ALZHEIMERS DISEASE

1)What is DNA?
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other
organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located
in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also
be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).
Mitochondria are structures within cells that convert the energy from food into a form
that cells can use.

The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases

2) What is mRNA?
Messenger RNA (abbreviated mRNA) is a type of single-stranded RNA
involved in protein synthesis. mRNA is made from a DNA template
during the process of transcription. The role of mRNA is to carry protein
information from the DNA in a cell’s nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm
(watery interior), where the protein-making machinery reads the mRNA
sequence and translates each three-base codon into its corresponding
amino acid in a growing protein chain.

3) How protein is coded?

 DNA keeps the nucleotide sequence in each gene, which can direct the body
to make each amino acid in a protein, using the RNA molecule to carry the
codon to where amino acids are put together. Each gene has several codons,
therefore coding for the amino acids of a protein by directing the order of the
amino acids.
The central dogma of biology states that DNA codes for RNA, which in turn
codes for the amino acids in a protein.

4) What is gene?
A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up
of DNA. Some genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins.
However, many genes do not code for proteins.

5) Functions of gene
1. Genes control the morphology or phenotype of individuals.
2. Replication of genes is essential for cell division.
3. Genes carry the hereditary information from one generation to the next.
4. They control the structure and metabolism of the body.
5. Reshuffling of genes at the time of sexual reproduction produces
variations.
6. Different linkages are produced due to crossing over of genes.
7. Genes undergo mutations and change their expression.
8. Genes change their expression due to position effect and transposons.
9. Development or production of different stages in the life history is
controlled by genes

6)Functions of cellular proteins

 Proteins are very important molecules in our cells.They are involved in
virtually all cell functions. Each protein within the body has a specific
function. Some proteins are involved in structural support, while others
are involved in bodily movement, or in defense against germs. Proteins
vary in structure as well as function.

 Proteins are responsible for nearly every task of cellular life, including
cell shape and inner organization, product manufacture and waste
cleanup, and routine maintenance.There are many different types of
proteins in our bodies. They all serve important roles in our growth,
development and everyday functioning

7) Types of Mutations in DNA

There are three types of DNA Mutations: base substitutions, deletions

and insertions.

8) What are Biomarkers?
The term biomarker, or biological marker, refers to a broad range of measures
which capture what is happening in a cell or organism at a given moment.
Biomarkers are objective medical signs (as opposed to symptoms reported by the
patient) used to measure the presence or progress of disease, or the effects of
treatment. Biomarkers can have molecular, histologic, radiographic, or
physiological characteristics. Examples of biomarkers include everything from
blood pressure and heart rate to basic metabolic studies and x-ray findings to
complex histologic and genetic tests of blood and other tissues. Biomarkers are
measurable and do not define how a person feels or functions.