CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR QUANTITY SURVEYING

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

PROGRAMME CODE: AP224

SEMESTER: 2

COURSE CODE: BUILDING SERVICES (BQS454)

LECTURER: DR. FARIDAH MUHAMAD HALIL

NAME MATRIC NO.

SYAHIDAH NADHIRAH BINTI ZULKIFLE 2021101045

SOFIA NABILAH BINTI MOHAMAD ZAHID 2021393659

NUR AISHAH BINTI MOHD YASIN 2021127699

NUR SHAZANA BINTI MOHAMAD 2021393747

SHAHRIMAN

SITI FARAHIZATI BINTI MOHD MISRON 2021395737

 TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT vii

CHAPTER 1 1

INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Project Description 1
1.2.1 Introduction 2
1.2.2 Title 2
1.2.3 Aim 2
1.2.4 Objective 2
1.2.5 Study Area 2
1.2.6 Scope and Limitations 4

CHAPTER 2 4

LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Reservoir 4
2.1.1 Type of Reservoir 5
2.1.2 Large Storage Reservoir System 9
2.1.3 Service Reservoir 12
2.1.4 Uses of Reservoir 14
2.1.5 Operation and Maintenance 16
2.1.6 Safety and Regulation 18
2.1.7 Environmental Impact 18
2.1.8 Climate change 21
2.1.9 Hydroelectricity 21
2.1.10 Biology 21
2.1.11 Human Impact 22
2.1.12 Limnology 22
2.1.13 Seismicity 22
2.1.14 Microclimate 24
2.2 Lakes and Reservoir 24
2.3 Establishing Overflow Elevation 28
2.4 System Pressure Considerations 29
2.5 Site Feasibility Considerations 30
2.6 Factors to Consider in Selecting Type of Dams 31
2.7 Design and Analysis of Concrete Dams 33

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 2.7.1 Design of Concrete Gravity Dam Sections 33
2.7.2 Loads Acting on the Dam 33
2.7.3 Foundation Considerations 37
2.8 Reservoir of Water Supply and Amenity Use 38
2.9 Earth fill Dam 41
2.10 Shapes of Water Reservoirs 42

CHAPTER 3 44

METHODOLOGY 44
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 Research Methodology 44
3.3 Research Process 45
3.4 Data Collection 45
3.5 Data Analysis 45
3.6 Research Limitations 46

CHAPTER 4 47

RESULT AND ANALYSIS 47

4. 1 Main Characteristics 47
4.1.1 Development Area 47
4.1.2 Functions of Chereh Dam 48
4.2 Main Components of the Dam 49
4.2.1 Main Dam and Saddle Dam 49
4.2.2 Diversion Culvert 50
4.2.3 Draw-off Tower 51
4.2.4 The Spillway 52
4.2.5 Building Component 52
4.3 Construction Method and Maintenance of Chereh Dam 53
4.3.1 Construction Method of Chereh Dam 53
4.3.2 Maintenance of Chereh Dam 58
4.4 Process of Chereh Dam 59
4.4.1 The waterflow in the dam system 59
4.4.2 The process of water discharge 59
4.5 Safety and Regulation 60
4.5.1 Basic Safety Procedure 61
4.5.2 Safety Precaution 61
4.5.3 Organization Chart and Job Scope 62
4.5.4 Safety Plan during Operation Phase 63
4.6 Future Plan of Chereh Dam 65
4.7 Cost of Construction Chereh Dam 65

CONCLUSION 66

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REFERENCES 67

APPENDIX 69

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

Figure 1.1 Location of Study Area 2

Figure 2.1 Process of Water Distribution 4

Figure 2.2 Elan Valley Mid Wales 5

Figure 2.3 The Queen Mary Reservoir 6

Figure 2.4 Underground Reservoir Honour Oak Reservoir 7

Figure 2.5 Large Storage System: Chereh Dam 8

Figure 2.6 Service Reservoir 8

Figure 2.7 Small Water Storage Tank 9

Figure 2.8 Arch Dam 10

Figure 2.9 Buttress Dam 10

Figure 2.10 Embankment Dam 11

Figure 2.11 Gravity Dam 11

Figure 2.12 Underground Water Reservoir 13

Figure 2.13 Elevated Water Reservoir 14

Figure 2.14 Dam Failure 17

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Figure 2.15 Distribution of Major Lakes and Reservoir in 28
Malaysia

Figure 2.16a Full Face Inclined 34

Figure 2.16b Partially Inclined 34

Figure 2.17 Horizontal Water Force on Spillway Block 36

During Floodwater Overflow

Figure 2.18 Uplift pressure at base and at any general 36

plane in the dam

Figure 2.19 Earth fill Dam 42

Figure 2.20 Geometric Shapes for Reservoir 42

Figure 4.1 Location of Study Area 47

Figure 4.2 Chereh Dam Map 47

Figure 4.3 Graph of Water Capacity in Kuantan City 48

Figure 4.4 Section of Main Dam 49

Figure 4.5 Saddle Dam 50

Figure 4.6 Section of Diversion Culvert 50

Figure 4.7 Diversion Culvert of Chereh Dam 51

Figure 4.8 Draw-off Tower of Chereh Dam 51

Figure 4.9 Section of Spillway 52

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Figure 4.10 Location of Dam Facilities 53

Figure 4.11 Construction Site of Chereh Dam 54

Figure 4.12 Construction Site of Main Dam 54

Figure 4.13 Construction Site of Saddle Dam (A and B1) 55

Figure 4.14 Construction Site of Saddle Dam (C1 and C2) 55

Figure 4.15 Construction Site of Diversion Culvert 56

Figure 4.16 Construction Complete of Diversion Culvert 56

Figure 4.17 Construction Site of Draw-off Tower and 57

Access Bridge

Figure 4.18 Construction Site of Draw- off Tower and 57

Access Bridge

Figure 4.19 Water Discharged Through a Culvert Diversion 59

Directly into the River

Figure 4.20 Water Flowing Out from Diversion Culvert to 60

Chereh River

Figure 4.21 Emergency Action Plan Organization Chart 62

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all parties who have provided guidance
and assisted us in completing the tasks that have been given. First of all, we are utterly grateful
for the Divine presence for His bounty and grace, we were able to complete this task
successfully despite going through various tests and challenges.

On this occasion, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our lecturer Dr.
Faridah Muhamad Halil, for her patience, guidance, support, and advice was given to us
throughout the process. Many thanks to both of our parents who have not stopped giving us the
support, love, and prayers that we so desperately need throughout the production of this paper.
Finally, many thanks to all members of the group involved for all the cooperation and assistance
that has been given. The time, energy and enthusiasm that has been poured in have finally paid
off. All ideas and suggestions have been processed and arranged grammatically and creatively.
Therefore, hopefully, the journey in completing the task has made us all students who think
more critically and finally open our minds with the addition of new knowledge and can be used
as a useful knowledge platform for future generations as well.

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

As the requirement of the subject Building Services I (BQS454) where students in Degree
of Quantity Surveying semester 2 under Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying of
Universiti Teknologi Mara (UITM), Shah Alam are required to prepare an assignment in
form of a case study of selected topics. The topic that had been chosen for this group is
reservoir system. However, this group has been concentrating on a smaller topic which is a
large reservoir system, also known as dams, which are located at Pahang. This
assignment required students to gather existing project data and obtain detailed
information about this particular system. This chapter discusses the reservoir's project
description.

1.2 Project Description

1.2.1 Introduction

A reservoir is a water storage facility constructed by enlarging a natural or manmade lake,

pond, or impoundment using a dam or lock. Controlling a watercourse that drains an
existing body of water, interrupting a watercourse to make an embayment inside it,
excavation, or the construction of any number of retaining walls or levees are all ways to
create reservoirs. Dams are constructions built on rivers to keep water from flowing
downstream for one or more specific purposes (e.g. hydroelectricity generation). Behind a
dam, reservoirs form. A reservoir is a body of water that has been "made or modified by
human activity for specified purposes, with the goal of providing a reliable and controllable
water resource. Talking about reservoirs and dams might be confusing because the
phrases are sometimes used interchangeably. Dams and reservoirs, on the other hand,
are two very distinct entities. The difference between a dam and a reservoir is easy to
remember: a dam is a physical construction that retains water, while a reservoir is the
water body generated by a dam.

Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the reservoir system in the
development zone. The study region for this assignment was chosen to be Chereh, Sungai
Lembing, Kuantan. The goal of this project was to investigate the reservoir system using a
case study as a model. All of the data was gathered on a site visit to the chosen location.
All of the data was analysed and completed in order to meet the project's goals.

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1.2.2 Title

Large Reservoir System in Chereh, Sungai Lembing, Kuantan, Pahang.

1.2.3 Aim

To conduct research regarding the large reservoir system from a case study.

1.2.4 Objective

● Examine the major features of the reservoir system

● To understand the reservoir system installation and maintenance process in the
development area.
● To be familiar with the components and materials used in the reservoir system in the
development region.
● To figure out how much it will cost to create reservoir systems.

1.2.5 Study Area

This case study takes place in Chereh Dam, Sungai Lembing , Kuantan, Pahang.

Figure 1.1 Location of Study Area

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1.2.6 Scope and Limitations

Scope

This case study only focused on the large water reservoir system at Chereh Dam. All data
collected from Badan Kawal Selia Air Pahang. All the information on site about the
reservoir system was given and assisted by Senior Assistant Secretary of Badan Kawal
Selia Air, Encik Gabriel Jessindran A/L Plaindaren and assistant engineer, Encik
Jamaluddin Bin Abu Bakar.

Limitation

Firstly, this is a case study, so we cannot directly involve learning on how the reservoir is
being constructed and being installed regarding the substructures and superstructure.

Secondly, we just learn through all the plans and information given by the Badan Kawal
Selia Air.

Lastly, most of the data and reference cannot be obtained such as costing, because it was
such a long time ago. All the staff also cannot state the general costing of that reservoir.
The original BQ also cannot be located.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Reservoir
This chapter is about general study and basics of the reservoir system.

Figure 2.1 Process of Water Distribution

Based on the diagram, the process of water distribution starts from sources of water then
the water will be treated in a treatment plan before distribution to the consumer. In this
case study, we are only going to focus on sources of water or can be called a reservoir.
According to the National Geographic Society (2012), Reservoir is an artificial lake where
water is stored. A reservoir is a man-made lake used to store water. The majority of
reservoirs are created by building dams across rivers. A reservoir can also be created by
damming the exit of a natural lake to regulate the water level. The dam regulates how
much water goes out of the reservoir. Simply said, dams are often used to widen a human-
made lake in order to store freshwater.

The history of the reservoir started 3000 BCE. It was constructed to hold water for
irrigation or agriculture watering. Reservoirs are built because the amount of water in a
river fluctuates throughout time. A river's water level increases and occasionally breaches
its banks during heavy rains or when mountain snow melts. Reservoirs assist to minimise
floods by restricting the quantity of water that may flow downriver. The water level in a river
may be quite low during droughts or protracted dry periods. More water is released from
the reservoir under these conditions, allowing farmers to water their crops and residences
and businesses to operate regularly.

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2.1.1 Type of Reservoir
There are three main types of reservoirs. It has valley-dammed reservoirs, bank-side
reservoirs, and service reservoirs.

● Valley Dammed Reservoir.

The earliest and most common form of reservoir is a valley dammed reservoir. These
are reservoirs placed in narrow valley settings where massive volumes of water may
be kept in by the valley walls and a dam. In these sorts of reservoirs, the optimal place
for a dam is where it can be constructed into the valley wall most efficiently to
establish a watertight seal.

Valley dammed reservoirs can be constructed when the river is redirected,

generally through a tunnel. The initial stage in constructing this sort of reservoir is to
lay a solid dam foundation, following which construction on the dam itself may begin.
Depending on the scale and complexity of the project, these processes might take
months or years to complete. Once completed, the diversion is removed, allowing the
river to flow freely toward the dam and gradually filling the reservoir.

Figure 2.2 Elan Valley Mid Wales

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● Bank Side Reservoir
Bank-side reservoirs may be built to hold the water pumped or sucked from the river,
where water of varying quality or quantity is obtained from a river. Bank-side
reservoirs are often formed partially by excavation and partly through the building of a
complete encircling bund or embankment with a perimeter of more than 6 kilometres.
Both the reservoir bottom and the bund must have an impermeable liner or core,
which was originally built of puddled clay but has now been mostly replaced by the
current usage of rolled clay. The water held in such reservoirs may have a residence
duration of many months, during which time natural biological activities can
significantly decrease many toxins and virtually completely eradicate any turbidity. The
installation of bank-side reservoirs also allows for the closure of a water abstraction for
a longer duration of time when the river is excessively dirty or flow conditions are
extremely low because to drought. The example of a bank-side reservoir is The Queen
Mary Reservoir is one of the largest of London's reservoirs supplying fresh water to
London and parts of surrounding counties, and is located in the Borough of Spelt
Horne in Surrey. The reservoir covers 707 acres (2.86 km2) and is 45 ft (14 m) above
the surrounding area.

Figure 2.3 The Queen Mary Reservoir

● Service Reservoir
Close to the point of distribution, service reservoirs contain completely treated potable
water. Many service reservoirs are built as water towers, frequently as raised buildings
on concrete pillars in relatively level ground. Other service reservoirs are fully
underground, particularly in hilly or mountainous terrain. Thames Water in the United
Kingdom has various underground reservoirs created in the 1800s, most of which are

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walled with brick. The Honor Oak Reservoir, built between 1901 and 1909, is an
excellent example. When it was finished, it was the largest brick-built subterranean
reservoir in the world, and it is currently one of Europe's largest. The reservoir is
currently a component of the Thames Water Ring Main's southern expansion. The
reservoir's top has been grassed over and is now the Aquarius Golf Club.

Service reservoirs serve numerous purposes, including guaranteeing enough head

of water in the water distribution system and supplying hydraulic capacitance in the
system to balance out peak customer demand, allowing the treatment plant to operate
at optimal efficiency. Large service reservoirs can also be managed to decrease
pumping energy costs by focusing refilling activities throughout the day when power
prices are low.

Figure 2.4 Underground Reservoir Honour Oak Reservoir

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 There are three types of reservoir or water storage system practises in Malaysia.
The system is a large storage reservoir. The second type is service reservoirs. Lastly,
distribution reservoirs such as small water storage tanks located at the rooftop of
buildings or housing. (Figure 2.5, 2.6 and 2.7)

Figure 2.5 Large Storage System: Chereh Dam

Figure 2.6 Service Reservoir

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 Figure 2.7 Small Water Storage Tank

2.1.2 Large Storage Reservoir System

Large water storage is mainly a dam. According to the National Geographic Society
(2009), a dam is a structure that is placed over a stream or river to keep back water. Dams
have the ability to hold water, regulate flooding, and produce energy. Generally, we have
four types of dams.

The arch dam is one of the most prevalent forms of big dams. These masonry or
concrete dams are perfect for narrow and/or rocky sites because of their curved design,
gravity readily holds back water without requiring a lot of building resources. Arch dams
can be made out of a single huge arch, or several tiny arches separated by concrete
buttresses. The Hoover Dam, located on the boundary between Arizona and Nevada in the
United States, is an arch dam. (Figure 2.8)

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 Figure 2.8 Arch Dam

The buttress dam is another form of dam. They can have several arches, but unlike
traditional arch dams, they can also be flat. Buttress dams are typically composed of
concrete and include a series of buttresses along the downstream side of the dam to keep
water from flowing freely. The Daniel-Johnson Dam is a multiple arch buttress dam in
Quebec, Canada. (See figure 2.9)

Figure 2.9 Buttress Dam

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 The embankment dam is another typical form of dam. These are massive dams
composed of earth and rock that use gravity to keep water out. Embankment dams feature
a substantial waterproof core to prevent water from passing through them. Pakistan's
Tarbela Dam is the world's biggest embankment dam. (See figure 2.10)

Figure 2.10 Embankment Dam

Finally, gravity dams are massive structures built to keep back water solely by their
own weight. To do so, they are built using a lot of concrete, which makes them tough and
expensive to build. The Grand Coulee Dam in Washington, United States, is a gravity dam.
(See figure 2.11)

Figure 2.11 Gravity Dam

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2.1.3 Service Reservoir

Referring to Info Bloom (2021), A service reservoir is a storage container for clean water
after it has been treated at a water plant and before it is supplied to end consumers. These
containers are covered, and their purpose is to protect the water from contaminants. Their
primary function is to offer protection within the water delivery system, allowing water
supplies to be maintained during periods of fluctuating demand.

Service reservoir should be capable of supplying water in a 24-hour period. The

engineer of water supply should have knowledge on the designing capacity of storage of
water supply according to the demand of certain areas. Types of service reservoir can be
divided into three categories such as underground reservoir/ground level, and elevated
reservoir.

First type of reservoir system is the underground reservoir level. The underground
water reservoir system, which is intended to properly utilise rainfall as a natural gift, offers
a solution to these concerns and problems. The system includes, among other things,
universal strategies for water resource security and effective usage, as well as disaster
avoidance in urban areas.

Water barrier sheets are laid beneath public parks, playgrounds, and squares. The
sheets are then covered with materials like water-resistant glue and rubbles to form an
aquifer. The water is ultimately used for a variety of reasons, including industrial, snow
melting, and conserving flora during dry periods. When the water supply from the main
fails, it is also utilised for firefighting and everyday living. The groundwater reservoir
provides a mechanism for securing water resources while avoiding environmental
disruption. The system can also be built in a valley with a huge hole cut in the earth for the
same goals. (See figure 2.12)

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 Figure 2.12 Underground Water Reservoir

Second type of reservoir is an elevated reservoir. An elevated steel reservoir stores

clean water in a steel tank on a raised stand or tower. The tank's height delivers water
pressure to all sites in the distribution system's pressure zone. Tanks can be cylinder-
shaped, rectangular-shaped, or any other shape that is practical. The tank may be
fashioned out of an old oil barrel (duly coated) and the tower out of bamboo for family
usage. Elevated steel tanks are frequently created from factory-made galvanised steel
pieces that are bolted or welded together for communal use. Steel tanks, however, are
more susceptible to corrosion than concrete reservoirs, even when galvanised. Steel
tanks, on the other hand, may be erected faster and transporting the material is often less
expensive, especially when concrete aggregates are not manufactured nearby. (See figure
2.13)

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 Figure 2.13 Elevated Water Reservoir.

2.1.4 Uses of Reservoir

For centuries, the world's water resources have been developed to benefit mankind. The
construction of dams to create reservoirs has served many purposes. Reservoirs help
supply water, generate hydroelectric power, regulate flooding, offer irrigation, and assist in
navigation. They can also be used to control the flow of water in rivers. During dry
seasons, water can be released from the reservoir to help wildlife and the environment
downstream, as well as to offer a resource for human use.

● Help Supply Water

Water from reservoirs may be used to supply our houses and enterprises. Reservoirs
are built to store rain that falls during the wettest portions of the year, ensuring a
steady supply of water throughout the dry months.

Before it can be utilised, reservoir water must be cleansed. This is carried out at a
water treatment facility. To assist eliminate undesired naturally occurring mineral
particles and dangerous germs, chemicals are used. Filtering the water through sand

14
 and gravel beds or adding chemicals that enable the particles to adhere together so
that they may be separated from the water removes dirt and other microscopic
particles.

After treatment, the water is moved to a service (or storage) reservoir, where it will be
distributed.

● Generate Hydroelectric Power

Water may be stored in reservoirs to supply hydroelectric power plants. Water turbines
drive electric generators, and the energy from falling water is used to create
hydroelectric electricity. The reservoir water is kept at a higher elevation than the
turbines of the power station. When a power plant is built immediately in front of a
dam, water is sent directly to the turbines using pipes that go through the dam. In
other circumstances, the power plant is located downhill from the reservoir and is
supplied with water via lengthy pipelines or tunnels known as penstocks.

● Regulate Flooding

Snowmelt and rainfall will run off into streams and rivers, finally hitting the sea. The
water level in rivers can increase dramatically after strong storms, or heavy snow or
rain over several days. Flooding of farms, property, and, in the worst circumstances,
loss of life occurs when water runs over riverbanks or barriers.

After heavy rain, a reservoir can be utilised to regulate the volume of water flowing
in a river. During the rainier seasons of the year, the reservoir's water level is kept low.
When heavy rain falls, the dam stops it and stores it in the reservoir. Floodwater can
be sent downstream over a spillway if the reservoir becomes too full.

Floodgates are sometimes used on top of spillways to limit the quantity of water
released into the river downstream. They can be fully or partially opened.

● Offer Irrigation.

Plants will develop in fertile soil that is regularly drenched by rain. However, in parts of
the world where the environment is extremely dry for part of the year, the soil gets so
dry that vegetation cannot grow. Irrigation, a man-made technique for watering the
soil, can solve this problem.

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 During the rainy season, irrigation water can be kept in reservoirs, then released
from the reservoir and spread across the land via a canal system during the dry
season. Normally, water flows to the regions that require it due to gravity, or it can be
pumped out of the canals and onto the land.

● Assist in Navigation

A dam across a river creates a reservoir, which increases the water level upstream,
stores the water, and reduces the river's flow rate. This makes it easier for ships and
boats to navigate upstream of the dam. Dangerous regions of rocks and sandbanks
that were previously exposed to shallow water become properly protected, and river
rapids vanish. During the dry seasons of the year, water from the reservoir can also be
discharged into the river downstream to ensure that it is deep enough for passage all
year.

A dam acts as a barrier to all commerce, therefore navigation locks can be installed
on one side, or special lifts can be built within the dam to raise and lower boats.

2.1.5 Operation and Maintenance

Service Reservoir

The valves must be opened and closed, and a chlorinator must be managed if one is
utilised. A nearby caregiver is generally responsible for this. The valves need to avoid
sticking, so it must be opened and closed every two months for maintenance. Lubrication
is required for some valves. The screens must also be examined, and a screen or valve
may need to be fixed on occasion. The inside of the reservoir should be cleaned and
disinfected with a chlorine solution at least once every six months. Once a year, the tank
and stand should be coated; epoxy-paint coatings should require little care. Any leaks
should be fixed right once.

Issues that might arise for service reservoir are:

● the reservoir may corrode and leak as a result of this.

● Cathodic protection (corrosion control) is usually required for steel reservoirs.
● Steel reservoirs require greater upkeep than concrete, ferrocement, or even wood
reservoirs.

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Large Storage Reservoir

Dams require some repair and maintenance because of their frequent usage and exposure
to a range of weather conditions. This ensures that they stay in good operating order for
the long term. Dams will be monitored and assessed today to ensure that they continue to
supply a useful resource in the future while posing no threat to third parties. Dam owners
must carefully monitor their dams during periods of heavy or continuous rainfall to ensure
that they are in safe condition.

The following are some instances of dam work that can be done:

● Clear vegetation from the dam's spillway, dam wall, and storage area.
● Minor spillway repairs are permitted as long as the specified flood capacity is
maintained (i.e., the same amount of water may travel through the spillway
channel).

Figure 2.14 Dam Failure

There is also some dam failure that can happen:

● Heavy floods cause overtopping, which is a serious failure. The failure of

overtopping is caused by two basic variables. One is the continuous flow that is

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 formed as a result of the surface elevation exceeding the whole structural elevation
profile.
● The second main reason is the over wash from the waves, where the surface of the
water stays below the structure elevation profile. The majority of embankment
dams are not capable of withstanding the overtopping impact. However, because of
their solid rock foundations, concrete dams will be able to survive this to a certain
extent.

2.1.6 Safety and Regulation

Reservoirs are closely regulated to try to prevent or minimise failures of containment. The
aim of such controls is to prevent an uncontrolled release of water from the reservoir.
Reservoir failures can generate huge increases in flow down a river valley, with the
potential to wash away towns and villages and cause considerable loss of life

2.1.7 Environmental Impact

According to Gordana Devic, for hundreds of years, reservoirs and dams had been vital
tools for the control of intense hydrological events. Water-related disasters, consisting of
floods and droughts, had been effectively mitigated with the aid of the smart use of the
storage supplied through reservoirs. Up to the final quarter of the twentieth century, the
ones chargeable for the development of dams and the advent of reservoirs –
entrepreneurs, selection makers, engineers, investors – had been praised for the
recounted advantages of their work: water supply, irrigated agriculture, flood control,
progressed navigation, and dependable hydroelectric generation (considered clean and
unequivocally renewable energy). However, on the other hand, alarmists, particularly
environmental agencies, and organizations, had been exaggeratingly pointing out that
infrastructure works, in general, and dams and reservoirs, in particular, cause extreme and
insupportable environmental impacts (Palau 2006; Gomide 2012).

Reservoir creation leads to various environmental issues, both during constructing

and following completion. The construction of a dam results in post-impoundment
phenomena which can be specific to reservoirs and do not occur in natural lakes. One
difference is that in the first reservoir, terrestrial habitats are submerged and destroyed.
Thus, dams and the advent of reservoirs require the relocation of probably massive human
populations if they may be constructed near residential areas. The report for the biggest
population relocation is held with the aid of using the Three Gorges Dam constructed in
China. Its reservoir submerged a large area of land, forcing the

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displacement of over 1,000,000 people (Tan and Yao 2006). Another difference is that
stage fluctuations can be larger than the ones generally discovered in a natural lake. Non-
earth storage dams frequently have a bottom outlet. This may allow each sediment flushing
and water release from deep under the surface. Major modifications withinside the river
system occurs both upstream and downstream.

Cause of Possible direct effects Possible indirect effects

Impact

Creation of dam Creation of a major Barrier to migration for certain aquatic

obstacle in the river vertebrates (fish)

Associated construction Disruption of habitat

work
Increased sediment erosion and
temporary effects on river water quality

Population displacement Population reduction in the vicinity of the

reservoir

Modification of landscape Presence of new water body in the

landscape

Presence of newly built associated

structures (turbine plants, treatment
plants)

Change in slope gradient

Creation of a tourist attraction

(recreation-seasonal population influx)

Reservoir Flooding of land Habitat destruction

impoundment
Destruction of archaeological and
historical features

Decomposition of organic material

Splitting of continuously forested areas in

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 two belts

Possible migration barrier for terrestrial

fauna

Presence of a Creation of a still water Change from riverine to lacustrine

permanent still habitat ecosystem
water body
Stratification of the water body with
associated changes to the ecosystem

Creation of a Increased humidity and attenuated

microclimate temperature changes upstream of the
reservoir

Rise in groundwater Possible flooding of land and increased

levels upstream of the salinization
reservoir
Changes in groundwater flow regime

Effect on bedrock Possible induced seismic activity (in the

largest impoundments)

Water use Change in downstream land use due to

the availability of a new water resource

Accumulation in Sediment trapping Sedimentation of the reservoir with

the reservoir associated water volume reduction

Leaching of nutrients and other

substance

Nutrient enrichment Evolution of ecosystem. The appearance

causing eutrophication of water detrimental to recreation uses-
toxic algae

Atmospheric acidic Acidification of reservoir, low pH, and

deposition effects on ecosystem

Chemical pollution Accumulation of heavy metals,

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 pesticides, and other micro-pollutants

Biological pollution Possible presence of pathogens

Table 1.0 Environmental changes associated with reservoirs and dams

2.1.8 Climate change

Hydropower reservoirs are major sources of low-carbon electricity that can help overcome
climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, those same reservoirs
release carbon pollution, and a group of researchers has now calculated how much those
gases affect the climate. Reservoirs contribute for around 1.3 % of the world's annual man-
made greenhouse gas emissions. Reservoirs mostly produce methane, a greenhouse gas
35 times more harmful than carbon dioxide in terms of its ability to warm the climate over a
century. Because there is a dam-building binge going on all over the world, knowing how
reservoirs contribute to global warming is important. Because hydropower reservoirs are a
renewable electricity source that does not use fossil fuels, they are frequently regarded as
environmentally benign. Most states consider electricity generated at large hydroelectric
dams as part of their plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prevent climate
change by using more renewables.

2.1.9 Hydroelectricity

A hydroelectric reservoir is a huge reserve of water behind a hydroelectric dam that is

used to generate electricity using the potential energy of water. The dam restrains most of
the water, but a limited quantity is allowed to flow down the dam's base to create energy
when it's needed. These reservoirs are a sort of water storage that is particularly significant
for hydropower. A hydroelectric facility's reservoir is stored at a greater elevation on one
side of the dam than the other. The hydraulic head is the height at which this water rises.
Hydraulic head, which is usually measured in metres above sea level (masl), is one of the
most important parameters in determining how much energy a dam can generate.

2.1.10 Biology

Dams can provide a barrier for migrating fish, enclosing them in one region and providing
food and habitat for a variety of waterfowl. They can also trigger extinctions by flooding
diverse ecosystems on land.

21
2.1.11 Human Impact

Dams can restrict the quantity of water that reaches downstream nations, generating water
stress between them, such as between Sudan and Egypt, which harms downstream
farming enterprises and lowers drinking water.

The construction of reservoirs has the potential to flood farms and villages,
destroying countless livelihoods. As a result of dam building, people have been forcefully
relocated throughout the world.

2.1.12 Limnology

Reservoir limnology is very similar to the limnology of pretty similar lakes. However, there
are slight differences. Many reservoirs have major level fluctuations, resulting in significant
sections that are submerged or dried out at times. This has a significant impact on
productivity and water margins, as well as the number of species that can survive in these
environments. Upland reservoirs have a shorter residence period than natural lakes, which
might result in more rapid cycling of nutrients through the water body and it will cause them
to be lost to the ecosystem more quickly. This could be interpreted as a mismatch between
water chemistry and water biology, with the biological component tendency to be more
oligotrophic than the chemistry implies.

2.1.13 Seismicity
Seismic Hazards

Seismic hazards embody ground motions, fault displacements, liquefaction, landslides,

seiches and tsunamis. Clearly tsunamis will not have an effect on dams remote from
coastal settings; however, seiches generated by sturdy ground motions and/or fault
displacements to a lower place reservoir will affect dam safety. The subsequent
subsections outline suggested practises for the choice of acceptable seismic hazard
parameters for dams. Ground motions, fault displacements and liquefaction are self-
addressed.

Terminology

A number of terms are used for assessment of seismic hazards. They consist of the
Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE), the Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE), and the
Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE). The terms MCE, SEE, and OBE are defined as
follows:

22
 ● MCE – the maximum earthquake on a seismic source that is capable of causing
the largest seismic demand on a dam.
● SEE – The earthquake that might end in the foremost severe ground motion which
a dam structure should be able to endure without uncontrolled release of the
reservoir.
● OBE – The earthquake for which a dam, appurtenant structure and gate/valve
system that fulfils a dam safety function is designed to remain operational, with any
damage being minor and readily fixable following the event.

Reservoir Triggered Seismicity

According to the Government of Malaysia, Reservoir Triggered Seismicity (RTS) is a rise in

seismic activity following the formation of a reservoir. RTS is comparatively uncommon
however it will occur (e.g., Benmore dam in New Zealand, 1965, and Oroville dam in
California, 1975). Wherever it has occurred, the earthquake ground motions are generally
lower than the SEE for the dam. ICOLD Bulletin 137 notes that dams and appurtenant
structures that have been properly designed for seismic masses are protected against
RTS; however, existing structures and facilities in the vicinity of a proposed reservoir can
be liable to RTS as the resulting seismic masses can be larger than those assumed in their
design.

In addition, this transient phenomenon occurs immediately after the reservoir is

filled or with a delay of several years. If there is a delay, it depends on the permeability of
the rock below the reservoir. As soon as the stress and pore pressure fields have
stabilised to new values, reservoir-induced seismicity will cease. The earthquake hazard
will return to similar levels that would have existed if the reservoir had not been filled.
Even in reservoirs that show a correlation between seismic activity and water level, the
seismicity caused by the reservoir does not last indefinitely, as it is limited by the available
tectonic energy.

Depth of Reservoir Triggered Seismicity

The depths of reservoir-induced earthquakes, especially those that occur immediately after
the reservoir is filled, are usually very shallow. When detailed seismographic coverage is
available, depths within one to three kilometres of the surface are common. Reservoir-
induced earthquakes that have experienced delayed activation may be much deeper,
perhaps up to ten to twenty kilometres deep. These can occur ten to twenty years after the
reservoir has been filled.

23
Prediction of Reservoir Triggered Seismicity

It is difficult to predict whether a new reservoir will experience reservoir induced seismicity,
as a result of the two most vital factors – the state of stress and also the rock strength at
earthquake depths – it cannot be measured directly. This is often a similar reason why
prediction of normal (non-induced) earthquakes is generally unsuccessful.

2.1.14 Microclimate

The construction of a reservoir may have impacts on the surrounding environment.

Microclimatic changes may occur through varying humidity, and this may affect crops and
biodiversity downstream of the reservoir. It might modify the native micro-climate
increasing humidness and reducing extremes of temperature, particularly in dry areas.

2.2 Lakes and Reservoir

Man-made Lakes (Reservoirs) and Dam.

Man-made reservoirs, sometimes called artificial lakes, are important water sources in
many countries around the world. In contrast to natural processes of lake formation,
reservoirs are artificial, usually formed by constructing a dam across a river or by diverting
a part of the river flow and storing the water in a reservoir. The water is stored in the
reservoir and can be used for irrigation, hydropower or as a water source for domestic or
industry use. Man-made reservoirs are also very effective constructions to control
unexpected floods. Reservoirs are mainly located in areas where there are relatively few
natural lakes or where the lakes are not suitable for human water needs. They are much
younger than lakes and their lifespan is represented by a historic time frame rather than a
geological one. Lakes are used for many of the same purposes as reservoirs, but a unique
feature of reservoirs is that they are usually created by humans to meet one or more
specific water needs. Dams are built with a single and or multi-purposes such as for: water
supply, flood and sedimentation control, hydropower, and irrigation.

Upon completion of the dam, the river pools behind the dam and fills the artificially
created basin. Seasonal changes of runoff and precipitation feed the reservoir. There are
big differences in the size of man-made reservoirs such as big artificial lakes or small
pond-like water bodies. The stored water can be used for irrigation, drinking water after
purification or to produce energy. Water stored in a valley usually has a higher level than
the valley bottoms downstream of the dam. Because of this difference in level, the valley

24
can be irrigated by a gravity system or other distribution systems. Water can be taken from
the reservoir via a concrete or steel pipe. This pipe connects the reservoir to an irrigation
canal downstream. A valve is usually located on the upstream end of the pipe to control
the discharge of water into the canal. The kinetic energy of reservoirs is often used to
produce electricity.

This storage is the main purpose of more than two-thirds of all large and small
reservoirs. Due to its partial sharing with hydropower in many large systems, it is rarely
possible to accurately estimate the corresponding total storage. The associated available
storage is in the range of 100 billion m3 and is commonly used primarily for annual storage
for irrigation. The total investment in this storage facility is about one-third of the dam
investment. In 2000, irrigation water from dams produced food for about 15% of the world's
population (about 1 billion people). It is estimated that in the first half of the 21st century,
the population of Asia, Africa and South America will increase by nearly 3 billion and more
large dams will be built to supply food. In most of these countries, rivers are completely dry
for half a year. Therefore, water storage for industrial and drinking water is an important
goal, which is partially achieved through existing dams, often through multipurpose
systems.

Most of the river valleys are occupied by an increasing population. Buildings and
homes that are not under the threat of normal floods can be damaged by the highest
floods of the first century. Although weather forecasts and telecommunications have
reduced people's losses from floods, the extent of flood damage continues to increase
around the world. The purpose of flood protection is to reduce the peak runoff values of
these floods by 20 to 50 percent. Replenishing some or all the reservoir's capacity during
peak floods can be cheap. Twenty percent of large dams are designed for this purpose, in
whole or in part, and many other dams have or may have a meaningful impact on flood
peaks. As 1 billion people live in flood-prone areas, the use of dams for flood protection
should increase. In the past, investments were about 10% of the total investment in dams,
but the value of the damage avoided is much higher, especially in countries like China, the
United States and Japan.

Reservoir water levels are usually highest at the end of the rainy season and
lowest at the end of the dry or irrigation season. Pumps installed in reservoirs and lakes
need to deal with these fluctuations, which become noticeable not only vertically but also
horizontally as the water recedes to the bottom of the reservoir. The arm of the dead river
can also be used as a reservoir. In the rainy season, the tributaries are filled with water,

25
and in the dry season, the stored water is closed for use. Due to the low water level,
pumps are usually needed to irrigate fields from such reservoirs.

Several types of dams have been built to form reservoirs, including backfills,
gravity, arches, and buttresses. Use a very small dam (the height of the dam is 3-6 metres
above the natural riverbed) to store river water for drinking water, to operate small rivers
for various purposes such as mill wheel operation. Can be bypassed. The most common
dumb type is backfilling, which is about 85% of dams 15-60 meters high. Arch dams are
usually built where very high dams are needed and account for 40 to 50 percent of the
world's very large dams (water levels above 150 metres).

Status of Lakes and Reservoir in Malaysia

Lakes and reservoirs are important water resources in Malaysia. Rapid development near
the catchment areas of many lakes has a significant impact on water quality. Some lakes
and reservoirs were built as flood storage bearings to buffer various runoffs during the dry
and rainy seasons, but most of them are now versatile. Water bodies are also created
during the construction of urban silt storage / regulating ponds. Hydropower in Malaysia
accounted for about 8% of energy demand in 1998 (Ministry of Energy and Water
Communications). Lakes and reservoirs also support important ecosystems and reservoirs
for the biodiversity of rare, endemic and endangered species. Due to their economic
potential, many lakes and ponds have become popular tourism and water-based
recreation areas, sports and commercial fishing activities, increasing water demand and
creating water use conflicts.

Generally, natural lakes are few in Malaysia and mostly form as part of swamp
wetlands. A wetland of international importance, Lake Bera, was accepted as Malaysia’s
first RAMSAR site in 1995.At the same time a number of man-made lakes were created to
fulfil the needs of the nation. Not less than73 man-made lakes have been created for water
supply, irrigation, hydropower generation, flood mitigation and others.

Lakes and reservoirs around the world have various problems. Common problems
are eutrophication, sedimentation and weed invasion. Eutrophication of lakes, known as a
global problem, commonly found in lakes and reservoirs, is also a serious problem in
Malaysia. A preliminary desktop survey of the current state of eutrophication of lakes in
Malaysia found that more than 60% of the 90 lakes in the countries surveyed were
eutrophicated. Different lakes have different symptoms of eutrophication. There are few
reports of phytoplankton blue-green algae, but large plant blue-green algae are common in

26
some lakes and ponds. Most lakes face threats and insect problems that arise from their
catchment areas. Threats to deterioration from lake catchments include excess sediment
input, non-point source input associated with rapid land use development and change, and
pesticide and sewage pollution. Weed invasion and nutrients from fish cages have been
reported as insect problems.

Detailed studies on a few major lakes in Malaysia show different levels of

degradation. Deterioration of water quality and water quantity was reported in all three
biggest natural lakes in Malaysia; Lake Bera , Lake Chini and Loagan Bunut Lake. The
main source of degradation includes surface runoff containing nutrient-rich water from
nearby plantations, sewage from communities living around the lake, logging activities and
oil discharges from motorboats. Changes in land use within the three lakes catchment
were widespread where part of the watershed consisted of secondary and primary forests
were converted to agriculture areas, specifically the oil palm plantation. Decreasing
amounts of water levels were also reported in Lake Bera and Lake Chini affecting
transportation and natural resources.

Deep man-made lakes especially created for hydropower generation are

experiencing stratification problems. In Lake Kenyir, strong thermal stratification was
reported with an anoxic hypolimnion during both dry and wet seasons. Despite limited
aerobic condition with availability of oxygen between 10-15m layers above the metalminon,
Lake Kenyir is known to have a diverse and high commercial value of fish stock. Lake
Kenyir is popular with sport-fishing and intensive cage aquaculture activities. Such
activities provide nutrient rich environments which encourage localised eutrophication
within the lake. Infections of fish species were also reported in Lake Kenyir. Decrease in
biodiversity due to overfishing, eutrophication due to nutrient-rich water from ecotourism
and agriculture activities and siltation as a result of logging in the upstream areas are
some of the threats for Lake Kenyir. The relatively anoxic environment of the large portion
of waters in Lake Kenyir will hasten eutrophication of the reservoir if there is no effective
control of nutrient loading into the reservoir.

Climate change or global warming is another threat seen as to be affecting the

lakes and reservoir problems in Malaysia. Changes in the rainfall pattern and intensity
provide challenges for the functioning of the lakes in controlling the flood and drought,
which has been experienced in different parts of the country.

27
 Figure 2.15 Distribution of Major Lakes and Reservoir in Malaysia.

2.3 Establishing Overflow Elevation

Creating an exit pathway for incoming water is important for preventing overflow through
the manway, back-up through pre-tank filters and excess pressure on the storage vessel.
This also allows it to direct where excess water is directed which is frequently directed to a
garden or other places for supplemental irrigation. By using water tank flow, it can achieve
these two main objectives which is, create an exit path for excess incoming water and help
to remove floating particles from the surface of water. Overflow elevations for reservoirs
constructed to supply gravity water service must take several factors:

1. Consistency with other facilities and plans

The overflow elevation should be compatible with the water system's other storage
facilities in operation or planned. Other surface and groundwater systems' overflow
elevations, whether existing or projected, should also be evaluated.

2. Consistency with pressure requirement and limits

28
 Within the existing and prospective water service area, the tank overflow elevation
shall be compatible with pressure requirements and pressure constraints. The
designer should refer to topographic map to receive more information about hydraulic
analysis

3. Consistency with source capacity

To ensure that source capacity requirements are met, tank elevation and geometry
should be coordinated with source equipment discharge-head characteristics. Pump
curves should be created, and extensive hydraulic studies of current and future
distribution system conditions should be performed.

4. Maintaining Levels

Use altitude valves as required to ensure that reservoir levels are maintained
throughout the system.

2.4 System Pressure Considerations

From the planning stage to the construction stage, the pressures operating on a dam must
be considered. It is important not just for the dam's architecture but also for its functionality.
During the dam's construction, instrumentation systems were installed to monitor the
dam's condition.

1. Fire Suppression Storage (FSS) Component

The bottom of the FSS component must be located at a height that provides no less
than 20 psi at all places throughout the distribution system under the flow
circumstances for systems supplied by gravity storage. It is advisable that where some
of the fireflies are supplied by pumping, the analysis be completed by assuming that
the main source is out of service. To fulfil the 20-psi residual pressure standard, any
one or a combination of design characteristics, such as tank height, tank geometry,
tank placement, and the distribution piping network, can be modified. It is the
responsibility of the design engineer to provide evidence of a hydraulic analysis.

2. Standby Storage (SS) Component

If the largest source is not in service, the lower elevation of the SB component should
provide no less than 20 psi at all existing and projected service connections
throughout the distribution system under PHD conditions. To achieve the 20- p s i
residual pressure, any one or combination of design elements, such as tank height,

29
 tank geometry, tank placement, and/or piping network, can be changed. It is the
responsibility of the design engineer to provide evidence of a hydraulic analysis.

2.5 Site Feasibility Considerations

At the feasibility study stage, through dam site selection should be carried out with
sufficient information acquired. Feasibility studies should be reviewed prior to approval. A
feasibility study report should be a sufficient document to prove the technical reliability of
the planned dam project. However, the most important aspects of feasibility studies to
consider are not limited to:

● Determining the hazard (subsequent) category

● Foundation research
● Hydrology and flood capacity
● Stability (static and seismic)
● Resistance to erosion (internal and external)
● Reservoir sedimentation
● Availability and properties of building materials
● Environment issues
● Appropriateness of proposed reservoir operation
● Project options, risks, and mitigations
● Construction methodology / contract strategy

According to N. F. A. Rahman, A.A. H. Awangku, V. C. Tai, M. Mohammad, S.H.

Haron, K. Khalid, M.Z.A Rasid and S. M. Shariff, the current study considers only four
main factors: (i) elevation, the higher elevation, the greater advantage, (ii) distance from
the river by river layer, which is the river layer, it is preferable to be close to the river, (iii)
slope, a gentle slope is more desirable, and (iv) land use, if the land is far away from a
residential, agricultural or economic area are more convenient. Next, Digital elevation
model (DEM), river network map, contour map and land use map has been converted to
shapefiles (shp) format for use as an input dataset in ArcGIS.

Digital Elevation Model (DEM): Definition of priority of high altitude and low altitude
reclassification function. Ten classes are created from high to low.

Rivers: Reclassified by distance (near to far) from the other based on the river network
map. As for the distance to the river

River, ten classes from high priority to low priority have been created.

Slopes: Classified based on the importance of selection of the reservoir. Slopes were
classified into two classes from low to high slope.

Land Use: Can be obtained from the Land Use map. There are nine categories
(Residentials, Forests, etc.).

30
 Next, investigations are usually ongoing during the construction period, where the
foundation is completely exposed or the extent of grout work. As such, the report needs to
be revised (and updated) as construction progresses. Once construction is complete, a
complete and comprehensive report will be available for continuous monitoring of the dam.
This study consists of two stages:

1) Pre-Feasibility Study
● Identify a preferred dam site for development
● Mainly desktop learning
● Use data and information published by government agencies for example terrain
map, geological map, hydrological data.

2) Feasibility Study
● Determining the technical and economic feasibility of development at a preferred
dam location.
● Includes field activities (for example, geological mapping, drilling, geophysical
surveys), laboratories examination of possible building materials.
● A desktop survey to develop a preferred general layout for the dam.
● Conduct environmental screening or Pre-EIA.
● Estimate the cost of its development.
● Identify the required land purchase

2.6 Factors to Consider in Selecting Type of Dams

The site and type of dam should be carefully studied throughout the early stages of
planning and design. The project is likely to be overly expensive unless site selection and
dam type options are made after thorough research. Typically, the final decision is made
after a cost analysis of the various dam types under consideration (“factors affecting
selection of dam”).

1. Topography

The first choice of dam type is dictated by topography.

● A concrete overflow dam would be suggested by a narrow U-shaped valley,

that is, a narrow stream flowing between steep rocky walls.
● An earth-fill dam with different spillways might be appropriate in a low-lying
area.
● The choice of an Arch dam is indicated by a small V-shaped valley.

31
2. Geological and Foundation Conditions

The foundations must bear the weight of the dam thus, geological and foundation
conditions should be properly investigated. Various types of foundations are commonly
encountered.

● Solid rock foundations, such as granite, have a high bearing capacity and
can support practically any type of dam.
● Earthen and rockfill dams can be built on gravel foundations.
● The construction of earth dams or very low gravity dams is suggested by
the presence of silt and fine sand foundations.
● The dam will most likely settle a lot due to the clay foundations. Gravity
dams and rockfill dams are not suited for use on such foundations. Earthen
dams can be erected following appropriate procedures.

3. Availability of Materials

Another key consideration when choosing a dam type is the availability of

materials. The materials required for dam construction must be available locally or
within a short distance of the construction site to achieve cost-effectiveness.

4. Spillway Size and Location

The surplus river discharge is disposed of at the spillway. The spillway's capacity
will be determined by the magnitude of the floods that will be bypassed. On rivers
and streams with high flood potential, the spillway is consequently much more
crucial.

5. Earthquake Zone

If a dam is built in an earthquake zone, it must be designed to withstand seismic

forces. Earthen dams and concrete gravity dams are the structures most adapted
to withstand earthquake shocks without posing a threat.

6. Height of Dam

For heights of more than 30 m or so, earthen dams are normally not provided.
Gravity dams are usually selected at higher heights.

32
2.7 Design and Analysis of Concrete Dams

2.7.1 Design of Concrete Gravity Dam Sections

The following are the basic requirements for a gravity dam:

1. It must be safe against overturning in any horizontal position within the dam,
including at the foundation's contact point or within the foundation.
2. It should not slide in any horizontal plane within the dam, at the foundation's
contact point, or along with any geological feature within the foundation.
3. The section should be proportioned in such a way that the maximum permissible
stresses in the concrete and foundation are not exceeded.

The dam's structural safety must be assessed against potential loads, which can be
categorised as primary, secondary, or exceptional. The classification is created based on
the load's applicability and/or relative relevance.

1. Primary loads are those that are universally applicable and have the greatest
impact on the load.
2. Secondary loads, such as sediment load or thermal stresses owing to mass
concreting, are usually discretionary and of lesser size.
3. Exceptional loads, such as inertial loads associated with seismic activity, are
designed with restricted general applicability or a low probability of occurrence.

A concrete gravity dam derives its stability from the gravitational force exerted by the
materials in the section, hence the name. The weight of the gravity dam is sufficient to
withstand the forces and overturning moment created by the water in the reservoir behind
it. It uses cantilever movement to carry loads to the foundations, hence solid foundations
are required for the gravity dam.

2.7.2 Loads Acting on the Dam

The self-weight or dead load of the dam, the water pressure from the reservoir, and the
uplift pressure from the foundation are all significant loadings on a concrete gravity dam.
Other loadings occur seldom, such as earthquake forces, or are smaller in size, such as
the pressure exerted by waves formed in the reservoir that hit the dam face upstream. The
following section explains these loadings:

33
1. Dead Load

The structure's weight comprises the weight of the concrete as well as any additional
features such as gates or bridges. The whole weight operates vertically through the
cross-section's centerline, with no shear transfer between adjacent blocks. Since the
cross-section of a dam is not straightforward, analysis can be carried out by breaking
the section into multiple triangles and rectangles as in the Figure 2.16 below:

Figure 2.16a Full Face Inclined

Figure 2.16b Partially Inclined

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2. Temperature

If the joints are grouted, volumetric increases produced by temperature rise transfer
load across transverse contraction joints. The horizontal thrusts caused by volumetric
changes associated with temperature rises result in a load transfer across grouted
contraction joints, which enhances the twisting effects and abutment loading. Similarly,
when the concrete temperature exceeds the temperature required to shut the
contraction joint, ungrouted contraction joints transfer horizontal thrusts at locations
that come into contact.

3. Silt Pressure

Silt finds its way to the reservoir, where it is deposited in the still water near the dam,
during both normal and flood flows. The saturated silt will exert loads larger than the
hydrostatic pressure of water alone if permitted to accumulate against the dam's
upstream face. Gravity dams frequently have sluiceways to prevent silt from
accumulating near the dam's upstream face. The major role of the sluiceway in
diversion dams is to maintain the headworks and canal free of silt, hence minimising
the silt load on the dam.

4. Water Pressure

The loads in the reservoir and tailwater come from reservoir operation studies and
tailwater curves. Operating and hydrologic data, such as reservoir capacity, storage
allocation, streamflow records, flood hydrographs, and reservoir discharges, are used
in these investigations. These studies' reservoir operation curves reflect a typical
highwater surface, seasonal drawdowns, and a typical low water surface.

35
 Figure 2.17 Horizontal water force on spillway block during flood water overflow

5. Uplift Pressure

Reservoir water and tailwater produce water pressures in pores, cracks, joints, and
seams inside the dam and foundation. In the absence of drains or a more extensive
analysis, the distribution of internal water pressures along a horizontal segment of the
dam or its foundation is considered to change linearly from full reservoir pressure at
the upstream face to zero or tailwater pressure at the downstream face. Uplift
pressure, also known as internal water pressure, works to lower compressive stresses
in a horizontal part of the dam. The uplift force is reduced by including a line of vertical
constructed drains within the dam and parallel to the upstream face. The size,
placement, and spacing of the drains all affect the uplift reduction.

Figure 2.18 Uplift pressure at base and at any general plane in the dam.

36
6. Ice Pressure

In areas where winter temperatures are cold enough to induce a thick ice cover, ice
pressures can produce a large weight against the face of a dam. Ice pressure is
caused by the ice's thermal expansion and wind drag. The temperature rise of the ice,
the thickness of the ice sheet, the coefficient of thermal expansion, the elastic
modulus, and the strength of the ice all influence the pressures induced by thermal
expansion. The size and shape of the exposed region, the roughness of the surface,
and the direction and velocity of the wind all affect wind drag. Ice pressure is usually
thought of as a transient load. Many dams aren't subjected to much ice pressure if any
at all. After considering the above parameters, the designer should determine whether
or not an adjustment for ice pressure is necessary.

7. Earthquake (seismic) Forces

Due to the dam's inertia and the maintained body of water, earthquakes or seismic
activity are connected with complex oscillating patterns of acceleration and ground
motions, which generate transient dynamic loads. Vertical and horizontal accelerations
are not equal, with the former having a higher magnitude.

There are three different levels of earthquake loading and reaction conditions to
consider: OBE (operating basis earthquake), DBE (design basis earthquake), and
MCE (multiple basis earthquake) (maximum credible earthquake). An economic study
or the projected repair cost vs the initial cost to control the damage would be used to
determine the acceptable degree of damage. Resonance is unlikely to occur during
earthquakes for low dams. Both vertical and horizontal earthquake loads should be
applied in the direction that provides the least stable structure in pseudo-static studies.
As has been hypothesised, silt's internal friction may provide significant dampening.

2.7.3 Foundation Considerations

Deformation Modulus

The ratio of applied stress to elastic strain + inelastic strain is known as the deformation
modulus. It should be determined for each type of foundation. The stress distributions
within the dam are affected by foundation deformations generated by dam loads. The
stresses within the foundation are determined by the dam's response to external loads and
foundation deformations. Accurate identification of foundation deformation characteristics

37
at enough sites to make the evaluations significant is required for proper evaluation of the
dam-foundation interaction.

Shear Strength

The shear strength determines the resistance to shear within the foundation and between
the dam and its foundation. Laboratory and in situ experiments, field investigation, and
back computation can all be used to assess shear strength properties. Figure 8-7 depicts
the relationship between shear resistance and normal stress. Intact rock achieves its
maximum break bond resistance with less deformation than fractured materials require to
achieve their maximum frictional resistances. A sufficient number of tests should be
performed for each material along the available sliding planes to get a shear resistance
against the normal load relationship.

Foundation Configuration

The thickness of a gravity dam at the foundation and the slope of the concrete-rock contact
are crucial aspects of the structure's stability. The foundation contact should be horizontal
or, preferably, sloping upstream when viewed transversely. The dimension required for the
structure to meet stress and stability criteria usually determines the transverse thickness.
To reduce stress concentrations, the profile should fluctuate gently over time without
sudden variations.

2.8 Reservoir of Water Supply and Amenity Use

According to B. H. Rofe, C. G. Hoskins and M. F. Fletcher, Rofe, Kennard and Lapworth in

1992, an adding number of small dam- type reservoirs will be constructed in the future in
response to the growing trends for increased landscaping/amenity lakes and changing
farming practice. Whilst some will be sufficiently large to come within the range of the
Reservoirs Act 1975, utmost is likely to fall in the capacity range of 2500 - 25000m stored
above ground level. Numerous design aspects will be corresponding to those of dams
within the Act, but the reduction in size may change the emphasis environmental constraint
may also be significantly different. Present guidance for these small dams in the existing
MAFF guide has become outdated and too narrow in its approach. Therefore, CIRIA had
commissioned preparation of a new guide for the issue soon.

2.8.1 Background

It's calculable that about 2500 reservoirs come within the scope of British reservoir safety
legislation, with maybe an identical or larger number of smaller higher than ground water
storage reservoirs that do not seem to be subject to any control. Few large reservoirs for
public water supply, river regulation, flood alleviation or hydro-electric power are possible
to be constructed in this country within the foreseeable future. It is estimated, however, that

38
a considerable number of small reservoirs storing under 25,000mm are going to be
constructed annually over the following few years.

In the past small dams were built mainly for irrigation and other agricultural
purposes. Today, a wider use is evident, with functions as diverse as fish farming, fishing,
firefighting, nature conservation, and recreational use. Increasingly, small reservoirs have
been incorporated into commercial, industrial, and recreational developments to provide a
source of water. A significant number of small reservoirs may have dual or multiple
functions.

Reservoirs designed, constructed, and maintained for the Water Service

Companies (previously the Water Authorities), British Waterways Board and lots of
different huge issues have commonly been massive and had been dealt with the aid of
using a skilled inhouse group of workers or expert consulting engineers. Many of the
smaller reservoirs had been evolved by individuals who are unusual with accepted
techniques of dam and water engineering and the standards of design and construction
from time to time had been far from adequate. Often making plans and design has been
undertaken through contractors, landscape architects, or different practitioners with a
constrained understanding of dam and water engineering and insufficient expertise of the
hydrological aspects.

Construction has occasionally been done by contractors with little experience in

reservoir construction. Earthworks and fill setting had been dealt with just as an out-of-
control muck shifting exercise without an attempt being made to obtain adequate fill setting
and compaction requirements. Standards of supervision have frequently been constrained
or absent whilst contractual arrangements have regularly been undefined and left a great
deal to be desired. Thus, well-intentioned efforts by the client to achieve a low-cost
reservoir may also result in excessive construction costs, operation and upkeep problems,
environmental insensitivity, or legal problems.

2.8.2 Need for guidance

A need consequently exists for a guidance record on all factors of small water storage
reservoirs from conception, via the design and construction stages, to maintenance. A
preceding guide (Ref 1) was produced through the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and
Fisheries (MAFF) in 1967 and focused basically on-farm irrigation reservoirs. This was
final revised in 1977 and is now in need of updating to take account of present-day
practice and to permit for the expanded utilization and wider capabilities of those small
water storage reservoirs.

An up-to-date guidance record is to be produced with the aid of using CIRIA to

provide data on the current technical and other factors related to the advent of a small
embankment type reservoir. Rofe, Kennard and Lapworth are performing as a research
contractor for the preparation of the guide, whilst investment for the project has been
supplied by the Department of the Environment, the Water Service Companies, and the
Forestry Commission.

39
2.8.3 Factors to be included

The design and construction of small reservoirs can be tormented by most of the issues
influencing larger reservoir construction, albeit on a reduced scale. Certain capabilities
may additionally necessitate specific attention for a small reservoir improvement which
could regularly be much less essential for a bigger reservoir. In the past, such features
which would possibly have a substantial impact on the design and construction have now
no longer continually been favored at a sufficiently early stage, leading to problems and
accelerated expenses later. Thus, clear indication of the primary standards and site-
specific constraints to be developed form a vital part of the guide. A good practice in lots of
areas always entails judgement and experience and a guide of this nature can most
effectively draw interest to the numerous factors which need to be considered or wherein
expert recommendations need to be sought.

The construction of a reservoir is probably to require planning permission and it is

important to discuss this and other statutory components with the applicable body at an
early stage. Certain licenses and concurs are also usually required from the National
Rivers Authority in England and Wales for river abstraction or impounding and obstructing
a watercourse and those ought’s to be acquired prior to construction. Requirements might
also additionally vary in Scotland and Northern Ireland and a precise recommendation
ought to be sought in those areas.

The growing significance of the environmental components ought to be completely

studied throughout the early stages of planning and design to permit the overall outcomes
of the reservoir to be assessed. Although a few modifications to the prevailing environment
ought to be accepted there is a considerable possibility for potential landscape
enhancement and the creation of supplementary habitats for flora and fauna. It is crucial
that those must be taken into consideration withinside the design and construction.

It is predicted that the final record will be nicely illustrated, both with figures and
images, and could include practical design and construction details. Sufficient detail could
be supplied to permit the notably inexperienced user of the guide to benefit a few
fundamental knowledge and understanding of the concepts involved in all levels of small
embankment-type reservoir creation. More specific information might be covered in a
sequence of appendices, collectively with reasserts of data and expert advice. Some
technical terms will vary from the ones in regular use and a glossary containing definitions
of those and other key technical terms used might be an essential part of the guide. In
general, technical terms and notation will comply with civil engineering conventions.

2.8.4 Scope

The guide could be geared toward the client or engineer who has limited experience
withinside the field on small reservoir construction. It will attempt to explain the approaches
and standards which form excellent practice thru all the phases of conception, planning,
design, construction, maintenance, and remedial works. In particular, the guide will seek:

40
 ● to discover the engineering, economic and environmental factors to be taken into
consideration withinside the planning and design stage, and to explain excellent
design practice. Careful consideration should be given to the safety of the
structure, the protection of the public, reliability of delivery, and environmental
acceptability
● to promote excellent requirements of construction
● to attract interest to issues which have in the past detracted from the effective
functioning of low-cost water storage reservoirs and, wherein appropriate, to signify
remedial measures
● to set out a practical and cost-effective technique for maintenance.
The guide typically will apply to each impounding and non-impounding small water
reservoir, even though certain sections are not applicable to the latter. It will no longer deal,
however, with the following:

● reservoirs with a capacity in excess of 25,000m

● masonry and concrete dams or service reservoirs
● risks to downstream areas as a result of controlled or uncontrolled discharge from
the reservoir
● tailings and slurry lagoons.

River training embankments and ocean defences will be on the far side of the scope of the
guide. Several of the aspects discussed, however, are applicable, though bound options
need a special approach (e.g., wave protection on river training embankments, overflow
works on tailings/slurry lagoons).

2.9 Earth fill Dam

Earth fill Dam is the most common type of dam in Malaysia, principally because their
construction involves the use of locally available natural materials requiring a minimum of
processing. Homogeneous dams could be adopted where cohesive soils are found
abundant. Otherwise, zoned earth fill dams may be adopted with a seepage barrier of
commonly either central clay core or sloping core.

Dams are grouped according to the materials used in their construction. They
commonly include homogeneous earth fill dams which are constructed from a single
material except for a previous zone which is placed beneath the downstream shoulder or
at the downstream toe. Homogeneous earth fill dams which incorporate additional features
such as an upstream geomembrane liner as an impermeable barrier, or a concrete core
wall as an impermeable barrier. Plus, filter and drainage materials (such as a chimney
drain linked to a previous downstream blanket at the foundation contact) to maintain the
downstream shoulder in a dry condition and to control and discharge seepage flows.
Zoned earth fill dams normally incorporate a low permeability core material, higher

41
permeability shoulder materials, and filter and drainage materials for the control and
discharge of seepage flows.

Figure 2.19 Earth fill dam

2.10 Shapes of Water Reservoirs

Study on the development of representative storage-area-depth relationships for more

than 6,800 reservoirs around the world. The research team identified a small number of
representative reservoir geometries defined by a combination of horizontal surface shapes
(parabolic, rectangular, elliptical) and vertical cross-section shapes (wedge, bowl, prism).
The objective is to develop a global data set of reservoir storage-area-depth relationships
for modelling reservoir dynamics and impacts on downstream rivers.

Figure 2.20 Five candidates of regular geometric shapes for reservoirs.

42
 Reservoirs with roughly parabolic or elliptical surfaces can be represented using a
single vertical profile, while those with roughly rectangular surfaces require three different
vertical shape profiles. The approach is to select a regular geometric shape for each
reservoir that minimises the errors relative to values derived from the Global Reservoir and
Dam (GRanD) database. Validate the storage-area-depth relationships using remote-
sensing data and ground-based measurements.

The impact of data received Improving upon a single representation of reservoirs is

essential to understand water-electricity dynamics through a better representation of
storage-level variations, reservoir temperature stratification, and sedimentation, among
other variables. The new global storage-area-depth data set is critical for accurately
representing reservoir processes in Earth system models, including the influence of
reservoirs on regional hydrology, ecology, and biogeochemistry.

43
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

As it indicated in the title, this chapter includes the research methodology of the reservoir
system. A flow to the identification of the research process is more crucial and quite
difficult to undergo since it is a major guide to the researcher in order to collect data and to
achieve all the main objectives of the study. A proper method in data collection is vital
because it will ensure the process in collecting data is in progress and avoid any delayed
causes of late in collection of data in order to complete the dissertation.

The data for this study are collected by implementing two methods. The prior
method is the literature review. Literature review is the method to collect data and gather
all related data by reading and understanding the information from articles and journals
which are related to the topic.

Once the data have been collected, the next step to be taken and followed by the
researcher is an analysis which is to some result, discussion and recommendations.
Finally, in the end of the research, some conclusions are needed to conclude to end up this
research on this topic.

3.2 Research Methodology

Basically, our research methodology is based on interviews, reference books, online
references from the internet such as videos, literature reviews of some articles and
journals.

● Interview
In order to gain the completed data, we have to conduct an interview session with the
person in charge of this project. We have interviewed Encik Gabriel Jessindran A/L
Plaindaren as the Assistant Secretary of Badan Kawal Selia Air and Encik Jamaluddin
bin Abu Bakar, the Assistant Engineer of Badan Kawal Selia Air. We obtain various
drawings and data about Chereh Dam, Pahang.

● Literature Reviews
The literature review as a reference for us to obtain the data for instance books,
articles, journals, and etc.

● Video Review
We could not carry out the site visit to Chereh Dam due to the Covid-19 pandemic.
Plus, we had been advised by Encik Gabriel to avoid visiting the site due to the heavy
rain season which caused the flood at Sungai Lembing. We have viewed a video from
the Youtube website to collect some information about Chereh Dam.

44
3.3 Research Process
A research process that a researcher must perform in order to create an appropriate
research design that the reader can understand. Each study process has a different study
design because the purpose and purpose of that particular study is completely different.

Good researchers need a proper chronology or flowchart to show the process from
start to finish of reading. It is good for the reader to understand the research. This process
can be explained using flowcharts and tables. The structure of the process, on the other
hand, needs to be in the proper order because it facilitates the researcher to move on to
the next step in the study.

In addition, in this case study, researchers have already created an appropriate

flow chart of the methodology to show the progress of the study from start to finish. It
begins with a selection of topics for conclusions and recommendations.

3.4 Data Collection

Information gathering is the accurate and systematic gathering of information related to
research sub-problems using methods such as interviews, participant observation,
discussions, stories, and history of events. Data collection begins with the researcher
deciding where and from what data to collect. There are two types of data collection:

a. Primary Data
The primary data of this research was using observation techniques.

b. Secondary Data
Secondary data is data collected and recorded by others and is readily available from
other sources. Researchers typically retrieve data from literature searches such as
books, articles, journals, and newspapers. These are closely related to the topic and
goals of the study. If a researcher chooses secondary data, the study has many
advantages. Literature searches are more efficient, more effective, and cheaper
because secondary data can be obtained from libraries or websites.

3.5 Data Analysis

Data analysis is the process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques
to describe, visualise, condense, summarise, and evaluate data. According to Shamoo and
Resnik (2003), various analytical methods provide "the possibility of drawing inductive
conclusions from the data and distinguishing the signal (the phenomenon of interest) from
the noise (statistical variation) present in the data".

Data analysis in qualitative research may involve statistical procedures, but the
analysis is often a continuous iterative process in which data is continuously collected and
analysed at about the same time. In fact, researchers typically analyse patterns of
observation throughout the data acquisition phase (Savenye, Robinson, 2004). The format
of the analysis is determined by a specific qualitative approach (field research,
ethnographic content analysis, oral history, biography, unobtrusive research) and the
format of the data (field notes, documents, tapes, videotapes). An important part of
ensuring the integrity of the data is an accurate and appropriate analysis of the research

45
results. Inappropriate statistical analysis can distort scientific knowledge, occasionally
mislead readers (Shepard, 2002), and adversely affect public perception of research.
Consistency issues are also related to the analysis of non-statistical data.

According to Polit & Hungler (2004), an empirical phase involving actual data
collection is followed by preparation for data analysis. This investigation is done only in
case studies, so no method of analysing the data is used.

3.6 Research Limitations

The following restrictions apply to this reservoir system:
● Will not receive quantity information and will not be able to estimate the cost.
● Not all installations and construction methods can be seen directly.

46
 CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND ANALYSIS

4. 1 Main Characteristics

Figure 4.1 Location of Study Area

4.1.1 Development Area

Figure 4.2 Chereh Dam Map

The current water supply requirement in 2021 for Kuantan city is 290 million litres per day.
The maximum yield of Sungai Kuantan is 300 million litres per day. The Chereh Dam

47
Project has been implemented under the Greater Kuantan Water Supply Plan Phase 2
project to address the shortage of raw water supply. The project started on 1st March 2002
and was completed on 21st July 2008. This project will increase the production capacity of
Sungai Kuantan to 1934 million litres per day.

The two local companies involved in the construction of this dam are MMN Bina
Sdn Bhd and AAY Construction Sdn Bhd, local companies with 20 years of experience in
the field of construction. The company is experienced in civil engineering and earthworks.
The dam is then operated by Pengurusan Air Pahang (PAIP).

The dam is located about 64 km upstream of Kuantan, Pahang. It has an area of

16.2 square km and can accommodate 260 million cubic metres of water. Its area is equal
to 1/3 of the area of Putrajaya. The entire area of the reservoir and dam including the
Chereh Forest Reserve is 15,200 hectares. The reservoir water will reach a maximum
level about 3 years later in 2011. The dam will be full of water through rainwater, especially
during the monsoon season and the tributaries that flow into it. The Chereh River is a
tributary of the Kuantan River in the upper reaches of the river.

Once the water fills the dam, there will be several islands and one of the largest
islands with an area of 100 hectares. The dam can supply 300 million litres a day. By 2050,
it will be able to supply 1000 million litres of water a day.

Figure 4.3 Graph of Water Capacity in Kuantan City

4.1.2 Functions of Chereh Dam

The Chereh Dam is designed as a water reservoir to fulfil the water supply needs of
Kuantan City. Before the start of the monsoon season in November, dam water can be

48
released up to 5-10 m below the FSL level (Full Supply Level 74m) to provide space to
store rainwater. Although not fully functional for the purpose of flood mitigation, this action
reduces the impact of floods in the Sg. Kuantan.

4.2 Main Components of the Dam

Catchment area of Chereh Dam is 152 square kilometres (gazette below Jabatan
Perhutanan). There are four saddle dams located along the Chereh dam. Furthermore,
there are five islands formed within the reservoir with a total area of 0.95 square kilometres
(235 acres).

The components involved in this dam system are the main dam, saddle dam, the diversion
culvert, draw off tower and the spillway.

4.2.1 Main Dam and Saddle Dam

Figure 4.4 Section of Main Dam

The Chereh dam is based on a clay core foundation. The length of the main dam is 400m
(catchment area 2.7 million cubic metres) with a height of 48m. The water supply level is
74m with a maximum water depth of 50m.

In contrast, the Chereh dam has four-saddle dams which are saddle dam A
(Height: 16m, Length: 50m), saddle dam B (Height: 14m, Length: 50m), saddle dam C1
(Height: 30m, Length: 130m) and saddle dam C2 (Height: 34m, Length: 112m)

49
 Figure 4.5 Saddle Dam

4.2.2 Diversion Culvert

Figure 4.6 Section of Diversion Culvert

Diversion Culvert has a 6m tunnel for the flow of water discharged through sluice gates in
the draw-off tower. The length is 280.5m.

50
 Figure 4.7 Diversion Culvert of Chereh Dam

4.2.3 Draw-off Tower

Figure 4.8 Draw-off Tower of Chereh Dam

The draw-off tower diameter is 12m with 57m in height. It is connected to the diversion
culvert. The water flow to the diversion culvert is controlled by roller gates and valves. The
machine will help transport the equipment in the draw-off tower. There is also a bridge that
connects with the driveway.

51
4.2.4 The Spillway

Figure 4.9 Section of Spillway

Spillway is a structure that is used to avoid overflow water from the main dam and prevent
the dam from damage. It is controlling the flow release from the dam. The spillway gate is
open depending on the height of the water level which is over 74m. This spillway has a
width of 50m. The energy resulting from this overflow of water will be scattered through the
Stilling Basin along 50m which is then drained into the original river.

4.2.5 Building Component

The following buildings are constructed for the use of dam operation and maintenance
works. The buildings are a security guard place, administration building, residential house,
TNB station, and others.

52
4.3 Construction Method and Maintenance of Chereh Dam
4.3.1 Construction Method of Chereh Dam

Figure 4.10 Location of Dam Facilities

There are four phases in the construction of the main dam. To begin, the section of the
river valley where the dam will be built must undergo a dewatering procedure. The process
of dewatering is accomplished by directing the river into a tunnel. The channel was
produced for a limited time.

The diverting work in step two begins in the summer since the river levels are low
at that time. Two coffer dams are constructed in this phase to act as a river barrier. As a
result, water can flow via the diversion channel. The second coffer dam is built
downstream of the main dam site in order to prevent water from flowing back into the dam.
The water in the coffer dam is pumped out as it is being built. Its purpose is to ensure that
the main dam building goes successfully in a dry environment.

Following that, work on the main dam will proceed. The main arch was made of
clay and coated with rip rap. As a result, a road is built along the main dam's arch.
Finally, the diversion channel was closed when the main dam was constructed, and the
main dam began to fill with water for reservoir purposes.

53
Figure 4.11 Construction Site of Chereh Dam

Figure 4.12 Construction Site of Main Dam

54
Figure 4.13 Construction Site of Saddle Dam (A and B1)

Figure 4.14 Construction Site of Saddle Dam (C1 and C2)

55
 Figure 4.15 Construction Site of Diversion Culvert

Figure 4.16 Construction Complete of Diversion Culvert

56
Figure 4.17 Construction Site of Draw-off Tower and Access Bridge

Figure 4.18 Construction Site of Draw-off Tower and Access Bridge

57
4.3.2 Maintenance of Chereh Dam

Encik Jamaluddin said the routine for the maintenance process starts with cleaning the
dam area. They will make sure all the areas such as the bank area and the slope area are
always in a good state. Maintaining all the grass and drainage along the dam area to
sustain the structure of the culvert. Next, maintaining all the electrical appliances. The
operator in charge will operate the generator set every week to make sure all of the
appliances are in a good state even if there is no water discharge activity. The electrical
appliances that need to be maintained such as the valve and discharge valve which are
the main components for the water discharge process. The water will be discharged based
on demand by Jabatan Pengurusan Air Pahang (PAIP) if the water level of Sg Pahang is
too shallow and could not do the water pumping process. Next, the process of discharge
will be done within September to October or before the monsoon season every year to
control the water level in the reservoir within 65m- 69m not more than 74m from time to
time. The discharge will help to reduce the risk of heavy flooding in nearby areas such as
Sg Lembing. There are some instruments such as a viscometer installed around Sg
Chereh to maintain the structure and make an underground check every week to make
sure all of it is in a good state. Then they will go to the saddle dam part by boat and make
sure to check all the electrical instruments there are in a good condition to maintain its
structure and functioning well.

Function Failure of Chereh Dam

Dam function failure can occur due to three (3) main reasons as follows:
● Weak dam structure due to human error at the design stage or construction work.
● The design of a dam that cannot meet the needs of the reservoir is either human error
or unforeseen.
● Excessive movement of drift materials such as logs that cause clogged overflow
passages.

The effect of this failure was a sudden flood downstream of the dam involving
human settlements such as the Sg Lembing and Kuantan areas. Sudden floods like these
are disasters that cause loss of life, damage to property, disruption to public facilities and
destruction of crops. The problem of unusual floods downstream of dams has occurred
several times in Malaysia. However, the exact cause was not recorded, and it was
associated with unusually heavy rains. Nevertheless, the fact of human error factors
such as design flaws may have once led to this sudden flood incident. When the dam is
unable to accommodate the increase in catchment, the final option is to release the
overflow downstream and this causes sudden flooding.

At the dam operation stage, the Pahang Water Supply Department needs to
identify the possibilities of human error and find the best solution, including:

58
 ● Research in the catchment area such as weather changes, rainfall distribution and
human activities should be done every year to identify any changes that occur.
● Any changes should be checked with the existing dam design capabilities and if
weaknesses occur, they should be rectified immediately before problems occur.
● A special committee should be set up specifically to assess and review the level of
capability of the dam during its period of operation and recommend the best
measures to be taken to prevent the problem of flash floods downstream.

4.4 Process of Chereh Dam

4.4.1 The waterflow in the dam system

The water in the Chereh Dam will be channeled to the Chereh River. Then it was
channeled to the Kuantan River and eventually became the water supply for the city of
Kuantan.

4.4.2 The process of water discharge

Water discharge is carried out by stages because of dam safety, environment and
maintaining the health of the river. The water level in Chereh Dam will be lowered until
70m that equivalent to 475mld.The objectives of this water discharge process are:
● Provide water supply during the dry season.
● and accommodating the increase in rainfall capacity during the rainy season

Process of water released:

● Roller Gates 1 will be raised, and water will be discharged through a
culvertdiversion directly into the river
● Roller Gate 3 will be opened during the rainy season to wash the bottom of the
dam
● The water discharge rate is controlled by 50% to control river flow and prevent
flooding for the first stage of discharge.

Figure 4.19 Water discharged through a culvert diversion directly into the river.

59
 Figure 4.20 Water flowing out from diversion culvert to Chereh River

Effect of Water Discharge:

● Changes in the smell of river water

● Discoloration of river water
● Increased content of iron and manganese elements in water

4.5 Safety and Regulation

Among the main issues of the environmental management plan is an emergency action
that is designed to deal with possible incidents. In general, the objectives of preparing this
plan are as follows:
● Outline the steps to be taken during an emergency at the project site.
● Ensure that any injuries receive proper medical treatment.
● Relieve the anxious atmosphere and suggest actions to be taken for quarantine of the
incident area.
● Prevent unauthorised individuals from entering the area.
● Contact the authorities to report the incident.

There is work that is exposed to accidents. Therefore, workers at the project site should be
trained to be more responsible and able to avoid getting involved in accidents. In the event
of an accident, they must be prepared to face it calmly and in control. Project developers
and contractors should always conduct awareness campaigns on accident preparedness
in the workplace.

60
Emergency actions face the possibility of the following incidents or incidents such as
landslides, explosions/ fires, tank oil spills, dam failure and so on.
This plan is divided into 2 phases, which is:
● Construction phase - more focused on the action plan that is usually taken in the
construction area. The contractor is fully responsible during the construction phase.
● Operational phase - action plan to deal with any possible disaster once the dam is fully
operational. The Pahang JBA will be in charge of the operation and maintenance of
the Sg Chereh Dam at this phase.

4.5.1 Basic Safety Procedure

When facing an accident or emergency, the basic procedures to know are as follows:
● Turn on the warning sound and stop work at the scene immediately.
● Contact the responsible party immediately and provide detailed information.
● Identify the team responsible for controlling the emergency situation.
● Ensure site officers carry out contingency plan procedures properly.

In the event of a disaster or emergency, control and rescue operations will be known by the
Occupational Safety Officer (PKP). If this emergency persists and becomes more serious,
a senior officer of the project developer will take over the duties of PKP.

4.5.2 Safety Precaution

● Serious accident
Immediately stop the work to make way for rescue work. The procedure for
reporting a fatal accident is to contact the police for further action.

● Landslide
Stop the work immediately. Then, report to the officer in charge and gather workers
in a safe place. The expert will investigate the incident and work can be started
again after the area is certified safe.

● Explosion / Fire
For small fires, put out the fire immediately and sound the warning siren. For a
serious fire or explosion, immediately contact the fire department for assistance.
Workers should be rescued by ordering them to evacuate elsewhere. Electrical
equipment should be temporarily switched off.

● Oil spill
Smoking is prohibited in the oil storage area. Investigate the cause of the spill or
leak. Clean up spills with the help of expert advice.

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4.5.3 Organisation Chart and Job Scope

Figure 4.21 Emergency Action Plan Organisation Chart

The responsibilities and duties of the individuals involved are as follows:

● Project director
Ensure the project site is prepared for any emergency by monitoring, inspecting,
and testing emergency procedures and equipment.
Manage the emergency team and distribute tasks to team members and appoint
acting if necessary.

● Project Site Manager

Responsible for maintaining fire prevention equipment and organising damage
control and rescue teams. Coordination of disaster control with external agencies
such as fire, police, and hospitals. Ensure the safety of project sites and shelters
during emergencies.

● Site engineer
Responsible for emergency prevention equipment and safety during construction
activities and work. Coordination of post-disaster clean-up works and Identify safety
routes, gathering places and alternatives. Responsible for providing medical, food
and other welfare matters during disasters. Appoint other officers to assist with the
task.

62
4.5.4 Safety Plan during Operation Phase

Responsible Agency

The safety plan during the operation and maintenance phase will be handled by the
government agency, the Jabatan Bekalan Air (JBA) Negeri Pahang. The coordination of
the JBA and the Jawatankuasa Keselamatan Negeri (JKN) is responsible for informing the
public about the safety actions that need to be taken.

Responsible Officer

The officer in charge of this project is a JBA engineer and is assisted by two (2)
technicians who are permanently based at the dam site. The responsibilities of these
engineer and technicians are as follows:

● Inspection
● Surveillance
● Preparation of reports and keeping of records
● Preparation of dam safety report
● Maintenance work
● Coordination with JKN and other agencies
● Review and amend the O&M Manual
● Other matters relating to project operation and maintenance

The technician will ensure that inspections and maintenance are carried out
throughout the operation. All such work must be recorded for submission to the
Director of JBA.

Emergency Action Plan

JBA will monitor the flood situation and inform JKN. The emergency assessment stage is
divided into three (3) which are preparedness, warning, and danger.

Preparedness Stage

At this stage, the basic actions that need to be taken are: -

● No leave restricted to JBA staff

● The preparation of the program includes details of the work to be done and the
distribution of tasks to each staff member
● Monitor the water level every three hours
● Monitor water overflow
● Assess the impact of floods
● Record the rain precipitation data

63
Warning Stage

At this stage the water flow rate increases, and the water level exceeds 79 metres. The
actions that need to be taken are: -
● Inform the situation to the Chairman of JKN
● Ready to hold the operational room
● Monitor the water level every 2 hours
● Submit flood report to Hydrology Unit, JPS Headquarters at least 2 times a day
(morning and evening)

Danger Stage

This level occurs when the water flow rate continues to increase, and the water level is up
to over 80 metres. The actions that need to be taken are: -
● Ask the JKN Chairman to hold an operational room
● Hold of the operation room
● Monitor the water level every hour
● Submit flood report to Hydrology Unit, JPS Headquarters every half an hour

Training and Skills Improvement Program

● All basic investigation, monitoring, processing, and interpretation of data will be

done by staff at the project site and engineers working at the JBA station at the
Sungai Chereh dam.
● Technicians working under the engineer on duty are required to perform
inspections, supervision, and maintenance. They need to take the readings of the
installed tool based on the program and make a graphic presentation of the reading
changes.
● Although the engineer on duty is qualified and experienced, assistance in some
specialty in dam engineering, geology or hydrology may be required at any time
during the dam operation and maintenance stages. The services of the Dam
Monitoring Unit (DMU) under JPS must be obtained to gain guidance and solutions
to important problems.
● A training program for a suitable period of time should be arranged for Engineers
and other professional individuals including site visits to other Dam Projects either
local or international.

Report

There are two (2) reports with the concept of security that need to be prepared periodically
such as:-
● Monitoring report
● Operations and Maintenance (O&M) Report

Safety reports for all major dam structures need to be made based on professional teams
from various fields such as Operations and Maintenance (O&M), Soil Engineering,

64
Hydrology, Mechanical and Electrical. The appropriate frequency may be once every 3 to 5
years. This report will be useful in the event of unforeseen incidents such as floods, dam
dysfunction etc.

4.6 Future Plan of Chereh Dam

Badan Kawal Selia Air has a future plan for Chereh Dam:
● Mini project of Renewable Energy
● Tourism
● Aquaculture Industry

4.7 Cost of Construction Chereh Dam

For this case study, unfortunately, we cannot get the cost of all the process of work and the
maintenance. So we will provide the estimation that we get from the internet. Construction
on the dam started in March 2002, at which time the cost of the project was estimated at
about $21 million USD.

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 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the aim of this assignment had been successfully achieved. All the
objectives of this project were achieved completely. All the information about the reservoir
system was analyzed and combined in this report. All the data that related to this system
were attached in this report as the Appendices. From all the information collected, we can
see the importance to society of today’s reservoirs can be expected to increase over time
as population, economic activity and irrigation demand grows.

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APPENDIX

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