PLFT@QUFNGN LGEFCLGB N@B EGBBGC

DGEPB^GN N@ EF@LEFGU ECL^GAB@U
@UEP@BG ]QCD@UFCLGB N@ ECL^GAFBFNGN

‒@_GH@L N@ FLT@QUFCL@U DFLGLEF@QGU‘

Eursc; GPNF^CQÈG DFLGLEF@QG F

]rcd`scr (g); B@ÕL HP×C[, Kugl Gltclfc

Lchar`s y gp`bbfncs n`b flt`jrglt`;

GB@KCU QCAB@U, Egrh`l

EGBN@QCL BF^GLC, Hgrfl`bg

EGBN@QCL BC]@[, Tèetcr

QCNQFJP@[ QGVHPLNC, Nf`jc

QCKGU E@QLG, Hgrefg

Egbbgc, 1=17
]@QÛ
 

FLNFE@
FL^QCNPEEFÕL .......................................................................................................................5
F. @T
@TGB
GBPG
PGEF
EFÕL
ÕL N@
N@B
BEECL
CL^Q
^QCB
CB FL^@
FL^@QL
QLC
C....................................................................>
FF.
FF. ECL
CL^@
^@L
LFN
FNC
CNN@
@B Q
QP
PAQ
AQC
C..............................................................................................4
1.7 Ecle`ptc..............................................................................................................4
1.> Hætcncs n` flv`rsfõl...........................................................................................6
FFF.
FFF. CA
CAK@
K@^F
^FT
TCU AÇUFE
UFECU N@B @_
@_G
GH@
H@L
L........
...............
..............
..............
..............
..........................
................................77
.............77
FT
FT.. ]Q
]QCJ
CJQG
QGHG
HG V ]Q
]QCE
CE@N
@NFH
FHF@
F@L
L^C
^CU
U N@ GP
GPNF
NF^C
^CQ
QÈG...........................................71
T. LFG
LFG 0
0>=
>= @U
@U^FH
^FHGN
GNCU
CU EC
ECL^
L^GA
GAB@
B@U
U............................................................................74
0.7. Gbeg
Gbegle`;
le`;..........
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
.......................
............74
74
0.1. D`eo
D`eog
g n` `ltr`
`ltr`jg
jg n` vfjc
vfjcr.......
r.................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.............................74
..................74
0.5. Lgtu
Lgturgb`
rgb`zg....
zg..............
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
...................................
......................... 74
0.>. Cak`
Cak`tfvcs
tfvcs.........
...................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.......................74
............74
0.0. N`df
N`dflfef
lfefcl`s
cl`s...........
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................................7:
...........................7:

0.4. Q`qu
Q`qu`rfh
`rfhf`l
f`ltcs.....
tcs...............
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
.................7?
.......7?
TF. LFG 0
00=
0= ]
]GQ^
GQ^@U
@U TF
TFLE
LEPB PBGNG
GNGU.. U......
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
...........
...............
...............
.........76
..76
4.7. Gbeg
Gbegle`.
le`...........
.....................
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.......................
............76
76
4.1. D`eo
D`eog
g n` `ltr`
`ltr`jg
jg n` vfjc
vfjcr.......
r.................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.............................76
..................76
4.5. Lgtu
Lgturgb`
rgb`zg....
zg..............
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
...................................
......................... 76
4.>. Cak`
Cak`tfvcs
tfvcs.........
...................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
.......................1=
............1=
4.0. Nceu
Nceuh`ltg
h`ltgefõl
efõl...........
.....................
....................
....................
.....................
.....................
....................
.....................
......................1=
...........1=
TFF. ]G]@B@U N@ ^QGAGKC............................................................................................17
TFFF. ECLEBPUFCL@U........................................................................................................11
F_. Q@ECH@LNGEFCL@U...............................................................................................15

_. Q@
Q@D@
D@Q@
Q@LE
LEFG
FGU U AFAFABABFCJ
FCJQÇ QÇDF DFEGEGU U..............................................................................1>
_F. GL@_CU.......................................................................................................................10
77.7.
77.7. @vf
@vfn`
n`lef
lefgs.
gs.....
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
.........10
.....10
77.1.
77.1. Q`
Q`eur
eursc
scss y Hg
Hgt`r
t`rfgb
fgb`s.
`s.....
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
...........14
.......14
 

FL^QCNPEEFÕL

Bgs flv`r
flv`rsfcl`
sfcl`ss dflgl
dflglef`rg
ef`rgss scl flv`
flv`rsfcl
rsfcl`s
`s qu` s` oge`l
oge`l `l vgbc
vgbcr`s
r`s echc
geefcl`s, aclcs, b`trgs n` eghafc, n`põsftcs aglegrfcs y ctrcs flstruh`ltcs

dflglef`rcs qu` b` p`rhft`l gb flv`rscr cat`l`r jglglefgs c fljr`scs.

Bgs flv`rsfcl`s af`l
flv`rsfcl`s af`l s`g g ecrtc c g bgrjc pbgzc, r`pr`s`ltgl ecbcegefcl`s

qu` bg `hpr`sg
`hpr`sg   r`gbfzg pgrg cat`l`r ul r`lnfhf`ltc n` `bbcs c af`l r`efafr 

nfvfn`lncs qu` gyun`l g guh`ltgr `b egpftgb n`

egpftgb n` bg `hpr`sg
`hpr`sg..

]grg
]grg `b
`bbc
bc s` sga`
sga` qu
qu`
` og
ogyy qu`
qu` tc
tchg
hgrr n`
n`ef
efssfc
fcl`
l`ss y `l ec
ecls
ls`e
`eu`
u`le
lefg
fg,,
gsuhfr rf`sjcs.
rf`sjcs. Bg r`echp`lsg s`rç bg jglglefg `hpr`sgrfgb sf bg j`stfõl og

sfnc bg gn`eugng c pærnfng `hpr`sgrfgb sf lc bc og sfnc c lc s` og sgafnc

r`gbfzgr ecrr`etgh`lt`.
 

F. @TGBP
TGBPGE
GEFÕ
FÕL
L N@B
N@B ECL
ECL^QCB
^QCB FL
FL^@Q
^@QLC
Q@U]P@U^GU
]Q@JPL^GU ECH@L^GQFCU
L/G UF LC

7. ³Bg Gnhf
Gnhflfs
lfstrg
trgefõ
efõl
l eu`ltg
eu`ltg ecl
ecl ulg
ulg ]cbè
]cbèeg
eg
y ]rce`nfhf`ltc pcr `serftc pgrg `b hgl`kc
y gnhflfstrgefõl n` bgs flv`rsfcl`s y/c
tubcs vgbcr`s `l bg Flstuefõl3

1. ³U` ecld
ecld`ee
`eefcl
fclgg ulg ecle
eclefbf
fbfgef
gefõl
õl h`lsu
h`lsugb
gb
ecl bcs sgbncs n` ecltrcb n` bgs Flv`rsfcl`s
y ^ètubcs Tgbcr`s n` bg Flstuefõl3
5. ³@b Guxfb
Guxfbfgr
fgr n` Flv`
Flv`rsf
rsfcl`
cl`ss `bgacr
`bgacrgnc
gnc pcr
pcr bg
ecltgafbfngn pr`s`ltg vgrfgs n`ef`lefgs
pcr bc qu` lc arflng tctgb ebgrfngn y
eclglzg n` bg fldcrhgefõl qu` s`
r`quf`r`3
>. ³Bcs
³Bcs sgbnc
sgbncss cefcs
cefcscs
cs n`
n` bgs
bgs eu
eu`l
`ltgs
tgs
ecrrf`lt`s scl flv`rncs p`rfõnfegh`lt`
pgrg cat`l`r erænftcs g dgvcr n` bg
Flstuefõl3
0. ³Bcs
³Bcs flt`r
flt`r`s`
`s`ss n` bgs flv`rs
flv`rsfcl
fcl`s
`s scl
scl
r`jfstrgncs n` hgl`rg gn`eugng y `b
gsf`ltc ecltgab` r`sp`evc eu`ltg ecl
r`spgbnc qu` sust`lt` su r`jfstrc3

4. ³Bgs
³Bgs flv`rs
flv`rsfcl
fcl`s
`s `l nõbg
nõbgr`s
r`s scl
scl vgbug
vgbugngs
ngs gb
gb
pc n` eghafc getugb, y s` r`jfstrg `b

ecrr`spclnf`lt` nfd`r`lefgb eghafgrfc

h`lsugbh`lt`3

:. ³Bcs
³Bcs @stgnc
@stgncss Dflgle
Dflglef`r
f`rcs
cs eu`lt
eu`ltgl
gl ecl
ecl bgs
Lctgs, pgrg t`l`r ebgrfngn n`b hætcnc n`
vgbugefõl y `b prce`sc `stgab`efnc `l bg
gnqufsfefõl n` flv`rsfcl`s3
?. ³Bgs
³Bgs Flv`r
Flv`rsfc
sfcl`s
l`s y sus
sus flt`r`
flt`r`s`s
s`s s`
`leu`ltrgl pr`s`ltgncs `l bcs @stgncs
Dflglef`rcs n`afngh`lt` s`pgrgncs `l
hcl`ng lgefclgb y hcl`ng `xtrglk`rg
pgrg su pr`s`ltgefõl ` fn`legefõl3

6. ³Bgs flv`rsfcl`s scl r`jfstrgngs

gprcpfgngh`lt`, ûlfegh`lt` s`
 

fler`h`ltg `b hcltc pcr bcs flt`r`s`s

jglgncs g bg eu`ltg n` Flv`rsfcl`s3

FF. ECL^@LFNC N@
N@B QP
QPAQC
 
 

1.7 Ecle`ptc

Ucl n`dflfngs echc `b jrupc qu` echpr`ln` bgs eu`ltgs qu` r`jfstrgl

bgs flv`rsfcl`s `l;

Bcs vgbcr`s ecl bcs eugb`s s` pr`s`ltgl bgs flv`rsfcl`s `l bcs @stgncs

Dflglef`rcs scl ecrr`etcs y `stçl n`afngh`lt` r`v`bgncs.

Bgs fl
flvv`r
`rssfc
fcl
l`s `s
`stç
tçl
l ebgs
ebgsfdfdfe
feg
gngs ecrr`
rr`etgh
etgh`l
`lt`
t` s`
s`j
jûl su
suss

echpcl`lt`s n` ecrtc y bgrjc pbgzc.

-  Geefcl`s

- Euctgs c pgrt`s n` flt`ræs scefgb

- ^ètubcs vgbcr`s

- ]gp`b`s ech`refgb`s

K. ^cafl (7646) n`sgrrcbbõ bg t`crèg q n` bg flv`rsfõl s`jûl `b jgstc `l

af
af`l
`l`s
`s n` eg
egpf
pftg
tgbb `s
`stç
tç fl
fldbdbuf
ufnc
nc pc
pcrr bg `v
`vcb
cbue
uefõ
fõl
l aurs
aursçt
çtfb.
fb. Pl gu
guj`
j`

scst`lfnc n` bg acbsg `stç gechpg÷gnc n` ul hgycr lfv`b n` flv`rsfõl

prfvgng.

1.1 ^fpc n` Flv`rsfcl`s

N`ltrc n` bcs hçs hçs fhpcrtglt`s t`l`hcs;

g) Fl
Flv`
v`rs
rsfõ
fõl
l ecrr
ecrrf`
f`lt
lt`
`
Bbghgncs tghafæl flv`rsfcl`s t`hpcrgb`s, r`pr`s`ltg bg egltfngn

`hpb`gng, r`pr`s`ltg bg egltfngn `hpb`gng pcr bg `hpr`sg `l bg

gnqufsfefõl ng pcr bg `hpr`sg `l bg gnqufsfefõl n` ul vgbcr 

aursçtfb, qu` `xpr`sg bg n` ul vgbcr aursçtfb, qu` `xpr`sg bg

flv`rsfõl n`b `xe`n`lt` n` `d`etfvc, qu` eclstftuy`l v`rngn`rcs

qu` ecl
eclstf
stftuy
tuy`l
`l v`rng
v`rngn`r
n`rcs
cs su
sustf
stftut
tutcs
cs t`h
t`hpcr
pcrgb`
gb`ss n`b nfl
nfl`rc
`rc,,
 

flebuy
flebuy`l
`l vgbc
vgbcr`s
r`s g
gnqu
nqufrf
frfncs
ncs ecl `b n` cat`
cat`l`r
l`r ulg r`l
r`ltg
tg y

r`gbfzgr su v`ltg g ecrtc pbgzc.

Bg LFE 10, bg egbfdfeg echc ulg Flv`rsfõl n` Efreubglt` qu` pcr 

su prcpfg lgturgb`zg `s `lgk`lgab` g ecrtc pbgzc qu` s` flt`ltg

lc s` hglt`ljg nurglt` ul tf`hpc sup`rfcr g ul g÷c, `s n`efr, s`

eclstftuy`l flv`rsfcl`s gnqufrfngs ecl `xe`n`lt`s n` nfl`rc qu`

pu`n`l eclv`rtfrs` `l nfl`rc ecrtc pbgzc.

a) Fl
Flv`
v`rs
rsfõ
fõl
l g bg
bgrj
rjc
c

@s bg Flv`rsfõl n` nurgefõl g hgycr n` ul g÷c, bgs `hpr`sgs

hgltf`l`l flv`rsfcl`s echc;

- Efh`ltgr ulg r`bgefõl ech`refgb c `stgab`e`r ulg v`ltg

ech`refgb.

- Gbhgeæl n` dclncs `xe`n`lt`s.

- Nchflfc c ecltrcb g ctrgs `hpr`sgs.

- Bgs flv`rsfcl`s g bgrjc pbgzc s` hgltf`l`l gb ecstc,

euglnc `xfst` ulg nfshfluefõl.

 N` su vgbcr qu` lc `s n` egrçet`r t`hpcrgb, `b vgbcr ecltgab` s`

tf`l` qu` r`nuefr pgrg r`db`kgr nfeog nfshfluefõl c guh`ltc n`b

vgbcr.

U` pu`n` eclce`r n` bg nfshfluefõl c guh`ltc n`b vgbcr n` ulg

flv`
flv`rs
rsfõ
fõl
l g tr
trgv
gvæs
æs n`b
n`b vgb
gbcr
cr n` h`
h`re
regn
gnc,
c, n` bc
bcss ge
getftfvc
vcss y

r`subtgncs n` bg `hpr`sg `l `b eugb s` og flv`rtfnc, c `l bgs

`xp`etgtfvgs n` a`l`dfefcs n`rfvgncs n` bg flv`rsfõl.

 

e) Ec
Ecst
stc
c n` flv`
flv`rs
rsfõ
fõl
l

Bcs ecstcs n` bgs flv`rsfcl`s flebuy`l bcs jgstcs n` gnqufsfefõl

echc; oclcrgrfcs n` gj`lt`s n` eghafc y echfsfcl`s n` aglecs.

@k`hpbc; sf s` gnquf`r` ulg flv`rsfõl n` geefcl`s, `b ecstc n`

gnqufsfefõl `s `b vgbcr rgzclgab` n` `scs tètubcs `hftfncs.

n) Tgb
Tgbcr
cr eeclt
cltgab
gab`
`nn`
` bgs
bgs fflv`
lv`rsf
rsfcl`
cl`ss

  Bgs flv`rs
flv`rsfcl`s
fcl`s ecrrf`lt`s
ecrrf`lt`s scl o`eogs gb vgbcr n` h`regnc
h`regnc c gb

vgbcr n`b ecstc c h`regnc, `b h`lcr, hf`ltrgs qu` bgs

b gs flv`rsfcl`s

n` bgrjc pbgzc scl o`eogs gb ecstc, vgbugncs n` geu`rnc g bcs

a`l`dfefcs duturcs qu` s` pu`n`l j`l`rgr 

`) Flv
Flv`rs
`rsfcl
fcl`s
`s `
`l
l `hpr`
`hpr`sgs
sgs gsc
gscefg
efgngs
ngs

Ucl
Ucl gqu`
gqu`bbg
bbgss `l bg
bgss eu
eugb
gb`s
`s `b fl
flv`
v`rs
rsfc
fclf
lfst
stg
g tf`
tf`l`
l` fl
fldbdbu`
u`le
lefg
fg

sf
sfjl
jlfdfdfe
fegt
gtfv
fvg
g (`
(`ss n`ef
n`efrr pgrtf
pgrtfef
efpg
pg `l bg
bgss n`ef
n`efsf
sfcl
cl`s
`s pc
pcbèt
bètfe
fegs
gs,,

dflglef`rgs y cp`rgtfvgs n` bg `hpr`sg `l bg qu` s` og flv`rtfnc,

sfl bb`jgr g ecltrcbgr nfeogs pcbètfegs), p`rc lc `s ulg suasfnfgrfg,

lf ulg gscefgefõl `l pgrtfefpgefõl.

1.5 T`ltgkgs n` bgs flv`rsfcl`s dflglef`rgs

U`jûl Qca`rt y Hgry H`fjs ‒`b æxftc n` ulg flv`rsfõl `xfj` hçs qu` `b
`lt`lnfhf
`lt`lnfhf`ltc
`ltc n` bcs ecle`ptcs
ecle`ptcs ecltgab`
ecltgab`s.
s. @xfj
@xfj`
` `xp`
`xp`rf`le
rf`lefg,
fg, kufefc,
kufefc,

pgef`lefg y egpgefngn sudfef`lt` pgrg `ldr`ltgr bgs getfvfngn`s `l bgs

`hpr`sgs‘.

 ]`rhft`l hgxfhfzgr bg rfqu`zg n` bcs geefclfstgs.

 Ufrv
Ufrv`l
`l pg
pgrg
rg gu
guh`
h`lt
ltgr
gr bg
bgss jg
jglg
lgle
lefg
fgss n` ul `x
`xe`
e`n`
n`lt
lt`
` n`

egpftgb.

 ]csfafbftgl bg trglsd`r`lefg n` dclncs y rf`sjcs.

 

  Gyungl g bg dflglefgefõl n`b er`efhf`ltc `hpr`sgrfgb n` ul

pgès.

 ]u`n
]u`n`l
`l s`r
s`r r`
r`gb
gbfz
fzgn
gngs
gs tglt
tgltc
c pc
pcrr p`
p`rs
rscl
clgs
gs (p`q
(p`qu`
u`÷c
÷css

flv`rscr`s) echc pcr `hpr`sgs.

 Ucl trglspgr`lt`s, yg qu` bgs ectfzgefcl`s n` bgs nfstfltgs

geefcl`s c tètubcs pûabfecs pu`n`l s`r eclsubtgngs g tf`hpc

r`
r`gb
gb n`
n`sn
sn`
` fl
flt`
t`rl
rl`t
`t c ecl
ecl ul
ulg
g sf
sfhp
hpb`
b` bbbbgh
ghgn
gng
g t`b`
t`b`dõ
dõlf
lfeg
eg..

^ghafæl g trgvæs n` `stcs eglgb`s s` pu`n`l echprgr c

v`ln`r huy rçpfngh`lt`

1.> Hætcncs n` flv`rsfõl

Bgs flv`rsfcl`s dflglef`rgs cdr`e`l nfv`rsgs cpefcl`s qu` s` gngptgl g

bcs cak`tfvcs `eclõhfecs n` egng flv`rsfclfstg c trgn`r. @ltr` bgs hçs

eclcefngs s` `leu`ltrgl;

   Flv`
Flv`rsfc
rsfcl`s
l`s dflglef`r
dflglef`rgs
gs `l `b h`regnc
h`regnc hcl`tgr
hcl`tgrfc;
fc; Eu`ltgl ecl

jrgl bfqufn`z y agkc rf`sjc, pcr bc qu` pu`n`l s`r hçs `stgab`s sf s`

cp`rgl `l `b bgrjc pbgzc. @st` h`regnc `stç nfrfjfnc prflefpgbh`lt` g

`hpr`sgs qu` l`e`sftgl gnqufrfr dclncs, pcr bc qu` pgjgl hgycr`s

flt`r`
flt`r`s`s
s`s pcr r`e
r`efaf
fafrr nfl`rc
nfl`rc pr`
pr`stg
stgnc.
nc. Gbj
Gbjulc
ulcss `k`
`k`hpb
hpbcs
cs sc
scl
l bcs
h`regncs n` tètubcs, n` nfl`rc, erænftc, hcl`ngs, flt`raglegrfc, `ltr`

ctrcs.

   Flv`
Flv`rsfc
rsfcl`s
l`s `l aclcs
aclcs;; Uu`b`l s`r flv`rsfcl`s g h`nfglc c bgrjc

pbgzc. Bcs aclcs scl getfvcs n` r`ltg dfkg, `s n`efr qu` `b pcre`ltgk`

n` r`ltgafbfngn`s `s dfkc y `b pgjc qu` r`efa` `b flv`rscr `s `b egpftgb

flv`rtfnc hçs bcs flt`r`s`s qu` s` j`l`r`l.

 

   Flv`rsfcl`s `l r`ltg vgrfgab` y geefcl`s; Bg

Bgss ge
geef
efcl
cl`s
`s sc
scl
l

flstruh`ltcs egng v`z hçs utfbfzgncs pu`stc qu` p`rhft`l r`gbfzgr 

flv`rsfcl`s dflglef`rgs g ecrtc pbgzc y g bgrjc pbgzc9 bcs oclcrgrfcs

r`subtglt`s scl ul pcre`ltgk` n` bg `hpr`sg `l bg eugb s` flvfrtfõ.

@st` tfpc n` cp`rgefcl`s scl prcpfgs n` bg acbsg n` vgbcr`s y s`

n`stgegl pcr su ghpbfg r`ltgafbfngn, rf`sjc y bfqufn`z.

   Cp`r
Cp`rgefc
gefcl`s
l`s `l `b h`regnc
h`regnc Dcr`x;
Dcr`x; @l `st` tfpc n` h`regnc s`

echpgr
echpgrgl
gl bcs pg
pgr`s
r`s `e
`eclõ
clõhfe
hfecs
cs n` bgs hc
hcl`n
l`ngs
gs n` nfd`r`
nfd`r`lt`
lt`ss

pgès`s, pcr bc qu` bgs trglsgeefcl`s dflglef`rgs `l Dcr`x pu`n`l

gbeg
gbeglz
lzgr
gr oclc
oclcrg
rgrf
rfcs
cs ecls
eclsfn
fn`r
`rga
gab`
b`s.
s. Uf
Ufl
l `h
`hag
agrj
rjc,
c, ul
ulg
g n` su
suss

n`sv`ltgkgs `s qu` `s ul h`regnc n` jrgl vcbgtfbfngn, ncln` bcs

hçrj`l`s scl ghpbfcs y tghafæl bcs rf`sjcs n` pærnfngs.

   Cp`rgefcl`
Cp`rgefcl`ss `l n`rfvgncs;
n`rfvgncs; @st` tfpc n` flstruh`ltc dflglef`rc s`

egrg
egrget
et`r
`rfz
fzg
g pc
pcrr su
suss gb
gbtg
tgss r`
r`lt
ltga
gafbfbfn
fngn
gn`s
`s y su
su`b
`b`
` s`
s`rr n` ecrt
ecrtc
c c

h`nfglc pbgzc. Gn`hçs, p`rhft` utfbfzgr `b r`eursc n`

gpgbgleghf`ltc dflglef`rc pgrg qu` bcs trgn`rs pu`ngl cp`rgr ecl

hçs egpftgb n`b qu` nfspcl`l, gulqu` tghafæl guh`ltg `b rf`sjc n`

pærn
pærnfn
fng.
g. @ltr
@ltr`
` bg
bgss cp
cpeefc
fcl`
l`s,
s, s` `l
`leu
eu`l
`ltr
trgl
gl bc
bcss ec
eclt
ltrg
rgtc
tcss pc
pcr 
r 

nfd`r`lefg (EDNs) ncln` lc s` echprg `b getfvc, sflc qu` s` cp`rg

scar` su pr`efc.
 

FFF.
FFF. CAK@
CAK@^F
^FTC
TCU
U AÇUF
AÇUFEC
ECU
U N@B
N@B @_GH
@_GH@L
@L
U`jû
U`jûl
l `b gut
gutc
cr Y EF
EF^G
^G^F
^FCL
CL Fv
Fvçç Rb 7=
7=10= X  @b cak`
10= cak`tftfvc
vc prfl
prflef
efpg
pgbb n` bg
bgss
flv`rsfcl`s n`stgeg bg cat`lefõl n` ul lfv`b sgtfsdgetcrfc n` a`l`dfefgs
`l `b eugb s` bcjr` bg hgxfhfzgefõl n`b vcbuh`l n` v`ltgs, n` bg utfbfngn
pgrg
pgrg bc
bcss nfrf
nfrfj`
j`lt
lt`s
`s gs
gs`j
`jur
urgl
glnc
nc pr`v
pr`vfg
fgh`
h`lt
lt`
` ul lf
lfv`
v`bb hè
hèlf
lfhc
hc n`
a`l`dfefcs y bg sup`rvfv`lefg n` bg `hpr`sg, pgrg `bbc s` n`a`;

 Cat`l`r e`rt`zg n` bg r`gbfngn n` bcs vgbcr`s r`jfstrgncs.

 N`t`rhflgr `b ecarc n` bgs eu`ltgs n` flv`rsfcl`s.
f lv`rsfcl`s.
 T`rf
T`rfdfe
dfegr
gr qu
qu`
` s` og
ogyg
yg r`
r`gb
gbfz
fzgn
gnc
c ul
ulg
g pb
pbgl
gl`g
`gef
efõl
õl y gl
glçb
çbfs
fsfs
fs n`
flv`rsfcl`s gn`eugncs.
 Cat`l`r fldcrhgefõl ge`reg n` bgs trglsgeefcl`s n` flv`rsfcl`s
hçs r`pr`s`ltgtfvgs `l r`bgefõl ecl bcs prce`nfhf`ltcs.
 N`t`rhflgr bg `dfef`lefg y `dfegefg n` bcs hætcncs n` flv`rsfcl`s n`
bg echpg֏g.
 @stgab`e`r `b euhpbfhf`ltc n` bgs pcbètfegs n` flv`rsfcl`s.

@b gutcr Y EF^G^FCL Jfc77 Rb 7=10= X  n`dfl` ulg v`rsfõl nfd`r`lt` g bg n`b gutcr 
Y EF^G^FCL Fvç Rb 7=10= X . Jõh`z h`lefclg qu` bcs cak`tfvcs n`b `xgh`l n`

flv`rsfcl`s dflglef`rgs s` nfvfn`l `l 1 cak`tfvcs; j`l`rgb`s y `sp`eèdfecs.

g. Cak`
Cak`tfv
tfvcs
cs J`
J`l`
l`rg
rgb`
b`s;
s;

 Bgs flv`rsfcl`s du`rcl gutcrfzgngs, `xfst`l y scl prcpf`ngn n`

bg `hpr`sg `l bg d`eog n`b Agbgle` J`l`rgb.
 ^cngs bgs flv`rsfcl`s qu` pcs`` bg `hpr`sg `stçl flebufngs `l
bcs sgbncs n` bgs eu`ltgs ecrr`spclnf`lt`s.
 

