Professional Documents
Culture Documents
General Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 - Module 3
Organic Compounds
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any
work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalty.
General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 2 - Module 3
Organic Compounds
What I Know...................................................................................................................................................iii
Lesson 1:
Hydrocarbons and Functional Groups.........................................................1
What I Need to Know..................................................................................1
What’s New................................................................................................1
What Is It ...................................................................................................2
What’s More : ….........................................................................................6
What I Have Learned:.................................................................................6
Lesson 2:
Structural Isomerism and Organic Reactions........................................7
What’s In.....................................................................................................7
What’s New................................................................................................7
What Is It ...................................................................................................8
What’s More A …........................................................................................13
What’s More B:...........................................................................................13
What I Have Learned..................................................................................14
What’s I Can Do (A)....................................................................................14
What’s I Can Do (B)....................................................................................15
Summary...................................................................................................................................... 16
Assessment: (Post-Test)............................................................................................................ 17
Key to Answers............................................................................................................................ 18
References................................................................................................................................... 19
Module 3
About 200 years ago, it is believed that organic compounds needed a ‘life
force’ to be produced. Other compounds like rock that were from nonliving things
were referred to as inorganic. The synthesis of urea (an organic compound) from
amonium cyanate (an inorganic compound) as an experiment of Friedrich Wöhler in
1828 dispelled the belief that organic compounds could only be formed by nature.
The range of application of organic compounds includes, but is not limited to
petrochemicals, food, pharmaceuticals, explosives, fragrances, paints and
cosmetics.
i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
ii
What I Know
2. What products are obtained with CH4(g) burns completely in an excess of oxygen?
A. CO2 C. Hydrogen gas
B. CO2 and H2O D. Explosion
7. The reaction of water with alkene to produce an alcohol is a/an ______ reaction.
A. Addition C. Combustion
B. Condensation D. Saponification
8. The organic starting materials for the preparation of an ester could be_________
A. a ketone and alcohol C. an acid and alcohol
B. water and oxygen D. alkane and aldehyde
10. This type of isomerism occurs when different compounds are formed due to the
different arrangements of their atoms leading to different functional groups.
A. chain C. positional
B. functional D. geometric
iii
Hydrocarbons and Functional
Groups
What’s New
Activity 1: Matching Type
Directions: Match column A with the corresponding item in column B. Write the
letter of your answer for each number.
1
What Is It
From the discussion on the bonding models in the previous module, it can be
seen that carbon has a unique nature. Carbon completes its octet by sharing
electrons with other carbon atoms forming single, double, and triple bonds. It also
readily forms bonds with atoms of other elements like H, O, N, and the halogens.
Carbon can form millions of different compounds and can form more compounds
than any other element in the periodic table.
HYDROCARBONS
ALIPHATIC AROMATIC
A group of atoms that is mainly responsible for the chemical behavior of the
parent molecule is called functional group. Organic compounds may also be
classified according to the functional groups they contain. Compounds with the
same functional groups undergo like reactions.
3
b. Ethers- (R-O-R’; R, R’=hydrocarbon)
Ethers contain the R-O-R’ linkage, where R and R’ are hydrocarbon.
They are slightly polar and slightly soluble in water, but they are extremely
flammable. They tend to slowly form explosive peroxides when left standing in
air. Diethyl ether, one of the common ethers, was used as an anesthetic for
many years but also known for its irritating effects on the respiratory system
and the incidence of postanesthetic vomiting and nausea.
d. Carboxylic acids- ( )
e. Esters- ( )
f. Amines – ( )
Amines are organic bases having the general formula R 3N, where R
may be Hydrogen or a hydrocarbon group. When amines are allowed to
react with acids, they form colourless and odourless salts. When all Rs are
hydrogens, the resulting compound is ammonia, NH 3.
What’s More
Activity 2: Identification
Directions: Identify the functional group each compound represents. If the
compound represents two or more functional groups, list all groups being
represented. If the compound is a hydrocarbon, write the specific type of
hydrocarbon class it belongs. Write your answer on the space provided below each
item.
What’s In
What’s New
1.
2. .
3.
4.
6
What Is It
I. Structural Isomerism
When two or more organic compounds have the same molecular formula but
different properties due to their difference in arrangement of atoms along the carbon,
they are called structural isomers. There are six forms of structural isomerism and
the most common are chain, positional and functional isomerism.
STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM
a. Chain Isomerism
Chain isomers are organic compounds with the same formula, but the
arrangements of their carbon skeleton are different.
FORMULA: C4H10
b. Positional Isomerism
Positional isomerism occurs when the same functional groups are
attached to different positions on a carbon chain.
FORMULA: C4H8
FORMULA: C3H7OH
FORMULA: C2H6O
FORMULA: C3H6O
FORMULA: C2H4O2
a. Combustion Reactions
1.
b. Addition Reactions
2. 3.
4.
9
c. Condensation Reactions
6.
ketone aldehyde
5.
d. Saponification Reactions
10
III. Preparation of Selected Organic Compounds
1. Preparation of Alkanes
2. Preparation of Alkenes
acid
11
3. Preparation of Alcohols
acid
4. Preparation of Esters
Heat,acid
Strong
oxidizing
agent
Heat
1. 3.
2. 4.
13
What I Have Learned
1. Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but have different
properties. How is this possible?
2. How are positional and functional isomerism different from each other?
3. Ethanol and dimethyl ether have the same molecular formula C2H6O.
Ethanol is liquid at room temperature while dimethyl ether is gas. How is this
possible?
4. Why are short-chain alkanes like methane and butane serve as good fuels?
1.
2.
3.
14
What I Can Do (B)
Directions: The goal is to convince an investor to invest in your company so that you
can build a factory to make ester compounds. For example, you could make hexyl
pentanoate, and sell it for use in perfumes and make the investor money. You must
come up with a compound that you can make and sell. You can use your textbooks
and the internet as resources. You can also access the link:
https://jameskennedymonash.wordpress.com/2013/12/13/infographic-table-of-esters-
and-their-smells/ to look at an infographic of the ester compounds responsible for the
smell of different fruits, perfumes and flowers. At the end of your research, you must
have the compound table filled out.
Ester How to
Compound Structure prepare the Properties Uses
Name compound?
15
SUMMARY
Assessment: (Post-Test)
Multiple Choice. Answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer
among the given choices for each item.
1. Which of the following compounds is a functional group isomer of C2H5OH, ethanol (ethyl
alcohol)?
A. ethanal, CH3CHO C. acetic acid, CH3COOH
B. dimethyl ether, (CH3)2O D. diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O
3. The reaction of water with alkene to produce an alcohol is a/an ______ reaction.
A. Saponification C. Combustion
B. Condensation D. Addition
4. The organic starting materials for the preparation of an ester could be_________
A. an acid and alcohol C. a ketone and alcohol
B. water and oxygen D. alkane and aldehyde
A. ester C. alcohol
B. aldehyde D. alkyne
A. chain C. positional
B. functional D. geometric
A. chain C. positional
B. functional D. geometric
Lesson 1:
Activity 1 Activity 2
1. A 6. B 1. ketone 6. alkyne
2. G 7. C 2. carboxylic acid 7. Amine,
carboxylic acid
3. F 8. H
3. aldehyde 8. alkane
4. D
4. ester 9. Ester, alcohol
5. E
5. amine
Lesson 2:
Activity 1 Activity 2.1 Activity 2.2
1. isomers 1. chain 1. combustion 5. condensation
2. chain
2. clones 2. addition
3. isomers 3. position 3. condensation
4. isomers 4. functional 4. saponification
Activity 3.
1. They have different structures which affect their properties.
2. Functional isomerism leads to a production of a new functional group while
position isomerism produces same class of compound.
3. They are functional isomers, hence the difference in their boiling points and
volatility.
4. Short chain alkanes burn completely in a good supply of oxygen.
5. Yes. The compound is an ester
6. Hydration of an alkene
7. Dehydration of an alkene
8. Esterification or condensation reaction of alcohol and carboxylic acid
18
References
“Addition Reactions.” Accessed September 17, 2020.
https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/104101005/downloads/
LectureNotes/chapter%208.pdf
19
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call: