PYROLYZED BANANA ‘SABA’ (Musa paradisiaca) PEELS

AS RAINWATER FILTER

Omry Lei B. Caliguiran

Jedeo Gabriel Mauricio
Kathleen Uy
Researchers

Marijane Binag Queja

Research Adviser

Regional Science Highschool for Region 02

Camp Samal, Arcon, Tumauini, Isabela

S.Y. 2022-2023
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

Title Page i
Table of Contents ii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 3
A. Background of the Study 3
B. Statement of the Problem 5
C. Hypothesis 5
D. Significance of the Study 6
E. Scope and Limitation 6
F. Definition of Terms 7
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 8
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 17
A. Research Design 17
B. Research Environment 17
C. Materials and Equipment 17
D. Methods and Procedure 18
E. Statistical Tool 20
F. Flow Chart 20
BIBLIOGRAPHY 21
 3

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Water is life. It remains the most essential resource to support daily living.
Although access to water is a human right, billions still face challenges in this matter.
There is an ongoing global crisis wherein nearly two-thirds of the global population
suffers from severe water scarcity for at least one month. Approximately half of the
world's population might live in water-scarce areas as early as 2025, and 700 million
people could be displaced by extreme water scarcity stress by 2030. By 2040, about
one-quarter of the world's children will reside in locations with acute water scarcity
(World Population Review, 2022). In the Philippines, more than three million
Filipinos rely on unsafe and unsustainable water sources (Water.org, 2022).
Ironically, the country experiences an average of 20 tropical cyclones and
receives an average rainfall amount of 2,348 mm each year (World Bank, 2021). With
proper management, this could be an opportunity to address water scarcity. Rainwater
collection is a sustainable practice that helps conserve water for future use and is one
of the most effective techniques for conserving water (Yadav, 2021). In certain
instances, rainwater can be treated to be acceptable for human consumption, despite
being more commonly utilized for non-drinking purposes. In 2009, the United
Nations Environment Program (UNEP) noted the increasing popularity of rainwater
collection techniques and acknowledged their potential to decrease the number of
people who lack access to potable water. This water optimization procedure has been
widely implemented in rural parts of nations such as Brazil, China, New Zealand, and
Thailand (CleanaWater, 2022).
Meanwhile, one crucial process in making water safe for use is filtration.
Water filtration is the process of removing or reducing the concentration of particulate
matter, such as suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi, as
well as other undesirable chemical and biological contaminants from contaminated
water to produce safe and clean water for specific uses, such as drinking, medical, and
pharmaceutical applications. Typically, drinking water filtration systems involve five
stages of filtration: sediment, mechanical, chemical, mineral, and bacterial (Mao,
2016). There are also natural materials that were utilized for centuries before synthetic
 4

alternatives became accessible. These include sand, oysters, aquatic plants, coconut
husks, and charcoal (Parker, 2017).
Nevertheless, as studies continued looking for alternatives, banana peels were
found. Minced banana peel may remove lead and copper from river water better than
several other substances. A purifying device constructed of banana peels can be
reused up to eleven times without losing its metal-binding characteristics. Researchers
also noted that banana peels are interesting as water purifiers due to their inexpensive
cost and the fact that they do not require chemical modification to function (Castro et
al., 2011). Moreover, in another study, the transformation of banana peels into biochar
has the dual benefit of treating greywater and reducing the quantity of garbage
released into the environment (Tariku & Meskel, 2022).
In the Philippines, 'Saba' banana (Musa paradisiaca) is the most popular
locally grown cultivar, accounting for 39% of total production. Saba peels account for
40% of the total weight of fresh bananas that are wasted and it is estimated that 220
tons of by-products are created per hectare annually. Currently, these peels are not
employed for any other purpose and are primarily disposed of as expensive solid
waste. Its decomposition in the soil is responsible for the rise in CO2 and methane
emissions and its high carbohydrate content might raise the oxygen biochemical
demand in rivers (Bagabaldo, et al., 2022).
Furthermore, local studies using pyrolyzed banana peels as water filters are
limited despite their promising properties. Hence, this study aimed to develop and
determine the effectiveness of adding a layer of pyrolyzed banana, particularly the
‘saba’ variety, peels in filtering rainwater.

B. Statement of the Problem

The study seeks to develop and determine the effectiveness of pyrolyzed
‘Saba’ banana (Musa paradisiaca) peels as a rainwater filter. Specifically, it aims to
answer the following:
1. How effective are pyrolyzed 'Saba' banana (Musa sapientum) peels as a rainwater
filter, in terms of:
1.1. Turbidity
2.2. pH level
2.3. Bacteriological quality?
 5

2. Is there a significant difference between the effectiveness of the water filter device
with and without the pyrolyzed 'Saba' banana (Musa paradisiaca) peels?

C. Hypothesis
Ho : There is no significant difference between the effectiveness of the water filter
device with and without the pyrolyzed 'Saba' banana (Musa paradisiaca)
peels.
Ha : There is a significant difference between the effectiveness of the water filter
device with and without the pyrolyzed 'Saba' banana (Musa paradisiaca)
peels.

D. Significance of the Study

Continuous investigation of natural alternatives to filter water is important to
help maximize the use of rainwater and address water scarcity. The results of the
study are deemed significant to the following sectors:
Health. The information provided may be used by the common people most
especially those primarily relying on natural resources. This will also emphasize the
potential of banana peels to be developed by authorities to help in improving access to
water and sanitation.
Agriculture. This study will motivate the banana farmers as it could add value to the
crop. The banana peels which are considered agricultural wastes can be used for more
productive purposes.
Business and Economy. People from the business sector may see an opportunity to
increase support to the Banana industry helping boost the economy.

E. Scope and Limitations

The study will focus on developing a portable water filter device with
additional layer of pyrolyzed 'Saba' banana (Musa paradisiaca) peels. It will then
determine its effectiveness as a rainwater filter in reducing turbidity, improving pH,
and removing bacteria. There will be no human subjects to be used in testing. Expert
assistance from a sanitary engineer will be sought during the conduct. The study will
be conducted in the Science Laboratory of Regional Science High School – Cagayan
Valley Campus on January 2023.
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F. Definition of Terms

Pyrolysis - the process of applying heat to chemical molecules to cause their

breakdown. High temperatures cause substances to chemically
decompose.

Turbidity - the state or quality of being cloudy or opaque, typically as a result of

suspended materials or stirred-up sediment.

Bacteriological quality - the presence of an organism that serves as a pollutant

indicator, in this case total germs and fecal coliforms (Escherichia coli).
The total number of germs in a sample of water indicates the bacterial
population density.

Filtration - the process of removing solid particles from liquid or gaseous fluids by
passing the fluid through a filter media while keeping the solid particles
behind.
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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

Banana 'Saba'

Banana ‘Saba’, a common fruit crop in Southeast Asia, is a cost-effective source of a range of
healthful substances. Banana is regarded as one of the world’s most significant fruit crops in
terms of economic production and one of the most widely consumed staple foods after cereals
(Singh et. al., 2016). Global exports of bananas reached an estimated 19.2 million metric tons
in 2018, with Ecuador and the Philippines accounting for a substantial increase in supply
(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ,2019). Banana ‘Saba’ is the most
important economically significant banana cultivar in the Philippines, accounting for more
than 25 percent of the country's banana production. Not only is banana a significant source of
starchy staple food, but it’s also good to human health. Banana ‘Saba’ fruit is an excellent
food option due to its high vitamin content. The starch content of Banana ‘Saba’ fruit is
comparable to that of a potato. In addition, it is an excellent source of vitamins A, B, and C,
dietary fiber, and iron. Raw Banana ‘Saba’ fruit provides the greatest nutritional value.

According to the Banana productivity and supply chain enhancement in Cagayan Valley
Region – Industry Strategic Science and Technology Plans (ISPs) Platform by mcbautista.
(n.d.), Focusing on Saba, Lakatan, and Latundan kinds, the planned program aims to sustain
the Cagayan banana sector. Enhancing the Productivity and Supply Chain of Banana
Industry in Cagayan Valley Region is a program that will rehabilitate and improve the banana
industry in Cagayan along the supply chain, from input suppliers to banana manufacturing to
consumers of banana-based products or fresh banana. Additionally, it is anticipated that this
project will induce or stimulate the adoption of enhanced technologies and the cultivation of
commercial banana varieties.

The widespread propagation and distribution of Banana ‘Saba’ variants with small stature
would result in earlier fruit output and decreased exposure to pests, illnesses, and natural
calamities such as typhoons. This would improve the yield of the farms that will be planted
with Saba variety. To make Saba banana production more viable for small-scale farmers by
 8

adopting strains with short stature and early maturation, this project investigated the field
performance of four selected 'Saba' strains in six regions where the 'Saba' cultivar is grown.
These provinces include Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Laguna, Oriental Mindoro, Davao, and
Butuan. The findings demonstrated that mass propagation of selected lines was doable, albeit
with certain improvements and alterations from the norm (mcbautista, n.d.).

Banana production in the region increased by around 40,991 metric tons, or 14.3 percent,
from its level in 2019 of 286,309 metric tons. This absolute volume increase in banana output
represents more than eighty percent of the growth in the region's total fruit production, which
has risen by more than 50,000 metric tons. Notably, bananas account for 77.6% of the entire
production of principal fruits in Cagayan Valley. In terms of banana production, the
aforementioned conditions provide appropriate support, resulting in a positive overall fruit
yield in the region in 2020 (Banana Production Pulled-up Fruit Crops Output of Cagayan Valley
in 2020 | Philippine Statistics Authority Regional Template, 2020) .

More over fifty percent of the entire banana output in 2020 was generated in the province of
Isabela, which supplied the majority of the region's bananas. Cagayan province produced
around one-fifth of the overall output, while Quirino, Nueva Vizcaya, and Batanes harvested
the remainder. Almost three-quarters of the region's banana production in 2020 was of the
banana saba variety, while approximately fourteen percent was of the banana latundan kind.
The remaining types consist of lacatan, bungulan, cavendish, and other varieties of banana
not categorized elsewhere. These types generated less than ten percent of the region's total
banana production, with cavendish production contributing the least (Banana Production
Pulled-up Fruit Crops Output of Cagayan Valley in 2020 | Philippine Statistics Authority
Regional Template, 2020).

Pyrolyzed Banana peels

Banana peels were burned and then activated using a 30% sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
solution as opposed to KOH in a modified version of the process suggested by Yang et al. to
create BPB. Banana peels were dried in an oven at 140 °C for four hours to produce the BPB.
In a calcination furnace, the resultant banana peels underwent two stages of pyrolysis. In the
first step of pyrolysis, amorphous coal was produced by heating the fuel to 700 °C for 1 hour
at a rate of 3 °C/min. The result was treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at a weight ratio
 9

of 1:3, then heated at 800 °C for one hour to remove intermediate compounds that had
partially burned. These actions were followed by washing the BPA with distilled water and
be dried until constant mass (Negroiu M. et al., 2021). 

According to Kwon et al., 2020 experiment, To remove catalytic impacts, a tubular reactor
was constructed with quartz tubing (1.2-m length, 23-mm inner diameter, and 25.4-mm outer
diameter). Except for the dimensions of the Tubular Reactor, all components of the Tubular
Reactor are described in our earlier work. 1.000 0.001 g of Banana Peel was placed onto each
rocket. pyrolysis run. The gas medium flow rate was set at 300 mL/min, with the flow rate
controlled by a mass flow controller (Brooks, USA). Utilized is a tube furnace (RD
30/200/11, Nabertherm, Germany). The tubular furnace featured two zones of heating.
Consequently, for Banana Peel pyrolysis in a single step, two heating zones were regulated
simultaneously. In contrast, two distinct heating zones were utilized in the two-stage
pyrolysis of BP. The first and second heating zones were respectively dynamic (temperature
ramp:10 C/min, operating temperature: 40-700 C) and isothermal (600 C) runs. The TR
effluents were transported to an online micro GC (3000A, INFICON, Switzerland). Noting
that liquid dinitrogen was used to trap condensable pyrolysates (biocrude). By weighing the
biochar and biocrude, the mass balance of all pyrolysates was calculated. Scheme 1 describes
experimental setups for both one-stage and two-stage pyrolysis. Note that the mass fraction of
the gaseous pyrolysates was approximated using biochar and biocrude mass. Each experiment
was conducted at least three times, and the error rate was 1%.

Rainwater

Rainwater is typically devoid of all dissolved solids but contains dissolved gases
which result in pH values of about 5.5 or lower. Rainwater is therefore devoid of alkalinity; it
is acidic (low pH), low in mineral content and aggressive towards calcium bearing materials
such as concrete and some of the metals typically used in domestic plumbing. In coastal areas
rainwater may also contain up to 15 mg/l of sodium chloride from sea spray. The presence of
chlorides exacerbates corrosivity. Rainwater is also unpalatable in taste, again due to the low
solids content (Brandt et al., 2017).

Rainwater is a relatively clean water source and with necessary caution it can be even
used for potable consumptions. Importantly, it is a free source and can be collected in a
 10

considerable quantity from roof catchments and other pavement areas which can be used for
various purposes (e.g., garden watering, toilet flushing, laundry, cooling and heating,
hygienic use and drinking).

Rainwater is a mixed electrolyte with varying concentrations of big and little ions.
Calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium along with ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, nitrogen,
and other nitrogenous compounds, the main constituents are chloride, bicarbonate, and sulfate
ions.

In addition to being linked to disease outbreaks, rainwater can carry bacteria,

parasites, viruses, and chemicals that can make you ill. Depending on your location, how
frequently it rains, the season, and how you collect and store the rainwater, there may be
varying risks associated with drinking rainwater. Rainwater can become contaminated before
it reaches your roof by dust, smoke, and airborne particles. Hazardous substances like
asbestos, lead, and copper can get into the water through the piping, storage, and gutter
systems. Particularly when rain falls after several days of dry weather, dirt and germs can
wash into the roof's water collection system (CDC, 2019).

Water Filtration

The filtration procedure can remove particles present in water. Multiple techniques,
including straining, flocculation, sedimentation, and surface capture, are employed to
eliminate waste. According to the major mode of capture, filters can be categorized into two
groups: those that deposit material deep inside the medium and those that exclude particles
from the medium's surface.The filtration procedure can remove particles present in water.
Multiple techniques, including straining, flocculation, sedimentation, and surface capture, are
employed to eliminate waste. According to the major mode of capture, filters can be
categorized into two groups: those that deposit material deep inside the medium and those
that exclude particles from the medium's surface (Cleasby J.L. & Tobiason J.E., 2010).

When it comes to water treatment, filters consist of a media that is designed to catch
the bulk of the water's particles. These filters may be manufactured as disposable cartridge
filters suitable for residential and small-scale industrial applications. There are larger
cartridge filter types that are washable. After each cleaning of the filter, diatomaceous earth
or similar suitable material is put as a sacrificial coating to the porous support surface in one
 11

form of precoat filtration. In addition, a little amount of diatomaceous earth is continuously

utilized during the filtration process. In most municipal water treatment filters, sand or
another suitable granular material is used as the filter media. Using such filters for filtration is
frequently referred to as granular media filtration (O’melia C.R., 2010).

Rapid gravity or pressure filtration and slow-sand filtration are the two separate
techniques for utilizing granular media filters. The filters may need to be preceded by another
stage of solid-liquid separation, such as sedimentation, dissolved-air flotation, or a
preliminary stage of filtering when they are employed as the last technique of particle
removal from water. Other processes occur in vessels similar to those used for granular media
filtration. Although these processes share certain similarities with filtration, filtration is not
their exclusive or primary aim. Therefore, further discussion of these processes is omitted
from the present text. Examples include containers filled with activated carbon granules to
remove dissolved organic compounds and vessels loaded with ion exchange resin to remove
inorganic and organic ions. In certain instances, filters are used to remove iron, manganese,
and arsenic in addition to filtering (Logsdon G.S., 2010).

Water Analysis

Most typically, data on water quality are examined using parametric statistical
methods, where normal distributions must be assumed in order to reach accurate significance
levels. The distribution of these statistics, however, is not normal. These parametric methods
are inefficient when applied to non-normal data and may yield inaccurate findings.

Water testing standards are vital for establishing and evaluating the techniques and
infrastructure used to investigate the characteristics and pollutants in water for environmental,
health, and safety purposes. Using these water testing standards, local government agencies,
water supply facilities, and environmental labs may evaluate the water's quality and ensure
that it is safe for human consumption (Water Testing Standards, n.d.).

Test strips are thin, single-use strips that change color to indicate the concentration of
a certain chemical. The user "activates" the paper or plastic strip by dipping it into the water
sample and swirling it around, or by holding it in a stream of water, depending on the test.
After a short period of time, the chemical concentration is determined by comparing the color
of the test strip to a color chart. For a range of chemical tests, color disk test kits are
 12

available. Typically, the user prepares a water sample in a reusable plastic tube by adding a
packet of powder or a few drops of a liquid reagent. The sample tube is then placed by the
user into a small plastic viewing box. Inside this viewing box is a plastic disk printed with a
color gradient. The user turns the color disk until they locate the region that most closely
matches the color of the sample, and then they read the chemical concentration from the disk.
Hand-held digital devices, such as colorimeters, photometers, and digital meters, are
available for water testing. The most accurate of all three testing methods, but also the most
expensive and delicate. These instruments require batteries and calibration. (Lawson &
Mistry, 2017).
 13

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design
This study will use the Randomized Complete Block Design to determine the
effectiveness of pyrolyzed ‘Saba’ banana (Musa paradisiaca) in filtering rainwater.
The treatments and replicates are shown in the table below.

