A SUMMARY DOCTORAL THESIS 1

LUIS IRRIBARREN ALCAINO

Faculty of Cs. Económicas y Empresariales

Dep. Administración de Empresas y Comercialización e Investigación de Mercado (Marketing)

Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.

The problems of women in the labor market and the entrepreneurial spirit
in new businesses.

Dn Luis Alejandro Irribarren Alcaíno

Directores: Dr. D. Julio García del Junco

Dr. D. Joaquín Traverso Cortés

Dra. Da María Gloria Romero Romero

Sevilla, 28 de mayo 2012

1
Summarized version of the doctoral thesis, presented in English, on October 16, 2017, in the International
Center Vienna, Vienna. Meeting with Gabriele Ott, Senior of Industrial Development,UNIDO ; Brigitte
Roecklinger Senior Project Assistant Rural Entrepreneurship, Job Creation and Human Security Division-
PTC/AGR/RJH, UNIDOL uciana Meira, International Consultant on Capacity Building, UNIDO; Hedda
Femundsenden, Gender Coordinator, ONUDI; Monica Carco, Senior UNIDO
1. Synthesis of that presentation

2. Relevance of the topic. Chap. I

a) Reality

b) Context

c) Spotlights

d) Proposal

e) Justification of the investigation

3. Description of the Process

a) Part I: Chap. II Woman and Work

b) Part II: Chap. III Women and Entrepreneurship

c) Part III: Chap. IV and V: Practical and Theoretical

approach of performance in their business

4. General conclusions, limitations and recommendations

1. Synthesis of that presentation
2) Relevance of the topic. Chapter I

a) Reality

The incorporation of women in the work force, the phenomenon of

glass ceiling, and women business owners.

- Case of CHILE:

Between 1992, rate 28,1 %

2002, rate 35,7%

2011, rate 47,8 %

- The average income is 62% of men (Discrimination)

THE WOMEN'S BUSINESS OWNERS:

Case of CHILE:

- They represent more than 15% of the 1.5 million small

enterprises,

- They own their own businesses.

- 40% of the female employment is in the Services sector.

b) The Academy and the Public are concerned with, analyze and
make proposals on the issue of women-work-entrepreneurship,
as a global phenomenon, and with a high impact on society
(development, poverty, economic and social development,
regional).
 c) There is a lack of research work observed, where the USA and
Europe have the primacy.

d) There are slow results of measurement of the performance of

this type of business, in Latin America.

e) Its contribution to the national economy, is visualized via

income generation; give employment; overcoming poverty;
undertake by necessity.

b) Context:

- ECONOMIC CONTEXT: today we are talking about entrepreneurial capital

- EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT: a real revolution is under way

- LABOR POLICY: discrimination, ioe, prod promotion

- ETHICAL-RELIGIOUS-CULTURAL CONTEXT. impacts because it is a globalized

phenomenon.

- PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT: it has to do with self-esteem, failure, happiness,

achievement and Independence

- BIOLOGICAL CONTEXT: in relation to maternity, care of the sick and

disabled.
c) Problems of Interest (Focus)

1st.-Focus: The issues under discussion, on women and the labor market.

- Leaving the home

- Settle

- Generate income

- Existence of large number of works from different disciplines

- Leave the job and leave to start.

2d.-Focus: Elements that slow down their professional development, profiling,

management styles and level of performance, at a comparative level with
their male counterparts.

- Big issue leadership and management

3th.-Focus: The increasing incorporation of women in entrepreneurship, their

performance as small business owner and their contribution to development
in emerging countries, as in the case of Chile.

- The ILO cites the strong growth of women in the market.

- UN: If women were supported, they would increase their agricultural output
by 20%; and if gender inequalities were eliminated, GNP would increase by
5%.
2. Relevance of the topic

Proposal: See Figure N ° 1

Figure N ° 1

2. Relevance of the topic

e) Justification of the investigation

a) To explore the points of interest indicated according to the scientific

procedure.

b) Highlight the results of the research carried out, within a theoretical-

conceptual framework, with emphasis on the causal and effect relations.
 c) To contribute to the entrepreneurship and performance of women
owners of small businesses, through a theoretical-practical work, applied to
Chile as an emerging country

2. Relevance of the topic

f) Research Objectives

a) To inquire as to the determinants of women's restraint to

managerial posts in companies

b) Inquire for the social, organizational and attitudinal factors, and

barriers faced by women entering the labor market.

c) Inquire for the factors that influence or obstruct the processes to

join the self-employment.

d) To profile women who undertake and achieve sustainable

performance with their businesses over time.
3. Description of the Process

a) Part I: Chap. II Woman and Work goals

a) Review and synthesize the literature on research related to women

in the labor market (57 documents conformed the conceptual
framework).

b) To inquire as to the determinants of the brake on women's

managerial career and their role (attitudinal, structural factors).

(c) Focus on the theoretical approaches to employment and

management of women; structural factors (labor and corporate
market); and inquire about the phenomenon of the glass ceiling
(discriminations).

(d) Inquiring into the advancement of women in management,

professional employment and jobs (ILO, 2001, 2004)

Main conclusions. Contributions to the conceptual framework

a) Not conclusive in the leadership styles and profile in the

management of companies, by differences in the gender.

b) Evidence of the impact of the glass ceiling phenomenon on the role

of women in paid work.

c) The gender discrimination factors of Henning and Jardim (late

decision, sense of passivity, emphasis on self-improvement), are
reaffirmed at the level of the current managerial role.

d) Exclusion in work networks.

e) Tension when balancing family-work.

f) Success or failure is measured according to prevailing male models

b) Part II, Chap. I Women-Entrepreneurship goals

It contains three sub-chapters:

1st: Review and synthesis of the literature on the subject in general: there
are 17 reviews, between 1971 and 2008. 11 are from the USA. A total of
4,500 articles were analyzed over a period of approximately 40 years,

2nd: Review and synthesis limited to the theories of entrepreneurship: there

are 8 sections and 36 contributions, from the classic and neoclassical period
to the current theories.

3th: Review and synthesis on performance models of entrepreneurs / owners

of new businesses: 40 works with similarity of purpose regarding the purpose
of the theoretical-practical application of this thesis.

Main conclusions. Contributions to the conceptual framework

a) The lack of consensus among scholars about entrepreneurship, although

there is a marked desire for research and effort.

b) Databases that are not comparable, or non-existent.

c) Entrepreneurship breaks out globally and women have made significant

contributions to economic development. Little literature.

d) Discrimination in access to credit for women.

e) Priority is given to financial-quantitative variables in measuring the
performance of these businesses. Women appear to be relatively less
successful in such businesses.

f) There is no agreement at the level of scholars about the unit of analysis to

be used: entrepreneur; deal; draft; organization.

g) Analysis of male models predominates.

h) The basis of current theoretical development remains the thinking of

Schumpeter and Kirzner.

i) The contributions come from different disciplines, which makes it more

complex as a phenomenon.

j) The gender approach is scarce in research.

k) A large number of organisms focused on the phenomenon, due to its

impact on the socio-economic and cultural

3. Description of the Process

Part III, Chap. IV and V. Theoretical-Practical Approach to Business

Performance

Reasons

a) Relevance of the performance of women in small new businesses to

overcome poverty and contribute to economic and social development in
emerging countries.

b) The need to have models of performance, and thus optimize the resources
that are destined to productive development.
c) Little results of measurement of the performance of this type of business,
in Latin America.

Goals

a) To investigate in the existing literature, by models with a multidimensional

approach, that encompassed the theoretical foundations and paradigms
associated to the enterprise, plus the constructs and hypotheses related to
this thesis, that were oriented to explicit success, and that measured the
performance of women small business owners.

b) Adapt a business performance model to be replicated in Chile.

Constructs and hypotheses.

40 contributions were classified and selected, which served as the basis for
the performance model to be applied in Chile, with its constructs and
working hypotheses.

Among them, stand out the framework models that made possible the
theoretical-practical application: -Sharon Bender, and its universal model of
profiling; Lerner, Brush and Hisrich, and their application to Israel; Watson
and Westhead, and their performance measurement models; Baum, Locke
and Smith, their multivariate models; Verheul and Thurik, and their model of
entrepreneurial economy.
Performance Model Applied to Chile. Constructs and variables

A total of 40 contributions were classified. These contributed 40 dependent

variables, which attempted to measure the performance of the small
businesses of female entrepreneurs, and approximately. 200 independent
variables.

The model applied in this thesis, based on the indicated base models,
contains: 10 constructs, 5 independent variables and 40 independent
variables (categories). See Fig.N° 2

Figura N° 2
The performance model of entrepreneurs who own new businesses, is based
on 23 hypotheses with respect to each of the previously mentioned
constructs. See Fig.N° 3

Figure N° 3: Hypothesis
Figure N° 4 (continuation)
 Figure N° 5 (continuation )

Methodology

a) The object of study, the constructs and hypotheses were determined; field
work was planned, the measurement instrument was validated, the
statistical method was defined, and the hypotheses were confronted.

b) The population: 561 winners (H and M) entrepreneurs, of the state subsidy

Capital Semilla Empresa, 2008, at national level.

c) The sample consists of: 165 women and 132 men.

d) The questionnaire: based on a model applied in USA and OECD countries,

and adapted to Israeli women. It was validated with experts (12), and applied
to a women's group as a pilot plan.
e) The field work was attended by SERCOTEC, and external consultants in the
15 regions of the country.

Field work

a) 106 questionnaires were received from 13 regions with a response

rate of 35.7%.

b) 100% of the questionnaires received were valid

c) Correlations between relevant ordinal variables, by type of

construct, were performed for levels of significance 0.05 and 0.01
bilaterally.

Results

a) The correlation of variables with the highest ranking obtained from the
work is shown first.              Figure N ° 6.1
b) Hypotheses and Constructs are shown below, with their corresponding
relation to the performance variables impacted. With sign (+) those that are
positively affected; and the opposite with (-). Those variables that did not
show evidence of relationship with the performance variables established in
the model, appear without sign.

Figure N° 6.2 (continuation) (results by hypothesis and constructs )

Figure N° 6.3 (continuation ) (results by Hypothesis and Constructs)
 Figure N° 6.4 (continuation results by Hypothesis and Constructs.
Continuation)

General conclusions (Part IV, Chapter VI)

A. Profile of entrepreneurial women.

- Their educational level has increased considerably;

- They have low capital to start their businesses;

- They have lack of knowledge and training in business and financial

skills, mainly.
 - The personality factors that stand out: aversion to risk, need for
achievement, desires for independence, be flexible.

Limitations (Part IV, Chapter VI)

a) Lack of available information and resources.

b) The lack of databases, incomplete or poor data, not disaggregated

by gender, or impossibility of access to hard data in this sector.

Recommendations in matters related to research. (Part IV, Chapter VI)

a) Orient research on the differences in the profile and behavior of

men and women, and the financing of small enterprises in emerging
and small countries (in the case of Chile).

b) To deepen on the types of measurement of the performance of

small businesses, with a focus on gender.

c) Establish program evaluation criteria on public policies and programs

that promote entrepreneurship, including a gender approach.
Recommendations on matters of public policy. (Part IV, Chapter VI)

(a) Develop programs based on gender differences to support women

entrepreneurs.

b) Establish more favorable family policies and benefits for self-

employed women.

c) Establish a public procurement program for women business owners

with quotas.

d) Disseminate research on female entrepreneurship, as well as the

management of successful female models.

e) Take into account a framework of analysis for the promotion of

productive development policies with a gender perspective.

Future research lines. (Part IV, Chapter VI)

a) Deepen the process of detecting new business opportunities

b) Investigate the management styles of women who own business in

companies, incorporating the field of culture and health

c) Integrate the theme of entrepreneurship education with a gender

perspective, in the curricula of the educational system.

d) To delve into the role of women in global entrepreneurship.

e) To orient the research to the qualitative paradigm in the models of

evaluation of the business performance of women proprietors.
Overall conclusions. (Part IV, Chapter VI)

Performance of female entrepreneurs.

- They show less performance in their business than their male

counterparts.

- Lower growth in their businesses, markets are local and small in size.

- There are many aspects of your business in which there are no

gender-relevant differences.

- Family support in financing your business is key to success.

- There are slight differences in the management of human resources,

communications and commitments to the business.

- They work fewer hours a week in their businesses

- The age v / s success are in an inverse relationship.

Environment of your business.

- There is a relation of the feminine enterprise with the poverty and
the destitution, as well as in undertaking and working by necessity.

- There is evidence of discrimination: the existence of a wage gap, and

others with respect to their male counterparts.

- Labor legislation and advocacy are focusing on gender as the norm.

- There is a strong growth of the services sector, which explains the

presence of women in this sector.

- The existence of networks, a key factor for survival in business

- The current state of research on women entrepreneurs has
diversified and expanded in the different disciplines.

- Eclectic, multivariate, or multidimensional approaches are demanding

the sophisticated use of mathematics and statistics.

- There is a reorientation of empirical analysis and research work

towards small and poor countries, in terms of entrepreneurship.