KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT WITHIN BWAISE INDUSTRIAL AREA

BY

GAD

18/U/EMD/17820/GV

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL

AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHELOR OF MECHANICAL AND
MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING OF KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY.

NOVEMBER, 2022
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 DECLARATION

I, Kiyaka Tonny declare that this report is my original work and it has never been submitted to
any institution of higher learning for any academic award.

Signature:…………………………

KIYAKA TONNY

Date:……………………………...

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 DEDICATION

This research proposal is a special dedication to my beloved wife Mrs. Kiyaka Juliet, My Sons,
Kiyaka Prince, Kiyaka Emannuel, Kiyaka Elijah and Kiyaka Israel and My mother Mrs Kiiza
Dorcas who did much in encouraging me during my studies. May the almighty God bless them
abundantly.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank the Almighty God for having protected me throughout the research work
without His protection, I wouldn’t have made it.

Special thanks goes to my University Lecturer Dr. Wandera Catherine for the tireless support
given to me both technical and moral and offered me a parental guidance as in preparing me to
write this proposal.

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 APPROVAL

This is to certify that this research proposal by Kiyaka Tonny has been under my supervision
and it’s now ready for submission to the Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing
Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of a Bachelor of Engineering
in Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering of Kyambogo University.

Supervisor:

Signature ……………

Dr. WANDERA CATHERINE

Date ………………………….....

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION..........................................................................................................................................i
DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..........................................................................................................................iii
APPROVAL...............................................................................................................................................iv
CHAPTER ONE..........................................................................................................................................1
1.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background to the study....................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem...................................................................................................................2
1.3 Objective of the study........................................................................................................................3
1.3.1 Main Objective...............................................................................................................................3
1.3.2 Specific objectives..........................................................................................................................3
1.3.3 Research Questions.........................................................................................................................4
1.4 Justification of the Study...................................................................................................................4
1.5 Significance of the study...................................................................................................................5
1.6 Scope of study...................................................................................................................................5
1.7 Conceptual framework.......................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................................................8
LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................................8
2.0 Introductions................................................................................................................................8
2.1 Solid wastes...................................................................................................................................8
2.2 Types/category of solid waste........................................................................................................8
2.3 Sources of solid waste...................................................................................................................9
2.4 Collection and management methods of solid waste....................................................................11
2.5 Impact of solid waste on economic activities...............................................................................12
2.6 Preventive measures for reduction of impact of solid waste........................................................14
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................18
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..............................................................................................................18
3.0 Introduction.................................................................................................................................18
3.1 Research Design..............................................................................................................................18
3.2 Research Tools................................................................................................................................18
3.2.1 The Questionnaire.....................................................................................................................18

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 3.2.2 Observation...............................................................................................................................19
3.2.3 Interview...................................................................................................................................19
3.3 Data Analysis Methods....................................................................................................................19
3.4 Target Population................................................................................................................................19
3.5 Sample population...........................................................................................................................19
3.6 Study area........................................................................................................................................19
3.7 Sample Techniques..........................................................................................................................19
3.8 Limitations to the study...................................................................................................................20
3.9 Ethical issues...................................................................................................................................20
REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................21

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 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

This chapter contains the research background, problem statement, general objective, specific
objectives, research questions scope and the conceptual framework of the study.

1.1 Background to the study

Open dump site approach as solid waste disposal method is a primitive stage of solid waste
management in many parts of the world. It is one of the most poorly rendered services by
municipal authorities in developing countries as the systems applied are unscientific, outdated
and in- efficient. Solid waste disposal sites are found both within and on the outskirts of
developing urban cities. With increase in the global population and the rising demand for food
and other essentials, there has been a rise in the amount of waste being generated daily by each
house- hold. This waste is ultimately thrown into municipal disposal sites and due to poor and
ineffective management, the dumpsites turn to sources of environmental and health hazards to
people living in the vicinity of such dumps. One of the main aspects of concern is the pollution
caused to the earth be it land, air and water.

According to Nguyen, (2011) many cities in developing countries face serious environmental
degradation and health risks due to the weakly developed municipal solid waste management
system. Studies have been conducted in order to examine the health and environmental effects
arising from waste dumps. The ever-increasing consumption of resources results in huge
amounts of solid wastes from industrial and domestic activities, which pose significant threats to
human health (Frosch, 1996). However, the ills of inappropriately disposed municipal solid
wastes are quite numerous to be mentioned. Health deterioration, accidents, flood occurrences,
and environmental pressures are just a few of the negative effects. In man y developing
countries, so lid waste disposal sites are found on the outskirts of urban areas. These areas
become children‘s sources of contamination due to the incubation and proliferation of flies,
mosquitoes, and rodents. They, in turn, are disease transmitters that affect population‘s health,
which has its organic defenses in a formative and creative state. The said situation produces

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gastrointestinal, dermatological, respiratory, genetic, and several other kind of infectious diseases
(Salam, 2010).

Though the major challenges associated with solid waste disposal are majorly environmental and
health risks. The economic cost of solid waste disposal cannot be underestimated. Ranging from
reduced value of the land around the dumpsites due to the inhabitability, to the cost of collection
and transportation of the wastes to landfills; there also economic implications resulting from the
cost of medical care from health risks posed by the wastes in communities. Additionally,
productivity is lost when the people around the dumpsites get infections and are unable to work,
thus impacting on the economy in the long run.

Uganda is facing rapid urbanization of 5.1% per annum, leading to overcrowding and the
development of slums and informal settlements with poor waste management practice
(environment resource limited, 2009). Urban dwellers generally consume more resources than
rural dwellers, and so generate large quantities of solid waste and sewage. Waste management in
these areas is hampered by multiple land tenure system with many tenants not having a right to
the land and therefore not able to manage waste domestically and also the urban authorities are
overwhelmed by the sheer volumes of garbage generated. Kampala Capital City Authority
(KCCA) acknowledges that the amount of Solid waste generated overwhelms its capacity to
collect and dispose given its enormous collection costs. Out of 1,200–1,500 tons of garbage
generated per day, only 400-500 tones are collected giving a collection efficiency of only 40%.
This implies that 60% of Solid waste generated daily is not properly collected and disposed
which has resulted into indiscriminate disposal by the public (Nyakaana, 2009). This problem is
not only unique to other parts of the city but also within Bwaise Industrial area. It‘s against this
background that the study seeks to investigate the effect of solid waste disposal within Bwaise
Industrial area

1.2 Statement of the problem

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In recent decades, the world has experienced unprecedented urban growth. In 2019, close to 4
billion people (54% of the world‘s population) lived in cities, a number projected to increase to
about 5 billion by 2030. The rapid urbanization has brought enormous challenges especially
increased solid waste disposal which when uncollected blocks drains, causes flooding and this
leads to the spread of water-borne diseases (UNDP, 2018). The economic costs to municipalities
are also enormous in terms of reduced land value in dumpsites and huge collection and
management related costs. There are also economic costs on medical care and lost productivity
by the inhabitants during disease outbreak. Not to mention the environmental pollution from
solid waste disposal with adverse impacts on the environment and to public health and property
(Wildung and Zachara, 2008). In Uganda, solid waste management is a challenge that is not only
peculiar to other cities around but also in major cities and following the onset of industrialization
and the sustained urban growth of large population centres in England, the buildup of waste in
the cities causes a rapid deterioration in levels of sanitation and the general quality of urban life
(Herbert, Lewis, 2007). It is against the above background that the researcher wants to
investigate the effect of solid waste disposal on economic activities within Bwaise Industrial
area.

1.3 Objective of the study

1.3.1 Main Objective

This study will seek to investigate the solid waste management within Bwaise Industrial area

1.3.2 Specific objectives

I. To find out the sources and collection methods of solid waste disposal within Bwaise
Industrial area

II. To establish the category of solid wastes disposed within Bwaise Industrial area

III. To assess the impact of solid waste disposal on economic activities within Bwaise
Industrial area

IV. To analyze and suggest preventive measures for reduction of the impact of solid waste in
Bwaise Industrial area

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 V. To design an appropriate solid waste management system

1.3.3 Research Questions

I. What are the sources and collection methods of solid waste within Bwaise Industrial
area?

II. What is the category of solid wastes disposed within Bwaise Industrial area?

III. What is the impact of solid waste disposal on economic activities within Bwaise
Industrial area?

IV. What are the preventive measures for reduction of the impact of solid waste in Bwaise
Industrial area?

V. What is the appropriate system for solid waste management?

1.4 Justification of the Study

The UN‘s Sustainable Development Goal 11.6 aims by 2030 to reduce the adverse per capita
environmental impact of cities, including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal
and other waste management. However there is limited attention on the proper disposal of waste
in developing countries and Uganda is not an exception especially in market areas were the
waste generation is very high. There are both government (Kampala Capital City Authority-
KCCA) and private waste collectors, but the waste generation rates seems to outpace collection
rates in most parts of the country, where its uncommon to find waste decomposing in most
markets. In the past there have been outbreaks of waste related diseases in most urban markets
and slums in Uganda due to the poor waste management practices of the residents
(Environmental Resource Limited (ERL), 2009). Therefore unless proper techniques of
managing waste are adopted, waste related illnesses will still remain a big problem in these areas
and Bwaise Industrial area won‘t be an exception.

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1.5 Significance of the study

This study may point out the state of solid waste problem in Banda and suggest possible
solutions and thus may be helpful to stakeholders and the community of Bwaise at large.

The study may also act as a point of reference for other researchers in the field.

1.6 Scope of study

The study is limited to investigating the effect of solid waste disposal on the economic activities
within Bwaise Industrial area, focusing specifically on the sources and collection methods of
solid waste disposal establishing the nature of solid wastes disposed; assessing the impact of
solid waste disposal on economic activities within Bwaise Industrial area and possible preventive
measures for the reduction of impact of solid waste disposal methods on Bwaise Industrial area,.
Additionally the study will be carried out for a period of 3 months from September to November,
2018.

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1.7 Conceptual framework

Independent Variable (IV) Dependent Variable (DV)

Solid Waste Impact on Economic Activities

 Reduction in productivity due to
 Plastic waste illness.
 Agricultural  Reduction in property value in
waste the area.
 Household  Decline in sales in the area
waste
 Flooding in storms affecting
trade

 Timely waste collection

 Incineration

Intervening variables  Community attitude to

waste management

 Government policies

 Collection fees

Source: Xiao, et al, (2007)

Figure showing the conceptual framework for the impact of solid waste on economic activities.

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According to the conceptual framework, solid waste has several impacts on economic activities
such as reduced productivity of the population affected in-case of disease outbreak, reduction in
the value of property located in areas of waste disposal

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introductions

This chapter will review the literature on the sources and collection methods of solid waste
disposal, nature of solid wastes disposed, the impact of solid waste disposal on economic
activities and the preventive measures for reduction of the impact of solid waste.

2.1 Solid wastes

The term solid waste‘ is used to include all non-liquid wastes generated by human activity and a
range of solid waste material resulting from the disaster, such as general domestic garbage such
as food waste, ash and packaging materials; human faeces disposed of in garbage; emergency
waste such as plastic water bottles and packaging from other emergency supplies; rubble
resulting from the disaster; mud and slurry deposited by the natural disaster; and Allen trees and
rocks obstructing transport and communications. Other specialist wastes, such as medical waste
from hospitals and toxic waste from industry, will also need to be dealt with urgently, but they
are not covered by this technical note (World Health Organization, 2011). Further definition of
solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply
treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and other discarded materials including solid,
liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material, resulting from industrial, commercial, mining
and agricultural operations, and from community activities (Department of Environment
Conservation New York State, 2017).

