Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF
EDUCATION
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Division of Biñan City
BIÑAN SECONDARY SCHOOL OF APPLIED ACADEMICS
Purok 3, Brgy. Sto. Tomas, Biñan City, Laguna

Papaya (Carica papaya) Seeds

and Egg Shell as a Water Filter
Device in Testing the Turbidity of
Biñan River

Rio, Althea Anne F.

Velarde, Shiela Mae F.
Parrocha, Kurt Andrei A.

DIANE M. FURIO
Research Adviser

July 2023
ABSTRACT
 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Many people and communities in low- and middle-income countries

face serious health concerns as a result of the absence of access to clean
water and sufficient sanitation. In addition to physical health problems, a
lack of access to clean water and sufficient sanitization is becoming more
frequently linked to psychosocial disorders that have an impact on the
wellness of both individuals and communities. (Bisung et.al, 2017)

In a country that is rapidly growing in population and improving

through modernization, urbanization is one of the main causes of water
pollution. (Filipenco, 2023) Nowadays, water contamination is a major issue
on a global scale. Hazardous substances and bacteria that enter waterways
can contaminate water bodies such as rivers, lakes, seas, and oceans. As a
result, both humans and the environment are harmed by the declining water
quality. Human activities are affecting the water quality in every aspect. The
primary causes of the decline in water quality are the human activities
including inappropriate disposal of municipal and industrial effluents and
indiscriminate application of agrochemicals in agriculture. (Chaudhry, 2017)

The utilization of papaya seed as a raw material for the manufacture of

adsorbents and coagulants, as well as the removal of pollutants like various
heavy metals , using these materials in wastewater treatment processes, is
very significant.Most recent research has demonstrated that
adsorbents made from papaya seeds can be employed as essentially low-cost
substitutes for expensive adsorbents.This paper discusses the adsorption of
papaya seed to the heavy metals, whick is essentially rather
significant.(Hussain et.al,2014)

Papaya seed is also natural coagulant works at reducing turbidity and

color during the coagulation and flocculation processes, which is actually
rather substantial. A crucial sector of continuing research that is actually
fairly significant is the creation of a highly effective adsorbent and coagulant
using papaya seed. This research undoubtedly provides light on the recent
development of numerous workable methods for effectively incorporating
papaya seed into different wastewater treatment processes, turning it into a
value-added product in a truly outstanding way.( Z Dollah et.al, 2021)

Sajadi et al. reported highly recyclable CuO/eggshell nanocomposites

to efficiently remove aromatic compounds and 4-nitrophenol reduction from
wastewater [23]. Fe3O4-TiO2 nanosheets with superior antibacterial activity
under simulated solar light illumination to clean microbial-contaminated
water were also recently reported [24]. Although these nanomaterials have
been extensively studied for water treatment, a number of drawbacks
including complex synthetic methods, limited antibacterial and adsorption
capabilities as well as some strict operational conditions, largely limited their
industrial development. Comparably, benign, simple, multifunctional,
high-performance and cost-effective nanomaterials for water treatment are
extremely desirable. (Zhang et.al, 2019)

Water filtration devices are an important part of river management,

ensuring that the water that is used for daily activities. The goal of these
devices is to ensure that the water that is used for daily activities is clean
and safe. This is especially important in areas where rivers are used, for daily
water need as the water can contain pollutants that can put the health of
people at risk. These water filtration devices can be used to improve the
 water quality of rivers and streams. In addition, they can also help to reduce
the amount of pollutants that are released in the environment, helping to
make the air quality better.(Sensorex, 2020)
In recent years, a number of studies have been conducted to look for
natural coagulants that are sustainable and environmentally benign as an
alternative to inorganic and synthetic coagulants to acquire drinking water.
The fundamental goal of wastewater treatment is to generally remove enough
solids from the wastewater to allow the remaining to be discharged to
receiving water without obstructing its best or suitable use. (Sumathi and
Alagumuthu 2014; Ghebremichael et al. 2005).

With this background the effects of using papaya seed and eggshell as
a water filter for Biñan river, the researchers will conduct an experiment with
these organic materials such as eggshell and papaya seed to see if it's
effective in clearing the turbidity of Biñan river.

Research Objectives
This study focused on the following objectives:
1. To determine the concentration that would effectively reduce the turbidity of
the Biñan River.
1.1 50 grams of egg shell and 60 grams of papaya seed
1.2 45 grams of egg shell and 70 grams of papaya seed
1.3 25 grams of egg shell and 25 grams of papaya seed
2.To determine if the use of egg shell and papaya seed as an organic water filter
device that would clear the turbidity of Biñan river.
Statement of Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis
The use of Papaya seeds and Egg shell as a filtering device doesn't affect the
turbidity of Biñan river samples.

