BULE HORA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE

DEPARTIMENT OF INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

TITLE: QUALITY CHARACTARIZIATION OF GROUND WATER QUALITYFOR

SAFE DRINKING WATER BY USING BANANA PEELS.

BY: ALEMNEH WORKU

 CHAPTER ONE
1.Introduction

1.1. Background of study

Groundwater is a vital source of drinking water for many communities around the world,
particularly in resource-constrained regions. However, the quality of groundwater can be
compromised by various contaminants, including heavy metals, organic pollutants, and
pathogens, posing a significant risk to human health. Therefore, there is a pressing need to
characterize the quality of groundwater to ensure its safety for drinking purposes. This
research proposal aims to address this need by focusing on the characterization of
groundwater quality specifically for safe drinking water purposes and the potential use of
banana peels as an adsorbent for improving water quality.

The use of banana peels as an adsorbent for water treatment has gained attention in recent
years due to their abundance, low cost, and potential effectiveness in removing
contaminants from water. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of banana peels
to adsorb heavy metals, organic pollutants, and dyes from aqueous solutions
(Sathishkumar & Binupriya, 2012; Gupta & Suhas, 2009; Foo & Hameed, 2009). However,
there is a lack of

comprehensive research on the application of banana peels for improving groundwater

quality specifically for safe drinking water purposes.

The proposed research will build upon previous studies on water treatment using low-cost
adsorbents and contribute to scientific knowledge in the field of water treatment. By
delimiting the scope to safe drinking water production, this research aims to provide
valuable insights for communities with limited access to clean drinking water. The
potential impact of this research on water treatment methods is significant, as it could lead
to the development of innovative and sustainable technologies for producing safe drinking
water, particularly in resource-constrained regions (Mohan & Pittman Jr, 2006).
The importance of characterizing groundwater quality cannot be overstated, as it is crucial
for understanding the extent of contamination and identifying suitable treatment methods.
By analyzing parameters such as pH, turbidity, heavy metal concentrations, and organic
pollutant levels, researchers can assess the safety and suitability of groundwater for
drinking purposes (Kumar & Sinha, 2018). This research proposal aims to contribute to a
better understanding of the potential risks associated with contaminated groundwater and
the need for effective water treatment solutions.

In conclusion, the background of this study is rooted in the pressing need to characterize
the quality of groundwater for safe drinking water purposes and the potential use of
banana peels as an adsorbent for improving water quality. By addressing this need, the
research has the potential to benefit communities worldwide that are facing challenges
related to access to clean drinking water. , M., & Binupriya, A. R. (2012). Banana Peel-
Mediated Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces B: Bio interfaces, 94, 234-
238.

References

1. Kumar, K., & Sinha, M. (2018). Groundwater Quality Assessment: A Review.

International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology,
7(4), 3280-3286.

2. Sathishkumar

3. Gupta, V. K., & Suhas. (2009). Application of Low-Cost Adsorbents for Dye Removal - A
Review. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(8), 2313-2342.

4. Mohan, D., & Pittman Jr, C. U. (2006). Activated Carbons and Low Cost Adsorbents for
Remediation of Tri- and Hexavalent Chromium from Water. Journal of Hazardous
Materials, 137(2), 762-811.
5. Foo, K. Y., & Hameed, B. H. (2009). Utilization of Spent Tea Leaves as Adsorbent for
Removal of Acid Dyes from Aqueous Solution. Fuel Processing Technology, 90(5), 595-600.

1.2. Statement problem

The statement problem for the quality characterization of groundwater for safe drinking
water purposes using banana peels as an adsorbent lies in the lack of comprehensive
research on this specific application. While previous studies have shown the potential of
banana peels to adsorb contaminants from water, there is a need for focused research on
their effectiveness in improving groundwater quality for safe drinking water purposes
(Sathishkumar & Binupriya, 2012; Gupta & Suhas, 2009). Additionally, the pressing need
to ensure access to clean drinking water for communities in resource-constrained regions
further emphasizes the importance of addressing this gap in scientific knowledge (Mohan
& Pittman Jr, 2006).

