waste, by October 2007, Tredi mentioned that more than 6000 tonnes of
heavily contaminated materials were still present in Abidjan. Thus, the government hired yet
another company, Biogenie to carry out a biodegradation process in an attempt to treat the
polluted soil from the dumping activities. Only by 2012, the clean up process was finally
completed and the government announced that it had completed the cleanup and
decontamination of all of the dumpsites by 2015. In 2016, the UN Environment Programme
performed an environmental audit of the dumpsites to verify their decontamination at the
request of the Côte d’Ivoire government. And then, in 2017, the UN Environment Programme
conducted a follow-up mission to carry out complementary sampling and to fill specific
analytical gaps and to corroborate initial findings from the laboratory analysis so that the area
can be deemed completely safe from the toxic wastes (Amnesty International, 2018).
4.7 Factors that might worsen the situation

A military coup, a political ongoing crisis, and other issues sparked the civil war, which
destroyed Ivory Coast's economic development and people's lives from December 1999 to
2003. Some of these issues are still unresolved, and thousands of French and West African
troops remain in Ivory Coast for peacekeeping and other military-related operations (Hu,
2008).

Then, the Ivory Coast's toxic waste dumping event in 2006 further exacerbated the
country's situation. The dumping in Abidjan was undeniably illegal. As mentioned in an
article by Bratspies, R. (2018), in this case, corruption plays a part in the environmental
catastrophe. The illegal importation of hazardous waste into Côte d'Ivoire was made possible
by the dumping of Probo Koala waste, which revealed the shortcomings in the legal measures
designed to do so. The authorities in Côte d'Ivoire neglected to investigate the type of waste
and any potential effects it might have on human health and the environment before releasing
it into the environment. Given that Côte d'Ivoire had just ended a civil war in which 4,000
UN peacekeepers had been stationed all over the nation, this was not unexpected. In addition,
the same year saw a number of violent outbreaks in Abidjan and other cities across the
nation. The government was having trouble managing anything, much less keeping an eye on
the import of hazardous waste that was being passed off as ship waste. Indeed, the Ivorian
environmental authorities had no presence in Abidjan's port and were unable to conduct a
systematic inspection of ships docking there during that time.

Moreover, Trafigura steadfastly resisted disclosing information regarding the type of

waste in question after the waste dumping incident. In fact, a decade after the dumping,
Trafigura has still received criticism from a number of UN Special Rapporteurs for its
continued lack of transparency regarding the nature of the waste and for failing to take
appropriate action (OHCHR, n.d).
4.8 Opinion on how to ensure the issues will not happen in the future

In order to ensure that these problems do not recur in the future, companies should be
mandated by law to conduct human rights due diligence across all of their international
operations and to make the results available to the public. Additionally, they should be legally
obligated to report all information regarding any material or substance in their ownership or
control that has an adverse effect on the environment or public health. In Malaysia, the
legislation used under Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of
Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations (2000), the employer should identify and record
all chemicals hazardous to health that are used in the workplace. It is one of the employer’s
duty to ensure it. Based on the case study, the people of Abidjan did not know exposure to the
chemicals in the waste could cause long term health effects or not. Thus, with the chemicals
data can help the affected people to be treated and the company should take this seriously
because it is easier to prevent an accident from spreading once it has occurred.

The alternative is to measure air concentrations at various locations to encompass all

populations that are exposed and to make it possible to predict exposures (Amnesty
International, 2018). According to Council (2023), exposures are often assessed using
mathematical models because it is frequently hard or impractical to physically examine the
exposures of people or populations. Exposure to air pollution is associated with a number of
adverse health outcomes, including early death and a wide spectrum of global diseases
(Askariyeh et al., 2020). The authorities must measure air concentrations and perform a study
in order to thoroughly examine any long-term effects because Trafigura concealed some
information about the waste. It also avoids any reoccurring or other development of disease
in the public. Therefore, the air monitoring and modeling must be done at the affected areas.

Furthermore, to measure the air concentrations of all pollutants downwind of the

dumping, especially in locations where people live. Wind speed and waste dilution after
dumping are related. Chemicals in the air would scatter more quickly due to the wind's speed
and direction (Amnesty International, 2021). Chemicals in the air would influence anyone
who were in the downwind direction of the release point. Proximity of the neighborhood's
residents to the waste. It is obvious that people are more at risk the closer they are to waste
that has been dumped since they would be exposed to more poisons through breathing. The
concentration of chemicals that have been volatilized would be diluted by uncontaminated air
the further away people are, resulting in a reduction in their exposure (USEPA, 2016). As
individuals can only take in so much air over a given interval, the lower the air concentration
of a chemical, the less will be inhaled. Through measuring air concentration, the government
can relocate the population to a location where it won't be exposed to pollutants and will be
safer.

4.9 The implication of the issues

Mixed with chemical substances has been identified to be the causal factors to the health
implication suffered by the public. The dumping of toxic waste close to the residential,
workplaces, schools, and agricultural areas has caused the area to be engulfed with a terrible
smell that consequently produces acute detrimental effects on the community. Most of them
experienced nausea, headaches, vomiting, abdominal pains, and irritation of the skin, nose,
and eyes. At high concentrations, the effects could be more severe including convulsions,
coma, and death. By October 2006, more than 107, 000 people suffered from the impacts
which resulted in a fatality. Other than that, some of the victims were hosptalized for various
reasons including gastrointestinal, and digestive problems, dyspnoea, and neurological
problems.

In addition, the presence of methyl and ethyl in mercaptans could contribute to cough,
headaches, nausea, and breathing difficulties as they have a strong unpleasant odor. Severely,
when that chemical makes contact with acid would be led to the production of hydrogen
sulfide. It could irritate the eyes and respiratory tract and affects the central nervous system
when being contacted through inhalation or skin adsorption. The effects from inhaling such
contaminants also produced headache, dizziness, cough, sore throat, nausea, and labored
breathing. However, exposure to high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide could severely
result in unconsciousness and death. Other than that, the exposure of the eyes caused some of
the patients to endure eye redness, and pain, and there may be severe deep burns.

More than that, sodium alkyl mercaptides which is the by-product of the reaction between
the mercaptans and sodium hydroxide. Sodium methyl mercaptide was identified to be
harmful by the ingestion and inhalation of the corrosive and toxic substances, while
permanent ulceration also could be occurred from contact with skin. Meanwhile, exposure to
sodium hydrosulfide that is produced from the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and sodium
hydroxide affected humans through inhalation and ingestion poses skin ulceration, and
possibly causes corneal damage as well as lung damage.
Although the concentration of toxic chemicals like benzene, xylene, and toluene present
in the air could not be identified, however, they were recognized in the analysis of the waste
composition. Exposure to those organic chemicals could have a range of negative health
impacts and mostly are respiratory tract irritants, and exposure could exacerbate breathing
problems in individuals with conditions such as asthma or bronchitis.

4.10 Conclude whether this issue can be prevented or controlled from occurring

The ivory coast toxic waste dump can be prevented from occurring. It is because the
company should be responsible for its waste management as stated in the law. In Malaysia,
the Environmental Quality Act 1974 will be used to deal with this issue. According to the
United States Environmental Protection Agency; USEPA (2016), understanding the quantity
and types of waste generated can put the company in a better position to negotiate for waste
and recycling services that truly meet your demands and find strategies to cut hauling
expenses. As mentioned in the case study, Trafigura initially rejected a disposal company's
offer to safely dispose of the waste in the Netherlands due to the high cost. The cycle would
not be broken if all businesses failed to properly dispose of their hazardous waste, which
would have an impact on both the environment and people.

Besides, this issue can be prevented if the waste is handled by the right hand. Although
Trafigura was aware that the waste was harmful, they were unable to dispose of it properly.
Since this type of waste necessitates specialized management, few facilities are equipped or
capable of handling it. Due to the exorbitant expense, Trafigura rejected a disposal company's
offer to safely handle the waste in The Netherlands. Although the expense of treating waste is
high, it is still preferable to the more expensive ways to treat the environment and affected
humans. Therefore, the waste generator should adequately plan and manage the disposal of
the waste and leave the task in the hands of the expert.
5.0 CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, Trafigura's decision to outsource the disposal of toxic waste is a clear

attempt to escape the accountability and expenses of its own high-risk activities, namely the
generation and disposal of significant amounts of toxic waste. Besides, the dumping violated
the people of Abidjan's right to health and exposed them to health risks that have never been
fully understood or addressed. This had a terrible effect on their environment and health.
People in Abidjan continue to live in constant fear of the effects of the dumping on their
health and the health of their children sixteen years after the disaster which has left the
victims with irreparable harm. In addition, from this tragedy, industry should have learned by
managing their waste correctly and following the regulation that has been mandated by the
government. Not only that, the government should provide facilities for toxic waste dump so
that the industry or other companies who handle the toxic substances can properly dispose of
their toxic waste.

Other than that, the Probo Koala's actions can only be described as terrible because they
had a significant impact on the neighbourhood and the environment. The company's initial
disrespect for taking accountability and realising the damage they had is the most worrying.
Families were uprooted from their homes and people lost their lives; the effects are still being
felt by those who were impacted. It is nonetheless comforting to observe that the afflicted
people received the healthcare they needed through free medical clinics in a nation with
economic challenges. Despite a protracted legal process, the country achieved justice in the
form of a compensation for the repair of the land. Now that this has been satisfactorily
remedied, it is hoped that further harm to the neighbourhood and environment will be
avoided. From various case studies around the globe, it is clear that we take the lessons from
these catastrophes and work to prevent their repetition in the future without consequences.
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