Topic 2 Opportunties and Challenges WTE

Advance Training
on Solid Waste
Management
Subtitle
Topic 2: Principles and
Opportunities of Waste to Energy
Key Learning Objectives
• For PCOs to be knowledgeable on the opportunities

and challenges in the operation of Waste to Energy
Projects
3 11/6/2019 Add a footer

Open Dumpsite

Controlled Disposal Facility

Sanitary Landfill
Guidelines on the Categorized Final Disposal Facilities (Sanitary Landfills)
DENR Administrative Order No. 10, Series of 2006
Category
Category 1
≤ 15 TPD
Category 2
> 15TD ≤ 75TPD
Category 3
> 75TPD ≤ 200TPD
Category 4
> 200 TPD
7 11/6/2019
Sanitary Landfill
Revised Guidelines for Coverage Screening and Standardized Requirement
EMB-MC 005 (July 2014)
Waste Management Projects Category Required to Secure ECC

Category 1 Initial Environmental
≤ 15 TPD Examination (IEE) Checklist
Category 2
> 15TD ≤ 75TPD
Category 3 Environmental Impact Study
> 75TPD ≤ 200TPD
Category 4
> 200 TPD
8 11/6/2019
Category 1 – General Tinio, Nueva Ecija

Category 2 – Alburquerque, Bohol

Category 3 – Tacloban City

Category 4 – Hermosa, Bataan

Overview of
Recycling
Technologies
Overview of
Recycling
Technologies
Common recovery programs and practices
• Sold directly to itinerant buyers or junkshops

• Collected by the Local Government Unit concerned
• Segregated and collected by organized or informal waste pickers
• Working with other stakeholers (e.g. Waste Markets, DENR-DepEd’s “Eco
Savers”, Unilever’s “Misis Walastik Redemption ng Plastik” and
Nestle’s “Laki sa Tibay”) to collect traditional recyclables and residual
plastics for conversion to a marketable product

LGU & Barangay Collection Programs
Recovery Programs
Recyclables
PAPER
PLASTIC
GLASS
STEEL/AL
The PAPER Industry
• The pulp and paper industry

sector in the Philippines
consists of 46 mills with a
combined production of
1,120,000 tons of pulp, paper
and board per year (2002).

PULPING CLEANING/
WASTE SCREENING
PAPER
CUSTOMER
DE-INKING
PRINTING
THE PAPER FORMING
RECYCLING
SHIPPING
PROCESS PRESSING
WRAPPING WINDING REELING CALENDERING DRYING

Recyclables
PAPER
PLASTIC
GLASS
STEEL/AL
TYPES OF PLASTIC
& Recycling in the
Philippines
Working hand in hand to Establish
Recycling Guidelines for Plastics
developed by
Japan Int’l. Coop, Agency
Dept. of Environment Nat’l/ Solid Waste Dept. of Science & SAGIP

& Natural Resources Mgmt. Commission Technology - ITDI Environment
RECYCLING
Above: RECYCLED or
PELLETIZED PLASTIC
SORTING
GRINDING &
PELLETIZING
PROCESSING Trash
Bags, among others
Recyclables
PAPER
PLASTIC
GLASS
STEEL/AL
GLASS Industry
• Glass is 100% recyclable. No waste byproducts.
• Glass recycling extends furnace life and reduces
energy costs.
• Glass Cullet - Broken glass from softdrinks, beer, liquor,

pharmaceutical bottles and packers jars (food, condiments,
chemicals, etc.).
Recyclables
PAPER
PLASTIC
GLASS
STEEL/AL
Residuals (Alternative Technologies)
TECHNOLOGIES FOR MANAGEMENT
OF RESIDUAL WASTE
.
PROCESS FLOW:
Residuals are collected
(e.g. sachet, ball pen, Styrofoam, textile, cotton, doy packs,
plastic wrappers, plastic shopping bags, laminated
papers, straw, leather, rubber, toothpaste tubes, sacks,
garments, plastics w/ alum coatings)
Shredded
BY PRODUCTS
Processed
Moulded
➢ SCREENING ➢ MIXING
After crushing, the materials become odorless Coarse materials are transported to a
and unrecognizable. Shredded materials are mixer and specific binders are added
screened to separate fine, medium and coarse
particles
Materials are now ready to be

converted into a variety of finished
products
BY PRODUCT – HOLLOW BLOCKS
The Melting Oven
DOST-ITDI
Developed by: Dept. of Science &

Technology, Industrial Technology
Development Institute
RAW MATERIALS
Plastic Sando Bags & PSP Used Cooking Oil

(Styrofoam), EPS
Table tops
School chair
Cat walk blocks
Functional Products
Waste Plastics in
Asphalt Mix for Road Pavement
DOST-ITDI
Developed by: Dept. of Science &
Technology, Industrial Technology
Development Institute
Shredded waste plastic bags Asphalt
Blending/Mixing
ASPHALT WITH WASTE PLASTIC BAGS

Cement Kiln Co-processing Operation
▪ Traditional Raw Materials ▪ Alternative Raw Materials (AR)
 Limestone
 Silica Sand
 Iron Corrective
▪ Traditional Fuel
 Coal
 Bunker Fuel
▪ Alternative Fuel (AF) ▪ Traditional Fuel
 Coal
 Bunker Fuel
▪ Alternative Fuel
(AF)
CLINKER
Strength.
Performance.
Wastes for Co-processing
Optical Lens Video Tapes
Treated Corn Seeds
Rice Husk
Trade Returns
Oil-Contaminated Gravel/Soil
Paint-Contaminated
Used Oil
Mats.
Used Tires
Shredded Notes
BIOMASS TECHNOLOGIES

Charcoal Briquettes: Fueling Viable
Micro-Financed and Com-Based
Livelihood Enterprise

✓Biomass utilization is expected to increase due to
continuous increase in fuel prices
✓ Charcoal briquettes can help reduce carbon

dioxide (CO2 ) emissions to the atmosphere due to
conservation of the forest. For every ton of
briquettes produced, about 88 trees of about 10
cm DBH (diameter at breast height) are spared from
cutting for fuelwood / firewood and serves as carbon
sink.
Utilization and conversion of abandoned biomass to
charcoal briquettes cleans the community of wastes
and can serve as additional/alternative livelihood
or equals
CARBONIZATION USING MODIFIED DRUM KILN
2-3 Ton Carbonizer
CARBONIZATION
Bioreactor for Rapid Composting
and Bio-Gas for Alternative Fuel

TECHNOLOGIES PROCESSING
BIODEGRADABLE WASTE
General Specifications FABRICATED BIOREACTOR FOR RAPID
COMPOSTING
• Horizontal rotating drum reactor
• Aerated System
• Approximately 1 ton/day capacity
• Electrically-driven
• No external heat source
• Semi-continuous operation
• Forced-air circulation
• Manual or automatic process control
• Modular Type
• Small scale applications
11/6/2019 NSWMC 50
BIODEGRADABLE WASTE
FABRICATED BIOREACTOR FOR RAPID
COMPOSTING
Estimated Profitability Analysis: 1 Ton/day
Total capital Investment cost 557,000.00
Total product cost/ day 789.67
Total product cost/year 236,000.00
Total cost/kg compost 1.58
Compost selling price/kg 3.00
Net income – annual 214,000.00
Rate of Return of Investment (ROI) before tax 38.4%
Pay-off Period (POP) 2.4 years

11/6/2019 NSWMC 51
BIODEGRADABLE WASTE
What is Bio-gas? BIO-GAS DIGESTER
- Mixture of gas produced by methanogenic bacteria while acting upon on biodegradable materials in an
anaerobic condition.
- Composed of 50 to 70 percent methane, 30 to 40 percent carbon dioxide and low amount of other gases
as hydrogen, nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide and water vapors.
What is Bio-gas Technology?

- Conversion of organic waste from agriculture, livestock, industries, domestics and other human
activities into energy and bio-fertilizer by anaerobic process (strictly no oxygen).
- The use of biogas as energy and fertilizer sources can lead to better environment, health and other
socio-economic gains.
What is a Bio-gas Digester?

- The Biogas Digester is a physical structure whose main function is to provide anaerobic condition inside
it. It is also known as bio-reactor or anaerobic reactor.
- Anaerobic digestion - without the presence of air
52 11/6/2019 NSWMC
BIODEGRADABLE WASTE
BIO-GAS DIGESTER
Digester’s Design Criteria
- 50 Pigs Substrates for Bio-gas Production
- Solid waste of 112 kilograms/day - Animal Waste; chicken dung, hog, cattle,
- Slurry volume (1:1) of 0.224 m3/day goat, dog, cat, horse & carabao manure
- Solid retention time of 10 days
Gas production of 8.78 m3/day - Household Waste; night soil and kitchen
refuse
Technical Services Offered by ITDI-DOST
- Biogas digester design and costing - Industrial Waste; distillery slops, coconut
- Supervision during the construction phase water, filter pressed cake, banana peels,
- Start-up and operation after construction pineapple peels, bottling wastes, bihon
- Digester’s maintenance wastes, fish wastes and meat processing
wastes
- -Crop Residues; corn stalks, rice straws,
banana leaves, corn cobs, peanut hulls,
cogon and bagasse, water lily and
grass cuttings`
11/6/2019 NSWMC 53
Guide values for BIOGAS consumption
• Cooking: 0.45 cubic meters (8cu. ft.)
per person per day
• Lighting: 0.12-0.15 cubic meters (4.5cu. ft.)
per hour per lamp
• Driving Engines 0.45 cubic meters (15cu. ft.)
perHP per hour
Value equivalent of BIOGAS with other energy

sources
• 1 kilogram LPG = 0.45 cubic meter biogas
• 1 liter gasoline = 0.54 cubic meter biogas
• 1 liter diesel fuel = 0.52 cubic meter biogas
• 1 kilowatt hr. electricity = 1.0 cubic meter biogas
BIODEGRADABLE WASTE
FABRICATED BIOREACTOR FOR RAPID
BIOGAS UTILIZATION COMPOSTING
Cooking: An LPG modified double Lighting: An LPG

burner biogas stove modified mantle lamp
A hybrid 5 hp biogas run generator
11/6/2019 NSWMC 55
ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VERIFICATION

ETV
• Conducts actual tests on technologies as supervised by
invited pool of experts. It determines whether it operates
effectively based on the claims of technology enablers
• It does not certify, ensure, or warrant that a technology will

meet a standard or expected criteria

Technologies with ETV
• Technology Type: Plastic Carry Bags with Degradable Additive
• Application: Solid Waste Management
• Technology Name: Basic Packaging Oxo-Biodegradable Plastic Bag
• Company: Basic Packaging Corporation
• Technology Type: Waste Recycling Facility

• Application: Solid and/or healthcare waste management
• Technology Name: Controlled Steam Generation Technology
• Company: Cleansave Waste Corporation (CWC)
Source: etvphilippines.ph
Policies on Waste-to-Energy Technologies

MARAMING SALAMAT PO!
Presented by:
JEPP V. FARRALES, En.P
Solid Waste Management Division
Environmental Management Bureau
Telephone Nos.: (632) 920-2252, 920-2279
Email: nswmc2004@yahoo.com

Topic 2: Principles and
Opportunities of Waste to Energy
Key Learning Objectives
• For PCOs to be knowledgeable on the opportunities and challenges in the
operation of Waste to Energy Projects
62 11/6/2019
Pre-test: Topic 2: Principles and Opportunities of Waste to Energy