Furthermore, the potential impact of this research on water treatment methods,

particularly in resource-constrained regions, highlights the urgency of addressing the lack
of comprehensive research on the use of banana peels as an adsorbent for improving
groundwater quality specifically for safe drinking water purposes. By delimiting the scope
to safe drinking water production and focusing on the potential benefits for communities
with limited access to clean drinking water, this research aims to provide valuable insights
that can contribute to the development of innovative and sustainable technologies for
producing safe drinking water (Kumar & Sinha, 2018).

1.2. Objective

1.2.1. General objective

The general objective of this research proposal is to investigate the effectiveness of banana
peels as a natural adsorbent for the removal of contaminants from groundwater, with the
aim of developing sustainable and eco-friendly methods for ensuring safe drinking water
quality.

1.2.2. Specific objective

1. To evaluate the ability of banana peels to adsorb common contaminants found in

groundwater such as heavy metals, pesticides, and organic compounds.

2. To compare the effectiveness of banana peels with other conventional adsorbents in

removing contaminants from groundwater.

3. To assess the potential economic and environmental benefits of using banana peels as a
natural adsorbent for groundwater treatment, in terms of cost-effectiveness and
sustainability.

1.3. Significance of the study scope

The significance of this research proposal lies in its potential to contribute to the
development of a natural and sustainable method for treating groundwater contaminants,
ultimately leading to improved access to safe drinking water. Groundwater contamination
is a widespread issue, particularly in developing countries, where access to clean water is
limited. By exploring the use of banana peels as a natural adsorbent, this research has the
potential

to provide a low-cost and environmentally friendly solution for addressing this critical
public health concern.

Furthermore, this study has the potential to contribute to the field of environmental science
and water quality management by offering an innovative approach to groundwater
treatment. Traditional methods for treating groundwater contaminants often involve the
use of chemical-based treatments, which can be expensive and have negative environmental
impacts. By contrast, utilizing banana peels as a natural adsorbent offers a sustainable and
biodegradable alternative, with the potential to reduce reliance on harmful chemicals and
promote environmental sustainability.

In addition, this research proposal has the potential to contribute to the development of
sustainable solutions for waste management. Banana peels are a readily available waste
product, and their utilization as a natural adsorbent for groundwater treatment offers a
practical and environmentally friendly way to repurpose this waste material. By turning
banana peels into a valuable resource for water treatment, this research has the potential
to contribute to efforts aimed at reducing organic waste and promoting sustainable waste
management practices.

Moreover, this study has the potential to contribute to the improvement of water quality
and public health in underserved communities. Access to safe drinking water is a
fundamental human right, yet many communities around the world continue to face
challenges related to water pollution and scarcity. By developing a low-cost and sustainable
method for treating groundwater contaminants, this research has the potential to make a
meaningful impact on improving water quality and access to safe drinking water for
communities in need.

Finally, this research proposal has the potential to contribute to the advancement of
knowledge in the field of water quality management and environmental remediation. By
exploring the use of banana peels as a natural adsorbent for groundwater treatment and
comparing its effectiveness with conventional adsorbents, this study has the potential to
generate valuable insights into the development of sustainable solutions for addressing
groundwater contamination.

References:

1. Foo KY, Hameed BH. Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems. Chem
Eng. J. 2010;156(1):2-10.

2. Garg VK, Gupta R, Yadav AB, Kumar R. Dye removal from aqueous solution by
adsorption on treated sawdust. Bioresour Technol. 2003;89(2):121-124.

3. Ho YS, McKay G. Sorption of dyes and copper ions onto bio sorbents. Process Biochem.
2003;38(7):1047-1061.

4. Lagergren S. Zur Theorie der sogenannten Adsorption gelöster Stoffe. Kungliga Svenska
Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar. 1898; 24:1-39.

5. Weber WJ, Morris JC. Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution. J Sanit Eng Div
Am Soc Civil Eng. 1963;89:31-60.

1.4. Delamination/Beneficiary
 1.4.1. Research Proposal Delimitation

This research proposal focuses on the characterization of groundwater quality specifically

for safe drinking water purposes and the potential use of banana peels as an adsorbent for
improving water quality. The study will not only assess the effectiveness of banana peels in
removing contaminants from groundwater but also evaluate their suitability for producing
safe drinking water. By delimiting the scope to safe drinking water production, the
research aims to provide valuable insights for communities with limited access to clean
drinking water.

1.4.2. Beneficiaries of the Research

The beneficiaries of this research include communities and populations that rely on
groundwater as a source of drinking water. By characterizing the quality of groundwater
and assessing the potential use of banana peels for water treatment, this research has the
potential to benefit communities with limited access to clean drinking water. The cost-
effective and sustainable nature of using banana peels as an adsorbent makes this research
particularly relevant for resource-constrained regions where traditional water treatment
methods may not be feasible.

1.4.3. Importance of Groundwater Quality Characterization

Characterizing the quality of groundwater is crucial for understanding the extent of

contamination and identifying suitable treatment methods. By analyzing parameters such
as pH, turbidity, heavy metal concentrations, and organic pollutant levels, researchers can
assess the safety and suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes. This research will
contribute to a better understanding of the potential risks associated with contaminated
groundwater and the need for effective water treatment solutions.
1.4.4. Potential Impact on Water Treatment Methods

The findings of this research proposal have the potential to impact water treatment
methods by providing evidence for the effectiveness of using banana peels as an adsorbent
for improving groundwater quality. If successful, this research could contribute to the
development of innovative and sustainable water treatment technologies that are accessible
to communities in need. The use of banana peels as an adsorbent could offer a cost-effective
and environmentally friendly solution for producing safe drinking water.

1.4.5. Contribution to Scientific Knowledge

By filling the gap in comprehensive studies on the application of banana peels for improving
groundwater quality specifically for safe drinking water purposes, this research proposal aims to
contribute to scientific knowledge in the field of water treatment. The proposed research will
build upon previous studies and provide valuable insights into the potential of using banana peels
as a sustainable adsorbent for water treatment applications. This contribution to scientific
knowledge has the potential to benefit communities worldwide that are facing challenges related
to access to clean drinking water.

References:

1. Kumar, K., & Sinha, M. (2018). Groundwater Quality Assessment: A Review. International
Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 7(4), 3280-3286.

2. Sathishkumar, M., & Binupriya, A. R. (2012). Banana Peel-Mediated Synthesis of Gold

Nanoparticles. Colloids and Surfaces B: Bio interfaces, 94, 234-238.

3. Gupta, V. K., & Suhas. (2009). Application of Low-Cost Adsorbents for Dye Removal - A
Review. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(8), 2313-2342.
4. Mohan, D., & Pittman Jr, C. U. (2006). Activated Carbons and Low Cost Adsorbents for
Remediation of Tri- and Hexavalent Chromium from Water. Journal of Hazardous Materials,
137(2), 762-811.

5. Foo, K. Y., & Hameed, B. H. (2009). Utilization of Spent Tea Leaves as Adsorbent for
Removal of Acid Dyes from Aqueous Solution. Fuel Processing Technology, 90(5), 595-600.

1.5. Research question

1. What are the optimal conditions for using banana peels as a natural adsorbent for removing
contaminants from groundwater, in terms of pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosage?

2. How does the effectiveness of banana peels as an adsorbent compare to other conventional
adsorbents for treating groundwater contaminants?

3. What are the economic and environmental benefits of using banana peels for groundwater
treatment, in terms of cost-effectiveness and sustainability, and how do these benefits contribute
to improving access to safe drinking water for communities in need?

UNIT TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 THEORETICAL LITERATURE REVIEW

Groundwater is a vital source of drinking water for millions of people around the world.
However, the quality of groundwater can be compromised by various contaminants,
including heavy metals and organic pollutants. The need for effective and sustainable
methods for water treatment and purification is therefore crucial. One potential solution is
the use of banana peels, which have been shown to have natural adsorbent properties that
can remove contaminants from water. This theoretical literature review aims to explore the
existing research on the use of banana peels for the characterization of groundwater
quality for safe drinking water.

Banana peels have been found to contain various compounds, such as cellulose,
hemicellulose, and lignin, which have been shown to have adsorbent properties for heavy
metals and organic pollutants in water (Alam et al., 2017). The use of banana peels as a
natural adsorbent for water treatment has been investigated in several studies, showing
promising results in the removal of contaminants such as lead, cadmium, and phenols
(Gupta et al., 2018). These findings suggest that banana peels could be a sustainable and
cost-effective solution for improving groundwater quality for safe drinking water.

In addition to their adsorbent properties, banana peels also contain bioactive compounds
such as polyphenols and flavonoids, which have been shown to have antioxidant and
antimicrobial properties (Nascimento et al., 2015). These compounds could potentially
contribute to the overall quality of treated water by reducing the presence of harmful
microorganisms and improving its taste and odor. Understanding the potential health
benefits of these bioactive compounds in banana peels is therefore important for assessing
the overall quality of treated water.

The characterization of groundwater quality for safe drinking water is typically assessed
based on various parameters such as pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, and the presence
of specific contaminants such as heavy metals and organic pollutants (Hussain et al., 2019).
The use of banana peels as a natural adsorbent could potentially influence these
parameters and improve the overall quality of treated water. Therefore, it is important to
review the existing literature on the impact of banana peels on these parameters to
determine their effectiveness in water treatment.

Furthermore, the sustainability and availability of banana peels as a natural adsorbent

should also be considered in the context of improving groundwater quality for safe
drinking water. Understanding the potential environmental impact and cost-effectiveness
of using banana peels for water treatment is crucial for assessing their long-term viability
as a solution for improving water quality (Azmi et al., 2020). Therefore, a comprehensive
review of the existing literature on these aspects is necessary to evaluate the feasibility of
using banana peels for water treatment.

In conclusion, this theoretical literature review aims to provide a comprehensive

understanding of the potential use of banana peels for the characterization of groundwater
quality for safe drinking water. By reviewing the existing research on the adsorbent
properties, bioactive compounds, impact on water quality parameters, and sustainability of
banana peels, this review will contribute to the overall knowledge on the potential
application of banana peels as a natural and sustainable solution for improving water
quality.

References:

Alam, M. N., Bristy, S. A., Rahman, M. M., & Islam, M. S. (2017). Adsorption of Pb(II)
ions from aqueous solution using raw and modified banana peel powder: A comparative
study. Desalination and Water Treatment, 73, 372-381.
Gupta, V. K., Nayak, A., Agarwal, S., & Tyagi, I. (2018). Potential of activated carbons
prepared from banana peel for sequestration of heavy metal ions: Equilibrium, kinetics
and mechanism of adsorption. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 250, 69-79.

Nascimento, G. G., Locatelli, J., Freitas, P. C., & Silva, G. L. (2015). Antibacterial activity
of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Brazilian Journal of
Microbiology, 31(4), 247-256.

Hussain, K., Shahbaz, M., Farooq, M., & Akram, N. A. (2019). Characterization of
groundwater quality using water quality index (WQI) in Aligarh city, India.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(7), 1-13.

Azmi, N. S., Zainol, N., & Othman, M. R. (2020). Banana peel as an eco-friendly adsorbent
for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater: A review. Journal of Environmental
Chemical Engineering, 8(3), 103885.

Azmi, N. S., Zainol, N., & Othman, M. R. (2020). Banana peel as an eco-friendly adsorbent
for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater: A review. Journal of Environmental
Chemical Engineering, 8(3), 103885.

CHAPTER THREE
 3.METHODOLOGY AND MATERIAL

3.1. Description of Study Area

Bule Hora (formerly Hagere Mariam, older, alternative names were Alga, Kuku) is a town in
southern Ethiopia. Located on the paved Addis Ababa-Moyale highway, in the West Guji
Zone of the Oromia Region. It is the largest town in this zone mainly inhabited by the Guji
Oromo. It has a latitude and longitude of 5°35′N 38°15′E and an altitude of 1716 meters above

sea level. a

Figure. Specific Location of Bule Hora Town

3. Equipments and Instruments

1. Spectrophotometer: This instrument can be used to analyze the chemical composition of
ground water samples, including the presence of contaminants and pollutants.

2. pH meter: To measure the acidity or alkalinity of the ground water samples, which can affect
its suitability for drinking.
3. Turbidity meter: To measure the clarity of the ground water, which can indicate the presence
of suspended particles or pollutants.

4. Banana peels: These will be used as a natural adsorbent to remove contaminants from the
ground water samples, and their effectiveness will be tested through various experiments.5.
Filtration system:

5.A filtration: system will be used to simulate the process of using banana peels to purify
ground water, and its efficiency in removing contaminants will be evaluated.

6. Microscope: To examine the physical characteristics of the ground water samples, including
the presence of microorganisms or other impurities.

7. Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS): This instrument can be used to identify

and quantify organic pollutants in the ground water samples. Samples, including the presence of
contaminants and pollutants.

8. Conductivity meter: To measure the ability of the ground water to conduct electricity, which
can indicate the presence of dissolved ions and minerals.

9. Dissolved oxygen meter: To measure the amount of oxygen dissolved in the ground water,
which is important for the survival of aquatic organisms and for assessing water quality

10. Microbiological testing kit: To test for the presence of harmful bacteria, viruses, and other
microorganisms in the ground water samples, which can pose a risk to human health if
consumed.

3.3. Reagent and Chemicals

1. Sodium hydroxide: Used for adjusting the pH of the ground water samples before analysis.
2. Potassium permanganate: Used as an oxidizing agent to test for the presence of organic
contaminants in the ground water samples.
3. Silver nitrate: Used for testing the presence of chloride ions in the ground water, which can
indicate contamination.
4. Ethanol: Used for extracting organic compounds from the ground water samples for analysis.
5. Hydrochloric acid: Used for cleaning and preparing glassware for the analysis of ground
water samples.
6. Calcium chloride: Used for calibrating the conductivity meter and for testing the hardness of
the ground water samples.
7. Luminal: Used for detecting the presence of certain pollutants in the ground water samples
through chemiluminescence.
8. Coliform test kit: Used for testing the presence of coliform bacteria in the ground water
samples, which can indicate fecal contamination.
9. Nitrate test kit: Used for testing the levels of nitrates in the ground water samples, which can
indicate agricultural or industrial pollution.
10. E. coli test kit: Used for testing the presence of E. coli bacteria in the ground water samples,
which can pose a serious health risk if consumed.

3.4 Collection of Plant Samples

The banana will be purchased from local market of Fiche city. The purchased banana will be
washed with distilled water and will be peeled and cut in to small pieces. They will be dried at
70-90°C in electric oven. The dried materials will be ground into powder form using pestle and
mortar.

3.5. Collection of water Samples

The water samples will be collected from a selected river and groundwater’s wells by using
water pump and then will be put it in the sampling bottles. The water samples then will be
brought to the laboratory for iron, manganese and hardness measurement tests. The result will be
getting from the test and the result will be analyzed for the further treatment process.
3.6. Spectroscopic Determination
Four ppm of a known Concentration of Ca metal and six ppm of Mg were added into six 100mL
round flasks. Different dosages of cactus (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 g) will be added and will be filled
with deionized water up to the mark of the flask. The solution in flasks will be homogenized and
allowed to settle for a few time. The absorbance will be measured using FAAS. The absorbance
will be compared in the present and in the absent of banana peels. The percentage removal (%)
of Ca and Mg metals by banana peels will be calculated using the equations [1]:
Ci  C f x100
%removal 
Ci

Where, Ci and Cf are the Concentrations of the Ca and Mg metals in the absent of cactus and in
the present of cactus, respectively.

The percentage removal (%) of Ca and Mg metals at various contact time will be also calculated

Cto  Ct x100
%removal 
Cto
using as: Where, Cto and Ct are the Concentration of the Ca and Mg

metals at initial and final time, respectively.

3.7. Reagent Test

Water samples that will be collected in the site will be brought to Laboratory of Bule Hora
University; In the laboratory, iron, manganese and hardness measurement testing will be
conducted. If amount of iron and manganese present in water exceeded the water quality
standard as presumed, removal of iron and manganese by using activated banana peels will be
carried out. For iron measurement test, 10 ml of water sample will fill into the clean square
sample cell. Ferro ver Iron Reagent Powder Pillow will be added to the sample cell.

The solution will be swirled to mix. An orange color is form if iron is present in the water
sample. The solution then will be waited for the three minutes’ reaction. For the blank
preparation, 10 ml of water sample will be filled into another square sample cell. After three
minutes’ reaction of water sample with the FerroVer Iron Reagent Powder Pillow, the
spectrophotometer will set by the 265 Iron, FerroVer.

The blank sample will be inserted to the cell holder with the fill line facing right. The start and
zero button will be pressed. The display will be show 0.00 mg/L Fe. The blank sample will be
carried out from the cell holder and the sample which has react with FerroVer Iron Reagent
Powder Pillow will be inserted into the cell holder. Read button will be pressed and the amount
of iron will be appeared on the screen. For manganese measurement test, the blank sample
preparation, 10 ml of deionized water will be poured into a square sample cell. For the prepared
sample, 10 ml of water sample will be poured into a square sample cell.

The content of one Ascorbic Acid Powder Pillow will be added to each cell. Each cell will close
with stopper and will be inverted to dissolve the powder. 12 drops of Alkaline-Cyanide Reagent
Solution will be added to each cell. Each cell will be swirled gently to mix. A cloudy solution
will be formed. 12 drops of PAN Indicator Solution, 0.1% will be added to each sample cell.
Each sample will be swirled gently to mix. An orange color will be developed in the sample if
manganese will be present in the water sample. The sample will be ignored for 2 minutes’
reaction. After two minutes’ reaction time expired, the spectrophotometer will be set by 290
Manganese, LR PAN. The blank sample will be wiped and inserted into the cell holder with the
fill line facing right. Zero button will be pressed and the displays on screen is showed 0.000
mg/L Mn.

The blank sample will be taken out from the cell holder. The prepared sample will be wiped and
inserted into the cell holder with the fill line facing right. The read button will be pressed and the
amount of manganese will be appeared on the screen. For hardness measurement test, 100 ml of
water sample will be poured into 100 ml graduated mixing cylinder. 1 ml of Calcium and
Magnesium indicator solution will be added onto the graduated mixing cylinder using a 1 ml
measuring dropper. The cylinder will be closed by the stopper and was inverted several times. 1
ml of Alkali Solution for Calcium and Magnesium Test will be added into the graduated mixing
cylinder using a 1mL measuring dropper. The cylinder will close again by stopper and will be
inverted for several times. 10 ml of solution in graduated mixing cylinder will be poured into
each of three square sample cells. For the blank sample preparation, one drop of 1 M EDTA
Solution will be added to the first cell.
The cell will be swirled to mix the solution. For the magnesium sample preparation, one drop of
EGTA Solution will be added to the second cell. The cell will be swirled to mix the solution. The
spectrophotometer will be set by the 225 Hardness, Mg and the blank sample will be put into the
cell holder with the fill line facing right. Zero button will be pressed. The display in the screen
will be showed 0.00 mg/L Mg CaCO3. The blank sample will carry out from the cell holder and
the magnesium sample will be put into the cell holder. Read button will be pressed and the
amount of magnesium as a calcium carbonate will be appeared on the screen. Magnesium sample
in the cell holder will not remove and exit button will be pressed.

The spectrophotometer will be set by 220 Hardness, Ca and the start and zero buttons will be
pressed. The display on the screen will be showed 0.00 mg/L Ca CaCO 3. The magnesium sample
will be removed. Third cell will be act as a calcium sample and will be put into the cell holder
with the fill line facing right. Read button will be press and the amount of calcium in the sample
will be appeared as a calcium carbonate. In order to remove the metal in the sample as per
objective of this study, the banana peels need to be activated. The banana peels will be separated
from the fruit smoothly and the peels will be washed and dried in oven at 110 oC for 4 hours. The
will be dried banana peels would blend without specific size and then thermally activated
(carbonized) at 550oC in a muffle furnace for 1 hour to transform the banana peels into activated
carbon. The activated banana peels will be weighted for 2, 4 and 8 grams and will be mixed with
100ml of water samples in the 250ml conical flask. The mixtures will be agitated on a
mechanical orbital shaker at 200rpm for 30 minutes. Then, the samples would filter through filter
papers and the concentration of iron and manganese will be determined by spectrophotometer.

3.8. Statistical Analysis

After the results will be obtained and recorded, the mean, standard deviation, regression and
correlation factors, Conc and others will be performed using data analysis packages such as
Microsoft Excel 2007 and originlab 8.1. Moths type software also uses to write mathematical
equations. All measurements will be done in triplicate and the results will be reported as average
values ± SD.

Table 1. Time Schedule

No Activity Time (month)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

1 Literatures review

2 Collecting journals

3 Sampling

4 Laboratory work

5 Data Analysis

6 Writing

7 Report submission

8 Presentation