Historical foundations of education H.

Outstanding Contribution to Education - Cuneiform

Writing E. Organization of Grades
( 7000 B.C. – 5000 B.C. )
( 3000 B.C. – 300 B.C. )
A. Aims
1. Security and Survival A. Aims
2. Conformity
1. Training of Scribes
3. Preservation and transmission of traditions to
the incoming generations 2. Religious
B. Types of Education
(Informal) Vocational and Religious (animistic) 3. Utilitarian
C. Contents to be Studied Survival and Superstitions 4. Preservation of Cultural Patterns
D. Agencies of Education Home and environment
E. Organization of Grades Levels B. Types of Education
1. Informal 1. Religious, Vocational-Professional, Military,
2. Observation and imitation Priesthood, Home Arts, Writing, Reading and Language
3. Simple telling and demonstration Education
4. Participation
F. Methods of Instruction 2. Education for Public Administrations
G. Financing No financing
C. Contents to be Studied Reading, writing, language,
H. Outstanding Contribution to Education -
religion, artistry, Mathematics, astronomy, engineering,
Started the rudiments of education from which evolved
architecture, physics, medicine, embalming, dentistry,
the modern educational system today.
law, music, arts, Physical Education and military

D. Agencies of Education Home, Temple Schools,

( 5000 B.C. – 4000 B.C. )
A. Aims
1. Training of Scribes, Bookkeepers and
Teachers
2. Training the Learners to be good
B. Types of Education Writing, Mathematical, Language,
Vocational, Professional, and Art Education
C. Contents to be Studied Reading, writing, little
arithmetic, Astronomy, Architecture, agriculture and
hydraulics, Art, Vocational training, Law
D. Agencies of Education Home, School, Temple
Schools, Apprentice Schools
E. There were already organized classes
F. Methods of Instruction
1. Imitation and Copying
2. Preparation of Tablets
G. Financing - Large amount had to be spent for
acquiring higher education
Military Schools, Court Schools and Vocational schools
E. Organization of Grades
1. The young studied at home.
2. At age 5, the boys attended the reading and
writing schools under the priests
3. At age 17, the boys entered the schools that
offered their vocations
F. Methods of Instruction Apprenticeship, dictations,
memorizations, copying, imitation, repetition,
observation and participation
G. Financing - The pupils and students had to pay
certain amount of school fees even in the lower schools.
Hence, education was not universal. H. Outstanding
Contribution to Education - Geometrical measurement
and surveying
( 3000 B.C. )
A. Aims 1. Intellectual 2. Religious 3. Cultural B. Types of
Education Religious, Intellectual, Vocational, Domestic
and Military Education (3000 B.C.)
13. C. Contents to be Studied 1. Literature for the
Brahmans 2. In college or PARISHADS: astronomy,
history, grammar, law, medicine and mathematics 3.
Dancing 4. Sports 5. Linguistics, philosophy and theology
6. Military training D. Agencies of Education Home and
Monasteries (3000 B.C.)
14. E. Organization of Grades 1. The child was taught at
home till age 5 2. At 5, the child attended higher schools
3. The women were given only domestic education F.
Methods of Instruction Imitation and Memorization
(3000 B.C.) G. Financing - The teachers or GURUS were
remunerated by means of gifts from parents of the
children H. Outstanding Contribution to Education - The
decimal system of arithmetical notation
15. ( 3000 B.C. – 1900 A.D. )
16. A. Aims 1. Ideological and ethical (moral) learning 2.
Cultural Development 3. Civil Services B. Types of
Education Ideological, Moral, Language, Vocational,
Domestic, Civic and Military Education (3000 B.C. – 1900
A.D. ) C. Contents to be Studied - Maxims and doctrines
of ethical and political nature
17. D. Agencies of Education Home, Private Schools,
House of teacher or rich pupil, deserted pagoda, any
place (3000 B.C. – 1900 A.D. ) E. Organization of Grades
1. Elementary – training was formal and rigorous 2.
Higher Education – preparation for taking the
government examinations F. Methods of Instruction The
Confucian Method, Direct and exact imitation and
Memorizations
18. G. Financing - Pupils paid tuition fees (3000 B.C. –
1900 A.D. ) H. Outstanding Contribution to Education -
The administration of Civil Service Exam
19. ( 1250 B.C. – 70 A.D. )
20. A. Aims 1. Moral 2. Preparation for destiny 3.
Holiness 4. Observance of Religion B. Types of Education
Religious, Civic, Democratic, Vocational, Human
Relations and Physical Education (1250 B.C. – 70 A.D. )
21. C. Contents to be Studied 1. History of the Hebrews
and God’s relationship with them 2. The Jewish Law or
Mosaic Law (Bible) 3. Psalms and proverbs 4.
Explanations of festivities 5. Music, sacred and common
6. Reading and writing 7. Foreign Language (1250 B.C. –
70 A.D. ) D. Agencies of Education Home, Public School,
Temple, Institutions for lay prophets and Schools or
colleges for scribes
22. E. Organization of Grades 1. Elementary Education –
for ages 6-156 and compulsory to all male children 2.
Higher Education – for lay prophets, rabbis and scribes
(1250 B.C. – 70 A.D. ) F. Methods of Instruction Oral,
Memorization, Audio-visual aids, Exposition and Temple
worship G. Financing - The teachers were not paid
regularly but allowed to receive gifts from the parents
of their students H. Outstanding Contributions to
Education Monotheism, The Ten Commandments and
The Bible
23. ( 1600 B.C. – 300 B.C. )
24. A. Spartan Education (1600 B.C. – 300 B.C. ) B. Early
Athenian Education C. Later Athenian Education
25. A. Aims Military and Discipline B. Types of Education
Military, Moral Training, Music, Gymnastic and
Vocational Education (1600 B.C. – 300 B.C. ) C. Content
to be Studied Paramilitary Exercise, Moral and social
habits for the state, Reading and writing, Speech and
Gymnastics D. Agencies of Education - The state was the
sole agency of education
26. E. Organization of Grade Levels 1. At birth, weak
children were disposed or abandoned 2. At early age,
children were taught habits of silence, obedience,
respect, bravery, etc. 3. At age 7-18, the boys lived at
the barracks-like educational building under the
supervision of a PAIDONOMUS, a state official 4. At age
18-20, the boys took professional war training 5. At age
20-30, all took an oath of allegiance and dispersed to
military posts for war maneuvers 6. At age 30, the man
was a full-pledged citizen, obliged or compelled to
marry and took his seat in the assembly or council - The
girls stayed at home but they were also organized into
packs to develop group spirit courage and loyalty (1600
B.C. – 300 B.C. )
27. (1600 B.C. – 300 B.C. ) F. Methods of Instruction
Training, Participation, Testing, Discipline and
Motivation G. Financing - All financing was shouldered
by the state H. Outstanding Contributions to Education
1. Military Education 2. The development of patriotism
and discipline
28. A. Aims 1. Good citizenship 2. Individual excellence
3. Many-sided development B. Types of Education Civic
Training, Moral Training, Physical Education, Intellectual
Education and Arts (1600 B.C. – 300 B.C. )
29. C. Content to be Studied 1. Reading by the alphabet
method 2. Writing on wax and tablets 3. Arithmetic for
market use 4. Homeric and other poems 5. Music 6.
Gymnastic 7. Physical education exercises 8. Military
training exercises (1600 B.C. – 300 B.C. ) D. Agencies of
Education Private Schools, Home and State
30. E. Organization of Grade Levels (1600 B.C. – 300 B.C.
) 1. From birth to 7, children were taught at home 2.