Alternative Hypothesis
The use of Papaya seeds and Egg shell as a filtering device affects the
turbidity of Biñan river samples.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Cyril Jerome M. Manning, John Paul B. Suarez, Jemma Rhyss A.
Fantone, Arcelli Mariae A. Ogalesco, Ann Mcsoule O. Cango, and Khyra C.
Basto stated that water is very essential in our life. The search for clean and
healthy water is already a subject of priority concern among countries. Most
people, especially in remote areas are exposed to hazards from pollutants in
drinking water. Water treatment is used to remove those pollutants and to
obtain palatable drinking water. Water contamination is due to improper
disposal of chemicals from factories and from people’s waste thrown in a
water system.
As stated by Johnrick Caietano (2020), they found out that Carica
Papaya consists of water-soluble and positively charged protein known as
cystine proteins that have developed as a putative coagulant in water and
waste water treatments. Seed functions as a coagulant because of the
existence of positively charged proteins that bind to negatively charged
particles. The Papaya Seed Protein is tested by experiment as a natural
coagulant, alum and solar disinfection to clear the water and kill 100
percent of bacteria.
According to S. Badrealam1,a), F. S. Roslan1,b) , Z. Dollah1,c) , A. A.
A. Bakar1,d) and R. Handan2,e)this studies investigate eggshell as an
alternative adsorbent. The effects of contact time, initial metal concentration
and adsorbent dosage were studied in batch experiments.The Cu and Zn
concentrations were analyzed triplicate using Spectrophotometer (Model: DR
2800). The result shows that more than 90% removal of Cu and Zn occurred
at optimum contact hours of 60 minutes and 120 minutes respectively while
optimum initial concentration was 1 ppm for Cu removal and 2 ppm for Zn
removal. Based on the present results, the application of the eggshell is a
potential and economic treatment for excessive Cu and Zn content in a
wastewater treatment plant.

According to Anna Cescon and Jia-Qian Jiang, safe water supply is

essential to maintaining human life and sustaining ecosystems and
community societies. In drinking water treatment, filtration plays an
important role in the multi-barrier approach employed for the removal of
pathogens. Filtration represents a barrier for some of the most common
issues encountered in the water supply industry; color, turbidity and
harmful microorganisms being the main ones among them. Moreover,
filtration plays an important role in the multi-barrier approach employed for
the removal of pathogens. Filtration is one of the core processes in water
treatment. The term refers to the removal, mainly by physical action, of
suspended solids as the suspension flows through a bed packed by granular
media. If a coagulant is added, colloids can be removed at the same time and
the range of detained particles increases considerably. Filtration focuses
mainly on turbidity, color, microorganisms and particulates, whether already
present in the water or formed via pre-treatment.
According to Y.L. Khee, P. L. Kiew and Y.T. Chung (2022), The use of
papaya seed as a precursor material for the production of adsorbents and
coagulants, and their applications in wastewater treatment processes to
remove pollutants, such as heavy metals, dyes and microorganisms, are
reviewed in this manuscript. Recent studies have shown that adsorbents
derived from papaya seed can be used to replace high-cost adsorbents as
low-cost alternatives. The raw papaya seed biomass can be chemically
modified to alter its surface functional group to improve the adsorption
efficiency.
According to Maribel S. Tizo, Lou Andre V. Blanco, Andrian Cris Q.
Cagas, Buenos Rangel B. Dela Cruz, Jimrey C. Encoy, Jemalyn V. Gunting,
Renato O. Arazo, Val Irvin F. Mabayo that the chicken eggshells as an
adsorbent could remove Cd in an aqueous solution up to 73%. The optimum
adsorption capacity was 146 mg g−1 obtained at 150 mg L−1 initial
concentration, 75 min contact time, 0.75 g adsorbent dose, and pH 6 at
room temperature. Heterogeneous adsorption occurred during the process as
revealed by isotherm studies with Freundlich model emerged having a higher
coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.91) than the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.86).
Overall, the study demonstrated that the chicken eggshell that is generally
considered as wastes in large quantities could become an economically
advantageous raw material for the removal of carcinogenic Cd from the water
body.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection of materials
In the first 1.5 bottles we used 50 grams of egg shell and 60 grams of papaya
seed. in the second 1.5 bottle we used 45 grams of egg shell and 25 grams of
papaya seed. and in the third 1.5 bottle we used 25 grams of egg shell and 25
grams of papaya seed with the fixed amount of 1 kilo medium pebbles each, 50
grams of sand each, 8 cm of fiber each, and 1/4 yard of cheese cloth each
concentration.

Preperation of Papaya seeds and Egg shell as bio-coagulant

To get rid of any dirt or contaminants, the papaya seeds and egg shell were
rinsed several times in distilled water. To ensure that the seeds and egg shell were
completely dried and simple to powderize, they were baked for an hour.

Using a food processor for 3 minutes to pulverize the papaya seeds and egg shell
into small pieces made the process easier.

The effectiveness of this strategy was examined using 3 distinct approaches: 50

grams of egg shells and 60 grams of papaya seed; 45 grams of egg shell and 70
grams of papaya seed; and 25 grams of egg shell and 25 grams of papaya seed. nine
samples altogether, three attempts at each concentration. These concentrations
were combined in various containers with predetermined numbers of additional
natural water filtering system components.

Data Gathering
The turbidity tube was slowly filled with filtered water until the pattern on the
disc was no longer visible. On the turbidity tube, look for the measurement (cm)
reading. In order to correspond to various lengths measured above the viewing disk,
find the corresponding turbidity values (in NTU);

Data of turbidity reading expressed in NTU of water samples were gathered in a

table below;

Concentratio Attempt 1 Attempt 2 Attempt 3 MEAN

n (NTU) (NTU) (NTU) (NTU)
50 grams of
egg shell and
60 grams of
papaya seed .
45 grams of
egg shell and
70 grams of
papaya seed .
25 grams of
egg shell and
25 grams of
papaya seed.

Data Analysis And Interpretation

The analysis of the substantial difference between the NTU Levels of the water
samples treated with three distinct concentrations will came after the reliable
identification of NTU level following turbidity testing and with the use of Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA).

The researchers will compare the performance of the three concentrations of

papaya seed and egg shells based on the data gathered from the NTU level through
ANOVA by its statistical difference. The following are the statistical tool used in data
gathering:

1. Mean - is used to determine if there's significant difference in the turbidity level

2. NTU Chart - to determine the turbidity level of each water sample.
3. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - will be used to identify if there's difference on the
three sampled water
MATERIALS AND METHODS
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY