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University of Ljubljana, Elektroinštitut Milan Vidmar, Ljubljana, Slovenia, August 27-31, 2007 T7-332
Abstract: Partial discharges within power cables can be achieved with the determination of the true pulse
indicate damages of the cable insulation or incorrect onsets.
installed joints. Therefore the location of such dis- It may be feasible to determine the time delay be-
charges is a reasonable maintenance tool to identify tween the onset of the direct and the indirect pulse
defective cable parts in time. The location of partial manually for one pulse pair. But performing that for
discharges in shielded cables can be done with the Time several pulse pairs is time-consuming, as there may be a
Domain Reflectometry method. There, delay times be- lot of PD pulses to analyze in one period of a 50Hz AC
tween pulses set off by a partial discharge and traveling test voltage. An automated and robust detection process
through the cable are used to determine the origin of the for this purpose eases the interpretation of measuring
partial discharges. For this delay times the arrival times data acquired in the field. Algorithms already utilized in
of the traveling pulses are needed which can be esti- acoustics are especially designed for finding the arrival
mated by different approaches. The most commonly time of signals and can be utilized for automated detec-
used arrival time estimation technique is the peak detec- tion of partial discharges in the TDR. This paper com-
tion. But frequency-dependent attenuation and distortion pares the arrival time estimation methods peak detec-
of fast pulses within power cables can lead to location tion, Energy Criterion and Akaike Information Criterion
failures rising with the cable length. To avoid this prob- concerning the achievable location accuracy and the
lem pulse onsets should be detected. This paper de- suitability for automated cable PD location software.
scribes the application of the Energy Criterion and the
Akaike Information Criterion as onset detection meth- 2 PD LOCATION
ods for simulated partial discharge pulses.
Locating partial discharge pulses within power ca-
1 INTRODUCTION bles can be done by analyzing and interpreting reflecto-
grams, a sample of direct and indirect pulses and their
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) is a standard reflections, obtained by a PD measurement system. This
technique for the location of partial discharges (PD) in paper deals with PD reflectograms acquired during off-
power cables. Incorrect installed cable joints or cavities line measurements at a RG58 C/U coaxial test line
in paper-insulated lead-covered (PILC) cable are typical (length: 529.4 m) with several joints to bring in artificial
sources for partial discharge. If the applied AC test volt- PD pulses at known places. Although the electrical
age reaches the PD inception voltage, the discharge is characteristics of such a model cable differ from power
ignited and two pulses travel along the cable; one to the energy cables, it was chosen to test the functionality of
measuring end and one to the opposite, open end of the arrival time estimation algorithms for PD location in
cable. The pulse traveling to the open end of the cable principle.
will be completely reflected and secondly reaches the A Cal. B
measuring unit with a time delay, related to the direct
and therefore first pulse. The second pulse is called indi- location
rect pulse. In the TDR it is essential to determine this software Scope joint #1 joint #2 joint #k joint #n
1
main Reflectometry method working with different de- Depending on the cable type and its condition pulses
tection algorithms presented in the following. traveling through the cable are damped and distorted.
This so-called dispersion causes besides a reduction of
2.1. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)
the pulse amplitude a broadening of a pulse and
TDR is a common tool to locate origin of pulses therewith a displacement of the pulse peak point de-
within a shielded cable. First, a calibration procedure is pendent on the traveling time [1]-[4].
applied on the cable under test. This is done by injecting Following algorithms for arrival time estimation are
a pulse at the “near cable end” (point A in Fig. 1) and presented under the assumption that the reflectograms
recording the direct and indirect pulse traveling to the are given in clean (denoised) condition.
measuring unit as well as their reflections if the input of
2.2. Peak detection
the unit is not matched. As the propagation speed is
limited and the indirect pulse, reflected at the far open The peak detection is a widely implemented easy
end of the cable (point B in Fig. 1), has to travel twice and robust method to find the maximum values of sig-
the cable length until it reaches point A again, a time nals. In cable PD site location peak detection is used to
delay tL is occurring between the direct and indirect find the maxima of the direct and indirect pulse to de-
pulse. The measured signal is called “calibration reflec- termine the time difference tx and therewith the absolute
togram”. position of the PD site.
Now a pulse shall be ignited within the cable length
2.3. Energy Criterion (EC)
which results in a “PD reflectogram” similar to Fig. 2.
The time difference tx between the first pulse of the The Energy Criterion algorithm bases on the as-
pulse triple (direct pulse) and the second pulse (indirect sumption that the arrival of a wavelet corresponds to a
pulse) can be measured, accordingly. Also, the calibra- change in energy. Used in acoustics [5] and unconven-
tion delay time tL can be found again as time difference tional PD location [6] to locate sources of sonic emis-
between the first and the third pulse of the pulse triple, sion it can be applied to determine the arrival times of
unless the input impedance of the measurement unit is fast electrical signals like PD pulses.
matched for the characteristic wave impedance of the The energy Si of a 1-D sampled signal x is defined
cable. by the cumulative sum of the squared signal samples
The absolute position of the pulse origin can be de- i
termined by Si = ∑ xk2 ( i = [0… N ] , i ∈ ) .
0
(2)
⎛ t ⎞ k =0
x = ⎜1 − x ⎟ ⋅ L (1) Adding a negative trend δ (4) the now resulting
⎝ tL ⎠ function
i
where x is the distance of the pulse origin from the
“near cable end” and L is the total cable length. (
Si' = Si − iδ = ∑ xk2 − iδ ) (3)
k =0
Time Domain Reflectometry marks the onset of the signal as global minimum.
0,1 The trend
SN
0,08 δ= (4)
α ⋅N
0,06
is dependent on the total energy SN of a signal, sig-
signal [V]
2
Energy Criterion (EC) Due to its high sensitivity the AIC algorithm needs a
0,08
predefined window to operate as well as denoised or
signal [V]
EC(1) filtered data.
0,06 EC(2)
signal(t) [V], EC(t) [V²]
EC(5)
EC(100) 3 IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS
0,04
AIC(t)
-0.5
-350 7.15 7.2 7.25 7.3 7.35 7.4 7.45 7.5
time[μs]
0,02
-400
Fig. 5: Application of the EC algorithm on an indirect pulse:
0 onset found at 7.388 μs.
signal
-0,02 minimum -450
1,45 1,5 1,55 1,6 1,65 1,7 1,75 1,8
time [μs]
3
1
Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) In the first 10 m the global pulse maximum results
Signal from superposition of the indirect pulse and the reflec-
AIC
tion of the direct pulse, the third pulse within a reflecto-
gram. The onset is drifting significantly to the left with-
0.5
out being altered by the third pulse following close. Not
until the distance of the PD site from the “near cable
U/Umax , AIC/AICmax
end” is rising, the indirect pulse comes out off the third
pulse making peak detection possible again.
0 For PD sites close to the “near cable end” peak de-
tection does not work well. Instead, onset detection
should be used for higher accuracy. Using a matched
onset @ 7.4μs
measurement unit (e.g. 50 Ω input impedance of the
-0.5
7.15 7.2 7.25 7.3 7.35 7.4 7.45 7.5
oscilloscope for the RG58 coaxial line) the reflections
time[μs] and therewith the overlapping effect do not occur any
more and the peak detection can be used, too.
Fig. 6: Application of the AIC algorithm on an indirect pulse:
onset found at 7.4 μs. -3
PD close to the far cable end
x 10
20
PD@509.863m
After the computation of the EC and AIC curves, the 18 PD@519.114m
PD@520.140m
minimum of each curve is determined. Its time value 16
b) PD@521.171m
marks the onset of the pulse and therewith the arrival 14 PD@522.202m
PD@523.233m
time. 12 PD@524.264m
Voltage [V]
PD@525.295m
The application in combination with TDR means on- 10 PD@526.326m
set detection of each the direct and indirect pulse of the 8
PD@527.362m
PD@528.398m
calibration reflectogram and the PD reflectogram, calcu- 6 PD@529.421m
a)
lating the delay times tL and tx, and using (1) to compute 4
0
3.3. PD close to cable ends
1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1
time[μs]
If a PD site is situated close to the near or far cable
end pulse overlapping occurs. Fig. 8: Overlapping effect of direct (a) and indirect pulse (b)
If the input of the measurement unit is not matched for PD sites close to the far cable end (total length
(e.g. 1 MΩ input of the oscilloscope) the indirect pulse L=529.4 m).
of a “near cable end” PD is overlapping with the reflec-
tion of the direct pulse making the peak detection more On the opposite side, the “far cable end”, pulse over-
inaccurate than onset detection. Fig. 7 shows the merg- lapping occurs, too. There, the direct and indirect pulses
ing of the indirect pulses with the respective direct are superposing leading to reflectograms similar to Fig.
pulses for pulses starting from about 1 to 30 m away 8. The peak or onset detection algorithms only can be
from the “near cable end”. applied if two peaks are still visible at the overlapping
pulse. In Fig. 8 about 5 m from the “far cable end” only
15
x 10
-3
PD close to the near cable end a turning point (a) may be noticeable which have to be
Cal. pulse interpreted by an analyst manually.
PD@1.013m
PD@2.044m
PD@3.075m 3.4. Location accuracy
10 a) PD@4.106m
PD@5.137m To analyze the absolute location accuracy of the pre-
PD@6.168m
sented algorithms a RG58 C/U coaxial line was built up
Voltage [V]
PD@7.199m
b)
PD@8.235m
PD@9.271m
out of 26 pieces of about 20 m length and ten 1 m
5
PD@10.307m pieces. The 1 m cables were used to simulate PD close
PD@19.658m
to the “near cable end” as well as the “far cable end”.
The results are shown in Fig. 9. As brought up in 3.3
peak detection does not work well for PD sites close to
0
the “near cable end” (failure up to -8 m) while the onset
6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8
time[μs] algorithms EC and AIC handle those PD-sites better
(failure of about 0.5 m in that region).
Fig. 7: Overlapping effect of indirect pulse (a) and reflection
of direct pulse (b) for PD sites close to the near cable end.
4
Absolute failure of detection algorithms rising cable lengths and for PD sites close to the “near
cable end” the location errors due to frequency-
2 dependent propagation of pulses and overlapping effects
may be increasing. To meet the demand for higher accu-
0 racy for PD site location onset detection can be pro-
vided as an additional tool within PD location software
abs. failure [m]
4 CONCLUSION
Peak detection is a reasonable tool to pre-select re-
flectograms out of massive measurement data and to
define time windows for further processing. Using peak
detection as delay time estimation method is working
quite well for short cable lengths and PD sites near the
“far cable end”, as both pulses, the direct and indirect
one, traveled almost the same distance, and therefore
have been influenced by almost the same dispersion
effects before they reach the measurement unit. But for