PART A (2M)

1 Answer the following: (10 X 02 = 20 Marks)

(a) What is the difference between bus admittance matrix and bus impedance matrix?
(b) What is meant by primitive network?
(c) If the Base voltage is 11000 V and Base kVA is 106. What is the Base impedance?
(d) What are the methods to reduce the short circuit current?
(e) Is a direct solution possible for a load flow problem? If not, give reasons.
(f) Define controlled bus and PQ bus.
(g) List out the elements of Jacobian Matrix.
(h) What is the purpose of Slack bus?
(i) Define transient stability limit.
(j) What is meant by critical clearing angle

1 Answer the following: (10 X 02 = 20 Marks)

(a) Define Cut set and Tie set.
(b) Define primitive network.
(c) Write the equation for the bus admittance matrix.
(d) List the various types of shunt and series faults.
(e) What is the need for load flow study?
(f) What is the need for slack bus?
(g) List the quantities specified and the quantities to be determined from load flow
study for various types of buses.
(h) How the convergence of N-R method is speeded up?
(i) Define swing curve. What is the use of swing curve?
(j) Give the expression for critical clearing time

Answer the following: (10 X 02 = 20 Marks)

(a) What do you mean by sparse matrix?
(b) Describe primitive network. Give an example.
(c) What are the models used to represent generators in short circuit analysis?
(d) Draw the zero sequence networks for Y/Δ connected transformer.
(e) What are the disadvantages of the Gauss Seidel load flow analysis?
(f) List at least two advantages of load flow studies.
(g) List the quantities specified and the quantities to be determined from load flow
study for various types of buses.
(h) Write the advantages of fast decoupled method.
(i) Why transient stability limit is lower than steady state stability limit?
(j) Discuss about elementary idea o f steady state stability.

1 Answer the following: (10 X 02 = 20 Marks)

(a) Write the most important mode of operation of power system and mention the
major problems encountered with it.
(b) Define node and branch.
(c) What is bus admittance matrix?
(d) What is the need for short circuit studies or fault analysis?
(e) What is power flow study or load flow study?
(f) Why do we go for iterative methods to solve load flow problems?
(g) Mention (any) three advantages of N-R method over G-S method.
(h) Mention the advantages of bus admittance matrix.
(i) Define steady state stability.
(j) What are the assumptions made in solving swing equation?

PART B
2 With the use of Graph Theory concepts, explain the following matrices:
(a) Element node incidence matrix Â.
(b) Bus incidence matrix A.
OR
3 Determine ZBUS for the network shown in figure below where all impedances are
represented in p.u.
UNIT – II
4 (a) Draw the relationship between the phase components and the sequence
components.
(b) What are symmetrical components? Explain the symmetrical component
transformation.
OR
5 Derive the necessary formulae for analysis of a power system subjected to
unsymmetrical short circuits. Also, give the step by step procedure for applying these
formulae.
UNIT – III
6 Derive the basic equations for the load flow study using Gauss-Seidal method and
explain the following:
(i) Acceleration factor.
(ii) Convergence criteria.
(iii) Handling of PV buses.
OR
7 A three bus power system is shown below and the values of line admittances are in
p.u. The corresponding data given in the table. Determine the voltages at buses 2 and
3 after 1st iteration using Gauss-Seidal method. Take the acceleration factor 𝛼 = 1.6.
UNIT – IV
8 Explain the detailed procedure for a Newton – Raphson method-based solution of a
power system network when PV buses are present with a flow chart. Also, give the
necessary formulae.
OR
9 The figure given below shows a three-bus power system. Bus (1) slack bus Especified
= 1.05∠00 Bus (2) PV bus |E|specified = 1.0 p.u. PG = 3p.u. Bus (3) PQ bus PL = 4p.u.,
QL = 2p.u. Carry out one iteration of load flow solution by Newton-Raphson method.
Take Q limits of generators as 0.1 ≤ Q ≤ 0.25.
UNIT – V
10 (a) A power deficient area receives 50 MW over a tie line from another area. The
maximum steady state capacity of the tie line is 100 MW. Find the allowable sudden
load that can be switched on without loss of stability.
(b) What are the factors that affects transient stability limit? Give examples.
OR
11 (a) Derive the swing equation for a single machine connected to infinite bus
system. Also mention the assumptions made.
(b) Explain critical clearing time and critical clearing angle with a neat graph.

2 (a) Derive the formula for Zbus using building algorithm if the element is a branch
with mutual coupled to other element.
(b) Describe the procedure for modifications of Zbus when a line with mutual
impedance is added.
OR
3 Determine the incidence matrices A, A1 , B, B1 , C, C1 and K. From that verify the
following relations for shown in figure below, take 1 as reference bus:
(i) Cb = -BL T . (ii) AbKT = U.
UNIT – II
4 (a) Show that the per unit equivalent impedance of a two winding transformer is the
same whether the calculations is made from H.V side or the L.V side.
(b) Explain the comparison between p.u system and actual system in power system.
OR
5 (a) What is the importance to study the short circuit analysis? Discuss the possible
causes of short circuits in the power system.
(b) Determine short circuit MVA at the bus bars of a generating station 400 MVA and
other station is 200 MVA. The generated voltage of each station is 12 kV. Also find the
possible short circuit MVA at each station when they are linked by an inter connected
cable with a reactance of 0.6 Ω.
UNIT – III
6 (a) Explain the necessity of power flow studies in power system and list out the
power flow methods.
(b) Explain computation of losses and injected power (real and reactive power) in a
load flow study and derive its equations.
OR
7 (a) Write short notes on data for power flow studies. (b) Write an algorithm for
Gauss Seidel load flow method when P-V buses are present.
UNIT – IV
8 (a) Formulate the N-R load flow problem with respect to rectangular form. Explain
its solution..
(b) Writ the advantages and disadvantages of N-R method over Gauss Seidel method.
OR
9 (a) With neat flow chart, explain the computational procedure for load flow solution
using fast decoupled method when the system contains all types of buses.
(b) What is Jacobian matrix? How the elements of Jacobian matrix are computed?
UNIT – V
10 (a) Explain the classical methods for improving power system stability.
(b) A 20 MVA, 50 Hz generator delivers 20 MW over a double circuit line to an infinite
bus. The generator has kinetic energy of 2.52 MJ/MVA at rated speed. The generator
transient reactance is Xd = 0.30 pu. Each transmission circuit has R = 0 and a reactance
of 0.2 pu on a 20 MVA base. E’ = 1.1 pu and infinite bus voltage V = 1 pu. A three phase
short circuit occurs at the midpoint of one of the transmission lines. plot swing curves
with fault cleared by simultaneous opening of breakers at both ends of the line at 2.5
cycles.
OR
11 (a) Explain equal area criterion with respect to stability with neat sketch.
(b) Explain critical clearing time and critical clearing angle by deriving its expressions.

2 Form the Z-Bus by building algorithm for the power system network, data given in
the table below. Bus Code Self Impedance(p.u.) Bus Code Mutual Impedance (p.u.) 1-2
0.1 2-3 0.6 3-4 0.3 4-1 0.7 3-4 0.1 2-4 0.2
OR
3 (a) Explain the formation of Ybus by singular transformation.
(b) Form the YBUS using direct inspection method for the network shown in figure,
including the generators.
UNIT – II
4 (a) List the advantages of per unit system.
(b) A generating station has five section bus-bar connected with a tie bar through 7.5%
reactors rated at 3000 kVA. Each generator is of 3000 kVA with 10% reactance and is
connected to one section of the bus bar. Find total steady input to a dead short circuit
between the lines on one of the sections of the bus-bars: (i) With. (ii) Without
reactors.
OR
5 (a) Derive an expression for the fault current for a line-to-line fault at an unloaded
generator.
(b) Develop the expressions for fault admittance matrices in phase and sequence
component form for a three phase to ground fault.
UNIT – III
6 Describe the Gauss-Seidel method for the solution of power flow equations in power
systems deriving necessary equations.
OR
7 (a) Explain the use of acceleration factors in G-S method.
(b) Derive the static load flow equations in a power system.
UNIT – IV
8 Explain the load flow solution using N-R method with the help of a flow chart. OR
9 (a) Distinguish between Newton-Raphson and Gauss-Seidel methods of load flow
analysis.
(b) What is Jacobian matrix? How the elements of Jacobian matrix are computed?
UNIT – V
10 (a) Distinguish between steady state, transient and dynamic stability.
(b) What are the factors that affect transient stability?
OR
11 (a) Derive the power angle equation of a single machine connected to infinite bus.
(b) Derive an expression for steady state stability limit if the resistance and shunt
capacitance of the transmission line are considered.

2 Derive self and mutual impedances for addition of link between two old buses and
between reference bus and old bus with mutual coupling.
OR
3 Define the following and explain with suitable examples.
(i) Oriented graph.
(ii) Tree.
(iii) Link.
(iv) Loop.
(v) Cut set.
UNIT – II
4 (a) What is reactor? Explain the importance of reactors in power system and list out
its advantages.
(b) Obtain the reactance diagram of the given power system network. Choose base
quantities has 5 MVA, 33 KV. Generator : 30 MVA, 10.5 KV, X” = 1.6 Ω Transformers T1
& T2 : 15 MVA, 33/11 KV, X = 15 Ω referred to HV Transmission line : 20 Ω/Ph Load : 40
MW, 6.6 KV, 0.85 lag.
OR
5 (a) What are the assumptions made in short circuit studies of a large power system
network and explain briefly?
(b) Explain the need for current limiting reactors and their location in a power system.
UNIT – III
6 (a) Explain the load flow solution with P-V buses using G-S method (both algorithm
and flow chart).
(b) Derive the static load flow equations in a power system.
OR
7 (a) Explain the determination of bus voltages, injected active and reactive power
that can be computed in load flow studies.
(b) Explain the use of acceleration factors in G-S method.
UNIT – IV
8 (a) Explain the step by step computational procedure for the Newton-Raphson
method of load flow studies.
(b) Distinguish between Newton-Raphson and Gauss-Seidel methods of load flow
analysis.
OR
9 (a) Explain the significance of slack bus. How voltage controlled bus is handled in N-R
method in polar form.
(b) List out the types of buses in load flow studies and what are P.V busses. How they
are handled in Newton Raphson method.
UNIT – V
10 (a) Briefly explain the power system stability considerations and its classification.
(b) What is Swing equation and derive the Swing equation of a synchronous machine.
OR
11 (a) What is equal area criterion and explain its effect on stability with neat sketch?
(b) A generator operating at 50 Hz delivers 1 pu power to an infinite bus through a
transmission circuit in which resistance is ignored. A fault takes place reducing the
maximum power transferable to 0.5 pu whereas before the fault, this power was 2.0
pu and after the clearance of the fault, it is 1.5 pu. By the use of equal area criterion,
determine the critical clearing angle.