 Bcs vgbcr`s ecl bcs eugb`s s` pr`s`ltgl bgs flv`rsfcl`s `l bcs

@stg
@stgnc
ncss Dflg
Dflgle
lef`
f`rc
rcss sc
scl
l ecrr
ecrr`e
`etc
tcss y `stç
`stçl
l n`af
n`afng
ngh`
h`lt
lt`
`
r`v`bgncs.
 @b fljr`sc prcv`lf`lt` n` bgs flv`rsfcl`s ecl bgs jglglefgs y
pærn
pærnfn
fngs
gs `l bgs
bgs v`lt
v`ltgs
gs y bcs
bcs gk
gkus
ust`
t`ss `l bc
bcss hçrj
hçrj`l
`l`s
`s n`
`vgb
`vgbug
ugef
efõl
õl fleb
flebuf
ufnc
ncs,
s, s` r`db
r`db`k
`kgl
gl gn`e
gn`eug
ugng
ngh`
h`lt
lt`
` `l bc
bcss
@stgncs Dflglef`rcs.
 Bgs flv`rsfc
flv`rsfcl`s
l`s `stçl
`stçl ebgsfdfeg
ebgsfdfegngs
ngs ecrr`etg
ecrr`etgh`lt
h`lt`
` s`jûl
s`jûl sus
echpcl`lt`s n` ecrtc y bgrjc pbgzc.
 U` euhp
euhpbg
bgl
l bgs
bgs lc
lcrh
rhgs
gs n` Eclt
Ecltga
gafbfbfn
fngn
gn J`l`
J`l`rg
rgbh
bh`l
`lt`
t`
 Ge`ptgngs.
 Bgs pgrtfngs n` flv`rsfcl`s `stæl r`eclcefngs `l bg ulfngn n`
h`nfng ecrr`spclnf`lt`.

a. Cak`
Cak`tfv
tfvcs
cs @sp
@sp`e
`eèd
èdfe
fecs
cs;;

 Cat`l`r e`rt`zg n` bg r`gbfngn n` bcs vgbcr`s r`jfstrgncs.

 N`t`rhflgr `b ecarc n` bgs eu`ltgs n` flv`rsfcl`s.
 T`rf
T`rfdfe
dfegr
gr qu`
qu` s` ogyg
ogyg r`
r`gb
gbfz
fzgn
gnc
c ul
ulg
g pb
pbgl
gl`g
`gef
efõl
õl y gl
glçb
çbfs
fsfs
fs n`
flv`rsfcl`s gn`eugncs.
 Cat`l`r fldcrhgefõl ge`reg n` bgs trglsgeefcl`s n` flv`rsfcl`s hçs
r`pr`s`ltgtfvgs `l r`bgefõl ecl bcs prce`nfhf`ltcs.
 N`t`rhflgr bg `dfef`lefg y `dfegefg n` bcs hætcncs n` flv`rsfcl`s n`
bg echpg֏g.
 @stgab`e`r `b euhpbfhf`ltc n` bgs pcbètfegs n` flv`rsfcl`s.
 

FT..
FT ]QCJ
]QCJQG
QGHG
HG V ]QC
]QCE@
E@NF
NFHF
HF@L
@L^C
^CU
U N@
N@ GPN
GPNF^
F^CQ
CQÈG
ÈG

FT.7. N`dflfefõl;

U`jûl YEF^G^FCL Gee7? Rb 7=10= X  

@b prcjrghg n` gunftcrèg `s ul pbgl n` geefõl qu` nceuh`ltg

quæ
quæ pr
prce
ce`n
`nfh
fhf`
f`lt
ltcs
cs s`ju
s`jufr
frç
ç `b gu
gunf
nftc
tcrr pg
pgrg
rg vg
vgbfn
bfngr
gr qu
qu`
` ul
ulg
g

crjglf
crjglfzge
zgefõl
fõl euhpb`
euhpb` ecl
ecl bgs r`j
r`jubg
ubgefc
efcl`s
l`s n` euhpbf
euhpbfhf`
hf`ltc
ltc..

^gha
^ghafæ
fæl
l s` og n`df
n`dflf
lfnc
nc echc
echc «u
«ul
l `l
`lul
ulef
efgn
gnc,
c, bõ
bõjf
jfeg
egh`
h`lt
lt`
`

crn`lgnc y ebgsfdfegnc, n` bcs prce`nfhf`ltcs n` gunftcrfg qu`

ogl
ogl n` `hpb
`hpb`g
`grs
rs`,
`, bg `xt`
`xt`ls
lsfõ
fõl
l qu`
qu` s` b`
b`ss og n` ng
ngrr y bg

cpcrtulfngn `l qu` s` ogl n` gpbfegr¹.

Bg getfvfngn n` gunftcrèg s` `k`eutg h`nfglt` bg utfbfzgefõl n` bcs

prcjrghgs n` gunftcrèg, bcs eugb`s eclstftuy`l `squ`hgs qu`

n`tgbbgl pcr gn`bgltgnc `b trgagkc pcr oge`r y bcs prce`nfhf`ltcs

pgrg `d`etugr ulg gunftcrèg `sp`eèdfeg. ]r`s`ltg `tgpg pcr `tgpg

bcs prce`nfhf`ltcs n`tgbbgncs n`b trgagkc n`b gunftcr (pru`ags n`

euhpbfh
euhpbfhf`l
f`ltc
tc y pru
pru`a
`ags
gs sus
sustgl
tgltfv
tfvgs
gs y n`s
n`serf
erfa`,
a`, ec
ecl
l hgy
hgycr
cr c
 

h`lcr hfluefcsfng
fngn, bg dcrhg prçe
rçetfeg n` gpbfegr bcs

prce`nfhf`ltcs y tæelfegs n` gunftcrèg.

FT.1.
FT.1. ]rcpõs
]rcpõsftc
ftcss n`b
n`b p
prcj
rcjrgh
rghg
g n`
n` gunf
gunftcr
tcrèg;
èg;

Bcs prcjrghgs n` gunftcrèg scl `s`lefgb`s pgrg euhpbfr ecl

`sgs getfvfngn`s, sus prcpõsftcs scl bcs sfjuf`lt`s;

g) ]rcpcr
]rcpcrefc
efclgr
lgr g bcs hf`harc
hf`harcss n`b `qu
`qufpc
fpc ul pbgl sfst`
sfst`hçt
hçtfec
fec

n`b trgagkc n` egng echpcl`lt`, çr`g c ruarc g `xghflgrs`.

a) Q`spclsgafbfzgr g bcs hf`harcs n`b `qufpc pcr `b

euhpbfhf`ltc `dfef`lt` n`b trgagkc g `bbcs `lech`lngnc.

e) U`rv
U`rvfr
fr echc
echc ul r`
r`jf
jfst
strc
rc ercl
erclcb
cbõj
õjfe
fec
c n` bg
bgss ge
getftfvf
vfng
ngn`
n`ss n`

gunf
gunftc
tcrè
règ,
g, `vft
`vftgl
glnc
nc cbvf
cbvfng
ngrs
rs`
` n` gpbf
gpbfeg
egrr prce
prce`n
`nfh
fhf`
f`lt
ltcs
cs
açsfecs.

n) Dgefbftgr
Dgefbftgr bg r`vfsfõl
r`vfsfõl n
n`b
`b trgagkc
trgagkc gb k`d` n` `q
`qufpc
ufpc y sup
sup`rvfs
`rvfscr.
cr.

`) Eclstf
Eclstftuf
tufrr `b r`jfs
r`jfstrc
trc n`b trgag
trgagkc
kc n`sg
n`sgrrc
rrcbbg
bbgnc
nc y bg `vfn`
`vfn`lef
lefg
g

n`b hfshc.

FT.5.
FT.5. Dfl`s
Dfl`s n`b prc
prcjrg
jrghg
hg n` gunftc
gunftcrèg
règ;;

@b prcjrghg n` gunftcrèg tf`l` ncs dfl`s fhpcrtglt`s;

g) U`rv
U`rvfr
fr echc ulg juèg
juèg n` prce
prce`nfhf
`nfhf`ltcs
`ltcs g s`r
s`r gpbfeg
gpbfegncs
ncs nurg
nurglt`
lt`

`b eursc n` bg gunftcrfg,

a) U`
U`rv
rvfr
fr echc
echc ul r`
r`jf
jfst
strc
rc n`b
n`b trg
trgag
agkc
kc n`b
n`b gu
gunf
nftc
tcr,
r, `v
`vftftgl
glnc
nc gsè bg

chfsfõl c nupbfefngn `l bg
b g gpbfegefõl n` prce`nfhf`ltcs.

FT.>.
FT.>. T`l
T`ltgk
tgkgs
gs n
n`
` ul prcjr
prcjrghg
ghg g
gn`
n`eug
eugnc
nc n`
n` gun
gunftc
ftcrèg;
règ;
YEF^G^FCL Ecr74 Rb 7=10= X   H`
H`le
lefc
fclg
lg qu` `b gunf
gunftc
tcrr `s `b qu`
qu` s`
`legrjg n` ngrb`s pgutgs y gsp`etcs l`e`sgrfcs ` fhpcrtglt`s g
 

s`r tchgncs `l eu`ltg `l `b ]rcjrghg n` Gunftcrèg qu` `bgacrg

pgrg pcn`r r`gbfzgr ul trgagkc prcd`sfclgb n`t`rhflgnc.
Bgss v`lt
Bg v`ltgk
gkgs
gs n` ul pr
prcj
cjrg
rghg
hg n` gu
gunf
nftc
tcrè
règ
g gn
gn`e
`eug
ugnc
nc y af
af`l
`l
pbgl`gnc scl bgs sfjuf`lt`s;
 Dfkgr bg r`spclsgafbfngn pgrg egng prce`nfhf`ltc n` gunftcrèg.

@d`etugr ulg gn`eugng nfstrfauefõl n`b trgagkc y eccrnflgefõl
`ltr` bcs hf`harcs n`b `qufpc n` gunftcrèg.
 @stgab`e`r ulg rutflg n` trgagkc `eclõhfeg y `dfef`lt`.
  Ge`ltugr bcs prce`nfhf`ltcs
prce`nfhf`ltcs `s`lefgb`s pgrg
pgrg egng `ltfngn.
 U`rvfr echc ul ofstcrfgb n`b trgagkc `d`etugnc y echc ulg juèg
pgrg duturgs gunftcrfgs n` bg hfshg `ltfngn
 Dgefbftgr bg r`vfsfõl n`b trgagkc.
  Gs`jurgr ulg gno`r`lefg g bcs prflefpfcs n` gunftcrèg y
ecltgafbfngn.
 Q`spgbngr ecl nceuh`ltcs `b gbegle` n` bg gunftcrèg.
 ]rcpcrefclgr bgs pru`ags qu` n`hu`str`l qu` `b trgagkc du`
`d`etfvgh`lt` r`gbfzgnc, euglnc du`r` l`e`sgrfc.

FT.0.
FT.0. Q`spcl
Q`spclsg
sgab`
ab`ss n`
n`bb prcjr
prcjrghg
ghg n` gunf
gunftcr
tcrèg
èg
Bg `bgacrgefõl n`b prcjrghg n` gunftcrfg `s ulg r`spclsgafbfngn
n`b gunftcr `legrjgnc n`b `qufpc n` gunftcrèg, agsçlncs` `l su
pr`pgrgefõl.
@s fh
fhpc
pcrt
rtgl
glt`
t` tg
tgha
hafæ
fæl
l qu
qu`
` `b gu
gunf
nftc
tcrr su
sup`
p`rv
rvfs
fscr
cr r`v
r`vfs
fs`
` `b
prcjrghg, `vgbuglnc bg sudfef`lefg, agsçlncs` `l su `xp`rf`lefg
y eclcefhf`ltc, y qu` `b gunftcr k`d` n` r`pgrtfefõl bc gpru`a`.
Ufl `hagrjc, bg r`spclsgafbfngn prfhcrnfgb pcr `b prcjrghg n`
gunftcrèg, su eclt`lfnc y su `k`euefõl, `stç `l bgs hglcs n`b
gunf
gunftc
tcrr `l
`leg
egrj
rjgn
gnc
c n`
n`bb tr
trga
gagk
gkc
c n` eg
eghp
hpc,
c, `b eugb
eugb lc sc
scbc
bc s`
`legrjg n` nfstrfaufr bg bgacr y v`bgr pcr `b bcjrc n`b prcjrghg sflc
tg
tgha
hafæ
fæl
l n` `vgb
`vgbug
ugrr n` hgl`
hgl`rg
rg ecl
cltftfl
lug bg p`rt
p`rtfl
fl`l
`lef
efg
g y
sudfef`lefg n`b prcjrghg, `d`etuglnc r`vfsfcl`s.

FT.4
FT.4.. ]r
]rce
ce`n
`nfhf
fhf`l
`ltc
tcss n` Gun
Gunftftcr
crfg
fg;;
 

Bcs prce`nfhf`ltcs n` gunftcrfg scl `b eclkultc n` tæelfegs n`

flv`stfjgefõl gpbfegab`s g ulg pgrtfng c g ul jrupc n` o`eocs
r`su
r`subtbtgl
glt`
t`ss n`
n`bb @s
@stg
tgnc
nc n` Df
Dflg
lgle
lef`
f`rc
rcss su
suk`
k`tc
tcss g @x
@xgh
gh`l
`l..
H`nfglt` bcs eugb`s `b ecltgncr pûabfec `l su egbfngn n` gunftcr 
`hft` ulg cpflfõl.

@s pcr `stg rgzõl qu` bg gunftcrfg n`efn` qu` prce`nfhf`ltcs

gpbfegrg pr`vfgh`lt` `stunfglnc bgs pcsfafbfngn`s n` bg `ltfngn `l
eugltc g su egpgefngn n` sus cp`rgefcl`s.

T`rfdfegr bg gutcrfzgefõl y prcpf`ngn pcr h`nfc n` bg tæelfeg n`

flngjgefõl qu` bgs flv`rsfcl`s r`gbfz
fzg
gngs ogygl sfnc
n`afngh`lt` gutcrfzgngs pcr `b j`r`lt` dflglef`rc.
df lglef`rc.

Cat`l`r echprcagefõl pcr `serftc n` bgs `ltfngn`s flvcbuergngs

`l bgs r`sp`etfvgs flv`rsfcl`s r`gbfzgngs.

Q`gbfzgr ulg r`vfsfõl glgbètfeg n` bcs @stgncs Dflglef`rcs pgrg

ecldfrhgr qu` bg tctgbfngn n` bgs flv`rsfcl`s `stçl eclt`lfngs `l
`bbcs.

 T`rfdfegr sf bg ags` n` `vgbugefõl s` gpbfeg

eclsfst`lt`h`lt`, n` geu`rnc ecl bg pcbètfeg gprcagng pcr 
`b ecls`kc n` nfr`eefõl
  G trgvæs n` bg tæelfeg n` r`prce`sghf`ltc n` trglsgeefcl`s
trglsgeefcl`s
v`rfdfegr qu` `stçl r`jfstrgngs ecrr`etgh`lt`.
 Qgtfdfegr bg gs`v`rgefõl açsfeg n` `vgbugefõl g trgvæs n` bg
tæelfeg n` r`echputc.
 @vgbugr `b ecrt` n` nceuh`ltcs pgrg n`t`rhflgr sf bgs
flv`rsfcl`s `stçl vgbugngs ecrr`etgh`lt`.
 Echp
Echprc
rcag
agrr qu`
qu` tc
tcnc
ncss bc
bcss hc
hcvf
vfhf
hf`l
`ltc
tcss `l hg
hgt`
t`rfg
rfg n`
flv`rsfcl`s `stæl r`db`kgncs `l bcs @stgncs Dflglef`rcs.
 T`rf
T`rfdfe
dfegr
gr qu`
qu` bc
bcss fl
flt`
t`r`
r`s`
s`s,
s, nf
nfvf
vfn`
n`ln
lncs
cs y n`
n`hç
hçss g qu
qu`
`
ogygl ngnc bujgr bgs flv`rsfcl`s s` r`jfstr`l n` dcrhg
ebgrg y `l eclecrnglefg ecl bcs ]EJG
 

 Uf gbjulg n` bgs flv`rsfcl`s og sfnc v`lnfng, v`rfdfegr qu`

`b pr`efc n` nfeog trglsgeefõl ogyg sfnc gutcrfzgnc pcr bg
Kultg Nfr`etfvg

T. LFG 0>=
0>= @U^F
U^FHGNCU
GNCU ECL^
ECL^G
GAB@U
B@U
T.7. Gbegle`;

@b gbe
gbegle
gle`
` `s scar`
scar` bgs r`s
r`spcl
pclsga
sgafbfn
fbfngn`
gn`ss qu` tf`l` `b gun
gunftc
ftcrr ec
ecl
l

r`bgefõl ecl bgs `stfhgefcl`s ecltgab`s, flebufngs bgs n` vgbcr rgzclgab`

y bg fldcrhgefõl r`bgefclgng g r`v`bgr, gb r`gbfzgr ulg gunftcrèg. Flebuy`

r`qu`rfhf`ltcs y crf`ltgefcl`s scar` bgs flecrr`efcl`s `l `stfhgefcl`s

ecltgab`s ecler`tgs y scar` flnfegncr`s n` bg `xfst`lefg n` pcsfab`

s`sjc n` bg nfr`eefõl.

T.
T.1.
1. D`eo
D`eog
gnn`
` `lt
`ltr`
r`jg
jg n` vfjc
vfjcrr

@stg
@stg LF
LFG
G `s gpbfeg
bfegab
ab`
` g bg
bgss gunf
gunftc
tcrf
rfg
gs n` `stg
stgnc
ncss dfdfl
lgle
lef`
f`rc
rcss

ecrr`spclnf`lt`s g p`rfcncs flfefgncs g pgrtfr n`b 70 n` nfef`har` n`

1==6.
 

T.5. Lgturgb`zg

 Gbjulgs pgrtfngs n` bcs @stgncs Dflglef`rcs lc pu`n`l h`nfrs` ecl

`xgetf
`xgetftun
tun,, sfl
sflc
c scbc
scbc `stfhg
`stfhgrs`
rs`.. @st
@stc
c s` ecl
eclce`
ce` echc
echc `st
`stfhg
fhgefc
efcl`s
l`s

ecltgab`s. Pl eghafc `l `stfhgefõl lc l`e`sgrfgh`lt` `s ul `rrcr,

pu`n` oga`r eghafgnc gbjulcs dgetcr`s.

T.>. Cak`tfvcs

@b cak`tfvc n`b gunftcr `s cat`l`r `vfn`lefg n` gunftcrfg sudfef`lt` y

gn`eugng n` qu`;

 Bgss `s
Bg `stftfhg
hgef
efcl
cl`s
`s eclt
ecltga
gab`
b`s,
s, fl
fleb
ebuf
ufng
ngss bg
bgss `s
`stfh
tfhge
gefc
fcl`
l`ss

ecltgab`s n`b vgbcr rgzclgab`, r`eclcefngs c r`v`bgngs `l bcs

@stgncs Dflglef`rcs, scl rgzclgab`s9 y

 Bg ecr
ecrr`s
r`spcl
pclnf`
nf`lt`
lt` fldcrh
fldcrhgef
gefõl
õl r`v
r`v`bg
`bgng
ng `l bcs @stgnc
@stgncss

Df
Dflg
lgle
lef`
f`rc
rcss `s gn
gn`e
`eug
ugng
ng `l `b eclt
eclt`x
`xtc
tc n`
n`bb hg
hgre
rec
c n`

fldcrhgefõl dflglef`rg gpbfegab`.

T.0. N`dflfefcl`s

   @stfhgefõl ecltgab`, gp
gprc
rcxf
xfhg
hgef
efõl
õl g ul fh
fhpc
pcrt
rt`
` `l

gus`lefg n` h`nfcs pr`efscs n` h`nfng.

   @s
@stf
tfhg
hgef
efõl
õl pult
pultug
ugbb c rglj
rgljc
c n`
n`bb gu
gunf
nftc
tcr,
r, egl
egltfn
tfngn
gn c

rgljc
rgljc n` egltf
egltfngn
ngn`s,
`s, r`s
r`sp`e
p`etfv
tfvgh`
gh`lt`
lt`,, n`r
n`rfvg
fvgngs
ngs n` bg

`vfn
fn`
`lefg
lefg n` gunf
gunftc
tcrf
rfg
g cat`l
at`lfn
fng
g pgrg utftfbfbfzzgr `l bg

`vgbu
`vgbugef
gefõl
õl n` ulg `st
`stfhg
fhgefõ
efõl
l pul
pultug
tugbb r`g
r`gbfz
bfzgng
gng pc
pcrr bg

j`r`lefg.

 stfhgefõl, bg suse`ptfafbfngn n` ulg

  Fle`rtfnuhar` n` bg ``stfhgefõl,

`st
stfh
fhge
gefõ
fõl
l ecltg
cltga
ab` y n` bg fl
fldc
dcrh
rhge
gefõ
fõl
l r`v
`v`b
`bg
gng
 

r`
r`bg
bgef
efcl
clgn
gng
g g ulg
ulg dg
dgbtbtg
g fl
flo`
o`r`
r`lt
lt`
` n` pr`e
pr`efs
fsfõ
fõl
l `l su

h`nfng.

   U`sjc n` bg nfr`eefõl¿ dgbtg n` l`utrgbfngn n` bg nfr`eefõl

`l bg pr`pgrgefõl n` bg fldcrhgefõl.

   @s
@stf
tfhg
hgef
efõl
õl pult
pultug
ugbb n` bg nfr`
nfr`ee
eefõ
fõl,
l, egltfngn

n`t`r
n`t`rhfl
hflgng
gng pcr bg nfr`ee
nfr`eefõl
fõl ech
echc
c `st
`stfhg
fhgefõ
efõl
l ecl
ecltga
tgab`
b`

pgrg
pgrg su r`
r`ec
eclc
lcef
efhf
hf`l
`ltc
tc c r`v`
r`v`bg
bgef
efõl
õl `l bc
bcss @s
@stg
tgnc
ncss

Dflglef`rcs.

   N`
N`s`l
s`lbge
bge`` n` ulg
ulg `stfhg
`stfhgefõ
efõl
l ecl
ecltgab`, fhpcrt`
tgab`,

r`
r`su
subtbtgl
glt`
t` n` bg r`
r`sc
scbu
buef
efõl
õl dflg
dflgbb n` bg
bgss trgl
trglsg
sgee
eefc
fcl`
l`s,
s,

o`eocs c eclnfefcl`s `l qu` s` agsg bg `stfhgefõl.

T.4. Q`qu`rfhf`l
f`ltcs

]rce`nfhf`ltc n` vgbcrgefõl n`b rf`sjc y getfvfngn`s

r`bgefclgngs

@b gunf
gunftc
tcrr n`
n`a`
a`rç
rç cat`
cat`l`
l`rr eclc
eclcef
efhf
hf`l
`ltc
tc n` bc
bcss sf
sfju
juf`
f`lt
lt`s
`s

gsp`etcs;

g) Q`qu`rfhf`
Q`qu`rfhf`ltcs
ltcs n`
n`bb hgrec n` fldcrhge
fldcrhgefõl
fõl dflg
dflglef`rg
lef`rg g
gpbfeg
pbfegab`
ab`

g bgs `stfhgefcl`s ecltgab`s.

a) @b hcnc
hcnc n` fn`ltfdfeg
fn`ltfdfegefõl
efõl n` tr
trglsge
glsgeefcl
efcl`s
`s

e) Bg hgl`rg
l`rg `l qu` bg nfr`e
fr`eef
efõ
õl r`gb
r`gbfz
fzg
g bg
bgss `stfh
stfhge
gefc
fcl`
l`ss

ecltgab`s.
 

TF. LFG
LFG 00=
00= ]GQ^@
GQ^@U
U TFL
TFLEP
EPBG
BGN
NGU
U`jûl Y EF^G^FCL Jgr7> Rb 5=?1 X
TF.7. Gbegle`

@stg lcrhg trgtg n` bgs r`spclsgafbfngn`s qu` tf`l` `b gunftcr `l

bc qu`
qu` r`
r`sp
sp`e
`etg
tg g bg
bgss r`
r`bg
bgef
efcl
cl`s
`s y trgl
trglsg
sgee
eefc
fcl`
l`ss ec
ecl
l pg
pgrt
rt`s
`s

vfleubgngs `l ulg gunftcrfg n` @stgncs Dflglef`rcs.

TF.1
TF.1.. D`eo
D`eog
gnn`
` `lt
`ltr`
r`jg
jg n` vf
vfjc
jcrr

@stg LFG `s gpbfegab` g bgs gunftcrfgs n` @stgncs Dflglef`rcs

ecrr`spclnf`lt`s g p`rfcncs flfefgncs g pgrtfr n`b 70 n` nfef`har`

n` 1==6.

TF.5. Lgturgb`
b`zzg

Hueogs n` bgs trglsgeefcl`s ecl pgrt`s vfleubgngs s` prcnue`l

`l `b eursc lcrhgb n` bcs l`jcefcs y pu`n` qu` lc fhpbfqu` ul

 

hgycr rf`sjc n` flecrr`eefõl hgt`rfgb `l bcs @stgncs Dflglef`rcs9

egsc ecltrgrfc s` n`a`règ qu`;

 Bgs pgrt`s vfleubgngs cp`rgl g trgvæs n` ul `xt`lsc y

echpb`kc `ltrghgnc n` r`bgefcl`s y `strueturgs.

 Bcss sfs
Bc sfst`h
t`hgs
gs n` fld
fldcrh
crhge
gefõl
fõl pu`
pu`n`l
n`l r`subt
r`subtgr
gr fl`
fl`dfe
dfege`
ge`ss

pgrg
pgrg fn
fn`l
`ltfd
tfdfe
fegr
gr c r`
r`su
suhf
hfrr bg
bgss trgl
trglsg
sgee
eefc
fcl`
l`ss y sg
sgbn
bncs
cs

p`lnf`lt`s `ltr` bg `ltfngn y bgs pgrt`s vfleubgngs g `bbg.

 Bgs trglsgeefcl`s ecl pgrt`s vfleubgngs pu`n` qu` lc s`

r`gbfe`l `l eclnfefcl`s lcrhgb`s n` h`regnc, `s n`efr, sfl

ecltrgpr`stgefõl.

TF.>. Cak`tfvcs
Ecl fln`p`ln`lefg n` qu` `b hgrec n` fldcrhgefõl dflglef`rg

gpbfbfeg
gp egab
ab`
` `stg
`stgab
ab`z
`zeg
eg c lc r`qu
r`qu`r
`rfh
fhf`
f`lt
ltcs
cs scar
scar`
` bg
bgss pg
pgrt
rt`s
`s

vf
vfle
leub
ubgn
gngs
gs,, bg ca
cat`
t`le
lefõ
fõl
l n` eclc
eclcef
efhf
hf`l
`ltc
tc su
sudfe
dfef`
f`lt
lt`
` n` bg
bgss

r`bgefcl`s y trglsgeefcl`s r`gbfzgngs ecl bgs pgrt`s vfleubgngs.

 Gsfhfshc, `l bcs egscs `l bcs qu` `b hgrec n` fldcrhgefõl

dflglef`rg gpbfegab` `stgab`zeg r`qu`rfhf`ltcs scar` bgs pgrt`s

vfleubgngs, bg cat`lefõl n` `vfn`lefg n` gunftcrfg sudfef`lt` y

gn`eugng scar` sf bgs r`bgefcl`s y trglsgeefcl`s ecl bgs pgrt`s

vfle
vfleub
ubgn
gngs
gs s` ogl
ogl fn`l
fn`ltftfdfdfeg
egnc
nc,, ec
eclt
ltga
gafbfbfz
fzgn
gnc
c y r`v`
r`v`bg
bgnc
nc

gn`eugngh`lt` `l bcs @stgncs Dflglef`rcs, n` ecldcrhfngn ecl

nfeoc hgrec.
 

TF
TF.0
.0.. Nce
Nceuh`l
uh`ltg
tgef
efõ
õl

@b gunftcr flebufrç `l bg nceuh`ltgefõl n` gunftcrfg bcs lchar`s

n` bg
bgss pgrt`
pgrt`ss vfle
vfleub
ubgn
gngs
gs fn
fn`l
`ltftfdfe
dfegn
gngs
gs y bg lgtu
lgturg
rgb`
b`zg
zg n` bg
bgss

r`bgefcl`s ecl bgs pgrt`s vfleubgngs.

TFF. ]G]@B@U N@
N@ ^Q
^QGAGKC
Bg gutcrg
gutcrg Y EF^G^FCL Hgr7: Rb 7=10= X  h`lefclg qu` pgrg bg ecld`eefõl y/c
`bgacrgefõl n` bcs pgp`b`s n` trgagkc, s` r`quf`r` n` ef`rtg ogafbfngn y
`xp`rf`lefg. @b cak`tfvc s`règ bcjrgr qu`, sf bcs pgp`b`s n` trgagkc n` ul
gunftcr scl sch`tfncs g glçbfsfs n` ctrc, y sf æst` ûbtfhc pu`n` pr`pgrgr 
ul fldcrh` n` gunftcrèg n` sfhfbgr`s eclebusfcl`s gb prfh`rc, `stcs ogarçl

n` s`r eclsfn`rgncs echc pr`pgrgncs n` dcrhg gn`eugng.

]grg bcjrgr bc glt`rfcr, g ecltflugefõl, s` h`lefclgl bcs prflefpfcs qu`
dulngh`ltgl bg pr`pgrgefõl n` bcs pgp`b`s n` trgagkc pcr pgrt` n`b `b
gunftcr `xt`rlc ` flt`rlc;

 N`a`l
N`a`l fle
flebuf
bufrr tcn
tcncs
cs bcs ngtcs
ngtcs nfs
nfspcl
pclfab
fab`s
`s n` bg gun
gunftc
ftcrèg
règ qu
qu`
` s`
eclsfn`r`l gpbfegab`s, `s n`efr, gqu`bbcs qu` gpcy`l bgs eclebusfcl`s
n`b gunftcr c qu` pu`ngl utfbfzgrs` `l ul duturc.
 ^cncs bcs pgp`b`s n` trgagkc
tr gagkc n`a`rçl s`r hgt`hçtfegh`lt` `xgetcs.
 Egng pgp`b n` trgagkc n`a`rç eclt`l`r ulg `lulefgefõl eclefsg n`b
trgagkc `k`eutgnc.
 

 N`a`rçl `bgacrgrs` ecl bfhpf`zg y puberftun.

 Nurg
Nurglt
lt`
` `b eurs
eursc
c n` ulg
ulg gu
gunf
nftc
tcrèg
règ tcnc
tcncss bc
bcss pg
pgp`
p`b`
b`ss n` trga
trgagk
gkc
c
n`a`rçl s`r prct`jfncs, ecltrcbgncs y bu`jc ecls`rvgncs
  Gsè hfshc, egng hf`harc n`b p`rsclgb n`b `legrjc n` gunftcrèg n`a`
t`
t`l`
l`rr bg r`
r`sp
spcl
clsg
sgaf
afbfbfng
ngn
n `l su pr`p
pr`pgr
grge
gefõ
fõl
l g h`
h`nf
nfng
ng qu`
qu` eg
egng
ng

prce`nfhf`ltc flnfvfnugb s`g `k`eutgnc.

 @l egsc n` ech`t`r `rrcr`s, agkc lfljûl ecle`ptc n`a`rç acrrgrs`.
@stg sftugefõl pcnrç trgtgrs`, pcr `k`hpbc, `le`rrglnc `ltr` bbgv`s
egrg
egrget
et`r
`rès
èstftfeg
egss bg pg
pgrt
rt`
` `r
`rrg
rgng
ng y ec
ecbc
bceg
egln
lnc
c og
ogef
efg
g bg n`
n`r`
r`eo
eog
g bg
`xpbfegefõl y/c ecrr`eefõl p`rtfl`lt`.
 Egng pgp`b n` trgagkc n`a`rç d`eogrs` y dfrhgrs` `l `b hch`ltc n`
su `bgacrgefõl pcr bg p`rsclg `legrjgng n` bg pru`ag. Euglnc ul
gunftcr, ul sup`rvfscr c ul scefc bcs r`vfs`, n`a`rçl s`r fjugbh`lt`
dfrhgncs pcr `stcs.
 Dflgbh`lt`, gulqu` pgr`zeg n` pceg fhpcrtglefg, `s r`ech`lngab`
qu` egng
gng gunft
unftcr
cr pcs`
pcs`g
g sus `b`b`h`
h`l
ltcs
tcs n` trgtrgag
agkc
kc prcp
prcpfc
fcss
(echputgncr, egbeubgncrgs, bçpfe`s, bgpfe`rcs,
bgpfe`rcs, `te.), ecl `b dfl n` `vftgr 
pærnfng n` tf`hpc y n` egbfngn `l bg `bgacrgefõl n` bcs pgp`b`s n`
trgagkc qu` tf`l` g su egrjc.
 

@K@H]BC N@ ]G]@B N@ ^QGAGKC N@ PL @_GH@L N@ FLT@QUFCL@U

DFLGLEF@QGU

DP@L^@; Eu`stfclgrfc n` Gunftcrfg Flv`rsfcl`s Dflglef`rgs (1=70)

 

TFFF. ECLEBPUFCL@U

 G) Bgs flv`rsfcl`s scl n`dflfngs echc `b jrupc qu` echpr`ln` bgs eu`l
eu`ltgs
tgs

qu` r`jfstrgl bgs flv`rsfcl`s `l geefcl`s, euctgs c pgrt`s n` flt`ræs

scefgb, tètubcs vgbcr`s, pgp`b`s ech`refgb`s c eugbquf`r ctrc nceuh`ltc

l`jcefgab` gnqufrfnc pcr `b `lt` `eclõhfec ecl egrçet`r t`hpcrgb c

p`rhgl`lt`, `l `b `xgh`l n` bgs flv`rsfcl`s bcg gunftcr`s trgtgl n`

n`t`rhflgr sf `xfst` ul ecltrcb flt`rlc gn`eugnc scar` bcs vgbcr`s y `b

r`lnfhf`ltc n` bgs flv`rsfcl`s.

f lv`rsfcl`s.

A) @b ]rcj
]rcjrg
rghg
hg n` Gu
Gunf
nftc
tcrèg
règ n`a`
n`a`rç
rç s`r
s`r r`vf
r`vfsg
sgnc
nc p`
p`rf
rfõn
õnfe
fegh
gh`l
`lt`
t` n`

ecldcrhfngn ecl bgs eclnfefcl`s eghafglt`s `l bgs cp`rgefcl`s n`b

ebf`lt` y n` geu`rnc ecl bcs eghafcs qu` ogyg `l bcs prflefpfcs, lcrhgs

y prce`nfhf`ltcs n` gunftcrèg.

E) ^`l`
^`l`rr ul au`l ecltrcb
ecltrcb scar` bgs flv`r
flv`rsfcl`
sfcl`ss dflglef`rgs
dflglef`rgs n` bg `hpr`s
`hpr`sg
g

`s n` suhg fhpcrtglefg, yg qu` n`ltrc n` `stgs s` gacrng ulg n` bcs

hgycr`s prcab`hgs qu` s` n`rfvgl n`b trgtghf`ltc ecltgab` echc `s `b

n` su vgbcrgefõl, sf`lnc bc hçs eclcefncs `b pr`efc n` ecst` c vgbcr n`

h`regnc. @stc gyung g t`l`r hçs cpefcl`s pgrg qu` bg `hpr`sg pu`ng

flv`rtfr yg s`g lgefclgb c flt`rlgefclgb.

N) @s fhp
fhpcrt
crtglt
glt`
` n`s
n`stge
tgegr
gr qu`
qu` bg `st
`stgl
glngr
ngrfzg
fzgefõ
efõl
l n` prce`n
prce`nfhf
fhf`lt
`ltcs
cs lc

sfjlfdfeg l`e`sgrfgh`lt` qu` bg ‒gpbfegefõl‘ agkc `stunfc flvcbuer` ul

agkc rf`sjc, bc qu` oge` n`t`rhflgr nfeoc jrgnc `s `b o`eoc n` qu` s`

gpbfegl prce`nfhf`ltcs lc rutflgrfcs.

 

F_. Q@ECH@LNGEFCL@U

g) U` r`ec
r`echf
hf`l
`lng
ng g bg `h
`hpr
pr`s
`sg,
g, `vgb
`vgbug
ugrr bg
bgss cp
cpef
efcl
cl`s
`s n` flv
flv`r
`rsf
sfõl
õl n`

geu`rnc g bgs cpcrtulfngn`s qu` s` pr`s`ltgl `l `st` h`regnc, pgrg su

r`sp`etfvc n`sgrrcbbc y pu`ng bcjrgr `b er`efhf`ltc flt`rlc n` bg `hpr`sg

`l ul p`rfcnc hçs ecrtc y n` hgl`rg hçs scst`lfab`.

a) @l `b prcj
prcjrghg
rghg n` gu
gunftcr
nftcrèg
èg n` flv`
flv`rsfcl
rsfcl`s,
`s, `s fhpcrtgl
fhpcrtglt`,
t`, yg qu` lc
lcss

p`rhft` n`t`rhflgr bg fhpcrtglefg qu` tf`l` bg flv`rsfõl pgrg bg `hpr`sg

y bg dcrhg n` `stg `stg flv`rsfõl, `b gunftcr pcnrçl e`ltrgr su gt`lefõl

`l bcs gsp`etcs cp`rgefclgb`s n` bg hfshg y gngptgr sus prcjrghgs,

fldcrh`s y r`ech`lngefcl`s g bgs l`e`sfngn`s n` bg `ltfngn.

 

_. Q@D@
@D@Q@L
Q@LEFGU
EFGU AF
AFABF
ABFCJQ
CJQÇDF
ÇDFEGU
EGU

Egrn`lgs, I. (=5 n` Hgrzc n` 1=7>). @_G _GH@

H@L
L N@ @D
@D@E
@E^F
^FT
TC V 
@WPFTGB@L^@U N@ @D@E^FTC. Cat`lfnc n` sftfc w`a n` gegn`hfg;
ottps;//www.gegn`hfg.`nu/6=?7:?7/@_GH
ottps;//www.gegn`hfg.`nu/6=?7:?7/@_GH@LSN@S@D@E^FTC
@LSN@S@D@E^FTCSVS@WPF
SVS@WPF
TGB@L^@USN@S@D@E^FTC3`hgfbSwcriSegrn8tftb`

Egstrc, T. (11 n` Kubfc n` 1=70). Gunftcrfg jua`rlgh`ltgb 

jua`rlgh`ltgb . Q`eup`rgnc `b 1: n`
U`tf`har` n` 1=17, n`
ottps;//gunftcrfgjua`rlgh`ltgb7.wcrnpr`ss.ech
ottps;//gunftcrfgjua`rlgh`ltgb7.wcrnpr`ss.ech/1=70/=:/11/gunftcrfg-
/1=70/=:/11/gunftcrfg-
jua`rlgh`ltgb/
Ecb`, A. (garfb n` 1=17). prcjrghg n` gunftcrfg c pbgl
pbgl n` gunftcrfg . Cat`lfnc n`
s`greongtge`lt`r.t`eotgrj`t.ech;
ottps;//s`greongtge`lt`r.t`eotgrj`t.ech/`s/n`dflfefcl/]rcjrghg-n`-
gunftcrfg-pbgl-n`-gunftcrfg
Jgrefg, @., & Jgrefg, H. (75 n` Lcvf`har` n` 1=7>). `s.sbfn`sogr`.
Q`eup`rgnc `b =: n` Cetuar` n` 1=17, n`
ottps;//`s.sbfn`sogr`.l`t/Q@TFUCQFG-DFUEGB-[GQ[G
ottps;//`s.sbfn`sogr`.l`t/Q@TFUCQFG-DFUEGB-[GQ[GB/lfg-0>=-00=-04=-
B/lfg-0>=-00=-04=-
>70=657:
Jõh`
Jõh`z,
z, J. (7(77
7 n` s`
s`pt
ptf`
f`ha
har`
r` n` 1=
1=77
77).
). ]rc
]rcjrg
jrghg
hg n` gungunftc
ftcrèg
règ pg
pgrg
rg bgs
flv`rsfcl`s.  Cat`lfnc n` j`stfcpcbfs.ech;
ottps;//www.j`stfcpcbfs.ech/prcjrghg-gunftcrfg-flv`rsfcl`s/
Jclzg
Jclzgb`s
b`s,, H. (ce
(cetua
tuar`
r` n` 1=7
1=7:).
:). `b`h`ltcs dulngh`ltgb`s n` bg gunftcrfg -
 pgp`b`s n` trgagkc. Cat`lfnc n` xp`rtg.b`jfs.ec;
ottps;//xp`rtg.b`jfs.ec/vfscr/recltgncr/recltgncrS1g
ottps;//xp`rtg.b`jfs.ec/vfscr/recltgncr/recltgncrS1g0e605nn6g>>d:
0e605nn6g>>d:>ae1n
>ae1n
nn7`ang5a0g7/r`vfstg-flt`rlgefclg
nn7`ang5a0 g7/r`vfstg-flt`rlgefclgb-b`jfs-n`-ecltgafbfngn-y-
b-b`jfs-n`-ecltgafbfngn-y-
gunftcrfg/pgp`b`s-n`-trgagkc%5g-`b`h`ltc-duln
gunftcrfg/pgp`b`s-n `-trgagkc%5g-`b`h`ltc-dulngh`ltgb-`l-bg-gunftcrfg
gh`ltgb-`l-bg-gunftcrfg
Frhg, U. (1=75). afabfct`eg usge . Q`eup`rgnc `b 1: n` U`tf`har` n` 1=17, n`
ottp;//www.afabfct`eg.usge.`nu.jt/t`sfs/=5/=5S>1:5.pnd 
Kuglg, H. ]. (1=76). Fltrcnueefõl fõl g bg gunftcrèg. Pt`x . CaCat`
t`l
lfn
fnc
c n`
aglecdflglnflg.ech;
ottps;//www.aglecdflglnflg.ech/dflglabcj/lc
ottps;//www.aglecdflglnflg.ech/dflglabcj/lctfefgs/1=1=/=5/77/prcjrgh
tfefgs/1=1=/=5/77/prcjrghg
g
-n`-gunftcrfg
]fst
]fstfbfbf,f, D. A. (1 (1=7
=7=)
=).. ]r
]rcj
cjrg
rghg
hg n` gugunfnftc
tcrf
rfg,
g, ]rce
]rce`n
`nfh
fhf`
f`lt
ltcs
cs y T`
T`lt
ltgk
gkgs
gs..
 Getugbfngn @hpr`sgrfgb . Cat`lfnc n` aglecdflglnflg.ech;
ottps;//www.aglecdflglnflg.ech/dflglabcj/lc
ottps;//www.aglecdflgl nflg.ech/dflglabcj/lctfefgs/1=1=/=5/77/prcjrgh
tfefgs/1=1=/=5/77/prcjrghgg
-n`-gunftcrfg
Qcus`. (1=7:). cacak`
k`tf
tfvc
vcs
s n`b prprcj
cjrg
rgh
hg n` gun unft
ftc
crfg . Cat`lfnc n`
rfg
aglecdflglnflg.ech;
ottps;//www.aglecdflglnflg.ech/dflglabcj/lc
ottps;//www.aglecdflglnflg.ech/dflglabcj/lctfefgs/1=1=/=5/77/prcjrgh
tfefgs/1=1=/=5/77/prcjrghg
g
-n`-gunftcrfg
 

Qufz T. (> n` kulfc n` 1=7?). t`elfegs y prce`nfhf`ltcs n` gunftcrfg . Cat`lfnc

n` j`st
j`stffcp
cpc
cbfs.
bfs.eech;
ch; ot
ottp
tps;
s;//
//ww
www.
w.j`
j`st
stfc
fcpc
pcbfbfs.
s.eech/t
ch/t`
`el
elfe
fegs
gs-y
-y--
prce`nfhf`ltcs-n`-gunftcrfg/
^urh
^urh`r
`rc,
c, F. (s.d
(s.d.)
.).. gunft
gunftcrfg
crfg flv`
flv`srfcl
srfcl`s
`s dflgl
dflglef`rg
ef`rgss ebgs
ebgsfdfege
fdfegefcl
fcl y cak`tfvcs .
cak`tfvcs
Cat`lfnc n` hclcjrgdfgs.ech;
ottps;//www.hclcjrgdfgs.ech/nces77=/n`e
ottps;//www.hclcjrgdfgs.e ch/nces77=/n`efsfcl`s-flv`rsfcl-cak`tfv
fsfcl`s-flv`rsfcl-cak`tfvcs-y-
cs-y-

ebgsfdfegefcl/n`efsfcl`s-flv`rsfcl-cak`tfvcs-y-
ebgsfdfegefcl1.sothb#eclebusfcg

  Jgrefg,
fg, @., & Jgrefg, H. (7 (75
5 n` Lcvf`har` n` 1=7>). `s.sbfn`sogr`.
Q`eup`rgnc `b =: n` Cetuar` n` 1=17, n`
ottps;//`s.sbfn`sogr`.l`t/Q@TFUCQFG-DFUEGB-[GQ[G
ottps;//`s.sbfn`sogr`.l`t/Q@TFUCQFG-DFUEGB-[GQ[GB/lfg-0>=-00=-04=-
B/lfg-0>=-00=-04=-
>70=657:
 

_F. GL@_CU

F.7. @vfn`lefgs

ECCQNFLGEFÕL N@B ^QGAGKC

 

@LTFC N@B ^QGAGKC

F.1. Q`eurscs y Hgt`rfgb`

fgb`ss

 Echputgncrg

 Flt`rl`t

  Gpult`s n` ebgs`s
ebgs`s

 Bfarcs dèsfecs


Bfarcs `b`etrõlfecs
 

 Q`vfstgs `b`etrõlfegs