Materials, methods
and technology
opportunities
Waste to Energy Technologies
• Waste-to-Energy (WtE) shall refer to
the process of converting wastes with
various technologies, usually the
conversion of non-recyclable waste
materials into useable heat, electricity,
or fuel through a variety of processes.
65 11/6/2019 References: Draft DENR AO for WtE: EMB MC No. 2014-005;

66 11/6/2019 Reference: Integrated SWM Toolkit to Implement BAT and BEP on Open Burning
• Incineration
• Thermal breakdown of waste by supplying
excess air thus producing heat & flue gas
consisting of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen,
nitrogen oxides, water vapour, ash & others.
• Also known as thermal treatment or direct
combustion. It is a very established & matured
technology with experienced suppliers &
developers throughout the world
• Requirements: exothermic combustion in high
volume of oxygen, combustion temperatures
of 540-1200ºC, air pollution control devices,
scale:1360 tons/day
• Product: energy as electricity, steam or hot
water
• 6c WTE-Incineration.mp4
67 11/6/2019 References: Final Report: Feasibility Study of Appropriate WtE Technology in MBR Covering 128 LGUs; Integrated SWM Toolkit to Implement BAT and BEP on Open Burning
Waste to Energy Technologies: Incineration
Advantages Disadvantages and Challenges

• Many established system • Concerns over compliance to emission
• Large scale waste disposal rate standards
• Water consumption due to losses in
• Able to take in wide range of municipal
steam & water cycle
waste with minimum pre-treatment
• Combustion may results into high
• High availability for a well engineered
quantity of ash if it is not pre-treated
plant
• Wide range of established technology • Ash could contain hazardous materials
providers • Poor public perception & acceptance
• Gasification
• A thermal breakdown of waste under oxygen
starved conditions, where the oxygen content
is lower than needed for combustion, which
then creates a synthetic gas or syngas.
• The reaction takes place in a gasification
reactor (gasifier)
• Requirements: pre-processed MSW, two types
(a) conventional: occurs at 760-1540ºC (b)
plasma arc: occurs at 4000-7000ºC, Scale: 100
tons/day
• Products: syngas (mixture of CO, H2 and CO2,
syngas maybe used in internal combustion
engines or chemical feedstock
Waste to Energy Technologies: Gasification

• A quicker system to construct as • Pre-treatment system of MSW is required
compared to the incineration/combustion for effective gasification
type
• The syngas contains tars, particulates,
• The plant can be modular, able to made up halogens, heavy metals & alkaline
of several smaller units compounds that need to be removed
before the gas can be used for power
• Able to operate at a smaller scale generation. Therefore, syngas clean-up
• Produce useful by-products i.e. syngas, oil, may be required.
solid char that can be used as fuel etc. • Smaller pool of experienced & proven
• Syngas can be used to generate energy technology providers for the treatment of
more efficiently using gas engine MSW
• Pyrolysis
• A process of thermal breakdown of organic
material without air or oxygen in a reactor..
• Heat is applied externally to produce the
elevated temperature (above 300°C) for the
reaction in the reactor.
• Requirement: sealed chamber to prevent air
infiltration, endothermic thermal
decomposition process, generally occurs at
500-800°C, Scale: 10 tons/day
• Products: carbonized solid “char” or “biochar”,
pyrolysis oil, some syngas, etc.
• 6d Biomass Pyrolysis.mp4
Waste to Energy Technologies: Pyrolysis

• Flexible system such that it can be used to treat a • Pre-treatment system of MSW is required for
wide range of organic solid wastes since the effective pyrolysis
process can adapt easily to variations in
composition of the feedstock • Pyrolysis system relies on type of feedstock rich in
paper, kitchen & garden waste & plastics; hence
• Simple technology that can be used even for a undermining the recycling & composting activities
small scale applications
• When used in firing gas engines, the syngas has to
• Can be conducted at low pressure that minimizes be cleaned to remove acidic gases which is a
feedstock processing requirements challenge when waste stream is heterogeneous
• Yield a wide range of valuable by-products & the • Potential for generating possible toxic residues
system can be made in such a way to minimize
production of unusable by-products • Smaller rate of processing MSW
• Does not produce much air emissions due to non • Limited number of experienced technology
or less use of oxygen providers
• A quicker system to construct as compared to
incineration/combustion type
• Plasma Arc Gasification
• A waste treatment technology that uses an
electric arc to produce high temperatures
within the reactors to convert organic waste
material to syngas.
• It is considered a newer technology in relation
to the earlier described technologies.
• Requirements: MSW, occurs at 4000 to 7000°C,
uses plasma torch to gasify the feedstock,
carried out under oxygen-starved conditions
• Products: ash in molten form, vitrified slag
maybe used for making cement, roofing
shingles, asphalt filler, etc., some gasifiers are
designed to recover melted metals in a
separate stream
Waste to Energy Technologies: Plasma Arc Gasification

• Total elimination of many types of • High electrical power is required to
waste stream due to very high generate the plasma
temperature application • High quality of material is required for the
construction of the plasma gasification
• Less air emissions hence less gas reactor due to very high temperature
cleaning equipment are required required for the process
• Minimum or no pre-treatment of • Pre-treatment system of MSW is required
for effective plasma gasification process &
waste required to avoid damage to the reactor wall
• Minimum residue that can be further • Potential for generating possible toxic
processed into other useful products residues
• Limited number of successful plants
worldwide
• Anaerobic Digestion
• A biochemical process where organic material
is digested by a group of microorganisms
working synergistically.
• The materials can be treated under different
types of conditions such as temperature, solids
concentrations in the digester, method of
mixing & agitation, & so on.
• Anaerobic digestion system would be the best
system to treat MSW if it contains high organic
material.
• Type of waste: treat organic wastes from
domestic & commercial food waste, manures
& biofuel crops, widely used to treat sewage
sludge
Waste to Energy Technologies: Anaerobic Digestion

• Compliments & improves landfill • Only treats organic wastes
management • Conditions in the digester tank such as temperature ,
• Contributes to reducing the greenhouse pH, alkalinity must be tightly controlled in order to
gases achieve optimum performance
• Produce biogas which when combusted can • Unable to destroy feedstock that contains heavy
metals or organic pollutants hence; the incoming
be used to produce heat & power feedstock into an anaerobic digestion system need
• Digestion residues are valuable organic sorting or separation
alternatives to chemical type fertilizers • Biogas contains hydrogen sulphide which is corrosive &
requires special gas scrubber prior to use in gas engine
• Not producing toxic flue gas emissions that
requires pre-treatment prior release to • Feedstock characteristics determine the amount of pro
atmosphere duction of biogas and digestate
• Not producing toxic ashes that require pre- • Slow processing rate and able to handle small quantity
treatment prior release to landfill
• Landfill with Gas Capture
• By volume, landfill gas (LFG) contains 45-60%
methane & 40-60% carbon dioxide. Methane is
a potent greenhouse gas 28-36 times more
effective than carbon dioxide. 120kg of
methane is generated from every ton of MSW
• Requirements: separation of methane from
raw landfill gas & removal of moisture &
particulates
• Products: direct use of LFG collected, one
specific type of LFG use is as a fuel source for
combined heat & power or cogeneration
systems that generate both electricity &
thermal energy, vehicle fuel as compressed
natural gas with removal of CO2 to produce
90% methane
77 11/6/2019 Reference: Integrated SWM Toolkit to Implement BAT and BEP on Open Burning
Waste to Energy Technologies:
Emerging Technologies
• Waste-to-Fuels • Thermal Oxidation Process
• The system requires pre-treatment of • A closed system & uses pure oxygen for the
feedstock, which involves drying, sorting & oxidation process, as opposed to ambient air.
shredding of the materials, gasification of the It is a chemical conversion of organic solids &
feedstock, to produce syngas, cleaning of the liquids into a syngas under very controlled
syngas from corrosive & harmful substances & process of heat & availability of oxygen.
finally the conversion of syngas into biofuels. Thermal oxidation is reported to be very
• Enerkem Alberta Biofuels in Edmonton, efficient at breaking down hazardous organic
Canada is the world’s first major collaboration substances such as dioxins & furans. The
between a large city & a waste-to-biofuels technology promoters highlight that thermal
producer. The process first converts carbon oxidation disassociates water into hydrogen &
molecules into a pure synthetic gas, which is oxygen while incinerator combines hydrogen
then turned into biofuels & chemicals using & oxygen to form water vapour.
commercially available catalysts. • Thermal oxidation of MSW is a relatively new
• 6g Plastics to Oil.mp4 development with no operating plant to treat
MSW yet to exist.
78 11/6/2019 Reference: Final Report: Feasibility Study of Appropriate WtE Technology in MBR Covering 128 LGUs
Waste to Energy Technologies:
Emerging Technologies
Thermal Cracking
• Also described as “fast pyrolysis” as it involves ra
pid heating of waste fuel in a oxygen free envir
onment. The waste material is fed into an oxygen-
free chamber/reactor.
• The chamber has stainless steel walls that are instant
ly heated up to 850°C and thermally cracks to syngas
in a matter of seconds.
• The syngas enters the gas filtration train where it
is filtered to remove particulates and then is rapi
dly cooled from 1,500°C to less than 400°C in ord
er to prevent the formation of dioxins and furans
• Graveson Energy Management (GEM) of United Ki
ngdom uses traditional petrochemical industry
technology to convert MSW into clean syngas.