Treatment Replicates

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5

T1

(250g pebbles + 250g sand + 250g coconut

T1R1 T1R2 T1R3 T1R4 T1R5
husk + 250g charcoal + 250g pyrolyzed

banana peels)

T2

T2R1 T2R2 T2R3 T2R4 T2R5

(250g pebbles + 250g sand + 250g coconut

husk + 250g charcoal)

T3
T3R1 T3R2 T3R3 T3R4 T3R5
(Control)

B. Research Environment
The making of the rainwater filters will be conducted in the researcher’s
residence, Lapogan, Tumauini, Isabela and the Regional Science High School for
Region 2 Arcon, Camp Samal, Tumauini, Isabela Laboratory. The materials will be
collected from the Pinacanauan River, Tumauini Public Market, and an authorized
store for chemical substances in Tuguegarao City.
 14

C. Materials and Equipment

● 10kg ‘Saba’ Banana Peel – The raw material which will be pyrolyzed as an
additional filtering layer
● 4kg Coconut Husk – For filtration
● 4kg Sand Pebbles – For filtration
● Oven – For drying the banana peels
● Furnace – For the second stage of Pyrolysis
● 1 L Sodium Hydroxide – To remove partially charred intermediate compounds
(NaOH)
● 15 L Rainwater – Subject for filtration
● 15 pieces 4L-Plastic Bottle – for prototype filter
● Distilled Water – To wash off the banana peels

D. Procedure

Preparation and Gathering of Raw Materials

The ‘Saba’ banana peels, charcoal, coconut husks, and distilled water will be
purchased at Tumauini Public Market. To ensure that the collected banana peels are of
the ‘Saba’ variety, samples will be verified and confirmed by an Agriculturist.
Rainwater will be collected in Regional Science High School of Region 2 using a 15
L sterilized container. Other materials like sand pebbles will be collected in the
Pianacanauan River, Sisim Abajo, Tumauini, Isabela . The compound NaOH will be
bought in an authorized shop in Tuguegarao City.

Banana Peel Pyrolysis

A modified method proposed by Yang et al. will be used. The banana peels
will be dried in an oven at 140 oC for 4 h. The resulting banana peels will then be
subjected to two-stage pyrolysis in a furnace. After which, the charred banana peels
will be activated using a 30% NaOH solution.

Preparation of the Rainwater Filter

The materials will be layered and organized in the empty 4L water bottles
following the order as shown in the figure below:
Pebbles
 15

Sand

Coconut Husk

Charcoal

Pyrolyzed banana peel

E. Statistical Tool
The effectiveness of pyrolyzed banana peels in filtering water will be analyzed
descriptively using Mean and Standard Deviation.
One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with level of significance at 0.05
will be used in determining the significant differences of the effectiveness of the
water filters. Tukey Post-hoc test will also be employed to identify which particular
treatment is significantly different and most effective. Statistical analysis will be done
using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) v 20 and verified by a certified
Statistician.

F. Flowchart

Preparation and Gathering

of Raw Materials

Preparation of Pyrolyzed
Banana Peel

Preparation of Rainwater
Filter and Treatments

Testing and Comparison

 16

G. Data Gathering
The effectiveness of pyrolyzed ‘Saba’ banana peels in filtering rainwater will be
determined in terms of turbidity, pH level, and bacteriological quality of the collected
filtered rainwater. The turbidity level will be measured in Nephelometric Turbidity
Units (NTU) using a Nephelometer or Turbidimeter. Likewise, the pH level will be
determined using a pH meter. Moreover, bacteriological testing will determine the
absence or presence of microorganisms in the water samples. All the tests will be
conducted with the assistance of an expert in the DOST laboratory, Tuguegarao City.

H. Waste Disposal
The waste materials and other unused materials will be disposed of properly,
following the provisions of RA 9003 or Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000.

I. Risk Assessment
The researchers will observe safety precautions throughout the conduct of the
study particularly in the process of pyrolyzing the banana peels which will put them at
risk of burn injuries. In addition, safety or personal protective equipment such as
gloves, lab gown, mask, and goggles will be used especially when using the NaOH for
activation of pyrolyzed banana peels to avoid contact or inhalation.
 17

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