The Teacher and

the Community,
School Culture and
Organizational
Leadership
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 Education
and Society
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 EDUCATION AND SOCIETY
● Schools exist within social context and any change
within schools in terms of educational aims, goals,
and objectives including its contents are always in
relation to societal changes.

● Society and schools are interdependent and

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provide bidirectional influence to each other.

 EDUCATION AND SOCIETY

● Education through its curriculum trains and

educate the people with the necessary
knowledge, skills, values and attitudes that
are necessary for its continued maintenance,
growth and development.
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 01
Sociological Perspectives
on Education
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 ● Sociologists see education as one of the major
institutions that constitutes society.

● While theories guide research and policy

formulation in the sociology of education, they
also provide logical explanations for why things
happen the way they do.
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 “
There are three social science theories that provides
models of examining society which in turn provides the
bases for educational changes.

 Consensus and Conflict Theories

 Structural Functionalism Theory
 Interaction Theories
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 Consensus
and
Conflict
Theories
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 Sociologists describe
society as with two Let’s define these two terms
faces – consensus first.
and conflict and that
sociological theory
should be divided
into two parts –  What is consensus?
consensus theory
and conflict theory.
 What is conflict?
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 Consensus
It is defined as the widespread
agreement among all members of a
particular society.

Consensus Theories view shared norms and

values as fundamental to society.
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 Consensus Theory
 It is the people’ shared norms
and values that ensure the order,
peace and stability in the society.
 Any change that happens in a
society is slow, gradual, and
orderly.
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 Consensus Theory
● The emphasis is on social order, stability or social regulation.

Rule or mechanism
Social stability is the
It refers to the way the that limits, steers, or
degree to which a
various components of otherwise controls
society and its
society work together social behavior.
institutions remain
to maintain the status predictable and reliable.
quo. They include: It protect public
social structures and The actual observance of interests such as
institutions, social health, safety, the
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governmentally-formalized,
regulated and enforced laws, environment, and
interactions and rules, and norms for societal
behavior. relations social cohesion.
 Consensus Theory
● The theory is concerned with the
maintenance or continuation of social
order in society in relation to accepted norms,
values, rules and regulations as widely
accepted or held collectively by the society.
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 It is a
disagreement or

Conflict clash between

opposing ideas,
principles or
people that may
be covert or
overt.
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 Conflict Theory
● Emphasized the dominance of some social groups over
others.

● Social order is the result of the dominance and

manipulation of the strong groups over the weak.

● Social change is seen as occurring rapidly and disorderly as

the subordinate group tries to overthrow the dominant
group, (Ritzer in Vega, et al., 2015, p. 2).
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 Conflict Theory
● Horton and Hunt (1984 in Vega, et al. 2015,) argued
that the focus of the conflict theory is the
heterogeneous nature of society and the disparity,
inequality in the distribution of political and social
power.

● Groups that have vested interest, and with political,

social, and economic power work for rules and laws,
that serve their own interests.
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 ● Conflict Theorists are interested in how social
institutions – family, government, religion,
education, economic institutions and the media
– may help to maintain the power and
privileges of some groups and keep others in a
subservient or subordinate position.
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 ● They advocate for social change resulting
from the redistribution of resources.

● In that sense, people who support conflict

theories are viewed as radicals and social
activists, (Ballantine & Spade in Vega, et al.
2015, p.2).
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 The focus of conflict theory
is to analyze how social
actors compete and how
they use their power to
control, dominate and
exploit groups in the society
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 ● Society is a JUNGLE where the

CONFLICT principle of the “survival of the

fittest” applies –

THEORY ● Human beings live in a divided

and conflict – ridded society

VIEWS ON where groups compete for the

control of scarce resources,
such wealth, occupations,
SOCIETY positions in government, as well
as power and prestige.
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 Conflict
Theory and
Education
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 Conflict Model
(Based on Javier, et al Model 2002, in Vega 2015,p.3)
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 Karl Marx argued that From this class
society is struggle or class
characterized by class conflict, interpreters of
conflicts or the conflict the theory suggest
between the that social change
bourgeoisie (the rich may emerge from this
owners of production) conflict.
and the proletariat
(the poor workers or
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working class).
 Role of Schools
 On the issue of the role of schools in
maintaining the dominance of the powerful
over the powerless, Max Weber argued that
schools teach and maintain particular “status
cultures” through which groups in society with
similar interests and positions in the status
hierarchy are able to maintain their status,
their power, their dominance.
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 Role of Schools
 Conflict theories ask how schools
contribute to the unequal distribution of
people into jobs in society so that more
powerful members of society maintain the
best positions and the less powerful groups
(often women, racial, and ethnic groups)
often minority groups, are allocated to lower
ranks in the society. ”.
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 ● It criticizes schools for using the
illusion of equality to protect the
status quo since the biggest
CONFLICT predictor of success in school is
still the parents’ socio –

THEORY economic status.

● It is skeptical of the view that

VIEWS ON school is the equalizer of the

society rather than serving as

SOCIETY leveler, the transmission of

learning has often reinforced the
inequalities of the society,
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reproducing the students’ socio -

economic status .
 ● It asserts that quality education is
costly which is only within the

CONFLICT
purchasing power of the rich. - The
ruling group (elite) use schools to
advance their interests and retain

THEORY their power.

● Conflict theorists believe that schools

VIEWS ON sort students (through selections

process and gatekeeping) into
different categories according to

SOCIETY their ability and talent this is evident

in the school’s practice such as
sectioning, seating arrangement,
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admission examination and other

screening processes.
 THE ROLE OF SCHOOLS ACCORDING TO
CONFLICT THEORIES
 The school’s job is to identify competing interest in
the school system or in the society and determine
how those in power maintain their position.

 Schools must discuss for example how the rich

become richer and the poor become poorer. –

 The teacher has to connect classroom discussions

to challenges faced by the social movements in the
street.
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 THE ROLE OF SCHOOLS ACCORDING TO
CONFLICT THEORIES
Schools
The focus of the school is on become
conflict management . catalyst of
change
 At the macro level, schools are to be critical about
relationship between the school system and the work
through
place to determine mismatch of knowledge and skills violent and
 At the micro level, conflict analysis may investigate the revolutionary
kind of relationship that exists between principal- overthrow of
faculty, faculty – students and faculty – parents .
the dominant
 Analysis of these relationships must be focused on how class and its
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they manipulate school structures and processes to

push their own personal agenda in education . ideology.
END
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