velocity pressure for intemal pressure all the conditions of 64.1.1 or 64.1.2. If a building determination; qualifies only under 6.4.1.2 for design of its components velocity pressure at top of parapet: and cladding, then its main wind force-resisting system velocity pressure evaluated at height 2 shall be designed by Method 2 or Method 3. above ground, in hve? (Nin?); R = resonant response factor from Eq, 6-10; Rp, Ra, Ry = values from Eq. 6-13; reduction factor from Fa, 6-16; value from Eq, 6-11; rise-to-span ratio for arched roofs: V = basic wind speed obtained from Figure 6-1, in mph (mls). The basic wind speed corresponds to a 3-second gust speed at 33 ft (10 m) above ground in Exposure Category C; ‘unpartitioned internal volume f0 (m?); mean hourly wind speed at height z, fs (ws); W = width of building in Figures 6-12, and 6-144 and B and width of span in Figures 6-13 and 6-15, in ft (); X = distance to center of pressure from windward edge in Figure 6-18, in ft (m); distance upwind or downwind of crest in Figure 6-4, in fm); height above ground level, in (mn); equivalent height of structure, in ft (m); nominal height of the atmospheric boundary layer used in this standard. Values appear in Table 6-2; = exposure constant from Table 6-2; 3-sec gust speed power law exponent from Table 6-2; @ = reciprocal of a from Table 6-2; a = mean hourly wind speed power law exponent in Eq. 6-14 from Table 6-2; £B = damping ratio, percent critical for buildings or other structures; € = ratio of solid area to gross area for open sign, face of a trussed tower, of latice structure; 2. = adjustment factor for building height and exposure from Figures 6-2 and 6-3; integral length scale power aw exponent in Eq, 6-7 from Table 6-2: 1) = value used in Eq. 6-13 (see Section 65.8.2); @ = angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degrees v= height-t0- 8 € idth ratio for solid sign, SECTION 6.4 METHOD 1 — SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE 64.1 Scope. A building whose design wind loads are dotermined in accordance with this Section shall mect 64.1.1 Main Wind Foree-Resisting Systems. For the design of main wind force-resisting systems the building, ‘must mneet all of the following conditions: 1. the building is a simple diaphragm building as defined in Section 6:2, 2. the building is a low-rise Section 6.2, 3. the building is enclosed as defined in Section 6.2, and conforms to the wind-borne debris provisions of Section 6.5.9.3, 4, the building is a regular shaped building or struc- ture as defined in Section 6.2, 5, the building is not classified as a flexible building as defined in Section 6.2, 6. the building does not have response characteristics, making it subject to across-wind loading, vortex shedding, instability due to galloping or flutter; and does not have a site location for which channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of ‘upwind obstructions warrant special consideration, 7, the building structure has no expansion joints or separations, 8. the building is not subject to the topographic effects of 6.5.7 (18. Kur = 1.0), 9. the building has an approximately symmetrical cross section in each direction with either a flat roof, or a gable or hip roof with @ < 45 degrees. fing as defined in 6.4.1.2 Components and Cladding. For the design of components and cladding the building must meet all the following conditions: 1. the mean roof height h < 60 ft, 2, the building is enclosed as defined in Section 6.2 ‘and conforms to the wind-borne debris provisions of Section 6.5.93, 3. the building is a regular shaped building or strac- ture as defined in Section 6.2, 4, the building does not have response character- istics making it subject to across-wind loading, vortex shedding, instability due to galloping or flutter; and does not have a site location for ‘which channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions warrant special consi- eration, 5. the building is not subject to the topographic effects of Section 6.5.7 (ie., Ky = 1.0),Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) ‘Masonry Course Notes RE Klingner WIND LOADING According to Section 1609.1.1 of the 2006 IBC, wind loading is to be calculated using the provisions of ASCE 7-05 (Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures). ‘That document gives two procedures: a “simplified procedure” (ASCE 7-05, Section 6.4) and an “analytical procedure” (ASCE 7-05, Section 6.5). We shall discuss the latter, because it is more general. Summary of Design Procedure: 1) Determine the basic wind speed V and wind directionality factor Ka in accordance with Section 6.5.4, 2) Determine the importance factor Fin accordance with Section 6.5.5. 3) Determine the exposure category or exposure categories and velocity pressure exposure coefficient K, or Ki, as applicable, in accordance with Section 6.5.6. 4) Determine a topographic factor Kin accordance with Section 6.5.7 5) Determine a gust effect factor G or Gz as applicable, in accordance with Section 6.5.8. 6) Determine an enclosure classification in accordance with Section 6.5.9. 7) Determine an internal pressure coefficient GC, in accordance with Section 6.5.11.1 8) Determine the external pressure coefficients Gy or GCyg or force coefficients Cy as applicable, in accordance with Section 6.5.11.2 of 6.5.1.3, respectively. 9) Determine the velocity pressure q. or qs, a8 applicable, in accordance with Section 6.5.10. 10) Determine the design wind load P or F in accordance with Sections 6.5.12, 6.5.13, 6.5.14 and 6.5.15. Now let’s discuss each step in more det Step 1: Determine the basic wind speed V and wind directionality factor K, in accordance with Section 6.5.4Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) ‘Masonry Course Notes RE Klingner Nate {¥en am nominal eon 3-escone gat wind ‘pen icie oar fi ACO roan fr Exposure eaten) Lica fetrpelaton Bote wind contours Is permtind a. Llads ari constal ees ours te ts ‘contour thal ota the at wind peed contour ‘ofthe cosa area. Figure 6-la: Basic Wind speed — Western Gulf of Mexico Hurricane Coastline (Information is adapted from ASCE 7-05). Basic wind speeds are described in terms of a 3-second gust speed (average speed over a 3-second ‘window), with a 2% annual probability of exceedance (“50-year wind”). Wind speéds were formerly described in terms of “fastest-mile wind speed” (the speed with which a group of hypothetical air particles would travel a distance of I mile). For a wind speed of 60 miles per hour (I mile per minute), this would be equivalent to a 60-second gust speed. For a wind speed of 120 miles per hour, it would be equivalent to a 30-second gust speed. For all practical cases, the 3-second gust speed is greater than the “fastest mile” speed. ‘Therefore, design wind speeds today are apparently greater than they were 10 years ago. This is addressed by reductions in coefficients, so that actual wind loads are about the same in many cases. To convert equivalent basic wind speeds, use the table below: uLecture #12 (March 2, 2008) ‘Masonry Course Notes RE Kiingner S-second Gust | Fastest-mile Wind Speed, | Wind Speed, miles per hour | miles per hour, 2Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) ‘Masonry Course Notes RE, Klinger ‘The wind directionality factor K, is determined using Table 6-4 of ASCE 7-05: Table 6-4: Wind Directionality Factor, Ky (from ASCE 7-05) Structure Type Dircetionality Factor Ket Buildings Main Wind Farce Resisting Sp os ‘Components and Cladding oss Arched Roof os ‘Chimneys, Tanks, and Sioilar Steuctores Square Hexagonal 0.90 Round 095 095 Solid Signs os Open Signs and Lattice Framework oss Trussed Towers Triangular, squace, rect os All other cross sections 095 *Direcionality Factor K« as been calibrated with combinations of loads specified in Saction 2. This fector shall only be appliod when usd in ‘conjunction with load combinations specified in 2:3 and 24. 13Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) Masonry Course Notes RE Klingner Step 2: Determine the importance factor I in accordance with Section 6.5.5 ‘The importance factor depends on the “classification” of a building, which is a function of its occupancy. Most buildings are classified in Category II, which corresponds to an importance factor of 1.0. Refer to Table 6-1 and Table 1-1 of ASCE 7-05. Step 3: Determine the exposure category or exposure categories and velocity pressure exposure coefficient K, or Kx, as applicable, in accordance with Section 6.5.6. Exposure Categories depend on Wind Direction and Sectors (Section 6.5.6.1) and Surface Roughness Categories (Section 6.5.6.2): Exposure A: large city centers Exposure B: urban and suburban areas Exposure C: open terrain with scattered obstructions Exposure D: flat, unobstructed areas exposed to wind flowing over open water ‘The velocity pressure exposure coefficients are defined in Table 6-3 of ASCE 7-05: 4Lecture #12 (March 2, 208) ‘Masonry Course Notes Table 6-3: Velocity Pressure Exposure coefficients, Ky and Kz (from ASCE 7-05) ‘posure (Note 1) round level, 7 c D tt wn caser [ Core? [Cases 12] Coves 82 os_[oaH | 970 ni O85 10 20, Gy] 070 oe 090 1.08 25 7.6) | 070 0.66 ‘0.56 Tz 30, (9. | 070 070 098 116 ‘40 | 1122) [076 076 1.04 12 30_|(182)_| 081 Ost 1.09) 137 @ (18) | 035 085 1s 131 70 a3) | 0.89. 089 LIT 136 0 | 24a) [093 093 10 138 90 [7.4 | 0.96 0.96 136 1.60 Too_—|— 305) 0.99 0.59 126 18 120—[_ 06.6 1.04 10d 131 148 140 [_@2 108 09 136 152 160 [83 13 1 139 155 180 6 417 LIT 143 158 200 |~161.0) 120 120 146 161 280 762) 12s 18 SS Le 300 |i) 135 135 139 173 33011067) Tal Tal Te ‘400 ("319 147 Lat 168 430-37 132 152 3002) 156 156 a7 Notes: 1. Case: a All companents and cladding ', Main wind force resisting system in low-cse buildings designed using Figue 6-10, Case 2: a, All main wind force resisting systems in buildings except those in owerse buildings designed using Figure &10. ». All main wind force resisting systems in ther structures. 2. The velocity pressure exposure coefficient K, may be determined from the follwing formula: For iSs725% K,= 2.01 aiey?* ‘Note: 2 shall note taken less than 30 feet for Case | in expasure B. 3. cand 2 are tabulated in Table 6-2. Forz< 158. K,= 2.01 (sie* 4, Linear interpolation for intermediate values of height zi acceptable 5. Exposure eatepores are defined in 6.56. RE Klingner (Essentially, Case 2 permits lower coefficients in return for a more complex calculation). Figure 6-10 of ASCE 7-05 prescribes wind loading combinations. IsLecture #12 (March 2, 2008) Masonry Course Notes RE Klingnor Nain Wind Force Resisting System™~ Atethod? TW, josed, Parially Enclosed Bulldlngs Low-rise Walls & RoofsLecture #12 (March 2, 2008) ‘Masonry Course Notes RE Klingner Tene War Fo Rang Stew AT or Txternal Presare Coca GC — Low-rise Walls & Roofs ating Surface 7)7]3[«]" | Da, oat] 079 |-0a3_[0a5 [ost | 107 058 os | -043|-0as[-045 [080] -L07 056; <0. | 037] 048 [04s | 069 [027 056 -os7 | osr[o4s_[-048 [009 [0.08] 035] Pls ad ins sgs signify press ating tarda any rom th sce respectively For valsr of © ale hee coe shown, Une ntepobiion irpermied * “Ht bling mie des ral ind dss ing dng mens sho, The ad epsom sca uleng cme in masher Ce nfoton of extra anni pressure (ine Figure 3) sal be evahated as requced to fer totic al ces belo, the pes designated (14,24, fe thts cone sow bel, th pressures oes designated with “T> (VT, 21.57. 4) gle 25 ote fl gn wind eres aes a eit Oe sy ba lieys wats to gual 30 (9.1, beitings 9 mores rich ame wih ht rane consevtion and blag two tes Fes Eeagned wh Tesi dpeags toed mtb died fr roa od enes. “Toga oie lappy tal ate ln patonssng be Egres bw pled tach Excepfr oin:-esingfanes, the ol heizoal scar shall tb xs thn tha detrined by neglecting wind forces on roof surfaces. BUrES deh oe AEWRS pvtlog tera resitance na drestn pall age ln ot Ee oienatear#= dnc ne 98 una at erent dora dtdace ois tie cope of rt equal tos taner ne honantl menioe of he Galang lel tte dation ofthe WES bea desgned or tmss cave height. the Ider winners lean the omaticer oP eae Zt esanng tote ge Be st use epee sol oy fr ane SAE 2b event of st horizontal cimnsion of 0.4, whichever, but oles thn ther ‘Peer leathrgontl dnerson or 3 (09m) sn; Ma wat bug nfo Un encrthet eave sigh sale wd for 9 10% Ange o pln of oo! fom havnt in deaess Transverse Direction Longitudinal Direction ‘Torsional Load CasesLecture #12 (March 2, 2008) Masonry Course Notes RE Klingner Step 4: Determine a topographic factor K., in accordance with Section 6.5.7 ‘The topographic factor applies to structures located on a hill (higher than the surrounding terrain in all directions), ridge (higher than the surrounding terrain in two opposite directions) or escerpment (higher than the surrounding terrain in one direction only): K,=(14+K,K,K,) Values of Ki, Kz and X; are given in Figure 6-4 of ASCE 7-05. The default condition is K,= 1.0. Step 5: Determine a gust effect factor G or Gp as applicable, in accordance with Section 638 For rigid structures, the gust effect factor G is taken as 0.85 or calculated by an equation. For flexible structures, the gust effect factor G,is calculated by an equation. Step 6: Determine an enclosure classification in accordance with Section 6.5.9 Classify the building as enclosed, partially enclosed, or open as defined in Section 6.2. In these definitions, ‘Ay = total area of openings in a wall that receives positive extemal pressure As ‘sum of areas of openings in the building envelope not including Ag Aa total area of openings in building envelope Ay ‘gtoss area of that wall in which A, is identified Ag = gross area of building envelope not including A, © open Buildings have each wall atleast 80% open (A, 2 0.804, ) A, 21.104, af? © partially enclosed buildings satisfy: 4, > smaller | Ol $0.20 © enclosed buildings are everything elseLecture #12 (March 2, 2008) Masonry Course Notes RE Klingrer Step 7: Determine an internal pressure coefficient GC in accordance with Secti 65.1Ld Internal pressure coefficients are determined by Figure 6-5 of ASCE 7-05: Figure 6-5 Internal Pressure Coefficients for Buildings, GCpi (from ASCE 7-05) Enclosure Classification Oren Banat | = | Partially Enclosed Buildings 40.55 0.55 Enclosed Buildings 40.18 0.18 1. Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the internal surfaces, respectively. 2. Values of GC,; shall be used with q, or gy as specified in 6.5.12. 3, Two cases shall be considered to determine the critical load requirements for the appropriate condition: (a positive value of GC, applied to all internal surfaces (ii) a negative value of GC, applied to all internal surfaces 19‘Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) ‘Masonry Course Notes RE. Klingneor Step 8: Determine the external pressure coefficients Cy or GCyp or force coefficients Cp ‘as applicable, in accordance with Section 6.5.1.2 or 6.5.11.3, respectively Main wind force resisting systems External pressure coefficients for main wind force resisting systems C,, are given in Figure 6-6 of ASCE 7-05. Note that in the figures, the title is black on a white background, to emphasize the difference between lateral force-resisting systems, and components and cladding.Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) Masonry Course Notes RE Klinger ‘Main Wind Force Resisting System — Method 2 Ariens External Pressure Coefficient Enclosed, Partially Enclosed Walls & Roofs HT inane wel PLN GABLE, HIP ROOF aE MANSARD ROOF (NOTES) 21Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) Masonry Course Notes RE. Klingner ain Wind Force Revetng Stan — Method? External Pressure Coethclents, Cy Walls & Roofs ‘Wall Pressure Coefficients; Cp ‘Surface Ue & Use With Windward Wall ‘All values os « ot =08 Leeward Wal 2 03 % a “a2, Side Wall ‘All valves “07 Roof Pressure Coefficients; Cy for uve with gy Angle, 8 (degrees) 3. mr 03 | 03 Watue is prov purposes. ++Vatue can be reduced linearly with area ‘over which itis applicable as follows Tea Gal) Teese 250 032 19) Ea signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces respectively ‘Linear interpolation is permitted for values of 1/8. Wand 0 other than shown. lezpoltion shall only be atric bewecr values of he ames. Wher no valu ofthe same signs ve, sume 0.0 for Interpolation purposes, Where to values of Car listed, this indicates thatthe windward roof slope is subjected to ether positive or neyative pressures and the roof strctare shall be designed for both conditions. Interpolation fer intermediate ratios OF RL in this case shall only be cariod out between Cy values of lie sign. For monoslope roofs. nti oof surface is ether a windward or leeward surface, forex ing’ us appropri Gs damn by Section 63.8 Retr to Figure 6-7 for domes and Figure 68 for arehod oof Notation: 8: Horizontal dimension of building. in fet (meter). measured normal to wind direction. LE: Horizonal dimension of building, in fee (meter). measured parallel to wind direction. Je Mean root height infest (meters) except at eave height shall be used for O'S 10 degrees, =: Height above ground, in fet (meter) G: Gust effec feetor pity. Velocity pressure, in pounds per square foot (N/m’), evaluated st respective height, “Angle of plane of roof fom horivontal, in degrees For mansard 00, the wp horizontal surface and leeward inclined surface shall be treated as leeward surfaces from the table. Except for MWERS's atthe roof consisting of moment resisting frames. the toll horizantal shear sll not be Tess than that determined by noglecting wind forces on roof surfaces. or oof slopes greater than 80°. use C= 08 2Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) ‘Masonry Course Notes RE. Klinger Components and Cladding External pressure coefficients for components and cladding GC, are given (for example, for buildings with flat roofs) in Figure 6-17 of ASCE 7-05. Note that in the figure, the title is white on a black background, to emphasize the difference between lateral force-resisting systems, and components and cladding, In computing the effective area of the cladding clement, it is permitted to use an effective area equal to the product of the span and an ‘effective width not less than one-third the span (ASCE 7-05, Section 6.2, “Effective Wind Area”). 23Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) Masonry Course Notes RE Klingner Walls & Reofs 08 fe oe 10 2 0 100299 5001000 co) 09 09, Us] OH Uae) HBB) Effective Wind Area, ft? (m*) +10 WALL ELEVATION Notes: |. Vertical scalo denotes GC, tobe used with appropriate 4, oF gy. Horizontal sale denotes effctive wind aca 4, in square fet (equare meter). Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the surfaces, respectively, Use 4 with positive values of GC, and q with negative values of Cp 5. Each component shall be designed for maximum positive and negative pressures. ‘Coefficients are for roots with angle @ 10°. For other tof angles and geometry, use GC values {from Fig. 6-11 and atendant q, based on exposute defined in 6.3.6, {a parapet equal to or higher than 3 (0.5m) is provided around the perimeter of the roof with OS 10", Zone 3 shll be treated us Zone 2. "Notation: 10 percent of least horizontal dimension, but not less than 3 A (0.9 m), ‘ke Mean roof height, in feet (meters), except Gut eave height shall be used for 8< 10" height above ground, in fet (meters). Angle of plane of roof from horizontal, in degress 2%Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) Masomy Course Noes RE Klingner Step 9: Determine the velocity pressure q, or qi, as applicable, in accordance with Section 6.5.10 Using Section 6.5.10, the velocity pressure is calculated by 4g, = 0.00256 K, K, K,V? 1 where: Ky wind directionatity factor defined in Section 6.5.4.4 K, = _ velocity pressure exposure coefficient defined in Section 6.5.6.4 topographic factor defined in Section 6.5.7.2 Step 10: Determine the design wind load P or F in accordance with Sections 6.5.12, 65.13, 65.14 and 6.5.15, For main force-resisting systems of rigid systems, P=q6C, ~4(GC,) where: q = 4g, for windward walls evaluated at height z above the ground; gv for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs, evaluated at height hs % = gy for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs of enclosed buildings and for negative intemal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings; = 4g, for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings where height z is defined as the level of the highest opening in the building that could affect the positive internal pressure. For buildings sited in wind- bore debris regions, glazing in the lower 60 ft that is not impact-resistant or protected with an impact-resistant covering, the glazing shall be treated as ‘an opening in accordance with Section 6.5.9.3. For positive internal pressure evaluation, g, may conservatively be evaluated at height / (gi = 41). gust effect factor from Section 6.5. external pressure coefficient from Figures 6-6 through 6-10; Cy = internal pressure coefficient from Figure 6-5, For components and cladding of low-rise buildings and buildings with h < 60 ft 25Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) Masonry Course Notes RE Klingner where: % (GC) Gy) p=4\(GC,)-(GC,)] velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height f using exposure defined in Section 6.5.6.3.1; external pressure coefficients from Figures 6-11 through 6-17; intemal pressure coefficients from Figure 6- For components and cladding of buildings with h > 60 f P=4GC,)-9(GC,,) 4. for windward walls, evaluated at height z above the ground; 4h for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs, evaluated at height fi; 4 for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roof s of enclosed buildings and for negative internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed b 4g, for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings where height zis defined as the level of the highest opening in the building that could affect the positive internal pressure. For buildings sited in wind- ‘borne debris regions, glazing in the lower 60 ft that is not impact-resistant or protected with an impact-resistant covering, the glazing shall be treated as, ‘an opening in accordance with Section 6.5.9.3. For positive internal pressure evaluation, 9, may conservatively be evaluated at height (qi= qu). external pressure coefficient from Figure 6-17; internal pressure coefficient from Figure 6-5. 26Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) Masonry Course Notes RE Klingner EXAMPLE 1 Using the procedures of ASCE 7-05, compute the design base shear due to wind for the following building, located ia the suburbs of Austin, Texas: 10 stories x 12 ft= 120 ft 1504 ‘The critical direction will be NS, because the walls on the north and south sides have greater area, and the shear walls in the north and south directions have less area, » 2 3 Determine the baste wind speed V and wind directionality factor K, in accordance with Section 6.5.4. The basic wind speed for Austin is 90 miles per hour (ASCE 7-05, Figure 6-1a). The wind directionality factor Ka is 0.85 (ASCE 7-05, Table 6-4, buildings). Determine the importance factor Tin accordance with Section 6.5.5. Assume that the importance factor is 1.0. Determine the exposure category or exposure categories and velocity pressure exposure coefficient K, or K., #8 applicable, in accordance with Section 6.5.6. Assume Exposure B (urban and suburban areas). The velocity pressure exposure coefficients Ky and K, are determined from ASCE 7-05, Table 6-3, for Exposure B and Case 2 (all main wind force-resisting systems in other structures). 27Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) Masonry Course Notes RE Klingrer 4) 3) 9 7? 8) Height above round level, z [2s 0.65 | | so ost | as | 70 0.89 a 90 |_—__i00 P20 Determine a topographic factor Kin accordance with Section 6.5.7 Because the structure is not located on a hill, ridge or escarpment, Ky = 1.0. Determine a gust effect factor G ot Gj as applicable, in accordance with Section 6.5.8. Assume a rigid structure; the gust effect factor, G, is 0.85. Determine an enclosure classification in accordance with Section 6.5.9. Assume that the building ts enclosed. Determine an internal pressure coefficient GCy in accordance with Section 6.5.1.1 ‘The internal pressure coefficient GCy is +0.18, Determine the external pressure coefficients Cp or GCyq ot force coefficients Cy as applicable, in accordance with Section 6.5.11.2 or 6.5.11.3, respectively. The external pressure coefficients for main wind force resisting systems GCp are given in Figure 6-6 of ASCE 7-05. From the plan views in Figure 6-6, the windward pressure is g,GC The leeward pressure is q\GC, The difference between the q. and the qu Is that the former varies as a function of the height above ground level, while the latter is uniform over the building height, and is evaluated using the height of the building. 28Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) ‘Masonry Course Notes RE Klingner For wind blowing in the NS direction, L/B = 0.5. From Figure 6-6 (cont'd), on the windward side of the building the external pressure coefficient Cy is 0.8. On the leeward side of the building, it is -0.5. 9) Determine the velocity pressure q. or gs, a8 applicable, in accordance with Section 6.5.10. ‘The velocity pressure is 4g, = 0.00256 K, K, K,V?I K,=1.0 7.63 K, IbI f° [Note that the above expression for qs has K, embedded in it 10) Determine the design wind load P or F in accordance with Sections 6.5.12 and 6.5.13, as applicable. For main force-resisting systems, P= GC, ~4(GC,) where: 7 —-= qe for windward walls evaluated at height z above the ground; qu for leeward walls, side walls, and roofs, evaluated at height fi; 5 for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs of enclosed buildings and for negative internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings, = q; for positive internal pressure evaluation in partially enclosed buildings Where height 2 is defined as the level of the highest opening in the building that couid affect the positive internal pressure. For buildings sited in wind- ‘borne debris regions, glazing in the lower 60 f that is not impact-resistant or protected with an impact-resistant covering, the glazing shall be treated as an opening in accordance with Section 6.5.9.3. For positive internal pressure evaluation, g, may conservatively be evaluated at height h (qi = 4). gust effect factor from Section 6.5.8; extemal pressure coefficient from Figure 6-6 or other analogous figures; Gy internal pressure coefficient from Table 6-5: % Because the building is enclosed, the internal pressures on the windward and leeward sides are of ‘equal magnitude and opposite direction, will produce zero net base shear, and therefore need not be considered. 29Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) ‘Masonry Course Notes On the windward side of the building, where: 0.00256K,K, K,V71 wind directionality factor defined in Section 6.5.4.4 velocity pressure exposure coefficient defined in Section 6.5.6.4 ‘topographic factor defined in Section 6.5.7.2 RE Klingner Windward Side Si Teibutary| Aree | kz | ge | clo Force | xn | gh_| o | oy Force, 200 | 104 | 10.34 [os] os | i247 | 11.22 | 1.04] 1834 Joss] 0.5] 7.70 | 701 se00_['1.01 [47.81 [oss | os [1241 | 2479 | 1.04 | 1834 Joss! 0.5 | 7.79 | 14.03, +800_|o.se | 17.28 [oss | os | 11.75 | 21.15 | 1.04 | 10.34 [0.85] 0.5 | 7.79 | 14.03 1800004 | 1657 [oss | os | 11.27 | 20.28 | 1.04 | 10.34 |0.85| 0.5 | 7.79 | 14.03 +800_| 09 | 15.87 [0.25 | 08 | 1079 | 19.42 | 1.04 | 18.34 |0.85| 0.5 | 7.79 | 14.03 +800 08s | 14.99 |0.85 | 08 | 10.19 | 16.34 | 1.04 | 1834 [0.85] 0.5 | 7.79 | 14.03 +800 | os | 14.10 [oss | os | 250 | 17.26 {1.04 | 1834 [0.85] 0.5| 7.79 | 14.09 +800_| 074 | 13.05 [0.85 | 08 | as7_| 15.97 | 1.04 | 1834 [0.85] 0.5| 7.79 | 14.09 1800_Joss {11.46 [0.85 | 08 | 7.70 | 14.03 | 1.04 | 1834 [0.85] 0.51 7.79 | 14.03 100 | 057 | 1005 [oss | 08 | 653 | 12.30 | 1.04 | 1834 [0.85] 0.5| 7.79 | 1403 00057 | 10.05 [oss | os | eas | 015 | 104] 1834 [0.85/05] 7.79 | 7.01 477.92 140.26) ‘The design base shear due to wind load is therefore 177.92 kips plus 140.26 kips, for a total of 318.2 ips. 30Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) ‘Masonry Cowrse Notes RE. Klingrer EXAMPLE 2 Using the procedures of ASCE 7-05, compute the design wind pressure on a cladding element near the comer of the top floor of the building of Example 1 1) Determine the basie wind speed V and wind directionality factor Ka in accordance with Section 6.5.4 The basic wind speed for Austin is 90 miles per hour (ASCE 7-05, Figure 6-1a). The wind directionality factor Kq is 0.85 (ASCE 7-05, Table 6-4, buildings). 