THANK YOU
Waste No More! Waste No Time!
Solid Waste Management Division (SWMD)

National Solid Waste Management Commission-Secretariat (NSWMCS)
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT BUREAU
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
2ND Floor, HRD Bldg., DENR Compound., Visayas Ave., Diliman, Quezon City
Telefax No. (02) 920-2252/920-2279
Email address: nswmc2004@yahoo.com / pdtss.swmd@gmail.com
www.emb.gov.ph/nswmc

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Advance Training

• For PCOs to be knowledgeable on the opportunities

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Waste Management Projects Category Required to Secure ECC

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• Sold directly to itinerant buyers or junkshops

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• The pulp and paper industry

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WRAPPING WINDING REELING CALENDERING DRYING

Japan Int’l. Coop, Agency

Dept. of Environment Nat’l/ Solid Waste Dept. of Science & SAGIP

• Glass Cullet - Broken glass from softdrinks, beer, liquor,

Materials are now ready to be

Developed by: Dept. of Science &

Plastic Sando Bags & PSP Used Cooking Oil

Cat walk blocks

ASPHALT WITH WASTE PLASTIC BAGS

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✓ Charcoal briquettes can help reduce carbon

2-3 Ton Carbonizer

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Total product cost/ day 789.67

Total product cost/year 236,000.00

Total cost/kg compost 1.58

Compost selling price/kg 3.00

Net income – annual 214,000.00

Rate of Return of Investment (ROI) before tax 38.4%

Pay-off Period (POP) 2.4 years

What is Bio-gas Technology?

What is a Bio-gas Digester?

Value equivalent of BIOGAS with other energy

Cooking: An LPG modified double Lighting: An LPG

A hybrid 5 hp biogas run generator

56 11/6/2019 Add a footer

• It does not certify, ensure, or warrant that a technology will

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• Technology Type: Waste Recycling Facility

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65 11/6/2019 References: Draft DENR AO for WtE: EMB MC No. 2014-005;

Advantages Disadvantages and Challenges

Advantages Disadvantages and Challenges

Advantages Disadvantages and Challenges

Advantages Disadvantages and Challenges

Advantages Disadvantages and Challenges

79 11/6/2019 Add a footer

Solid Waste Management Division (SWMD)

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