2.2 Types/category of solid waste

According to Kumar et al, (2016) Solid wastes can be categorized basing on their sources and
the major categories include; Household waste/Municipal Solid Waste is a waste type consisting
of everyday items that are discarded by the public. "Garbage" can also refer specifically to food
waste, as in a garbage disposal; the two are sometimes collected separately. This type of waste
mostly consists of household waste, sanitation waste, waste from streets, demolition debris that
arises during the construction and demolition of buildings and other construction activities. This

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type of waste is mostly generated from households, offices, hotels, shops, schools and other
institutions. With the increase in the urbanization, municipal solid waste is forming the bulk part
of solid waste. The growth of metropolitan cities is even leading to an enormous amount of
municipal solid waste.

Industrial waste which in majority of cases is termed as a Hazardous waste. This type or kind of
waste is a waste that is quite dangerous as they consist of toxic substances that are of chemical
nature. This type of waste is highly dangerous to human, plants, animals and the overall
environment. As improper disposal of the industrial solid waste may lead to death, disease and
sometimes an environmental damage that may continue for generations. For example: any oil
spill in the seas, oceans or release of poison gases, chemicals in the air and improper disposal of
industrial effluents into the soil will lead to destruction of all living species in addition to
environmental damage (Kumar et al, 2016).

Biomedical waste ;the other form of solid waste is the Hospital waste that is being generated day
in day out by various hospitals, clinics, research centers, pharmaceutical companies and health
care centers. This type of solid waste is most infectious and can spread diseases and other types
of viral and bacterial infections among humans and animals if not managed properly in a
scientific way. The hospital waste includes solid waste in the form of disposable syringes,
bandages, cotton swabs, body fluids, human excreta, anatomical waste, bandages, expired
medicines, and other types of chemical and biological waste. Hospital waste is equally hazardous
and dangerous as in case of industrial waste if not disposed of or managed properly (Kumar et al,
2016).

2.3 Sources of solid waste

According to Gardner, (2013) Some 1.3 billion tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) is
generated globally each year, a volume that is increasing rapidly as urbanization, mass
consumption, and throw-away lifestyles become more prevalent worldwide. The majority of the
solid waste generated comes from several sources including homes, offices, industries and
various other agricultural related activities.

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Residential; Residences and homes where people live are some of the major sources of solid
waste. Garbage from these places include food wastes, plastics, paper, glass, leather, cardboard,
metals, yard wastes, ashes and special wastes like bulky household items like electronics, tires,
batteries, old mattresses and used oil. Most homes have garbage bins where they can throw away
their solid wastes in and later the bin is emptied by a garbage collecting firm or person for
treatment (Gardner, 2013).

Industrial; Industries are known to be one of the biggest contributors of solid waste. They
include light and heavy manufacturing industries, construction sites, fabrication plants, canning
plants, power and chemical plants. These industries produce solid waste in form of housekeeping
wastes, food wastes, packaging wastes, ashes, construction and demolition materials, special
wastes, medical wastes as well as other hazardous wastes (Gardner, 2013).

Commercial; Commercial facilities and buildings are yet another source of solid waste today.
Commercial buildings and facilities in this case refer to hotels, markets, restaurants, go downs,
stores and office buildings. Some of the solid wastes generated from these places include
plastics, food wastes, metals, paper, glass, wood, cardboard materials, special wastes and other
hazardous wastes (Aatamila, et al., 2010).

Institutional; The institutional centers like schools, colleges, prisons, military barracks and other
government centers also produce solid waste. Some of the common solid wastes obtained from
these places include glass, rubber waste, plastics, food wastes, wood, paper, metals, cardboard
materials, electronics as well as various hazardous wastes (Aatamila, et al., 2010).

Construction and Demolition Areas; Construction sites and demolition sites also contribute to
the solid waste problem. Construction sites include new construction sites for buildings and
roads, road repair sites, building renovation sites and building demolition sites. Some of the solid
wastes produced in these places include steel materials, concrete, wood, plastics, rubber, copper
wires, dirt and glass (Aatamila, et al., 2010).

Municipal services; the urban centers also contribute immensely to the solid waste crisis in most
countries today. Some of the solid waste brought about by the municipal services include, street

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cleaning, wastes from parks and beaches, wastewater treatment plants, landscaping wastes and
wastes from recreational areas including sludge (Gardner, 2013).

2.4 Collection and management methods of solid waste

Sanitary Landfill; this is the most popular solid waste disposal method used today. Garbage is
basically spread out in thin layers, compressed and covered with soil or plastic foam. Modern
landfills are designed in such a way that the bottom of the landfill is covered with an impervious
liner which is usually made of several layers of thick plastic and sand. This liner protects the
ground water from being contaminated because of leaching or percolation. When the landfill is
full, it is covered with layers of sand, clay, top soil and gravel to prevent seepage of water
(Giusti, 2009).

Incineration; this method involves burning of solid wastes at high temperatures until the wastes
are turned into ashes. Incinerators are made in such a way that they do not give off extreme
amounts of heat when burning solid wastes. This method of solid waste management can be done
by individuals, municipalities and even institutions. The good thing about this method is the fact
that it reduces the volume of waste up to 20 or 30% of the original volume (Giusti, 2009).

Recovery and Recycling; Recycling or recovery of resources is the process of taking useful but
discarded items for next use. Traditionally, these items are processed and cleaned before they are
recycled. The process aims at reducing energy loss, consumption of new material and reduction
of landfills (Nwanta and Ezenduka, 2010).

Composting; Due to lack of adequate space for landfills, biodegradable yard waste is allowed to
decompose in a medium designed for the purpose. Only biodegradable waste materials are used
in composting. Good quality environmentally friendly manure is formed from the compost and
can be used for agricultural purposes (Nwanta and Ezenduka, 2010). They further added that
Pyrolysis which is method of solid waste management whereby solid wastes are chemically
decomposed by heat without presence of oxygen. This usually occurs under pressure and at
temperatures of up to 430 degrees Celsius. The solid wastes are changed into gasses, solid
residue and small quantities of liquid.

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2.5 Impact of solid waste on economic activities

The increase in urban solid waste produced by society is becoming a huge problem all over the
world, leading to high levels of pollution and destruction of natural resources. In most urban
areas, waste is collected either by a government agency or private contractors, which is
considered as a basic government function in the developed countries. Most cities do not collect
the totality of wastes generated and only a fraction of the waste collected receives proper
disposal. The insufficient collection and inappropriate disposal of solid wastes represent a source
of water, land and air pollution, and pose risks to human health and the environment (Thomas-
Hope 1998, Schübeler 1996, Bartone 2000).

The Urban Solid Waste Management (USWM) is one of the challenges faced by modern urban
societies in the world. The issue of USWM has been widely addressed by researchers. The global
burden of MSW amounted to 1.3 billion metric tons in1990 and is estimated to increase at an
annual rate of 2.7 % by the year 2010 (David. N. Beede et al 1995). The issue of waste and
pollution are inseparable, when defined in a narrow sense. Solid wastes are the most visible form
of pollution. It is argued that the source of most of the environmental problems lies in the
inability of the economic system to take account of the valuable services the natural environment
provides us. The provision of waste sinks to receive and assimilate all types of wastes from the
economic system is such a service. Solid waste pollution occurs when the ecosystem functioning
is hampered by an over load in the carrying capacity of the natural environment due to the sheer
bulk and complexity of waste (David Pearce et al, 2000). The changing economic trends and
rapid urbanization complicate solid waste management in developing countries. As a result solid
waste is not only changing in quantity but also changing in composition from organic to non-
biodegradable wastes like paper, packing waste, plastics, glass, metal wastes among other wastes
which lead to the low collection rates (Bartone et al, 1993).The quantities and characteristics of
solid waste produced vary from country to country and the factors that influence it are the
average level of income, the sources, the population, social behavior, climate, industrial
production and the market for waste materials (Baldisimo 1988). Unplanned human settlements,
rapid resource use and improper waste disposal worsen the situation and affect the life of the
present and future generations. SWM in most cities of developing countries is highly

12
unsatisfactory. The social task of waste management has always been to get rid of it (Murray,
1999).

Improper solid waste management causes all types of pollution. The main impacts created by
solid waste pollution are health impacts, environmental impacts like contamination of surface
and ground water due to indiscriminate dumping of wastes and the formation of leachate,
economic impacts like land price decrease and social impacts like disamenity effects. The major
problems due to solid waste in developing countries are; health hazards from uncollected waste;
health hazards from collected but poorly disposed of waste and the economic burden of waste
disposal on towns and cities (David Pearce et al, 1994).

Although human health risks associated with solid waste handling and disposal are present in all
countries, the problems in underdeveloped nations are more acute and widespread. The health
risks are classified into four main categories: presence of human fecal matter; presence of
potentially hazardous industrial waste; the decomposition of solids into constituent chemicals
which contaminate air and water systems and the air pollution caused by consistently burning
dumps and methane release (Cointreau, 1982). Insects and rodents breed on solid wastes and can
spread diseases like cholera and dengue fever. The U.S Public Health Services have identified
twenty two human diseases that are linked to improper solid waste management. The health risks
from waste are caused by many factors, including: The nature of raw waste, its composition (e.g.
toxic, allergenic and infectious substances), and its components (e.g. gases, dusts, leachate,
sharps); the nature of waste as it decomposes (e.g. gases, dusts, leachate, particle sizes) and their
change in ability to cause a toxic, allergenic or infectious health response; The handling of waste
(e.g. working in traffic, shoveling, lifting, equipment vibrations, accidents); The processing of
wastes (e.g. odor, noise, vibration, accidents, air and water emissions, residuals, explosions,
fires); The disposal of wastes (e.g. odor, noise, vibration, stability of waste piles, air and water
emissions, explosions, fires) (Cointreau, 2005).

Human fecal matter is present in every solid waste system in developing nations and the intensity
of the problem varies with the prevalence of proper sanitary disposal systems such as municipal
sewerage or on-site septic systems, outhouses, etc. This presents a potential health problem to
waste workers, scavengers, other users of the same municipal drop-off point, and small children
who play in or around waste containers. The disease pathways include placing contaminated

13
hands in the mouth or eating food, through vector insects such as cockroaches or mosquitoes, or
by directly inhaling airborne dust particles contaminated with pollutants. In Indian landfills,
roundworms (Ascaris, spp.) and whipworm (Trichuris spp.) were commonly found, especially in
those landfills located near lower-income neighborhoods and slums (Cointreau, 1982).

2.6 Preventive measures for reduction of impact of solid waste

Waste Reduction: Stop Throwing Things Out. A simple and obvious choice is to cut back on the
amount of waste by using and throwing out less in the first place. Some states have adopted
regulatory strategies to discourage dependence on landfills. In 1990, for example, California
enacted a law that established a baseline for the amount of solid waste its cities and towns send
to landfills. By 1995, that amount was to be reduced by 25 percent; by the year 2000, by 50
percent. California now diverts more than 25 percent of its waste, resulting in disposal of
approximately 33 million tons per year. Such heavy cuts are usually accomplished by recycling
(Davidson & Gary, (2011).

Waste Reduction: use less packaging. Packaging is one of the major sources of waste paper and
plastics. According to Earth Works Groups, it accounts for approximately one-third of all the
garbage Americans send to landfills. Packaging should be minimal. Its production should be
environmentally clean and it should be made up of materials that can be reused or recycled
repeatedly. Some packaging is purposely elaborate to make the contents more attractive--
cosmetics are notorious for this. Smart buyers can support the use of environmentally friendly

Packaging by purchasing products with minimal packaging or with packaging made of recycled
or recyclable materials (Davidson & Gary, (2011).

Land filling; A landfill site is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and the oldest
form of waste treatment (although the burial part is modern; historically, refuse was just left in
piles or thrown into pits). Historically, landfills have been the most common method of
organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world. Some landfills are also
used for waste management purposes, such as the temporary storage, consolidation and transfer,
or processing of waste material (sorting, treatment, or recycling).

14
Landfills are often the most cost-efficient way to dispose of waste, especially in countries like
the United States with large open spaces. While resource recovery and incineration both require
extensive investments in infrastructure, and material recovery also requires extensive manpower
to maintain, landfills have fewer fixed—or ongoing—costs, allowing them to compete favorably.
In addition, landfill gas can be upgraded to natural gas—landfill gas utilization—which is a
potential revenue stream.[3] Another advantage is having a specific location for disposal that can
be monitored, where waste can be processed to remove all recyclable materials before tipping
(Albert & Raleigh, 2011).

Incineration; Incineration is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to
combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products. This method is useful for
disposal of residue of both solid waste management and solid residue from waste water
management. This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original
volume. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are sometimes
described as "thermal treatment". Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam, and
ash. Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale by
industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It is recognized as a practical
method of disposing of certain hazardous waste materials (such as biological medical waste).
Incineration is a controversial method of waste disposal, due to issues such as emission of
gaseous pollutants (Albert & Raleigh, 2011).

Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is scarcer, as these facilities
generally do not require as much area as landfills. Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste
(EfW) are broad terms for facilities that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate 15

15
heat, steam or electricity. Combustion in an incinerator is not always perfect and there have been
concerns about pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator stacks. Particular concern has
focused on some very persistent organic compounds such as dioxins, furans, and PAHs, which
may be created and which may have serious environmental consequences (Albert & Raleigh,
2011).

Recycling; Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of
waste materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the items are made
can be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling may be collected separately from
general waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles, a procedure called kerbside
collection. In some communities, the owner of the waste is required to separate the materials into
different bins (e.g. for paper, plastics, metals) prior to its collection. In other communities, all
recyclable materials are placed in a single bin for collection, and the sorting is handled later at a
central facility (Barba lace & Crowell, (2003). The most common consumer products recycled
include aluminum such as beverages cans, copper such as wire, steel from food and aerosol cans,
old steel furnishings or equipment, rubber tyres, polyethylene and PET bottles, glass bottles and
jars, paper board cartons, newspapers, magazines and light paper, and corrugated fiber board
boxes. PVC, LDPE, PP, and PS are also recyclable. These items are usually composed of a
single type of material, making them relatively easy to recycle into new products. The recycling
of complex products is more difficult, due to the additional dismantling and separation required.
The type of material accepted for recycling varies by city and country. Each city and country has
different recycling programs in place that can handle the various types of recyclable materials.
However, certain variation in acceptance is reflected in the resale value of the material once it is
reprocessed (Herbert & Lewis, 2007).

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Re-use; Biological reprocessing; Recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as plant
material, food scraps, and paper products, can be recovered through composting and digestion
processes to decompose the organic matter. The resulting organic material is then recycled as
mulch or compost for agricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, waste gas from the
process (such as methane) can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat
(CHP/cogeneration) maximizing efficiencies. The intention of biological processing in waste
management is to control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter
(Swedberg, 2014).

Energy recovery; Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste
materials into usable heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including
combustion, gasification, pyrolyzation, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas recovery. This
process is often called waste-to-energy. Energy recovery from waste is part of the non-hazardous
waste management hierarchy. Using energy recovery to convert non-recyclable waste materials
into electricity and heat, generates a renewable energy source and can reduce carbon emissions
by offsetting the need for energy from fossil sources as well as reduce methane generation from
landfills. Globally, waste-to-energy accounts for 16% of waste management (Swedberg, 2014).

The energy content of waste products can be harnessed directly by using them as a direct
combustion fuel, or indirectly by processing them into another type of fuel. Thermal treatment
ranges from using waste as a fuel source for cooking or heating and the use of the gas fuel to fuel
for boilers to generate steam and electricity in a turbine. Pyrolysis and gasification are two
related forms of thermal treatment where waste materials are heated to high temperatures with
limited oxygen availability. The process usually occurs in a sealed vessel under high pressure.
Pyrolysis of solid waste converts the material into solid, liquid and gas products. The liquid and
gas can be burnt to produce energy or refined into other chemical products (chemical refinery).
The solid residue (char) can be further refined into products such as activated carbon.
Gasification and advanced Plasma arc gasification are used to convert organic materials directly
into a synthetic gas (syngas) composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The gas is then burnt
to produce electricity and steam (Swedberg, 2014).

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 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

To achieve the objectives of the research, the following methodology will be adopted. This
elaborates the activities that will be carried out to attain the specific objectives and in turn
achieve the major objective of the study.

3.1 Research Design

The study will entail a comprehensive data collection, analysis, interpretation of the study
findings. Data collection will involve the administration of questionnaires to respondents by the
researcher and site visits in order to collect key data about waste and drainage in the study area
as well as other relevant information to aid the study. In addition to the field data, the researcher
will also obtain a great deal of useful information from existing documentation to aid the design.

Basing on results from the questionnaires, inspections and literature reviews, a report will be
written from the data analyses.

3.2 Research Tools

3.2.1 The Questionnaire

The questionnaire will be administered to selected respondents in the study area using the
interview method.

The questionnaire will also help to bring out information on the effectiveness of the methods of
waste collection present. The questionnaire will be used to collect the following data:
demography of the area, the distribution of drainage systems in the area and the present methods
employed to clean and drainage channels, among others.

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3.2.2 Observation

The researcher will use observation method as a data collection tool in observing the category
and collection methods.

3.2.3 Interview

Interview will be used to collect data from respondents on the impact of solid waste.

3.3 Data Analysis Methods

Questionnaire data will be processed using Microsoft-Excel 2007 computer package. Some of
the data will be manually analyzed. Other computer programs that include photo expression for
scanning of photographs taken in the field and Microsoft Word 2007 will be applied for
presentation of the text.

3.4 Target Population

The target population will include vendors, customers and garbage collectors in Bwaise
Industrial area. This is so because most employees of KCCA collect garbage from the market.
The total population shall be 60 people.

3.5 Sample population

The total sample population of the study shall be 30 respondents of which these shall be 20
vendors, 4 customers and 6 garbage collectors.

3.6 Study area

The study shall be carried out from Bwaise Industrial area. This is because it will be easier for
the researcher to conduct the study since it is near.

3.7 Sample Techniques

This study will largely employ purposive sampling techniques to select the sample. The
researcher holds that cluster and purposive sampling will allow him to focus on particular key

19
and relevant personnel in the population that are of interest, which will best enable him to
effectively answer the research questions.

3.8 Limitations to the study

The anticipated problem that the researcher is most likely to face during this research process is
failure to get accurate data from the respondents.

The other is failure to get enough time for doing research.

3.9 Ethical issues

In this study, ethical consideration will be of utmost concern in addition to confidentiality and
non-disclosure of responses of one respondent to another. The identity and contact information
of individual participants will be professionally obscured. Prior to administering questionnaires,
an explanation will be made to the respondents as regards the purpose of the research and
assurance of confidentiality of the data they are to avail. At all stages of the research, participants
will be given deserving and appropriate treatment in a bid to safeguard their wellbeing making
sure that risks do not outweigh the benefits.

In summary the following methodology will be used for each specific objective:

To find the sources and collection methods; questionnaires will be used and respondents will be
divided into cluster to determine the sample size,

To establish the category of solid waste disposed; observation method will be used and purposive
sampling will be used,

To assess the impact of solid waste disposal on economic activities; interview will be used and
cluster sampling technique will be used to determine the sample and

To analyze and suggest preventive measures for reduction of the impact of solid waste,
questionnaires will be used for data collection, cluster sampling will be used to select the
respondents and a total of 30 respondents will be involved in the study.

20
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