11

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics – Grade 11

Quarter 1 – Module 16 : Social Groups
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

Writer: Edwin P. Oliver

Editor: Gerolyn A. Postrano , Crisanter N . Mendoza
Reviewers: Gerolyn A. Postrano , Brenfel C. Hajan
Illustrator: Rhea L. Labesores
Tagalapat: Crisanter N . Mendoza , Clifchard D. Valente
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
Aurelio G. Alfonso EdD
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Victor M. Javeña EdD
Chief, School Governance and Operations Division and
OIC-Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division

Education Program Supervisors

Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE)

Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP)
Bernard R. Balitao (AP/HUMSS)
Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS)
Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports)
Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM)
Ma. Teresita E. Herrera EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang)
Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP)
Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE)
Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM)

Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of

Pasig City
 Understanding
Culture,Society, and
Politics
11
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 16
Social Groups
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Grade 11 Self

learning module for social groups.

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics, Self-

Learning Module on Social Groups!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Post-test - This measure how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

In this lesson, the students are expected to:

1. identify groups and their functions within society;

2. differentiate primary groups from secondary groups;
3. analyze in-group and out-groups as forms of reference groups; and
4. explore the facilitating affordances of networks.

PRE-TEST

Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is not. Write your
answers on the space provided.

______1. A group is where people interact with others and think themselves as they
belong together.

______2. A primary group is a small social group whose members share personal
and lasting relationship.

______3. An example of a secondary group is the family.

______4. Each society is made up of big groups and associations that are built on
social class, personal interests, or common goals.

______5. School or class is an example of primary group.

 RECAP

1.
Direction: Identify what is asked and
write your answers on the blank boxes
2. which correspond to the response being
described in each item. Use the mini
puzzle on the left to complete this task.
3.

4. 1. It is an intangible idea of one’s self

respect, self-esteem, and self-regard.
prejudicial views.
5. 2. People are entitled to immunity
granted by state or another authority
to a limited group, either by birth or
conditional premise.
3. A concept that ensures equality, freedom from degrading behavior,
discrimination, and prejudicial views.
4. A special law that protects one’s own artistic creations and writings.
5. Refers to either what is shared and beneficial for all or most members
of a given community

LESSON

How Society is Organized

“Whenever I see a group of mothers in front of their residence and busy

talking, I straight away think negatively. It may be positive to other people who see
their activities, although it is already the subculture of ordinary Filipinos. This
sometimes leads to misunderstandings and trouble among neighbors, for providing
false information or “fake news” or “Tsismis”.”

Taking part in a group to get information and share your personal thoughts
and opinions is a vital role of every individual within a society. However, providing
false information and wrong accusations that can ruin a person is a wrongful act.

The concept of the group is an aggregation of one goal and aspirations. The
group is where people interact with others and think of themselves as belonging
together (Arcinas 2016). Everything shared by each member is entertained that can
make an additional sense of forming ideas.

A society is defined in many aspects. According Cambridge dictionary, society

is defined as people in general living together in an organized way, making decisions
about how to do things, and sharing the work that needs to be done. All people in a
country, or in several countries, can be referred to as a society.

Sociologists classified the group as social aggregates and social categories. If

a group of people happened to be in a particular place but they do not interact or
identify with one another, this is called social aggregates. If a group of people share
common characteristics, it refers to as social categories. When these two groups of
people emerge in the situation they are in, this event is not only considered as a
collection of being, instead, it is an active social interaction wherein people deliver
interests, welfare, and common good. Hence, according to Muzafer Sherif, a highly
regarded social psychologist, suggested that in defining social group, a wide variety
of people interacting with each other with respect should also be taken into account
(Arcinas 2016). Listed below are the definitions of social group given by Muzafer
Sherif. A social group is where people:

1. share common motive and goals;

2. accept division of labor, example: roles;
3. establish status (social rank, dominance) relationships;
4. refer norms and values relevant to the group; and
5. develop accepted sanctions if norms were respected or violated.

Primary and Secondary Groups

In sociology, there are two types of groups which are distinguished based on
their characteristics.

1. Primary group. A primary group is a small social group whose members share
close and long term relationships (Wikibooks 2019). People in this group tend to help
each member and respect their differences in opinions and political viewpoints. They
express strong, positive relationships that each member helps build trust and
confidence The purpose of primary group is to create relationships to live with and
maintain social structures. The closeness of people in this group results to members
who are most likely to feel secure and loved.
 The concept of the primary group
was introduced by Charles
Cooley, a sociologist from the
Chicago School of sociology, in
his book Social Organization: A
Study of the Larger Mind (1909).
Primary groups play an
important role in the
development of personal identity.
Cooley argued that the impact of
the primary group is so great
that individuals cling to primary
ideals in more complex
associations and even create new Photo & Source:
primary groupings within formal https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociol
organizations. To that extent, he ogy/Book%3A_Sociology_(Boundless)/06%3A_Soci
viewed society as a constant al_Groups_and_Organization/6.01%3A_Types_of_
experiment in enlarging social
Social_Groups/6.1B%3A_Primary_Groups
experience and in coordinating
variety. He, therefore, analyzed Examples:
the operation of such complex  Family. An organized group, usually related
social forms as formal to blood or some binding or similarity factor,
institutions and social class in which individual roles and relationships
systems and the subtle controls change over time. Family relationships are
of public opinion. usually long-term and generally have time
shared common space.
 Friends. Having similar interests and enjoy
spending time together. They support each other when things happen and
share the most important events of their lives together.
 Love relationship. It is a profound expression of respect, trust, honesty,
integrity, intimacy, chemistry and cooperation. It builds on reality rather
than play. The spend valuable time together, be it about discovering each
other or sharing new experiences together.

2. Secondary group. A large group of people share common goals which often
aim to complete tasks at hand. In this type of group, people are surrounded
with relationships which are not personal. Relationships that merely involve
in a purpose-oriented goal is always the impetus of this kind of people alliance.
This means that this group demonstrates weak interpersonal ties compared
to the primary group which almost always end in long-lived engagements
(Arcinas 2016). Members in a secondary group usually perform their functions
well in accordance with their associated roles.

Examples:

 Classroom. A classroom consists of students and a teacher where the teacher

oversees the creation of structures and environments that help the student
learn. It responds to the implementation of a set of policies and expectations
and helps students support their educational goals.
  Place of Employment. In a work atmosphere, employees and managers come
together in the same location for the purpose of completing a task. The goal
of the structured environment is to fulfil a predetermined assignment.

In-Groups and Out-Groups

An in-group is a group where people feel that they belong to the social group.
In the field of sociology and social psychology, in-group is defined as a social group
to which a person psychologically identifies himself as a member of a particular
group. In contrary, an out-group is a social group that is not recognized by any
individual.

People in in-groups and out-groups are associated with different phenomena.

It refers to the individual, external influences that shape our evolving behaviors and
opinions. Given the instances below, these are some of the reasons why these two
groups would not come into consensus and usually ended with a discordance.

 In-group favoritism. It is the feeling of people to favor one group over others.
 Out-group derogation. A phenomenon in which an out-group is perceived as
threatening to the members of an in-group.
 Social influence. People have been shown to be differentially influenced by in-
group members. That is, under conditions wherein group categorization is
psychologically salient, people will shift their beliefs in line with in-group
social norms.
 Group polarization. This refers to the tendency of groups to make decisions
that are extreme than the initial inclination of its members.
 Intergroup aggression. People in in-group who try to harm another individual
because they feel that they are part of the out-group.

During the Basketball League

held at Phil Sports Arena in Pasig
City, people formed an In-group
which was surrounded by
basketball fans. The Out-group
was demonstrated as groups
people who paid their support but
they were not fond of watching
basketball. Moreover, supporters
of one team also formed their own
in-groups while the supporters of
the rival team were the out-
groups.

Photo: Wikipedia
Reference Groups

A reference group is a group to which one can compare himself or herself to

others. This group serves as a standard to which it measures one’s behaviors and
attitudes. Reference groups are used in order to guide people’s behavior and
attitudes in identifying social norms. The concept of reference group is important for
understanding socialization, conformity, and an assessment of how people see and
evaluate themselves especially in relation to oneself vis-à-vis to others.

Reference groups provide the benchmarks and contrast necessary for the
comparison and analysis of group and personal characteristics. According to Robert
K. Merton, individuals compare themselves to the reference groups of people who
occupy the social function that everybody desires to have.

Listed below are the types of reference groups:

1. Informal reference groups. These are the type of groups that share interests
and goals. Members react on a personal level. Examples: family and friends.
2. Formal reference groups. They have specific goals and missions. Example:
Employee Union.
3. Membership reference groups. Groups that agree on attitude, norms, and
behaviors.
4. Disclaimant reference groups. Groups that do not agree as regards to
attitudes, norms, and behaviors.
5. Aspirational reference groups. Groups of individuals who aspire to become a
person they desire to be associated with.
6. Dissociative reference groups. Groups of individual who do not belong to any
group and often wish to avoid any association from others as regards to
attitudes, norms, and behaviors.

Networks

According to Britannica, networks vary widely in their nature and operation,

depending on the particular actors involved, their relationships, the level and scope
in which they operate, and in the broader context. The actors within a network can
be associated as individuals, families, organizations, states, or a mixture of
individuals and groups.

Today, the most noticeable use of a network concept is within information

technology (Bevir 2020). According to Castells n.d.,

“a society whose social structure is made up of networks powered by

micro-electronics-based information and communications
technologies. The use of ICTs helps to create and sustain far-flung
networks in which new kinds of social relationships are created”.
 ACTIVITIES
My Trending / Viral Post

In this activity, you will revisit your trending posts on social media. On your
Facebook account, you will check your posts that acquired a number “likes”,
“Dislikes” “Shares” and views. Put a check (/) mark under “like” icon if your posts
acquired more than 100 likes and also put check (/) mark under “dislike” icon if your
posts acquired less than 100 likes.

Types of Posts on
Social Media.

Travel Pictures
Funny Pictures
Pictures with your
friends or classmates
Bible Verses
Hugot (sa pag-ibig)
lines
Trending or viral post
that you shared.

Process Questions:

1. Why do you think your posts had acquired several “likes”?

2. Why do you think your posts had acquired”dislikes”?
3. How do you feel every time you see a lot of “likers” on your post?
4. How do you feel every time you read positive comments on your post?
5. How do you react when you read a lot of negative comments on your posts?
6. Do you think you FB account is a way of introducing your personal references?
Why?
7. Referring of all your social media friends. When can you say that you are part
of an in-group or out-group friend on social media?
8. Social media is a powerful tool to increase your friends. It is also a great way
for us to get some referrals to your friend and can be used in your business.
This is where the importance of the network group come into play. How do
you use social media correctly to influence your followers?
 WRAP-UP

In sociology, a group is composed of two or more people who interact and

share the same norms and interests. Groups are important because these are the
platforms that you can use to interact and relate to other people. A social network
is a series of relationships that link individuals to people whom they already knew
or they wish to know. To what extent does your group influence your behavior? Did
the information you learn change the perception that you have about your group
affiliations? Why or why not?

VALUING
The family is an example of a primary group. Family enables us to feel a sense
of belongingness that links to the truths about who we are as a person. It is the
source of comfort and support warmth, security and protection, and it helps us make
sense of the world we live today. Nowadays, the culture of the Filipino family is
gradually disappearing due to technology. Eventually, the meal with the whole family
has not been observed religiously; the bonding moments are scarcely shown at home
mistakenly creating a barrier due to gadgets. As a member of an active social group,
how can you avoid these dilemmas in maintaining a healthy family relationship?
Explain your answer using the figure given below.

I LOVE MY FAMILY

POSTTEST

Direction: Using the dots, match the items in Column A to their corresponding
meanings shown in Column B.

A B
1. In-group •  A. is a large cluster of people who have a
mutually shared purpose, often aims to
2. Social complete tasks
Network •  B. are used in order to guide our behavior
and attitudes and help us to identify social
3. Primary norms.
group •  C. is a group wherein people feel that they are
part of the social group.
4. Secondary  D. is a small social group whose members
group • share personal and lasting relationship
 E. are where people have the chance to
5. Group • interact with other people and think of
themselves as belonging together.
6. Workplace •  F. vary widely in their nature and operation,
depending on the particular actors involved,
7. Reference their relationships, the level and scope in
group • which they operate, and the broader context.
 8. Out-group •  G. is where a social group whose members
does not want to be identified as part of a
group
 H. the goal of the structured environment in
the workplace is to fulfil a predetermined
assignment.

KEY TO CORRECTION

5. false 5. Common good

G 8. 4. A 4. false 4. Copyright
B 7. 3. D 3. false 3. Human rights
H 6. 2. F 2. true 2. Privilege
E 5. 1. C 1. true 1. Human dignity
Post-test Recap Pre-test

References
Arcinas, Myla M. 2016. "Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics. The Padayon Series." In
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics. The Padayon Series, by Myla M. Arcinas, 84.
Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Bevir, Mark. 2020. Encyclopaedea Britannica/Network Sociology. June 19. Accessed June 19, 2020.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/network-sociology.

Social Science/Libretext. 2020. Primary Groups. June 04. Accessed June 04, 2020.
https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book%3A_Sociology_(Boundless)/06
%3A_Social_Groups_and_Organization/6.01%3A_Types_of_Social_Groups/6.1B%3A_Primar
y_Groups.

n.d. Unit 1 Introduction to Knowledge, Communication & Development.

https://www.soas.ac.uk/cedep-demos/000_P523_MKD_K3637-Demo/unit1/page_10.htm.

Wikibooks. 2019. Introduction to Sociology/Groups. February 19. Accessed February 19, 2019.
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Groups.

Wikipedia/In-group and Out-group. 2020. In-group and Out-group. May 31. Accessed May 31, 2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-group_and_out-group.

Wikipedia/Types of Social group. 2020. Types of Social Group. May 30. Accessed May 30, 2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_social_groups.