EMBRYOLOGY: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ( Skin and appendages ) Development of Skin Skin largest organ protective layer 2 embryonic origins:

ns:  epidermis surface ectoderm , thinnest and outermost layer  dermis Mesoderm/mesenchyme 2 main types of skin : Thin (most part of the body) Thick (found in soles of feet and palm of hands) EPIDERMIS -initially covered by a single layer of ectodermal cells 2nd month periderm or epitrichium is laid down on the surface -keratinization and desquamification occurs -Proliferation of cells of Skin germinativum or basal layer a 3rd intermediate zone is formed. -Finally at the end of 4th month, the epidermis acquires its definitive arrangement. FOUR LAYERS OF EPIDERMIS: 1. Basal layer known as germinative layer - responsible for production of new cells - later forms ridges and hollows,which are reflected on the surface of the skin in the fingerprint. 2. Spinous layer thick consisting of large polyhedral cells containing fine tonofibrils. 3. Granular layer the cells contain small keratohyalin granules. 4. Horny layer forming the tough scale like surface of the epidermis - is made up of closely packed dead cells loaded with keratin. Neural crest cells Neural crest cells migrate into skin (late embryonic) form melanoblasts day 40-50 differentiate into melanocytes form pigment granules which accounts for different skin colour. DERMIS -lateral plate mesodermal in origin forms connective tissue -Corium developed on the 3rd and 4th months forming irregular papillary structures.

-Dermal papilla project upward into the epidermis, these contain a small capillary or sensory nerve end organ. -Subcorium deeper layer, contains large amount of fatty tissue. vernixcaseosa(L. varnish) covers fetal skinsecretion from sebaceous glands and degenerated epidermal cells and hairs. protects skin from extraembryonic fluids (amnion, urine) slippery and helps with parturition

Hair Development week 9 -12 follicle forms in st.germinativum of epidermis hair bud invaginate (hair papilla) rapidly filled with mesoderm in which vessels and nerve endings develop. -spindle shaped and keratinized forming hair shaft. -peripheral cells become cuboidal, giving rise to epithelial hair sheath -dermal root sheath a small smooth muscle also formed by the sorrounding mesenchyme. The muscle is known as arrectorpili muscle. - Cells in the center of the buds, the sebaceous glands degenerate forming a fat - like substance secreted into the hair follicle week 12 - lanugo hair (L. lana = wool) first hair formed replaced postnatally bind vernix to skin

Hair Development puberty coarse hair in pubis and axilla males face, chest, etc Melanocytes produce melanin which influences hair colour arrectorpili muscle develop in mesenchyme, usually attached to the dermal root sheath. EGF inhibits hair follicle formation Nail Development -week 10 fingernails before toenails as in limb development -nail field appears at tip and migrates to dorsal surface -thickened epidermis surrounding cells form nail fold -keratinization of proximal nail fold forms nail plate -nails reach tip week 32 fingernails -week 36 toenails nail growth indicator of prematurity

Sebaceous and sweat gland Development of Glands 2 main types sebaceous and sweat form as ingrowth of ectoderm into mesoderm A) sebaceous associated with hair development except glans penis and labia minora

these glands secrete vernix b. sweat gland Apocrine Sweat Glands Axilla (underarm), Perianal (near the anal area) Areole, (nipple) Periumbilical (around the belly button), Genital area, External ear canal, Eyelids consists of ducts and secretory coils, but these glands are larger than eccrine glands and open onto hair follicles. Function: There are no known functions attributed to apocrine sweat glands in humans. They are a genetic remnant of the mammalian sexual scent gland Eccrine Sweat Glands Have a wide distribution, all across the body, especially in the hands, feet and forehead. consist of ducts, which are a downward budding of the skin and secretory coils deep in the skin, which create the sweat. Function of Sweat Glands: Thermoregulation - control the temperature of the body Emotional response - provide a response to psychological stimulus Composition of the Sweat Watery clear, hypotonic (neutral) solution Sweat consists of water and salts such as sodium, chloride, potassium, urea, bicarbonate, calcium as well as other excretions from the body such as amino acids Mammary Glands -week 6 epidermis downgrowth into dermis modified sweat glands -1st morphological evidence of mammary gland dev t is the appearance of 2 bands of ectodermal thickenings called MILK LINES. -epithelia/mesenchyme inductive interaction with the fatty component of the connective tissue are responsible for the characteristic shaping of the mammary duct system. -Week 7 formation of 16-24 sprouts forming small solid buds mammary ridges- proliferate for mammary bud formation pair of ventral regions axilla to inguinal pectoral regions generate major part of lines shortly disappear after its formation

small portion persists in the thoracic region and penetrates the underlying mesenchyme breasts buds branch/ canalized as epithelial pit to form lactiferous ducts -only main duct formed at birth The mammary duct cells produced alactalbumin Extremely responsive to the hormonal environment, mammary duct reacts if exposed to testosterone -increase levels of estrogen stimulate proliferation of mammary ducts and enlargement of the pad of fatty tissue that underlies it. At puberty mammary gland is mainly fat and connective tissue deposition.

Congenital icthyosis; also called harlequin fetus lethal autosomal recessive disorder resulting from a keratinising disorder. An externally thickened keratin layer of skin and diffuse plate like scales characterizes it. 2D findings of a persistently open mouth, echogenic amniotic fluid and fixed flexion deformity of the extremities. The 3D sonographic features have been described showing the morphological appearance typical of harlequin fetus, namely the open mouth with thick lips.

BREAST ABNORMALITIES Abnormalities occur in approximately 1% of female population and include in both sexes: extra breast (polymastia) extra nipple (polythelia) Inverted nipple supernumerary nipple (relatively common in males) Gynecomastia ((Greek, gyne = woman, mastos = breast) is the excessive development of the male breast, which can occur transiently in puberty or due to other (hormonal) abnormalities. SKIN ABNORMALITIES Epidermal lesions - ALBINISM MELANOMAS (pigment cell tumors) Angiomas (birthmarks) HAIR ABNORMALITIES (ATRICHIA) Ectodermal dysplasia A syndrome that include abnormalities of epidermis abnormalities or absence of hair and teeth Short stature (ant pituitary maldev t) DERMAL LESION (ichthyosis)