2) Determine the importance factor In accordance with Section 6.5.5. Assume that the importance factor is 1.0. 3) Determine the exposure category or exposure categories and velocity pressure exposure coefficient K, oF Ky as applicable, in accordance with Section 6.5.6. Assume Exposure B (urban and suburban areas). The velocity pressure exposure coefficients Ky and K, are determined from ASCE 7-05, Table 6-3, for Exposure B and Case 1 (components and cladding). ground level, z 4) Determine a zopographic factor K,, in accordance with Section 6.5.7 Because the structure is not located on a hill, ridge or escarpment, Ky = 1.0. 5) Determine a gust effect factor G or Gy, as applicable, in accordance with Section 6.5.8. Assume a rigid structure; the gust effect factor, G, is 0.85. 6) Determine an enclosure classification in accordance with Section 6.5.9. Assume that the building is enclosed. 7) Determine an internal pressure coefficient GCy in accordance with Section 6.5.11.1 31Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) ‘Masonry Course Notes RE Klingner 8) 9”) 10) The internal pressure coefficient GC, is 40.18 Determine the external pressure coefficients Cy or GCyg or force coefficients Cy as applicable, in accordance with Section 6.5.1.2 or 6.5.11.3, respectively. The external pressure coefficients for components and cladding GC, are given in Figure 6- 17 of ASCE 7-05. Jn computing the effective area of the cladding element, it is permitted to use an effective area equal to the product of the span and an effective width not less than one-third the span (ASCE 7-05, Section 6.2, “Effective Wind Area’). Assume a panel with a span equal to the story height of 12 ft minus a spandrel depth of 2 ft, or 10 ft. Assume an effective width of one-third of that span, or 3.33 ft. The resulting effective area is 33.3 ft. From Figure 6-17, a panel in Zone 5 has @ positive pressure coefficient of 0.85, and a negative pressure coefficient of -1.7. Determine the velocity pressure q. or gs, 05 applicable, in accordance with Section 6.5.10. The velocity pressure is = 0.00256K,K,,KV71 T=10 K, = 0.85 V = 90 miles! hr K,=10 4, =17.63 K, Ibi? Note that the above expression for q, has K, embedded in it. Determine the design wind load P or F in accordance with Sections 6.5.12 and 6.5.13, as applicable. Since this is a building with h> 60 ft P=4GC,)-4(GC,) First assume that the wind is blowing so that the cladding element is on the windward wall: 32Lecture #12 (March 2, 2008) Masomy Course Notes RE Klingrer 4 4g. evaluated at the height of the element, or 120 ft % gs evaluated at the height of the building, or 120 ft Gey 0.85 (Figure 6-17) GG) 40.18 (Figure 6-5). ‘The maximum inward pressure on the cladding will be produced when (GCp) acts inward (positive sign): Maximum Inward Pressure (windward wall dooce |"Soumz'| te | ae | coco | aa | sco | pecan | Height h_| Ground, z_ | Kz (GCp) gi=q (Gepi)_|_p ig L120 | 120 1.04 [18.34] 0.85 [1834 T -018 [18.89 ‘Next, assume that the wind is blowing so that the cladding element is on the leeward wall: G4, 0r 1208 oF 120 =1.7 (Figure 6-17) 20.18 (Figure 6-5). ‘The maximum outward pressure on the cladding will be produced when (GC,) acts outward (negative sign): ‘Maximum Outward Pressure (leeward wall) Building | Height above| He Ground, z gh_| (Gcp) | giz-an_| (Gopi) |p desig Lio 120.04 J 18.34 | [1834 J -0.18 [34.47] ‘The cladding must therefore be designed for a pressure of 18.9 Ib/f acting inward, and 34.5 Ib/ft acting outward. 33