From 7-16, the boys went to two schools: Didascaleum
and Palaestra 3. At 16-18, the boys were free from
literary and music studies 4. At 18, the boys took the
EPHEBIC oath 5. At 20, the boys attained full citizenship
F. Methods of Instruction Imitation, Participation,
Discipline and Human Relations
31. G. Financing H. Outstanding Contributions to
Education 1. Free development of all human capacities
2. Olympic Games (1600 B.C. – 300 B.C. ) Students paid
tuition fees
32. A. Aims 1. By the sophists – pragmatic and utilitarian
2. By Socrates – development of the power of thinking
3. By Plato – control by intellectual rulers 4. By Aristotle
– rational living B. Types of Education Moral,
Professional, Intellectual, Vocational, Domestic training,
Physical, military and civic training Science, philosophy,
aesthetic and cultural education (1600 B.C. – 300 B.C. )
33. C. Content to be Studied 1. Lower elementary level -
Reading, writing, arithmetic, poetry and gymnastics 2.
Higher elementary level - Physical and military
exercises, grammar, rhetoric, declamation,
argumentation and public speaking 3. Secondary
schools - Geometry, astronomy drawing, grammar, and
rhetoric 4. Higher Level - Philosophy, mathematics and
science. (1600 B.C. – 300 B.C. ) D. Agencies of Education
Palaestra, Didascaleum, Gymnasium, Rhetorical schools
and Philosophical schools
34. E. Organization of Grade Levels (1600 B.C. – 300 B.C.
) Home education - Primary education - Secondary
education - Higher education F. Methods of Instruction
Lecture, memorization, question and answer,
developing the natural talents and achieving happiness
G. Financing The pupils or students had to pay school
fees H. Outstanding Contributions to Education 1. The
Socratic method of teaching 2. The realm of philosophy
3. Mathematics 4. Art and classical literature
35. ( 750 B.C. – 450 A.D. )
36. (750 B.C. – 450 A.D. ) A. Early Roman Education B.
Late Roman Education
37. A. Aims Utilitarian, Moral, Military, Civic and
political, Religious B. Types of Education (750 B.C. )
Physical and military training Civic, moral, religious and
vocational training C. Contents to be Studied 1. Ballads
and songs glorifying traits esteemed by Romans 2. The
Laws of the Twelve Tables 3. Religious ceremonies and
usages 4. Physical and military exercises 5. Domestic
chores 6. Vocational
38. D. Agencies of Education Home, shop, farm, military
camp, forum, private schools E. Organization of Grade
Levels (750 B.C. ) 1. Early training for young children at
home 2. Later, the boys went with their fathers to the
shops and farms 3. At 16, the boy became citizen taking
on TOGA VIRILIS of manhood solemnized by religious
ceremonies. 4. He then entered military camp F.
Methods of Instruction Direct imitation, memorization
and discipline G. Financing Education was free except
for private schools
39. A. Aims (750 B.C. – 450 A.D. ) Oratorical and Civic B.
Types of Education Speech, civic and literacy training
Vocational education C. Contents to be Studied
Elementary - Reading, writing and calculation Secondary
- Grammar, history, mythology and natural sciences
Higher education - Rhetorical University - Applied
science and professions
40. D. Agencies of Education (750 B.C. – 450 A.D. )
School of litterator, School of Grammaticus, School of
Rhetor and Athenaeum E. Organization of Grade Levels
1. At age 7-10, boys and girls entered the litterator. 2. At
age 10-16, boys entered the school of the Grammaticus
3. At 16 or older, boys entered the school of the rhetor
for two or three years. 4. Those who hurdled the school
of the rhetor went to the Athenaeum for a professional
course. F. Methods of Instruction Memorization, drill
and writing exercises, public speaking practices
41. G. Financing (750 B.C. – 450 A.D. ) Private schools
were supported by the fees of the students H.
Outstanding Contributions to Education 1. Methods of
organization, management and administration 2.
Romans organized body of civil law
42. A. Aims Moral and Salvation B. Types of Education
Moral and Spiritual Training Music Education C.
Contents to be Studied 1. Moral and spiritual values 2.
Requisites for baptism 3. Church doctrines 4. Music in
connection with Church worship D. Agencies of
Education Home, Church, Catechumenal School,
Catechetical School and Cathedral School
43. E. Organization of Grade Levels At home – at the
catechumenal school – catechetical school – cathedral
school F. Methods of Instruction Catechetical Method,
memorization, exposition and exhortation G. Financing
Students availed of free education H. Outstanding
Contributions of Education Conversion of more than
one-half of the world into Christianity with the highest
ideals of spirituality and morality
44. ( 500 A.D. – 1400 A.D. )
45. (500 A.D. – 1400 A.D. ) A. Monasticism B.
Scholasticism C. Chivalry D. Guild System
46. A. Aims Spiritual and Moral B. Types of Education
Moral, religious, literary and manual training C.
Contents to be Studied 1. Seven Liberal Arts: Trivium
and Quadrivium Trivium – grammar, dialectic and
rhetoric Quadrivium – geometry, arithmetic, music and
astronomy 2. Greek and Roman classical culture and
literature D. Agencies of Education Monastic Schools
47. E. Organization of Grade Levels At 10 – monastic
schools At 18 – monastic order F. Method of Instruction
Catechetical method, dictation, memorization,
language, discipline, meditation and contemplation G.
Financing Pupils paid some fees and the State
shouldered some expenses H. Outstanding
Contributions to Education 1. Opposed the vices and
corruption of the medieval world 2. Europe acquired
industrial skills and a concept of true dignity of manual
labor
48. A. Aims Reasoned faith and intellectual discipline B.
Types of Education Religious and intellectual education
C. Contents to be Studied Theology and Religious
Philosophy D. Agencies of Education Parish schools,
monastic and cathedral schools, palace schools, and
university
49. E. Organization of Grade Levels At 14, enters a
university Bachelor Continued studying (4-7 years)
Licentia docendi Master
50. F. Method of Instruction Lecture, repetition,
disputation and examination Scholastic Method
Aristotelian Logic G. Financing Students paid fees H.
Outstanding Contributions to Education 1. Organization
of the university 2. Emphasis on intellectual learning
51. A. Aims Morality, Responsibility, Horsemanship,
Gallantry, Religiosity and Social graces B. Types of
Education Social, military, religious and moral training C.
Contents to be Studied For boys - Good manners,
etiquette, horse riding For girls – religion, music,
dancing, household duties D. Agencies of Education
Home, court, castle, tournament field and fields of
battle
52. E. Organization of Grade Levels 1. Birth-7 years old -
taught by his mother 2. 7-14 years old - sent to the
castle. 3. 14-21 years old - a squire attending to the lord
4. 21 - inducted as a knight F. Method of Instruction
Observation, imitation, practice, apprenticeship,
motivation and discipline G. Financing Pupils did not pay
fees H. Outstanding Contribution to Education Emphasis
on the learning of social graces and rules of etiquette
53. A. Aims Preparation for commercial and industrial
life (Vocational preparation ) B. Types of Education
Vocational, Reading, writing, arithmetic and Religious
education C. Contents to be Studied Crafty and
commercial business to be learned D. Agencies of
Education Burgher school, Chantry school, Guild school
E. Organization of Grade Levels Apprenticeship –
Journeyman – Master Craftsman
54. F. Method of Instruction Observation, imitation and
practice G. Financing Burgher schools supported by
cities Chantry schools supported by wealthy merchants
Apprenticeship was free H. Outstanding Contribution to
Education Vocational training and apprenticeship
55. ( 700 A.D. – 1350 A.D. )
56. A. Aims Scientific, Practical, Religious and Vocational
B. Types of Education Science, Vocational, Religious and
Artistic designing education C. Contents to be Studied
Focused on Math, Science, Literature, Philosophy,
History D. Agencies of Education Elementary and
Secondary school, Kuttab and University E. Organization
of Grade Levels At 5 – elementary At 14 – secondary
University
57. F. Method of Instruction Lecture, observation and
experimentation G. Financing Elementary education
was free but higher education was not H. Outstanding
Contributions to Education 1. First to use zero and the
decimal system of notation that gave digits the value of
position 2. Using the laboratory and experimental
method in the teaching of science
58. ( 1350 A.D. – 1500 )
59. (1350 A.D. – 1500 ) A. Italian Humanism B. Northern
Humanism
60. A. Aims Academic freedom, abundant living and
liberal education B. Types of Education Literary,
aesthetic, physical, moral, religious and intellectual
training C. Contents to be Studied 1. The Greek and
Roman classics for appreciation 2. Varied human
interests that make life truly beautiful 3. The world of
nature; appreciation of the things of nature D. Agencies
of Education Lower or elementary schools, Secondary or
court schools Universities
61. E. Organization of Grade Levels 1. Girls were taught
by tutors at home 2. The boys had to go through school
step by step: elementary, high school and university F.
Method of Instruction Lecture, Writing themes,
Development of self-expression and Sufficient
motivation G. Financing 1. It provided the foundation of
modern academic freedom 2. Renewed interest in the
study of the Roman and Greek classics H. Outstanding
Contribution to education Rich children paid fees but
the poor children did not
62. A. Aims Social, Religious, Moral, Literacy, Literary
and Democratic B. Types of Education Social, Religious,
Moral, Literary, Literacy and Democratic education C.
Contents to be Studied Biblical and classical literature E.
Method of Instruction Elementary schools, Secondary
schools, Universities D. Agencies of Education
Individualized instruction , Double translation , class-a-
year practice
63. F. Financing The students paid fees in all the schools
G. Outstanding Contribution to Education 1. The class-a-
year practice 2. Emphasis on the social purposes of
education
64. A. Aims Religious, Moral, Elegant expression and
rational inquiry B. Types of Education Religious, Moral,
Character, Literacy, Music education Universal
compulsory and free education C. Contents to be
Studied 1. Religion with the Bible and other religious
materials as texts 2. Singing and physical education 3.
Reading, writing and arithmetic D. Agencies of
Education Home, Civil authorities, Church, Vernacular
primary school, Classical secondary school – first State
school system (Saxony plan) and University
65. E. Organization of Grade Levels 1. Education of the
masses in the vernacular elementary schools 2. Training
of leaders in the secondary schools and universities G.
Financing Excessive formalism, Religious indoctrination
F. Method of Instruction In the vernacular elementary
schools, education was free but in the higher schools
the students had to pay tuition fees. H. Outstanding
Contribution to Education 1. The development of the
state school system 2. The class-a-year plan which
became the model of a graded school organization
66. A. Aims Religious moralism and Complete obedience
to church B. Types of Education Religious, Moral,
Professional education Teacher training C. Contents to
be Studied 1. 4 R’s – Reading, writing, arithmetic and
religion in elementary 2. More advanced study of
classical literature 3. Math and logic D. Agencies of
Education Elementary schools, secondary schools,
higher schools (universities) and teacher training
schools
67. E. Organization of Grade Levels 1.The Jesuit
secondary schools were open only to boys. 2. Spiritual
preparation (novitiate) for 2 years 3. In higher school,
there was a 3-year liberal arts course 4. 2 years of
teacher training (juniorate) 5. Practice teaching for 5
years 6. Theological course for 4 years F. Method of
Instruction General method Grading pupils according to
their ability They made the pupils recite to the class
Phonetic method
68. G. Financing In all schools, tuition fees were free. H.
Outstanding Contribution to Education 1. La Salle’s
conception of the role of the teacher as a basis of a real
profession 2. The Jesuits’ better type of professional
training especially in teacher education 3. The Christian
brothers’ grouping of pupils according to ability and the
use of the phonetic method of teaching reading
69. A. Verbal Realism B. Social Realism B. Sense Realism
70. A. Aims 1. Complete knowledge and understanding
of environment 2. Development of values 3.
Development of the whole man B. Types of Education
Literary, Liberal and Practical education C. Contents to
be Studied The curriculum of the verbal or literary
realists was encyclopedic that is they covered almost all
subject matters D. Agencies of Education Home, Public
day school, Academy and University
71. E. Organization of Grade Levels 1. Birth-6 years old,
the child was taught at home 2. At age 7, the boy had to
enter public day school 3. Between ages 12-21, the boy subjects and the afternoon for physical and aesthetic
should be given his entire education in the academy 4. subjects
Upper courses were taken in the university F. Method
76. G. Financing Attendance in the lower vernacular
of Instruction Tutorial, reading widely and thoroughly,
schools was free but in the higher schools the students
incidental method G. Financing Pupils in the lower
had to pay school fees H. Outstanding contribution to
schools were free but those of the higher schools had to
education 1. The emphasis on science in the curriculum
pay tuition fees especially in private schools. H.
2. Development of the textbook 3. The internal
Outstanding Contribution to Education Practical
administrative organization of a school 4. The
education that would enable man to adjust himself to
ladderized system of grade level organization
his environment
77. A. Aims Formation of character and good habit
72. A. Aims Pragmatic utilitarian , decision making and
formation B. Types of Education Physical, Moral and
social relations B. Types of Education 1. Practical and
Intellectual education C. Contents to be Studied In
social education 2. Physical, moral and intellectual
elementary, drill subjects such as spelling, arithmetic,
learning C. Contents to be Studied 1. History as a study
and grammar and later history, geography and
of man’s past experiences 2. Philosophy as a study of
elementary science were offered In higher schools,
human behavior, responsibilities and duties D. Agencies
classical languages and mathematics, English and in
of Education Tutor, Academies and Ritterakademie
addition, drawing, geography, history, anatomy, ethics,
73. E. Organization of Grade Levels The boy started with dancing and practical and fine arts as hobbies were
a tutor, then attended either the academy or the studied
Ritterakademie. For a professional course, he attended
78. D. Agencies of Education Religiously motivated
a university. F. Method of Instruction Tutorial system,
elementary school, Humanistic secondary school,
Observation and social contact G. Financing The pupils
Humanistic college or university, Tutor F. Method of
had to pay fees to the school and their tutors H.
Instruction 1. All methods were based on the laws of
Outstanding contribution to education Tutorial system,
habit formation: desirable habits of thinking and acting
finishing schools and private military academies
2. Drill and exercise 3. Discipline – corporal punishment
74. A. Aims For a harmonious society, scientific, was used extensively. E. Organization of Grade levels All
religious, intellectual and practical B. Types of Education the pupils had to pass through the three levels of
1. Scientific type of training 2. Liberal education C. schooling: elementary, secondary school and college
Contents to be Studied Children were taught reading,
79. G. Financing Pupils were admitted free in the
writing, vernacular, English, drawing and music, physical
vernacular elementary schools but paid fees in the
exercises and group sports D. Agencies of Education
higher schools H. Outstanding Contribution to Education
Model educational institution for scientific investigation
Formal discipline as an educational process Habit
Textbook
formation
75. E. Organization of Grade Levels The ladder system of
80. A. Aims Intellectual freedom, Living a life guided by
organization of grade levels was adopted Internal
reason, Aristocracy of intelligence B. Types of Education
administrative school organization by Comenius 1. All
Aristocratic, intellectual and social education C.
schools should begin on the same date each year and
Contents to be Studied Scientific and philosophical
students should not be admitted except on the same
arguments were emphasized. Content included
date 2. There should be a systematic organization of the
philosophy, science, art, literature and social
schedule of class work 3. Each class should have a
refinement, polished manners, formal etiquette, and
separate room, separate teacher, separate textbooks,
codes of self-interest. There was no religion D. Agencies
and separate tests 4. School days should be organized in
of Education Secondary and higher schools,
accordance with the age of the child. Older children
Encyclopedia, Fashionable salons
stayed 6 hours in school while younger ones were to
study only 4 hours a day 5. No homework 6. A half hour 81. E. Organization of Grade Level The students went
of relaxation should follow each study period 7. through the elementary, secondary and college. F.
Morning hours were to be devoted for intellectual Method of Instruction Sense-based and application of
reason G. Financing They paid tuition fees H.
Outstanding Contribution to Education 1. Training of
creative thinking and reasoning (logic) 2. Use of the
inductive method in making generalizations