RC-Design-Flexure

A web seminar series in cooperation with and under sponsorship of the
Department of Municipal Affairs, Emirate of Abu Dhabi, UAE
Reinforced Concrete Design

in Compliance with ACI 318M-08
Part 3: Design of Beams and One-Way Slabs

– Flexural Design
by
Dr. S. K. Ghosh
S. K. Ghosh Associates Inc.
Palatine, IL and Aliso Viejo, CA
USA
334 East Colfax Street, Unit E 43 Vantis Drive

Palatine, IL 60067 Aliso Viejo, CA 92656
Ph: (847) 991-2700 Fax: (847) 991-2702 Ph: (949) 249-3739 Fax: (949) 249-3989
www.skghoshassociates.com
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN IN COMPLIANCE WITH

ACI 318M-08: DESIGN OF BEAMS AND ONE-WAY SLABS –
FLEXURAL DESIGN
SKGA Web Seminar

in cooperation with and under sponsorship of
the Department of Municipal Affairs, Emirate of Abu Dhabi, UAE
Please stay tuned. We will be starting at

8:00 am UAE Time.
You will be able to listen to the seminar

using computer speakers
If you are encountering technical difficulties, please call 00 1 847 991 2700
Visit us at: www.skghoshassociates.com
-1-
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN IN

COMPLIANCE WITH ACI 318M-08
A web seminar series in cooperation with and under sponsorship of
the Department of Municipal Affairs, Emirate of Abu Dhabi, UAE.
Part 3: Design of Beams and One-Way Slabs

– Flexural Design
Palatine, IL and Aliso Viejo, CA
-2-
1
Basic Theory
Computation of nominal flexural strength of a beam

cross-section using the Strength Design Method
requires satisfaction of two basic conditions (ACI
318-08 Section 10.2.1):
• Force and moment equilibrium between the
compressive and the tensile forces
• Compatibility of strains in the concrete and the
reinforcement
-3-
ACI Design Assumptions
1. Plane sections remain plane after bending

(10.2.2)
Strain in beam cross-section is linearly proportional to the
distance from the neutral axis, which is determined from
force equilibrium. εc
d Neutral Axis
εt
-4-
2
2. Reinforcement in compression and tension

(10.2.4)
Use bilinear relationship between stress vs. strain
εs < εy (yielding strain)

fs = Es × εs (Es = 200,000 MPa)
εs ≥ εy
fs = Es × εy = fy
-5-
2. Reinforcement in compression and tension

(10.2.4)
Stress, fs
fy
εy Strain, εs
Figure from “Notes on ACI 318-08” published by PCA
-6-
3
3. Concrete in Tension (10.2.5)

Modulus of rupture (0.62 fc’ ) is the tensile strength of
concrete in flexure. This tensile strength is
neglected in flexural design using the Strength
Design Method.
The tensile strength of concrete is important in
cracking and deflection (serviceability)
considerations.
-7-
4. Concrete in Compression (10.2.3)

The maximum concrete compressive strain (εu) at
crushing of the concrete allowed in design is a
conservative value of 0.003, based on several
experimental investigations.
The codes of some countries specify a value of
0.0035, which does not make an appreciable
difference in the computed strength of a member.
-8-
4

Compressive strain at crushing
of concrete , εu (in./in.)
Concrete compressive strength (psi)
-9-
5. Nonlinear concrete compressive stress vs.

strain relationship
Compressive stress
f’c (ksi)
Concrete compressive strain, εu (in./in.)

- 10 -
5
ACI 10.2.6: “The relationship between concrete

compressive stress distribution and concrete strain
shall be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoidal,
parabolic, or any other shape that results in
prediction of strength in substantial agreement with
results of comprehensive tests.”
- 11 -
εc k3f’c
k 2c
c C=k1k3f’cbc
d
T=Asfs
εt
Concrete compressive stress distribution can be

determined by defining parameters k1, k2, and k3.
- 12 -
6
6. Equivalent Rectangular Concrete Stress Block

(10.2.7) Requirements of 10.2.6 are satisfied by an
equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution
εc 0.85f’c
a=β1c a/2
C=0.85f’cba
c
d
As
T=Asfy
εt ≥ εy
- 13 -
Rectangular stress block parameter, β1, is a function

of concrete compressive strength.
β1 = 0.85
β1 = 0.65
f’c= 28 MPa f’c= 56 MPa
- 14 -
7
Nominal Flexural Strength
Computation of nominal flexural strength – singly

reinforced section
From force equilibrium,

C (0.85f’cab) = T (Asfy) Æ a = Asfy/(0.85f’cb)
From moment equilibrium,
Mn = (C or T)(d – a/2) = Asfy (d – a/2)
- 15 -
Flexural strengths computed using the rectangular

stress block are in “substantial agreement with the
results of comprehensive tests” as long as εs >εy.
- 16 -
8
- 17 -
Unified Design Provisions
Compression-Controlled Section
Sections are compression-controlled if the net
tensile strain, εt, is equal to or less than the
compression-controlled strain limit. For Grade 420
reinforcement, and for all prestressed
reinforcement, it shall be permitted to set the
compression-controlled strain limit equal to 0.002.
(ACI 318M-08 Section 10.3.3)
- 18 -
9
Tension-Controlled Section
Sections are tension-controlled if the net tensile strain,
εt, is equal to or greater than 0.005. (ACI 318M-08
Section 10.3.4)
- 19 -
Transition Section
Sections with εt between the compression-
controlled strain limit and 0.005 constitute a
transition region between compression-controlled
and tension-controlled sections. (ACI 318M-08
Section 10.3.4)
- 20 -
10
εt ≤ 0.002: compression-controlled
εt ≥ 0.005: tension-controlled
0.002 < εt < 0.005: transition region
(Grade 420 MPa steel)
ACI 318M-08 Fig. R10.3.3

- 21 -
Strength Reduction Factors
Strength Reduction Factor
ACI 318M-08 Fig. R9.3.2

- 22 -
11
Design Strength
Design Strength = φ × Nominal Strength

= φ Mn
φ = Strength reduction factor (≤1.0)
- 23 -
Example 1 - Flexural Strength of Singly

Reinforced Beam Section
300 mm
fc’ = 40 MPa
fy = 420 MPa
500 mm
3 No. 25
40 mm
- 24 -
12

b εc 0.85f’c
a/2
c a=β1c C=0.85f’cab
dt
As
T = Asfy
εs
- 25 -

Determine the depth of concrete stress block
d = 500 – 40 – 12.5 – 25/2 = 435 mm;
b = 300 mm; As = 3 x 490 mm2 = 1470 mm2
Assuming εs ≥ εy and equating the total compression
in the concrete stress block to the total tension in
the reinforcement:
0.85f’cab = Asfy
Thus, the depth of stress block
a = Asfy/0.85f’cb = 60.5 mm
- 26 -
13
Example 1 – Flexural Strength of Singly

Determine net tensile strain
Depth of Neutral Axis, c = a/β1
For 40 MPa concrete, β1 = 0.76 (Section 10.2.7.3)
c = 60.5/0.76 = 79.6 mm
At nominal strength, strain in extreme compression

fiber is assumed to be 0.003
Thus, from a linear strain distribution:
εs = 0.003 x (dt – c)/c = 0.013 > εy
- 27 -

Determine Nominal Moment Strength, Mn
0.85f’c
a/2 Mn = Asfy (d – a/2)

C=0.85f’cab = 1470x420 (435 – 60.5/2)x10-6
d
= 250 kN-m
T = Asfy
- 28 -
14

Determine strength reduction factor, φ
εs = 0.013 > 0.005
This is a tension-controlled section
φ = 0.9
- 29 -

Determine Design Moment Strength, φMn
φMn = 0.9 x 250 = 225 kN-m
- 30 -
15
Computation of nominal flexural strength – doubly

reinforced section
εc 0.85f’c
a/2
Cs=A’sf’s
ε ’s
A’s c a=β1c Cc=0.85f’cab
d
As
T=Asfy
εt ≥ εy
- 31 -
ACI Design Requirements

(Nominal strength)
Find stress block depth from force equilibrium.
From moment equilibrium,
Mn = 0.85f’c (d – a/2) + A’sf’s (d-d’)
where
f’s =fy (εs ≥ εy)
f’s = Esε’s
- 32 -
16
Example 2 - Flexural Strength of

Doubly Reinforced Beam Section
300 mm
fc’ = 40 MPa
40 mm
2 No. 20
fy = 420 MPa
500 mm
3 No. 25
40 mm
- 33 -

b εc 0.85f’c
As’fs’
ε s’ a=β1c
A s’ c C=0.85f’cab
dt
As
T = Asfy
εs
- 34 -
17

Determine the depth of neutral axis
dt = 500 – 40 – 12.5 – 25/2 = 435 mm
d’ = 40 + 12.5 + 25/2 = 65 mm
b = 300 mm
As = 3 x 490 mm2 = 1470 mm2
As’ = 2 x 314 mm2 = 628 mm2
- 35 -

Assume εs ≥ εy and εs’ ≤ εy
Equating the total compression in the concrete stress
block and the compression steel to the total tension
in the tension steel:
0.85f’cab + As’fs’ = Asfy
- 36 -
18

Depth of stress block, a = β1c
a = 0.76c

εs’ = 0.003 x (c – d’)/c, where d’ = 65 mm
- 37 -

0.85f’cab + As’Esεs’ = Asfy
0.85x40x0.76cx300 + 628x200,000x 0.003 x (c – 65)/c
= 1470x420
7752c – 24,492,000/c = 240,600
7752c2 – 240,600c – 24,492,000 = 0
Solving, c = 73.8 mm
- 38 -
19

Determine the depth stress block
a = 0.76c = 0.76 x 73.8 = 56 mm
Determine steel strains

εs’ = 0.003 x (73.8 – 65)/73.8 = 0.0004 < εy (= 0.0021)
fs’ = 420x0004/0.0021 = 80 MPa
εs = 0.003 x (dt – c)/c = 0.015 > εy
- 39 -

0.85f’c
Taking moments of all forces about the neutral axis
As’fs’
a/2 Mn = Asfy (dt – c) + 0.85fc’ab (c - a/2) + As’fs’ (c – d’)
0.85f’cab
= 1470x420 (435 – 73.8)
dt + 0.85x40x56x300x(73.8 - 56/2)
+ 628x80x(73.8 – 65)
T = A sf y = 223 + 26 + 0.44
= 249 kN-m
- 40 -
20

Determine strength reduction factor, φ
εs = 0.015 > 0.005
φ = 0.9
- 41 -

φMn = 0.9 x 249 = 224 kN-m
- 42 -
21
Nominal Strength
Nominal flexural strength of flanged section
Effective flange width (ACI 8.12)
As
- 43 -
Example 2 - Moment Strength of

Doubly Reinforced Beam
0.85f’c
Taking moments of all forces about the neutral axis
As’fs’
a/2 Mn = Asfy (dt – c) + 0.85fc’ab (c - a/2) + As’fs’ (c – 40)
0.85f’cab
= 1470x420 (460 – 62.3)
dt + 0.85x40x47.3x300x(62.3 - 47.3/2)
+ 628x214x(62.3 – 40)
T = A sf y = 245.5 + 18.6 + 3.0
= 267 m-kN
- 44 -
22
Nominal Strength

ACI 8.12.2
Effective flange width of T-beam is the smallest of
- ¼ of span length
- beam width + 16 × slab thickness
- beam width + clear span to the next web
- 45 -
Nominal strength

ACI 8.12.3
Effective flange width of beams with a slab on one
side only is the smallest of
- beam width +1/12 of span length
- beam width + 6 × slab thickness
- beam width + one half the clear distance to the
next web
- 46 -
23
Nominal Strength
After determining effective flange width, find stress

block depth from force equilibrium. Then, nominal
flexural strength is computed by moment
equilibrium.
- 47 -
BREAK!
If you are encountering technical difficulties, please call (847) 991-2700
- 48 -
24
Question and Answer Session
- 49 -
Example 3 – Flexural Strength of

T-Section (1)
A floor system consists of a 75-mm-thick concrete
slab supported by continuous T-beams of 8-m span,
1200 mm on centers. Web dimensions are bw = 300
mm and h = 500 mm. Tensile steel consists of 3 No.
25 bars at 460 mm from top of slab. Determine the
design flexural strength of the T-section. fc’ = 40
MPa, fy = 420 MPa.
- 50 -
25

T-Section (1)
1200
75
500 460
3 No. 25
300
- 51 -

T-Section (1)
Effective flange width ≤ ¼ span = 2000 mm
≤ bw+16hf = 300 +1200 =1500 mm
≤ bw + ½ clear distance to next web
= 300 + 900 = 1200 mm (governs)
As = 3x490 mm2 = 1470 mm2
- 52 -
26

T-Section (1)
0.85f’cabf = Asfy
0.85x40xax1200 = 1470x420
a = 15.1 mm < 75 mm
Therefore, rectangular section with b = bf
Mn = Asfy(d - a/2)
= 1470x420(460 – 15.1/2) = 279.3 kN-m
It can be easily shown that section is tension-
controlled
φMn = 0.9x279.3 = 251.4 kN-m
- 53 -

T-Section (2)
A floor system consists of a 75-mm-thick concrete
slab supported by continuous T-beams of 8-m span,
1200 mm on centers. Web dimensions are bw = 400
mm and h = 500 mm. Tensile steel consists of 10
No. 32 bars. The bars are in two layers, with a clear
distance of 25 mm between layers. The extreme
tension layer is at 460 mm from top of slab.
Determine the design flexural strength of the T-
section. fc’ = 40 MPa, fy = 420 MPa.
- 54 -
27

T-Section (2)
1200 hf/2 = 37.5
75 Asf
500 460 432

10 No. 32 As - Asf
Asf
400
- 55 -

T-Section (2)
d = 460 – 16 - 12.5 = 432 mm
It can be checked that effective flange width remains
1200 mm
a = Asfy/0.85fc’bf = 8040x420/(0.85x40x1200)
= 82.8 mm > 75 mm
Therefore, T-section analysis is required.
- 56 -
28

T-Section (2)
Asf = 0.85fc’(bf – bw)hf/fy = 0.85x40x800x75/420 = 4857
mm2
Mn1= Asfy(d-hf/2) = 4857x420(432-37.5)
= 804.8 kN-m
As – Asf = 8040 – 4857 = 3183 mm2
3183x420 = 0.85x40x400xa
a = 98 mm
Mn2 = 3183x420(432 – 98/2) = 512.0 kN-m
Mn = 804.8 +512.0 = 1317 kN-m
- 57 -
Analysis vs. Design
Analysis:
Given section including dimensions and
reinforcement and material strengths, determine
strength (nominal as well as design)
Design:
Given required strength (or information from which
required strength can be obtained through analysis)
and material strengths, determine section including
dimensions and reinforcement.
- 58 -
29
Balanced Strain Condition

εc 0.85f’c
a/2
cb a=β1cb Cb=0.85f’cab
d
Asb
Tb=Asbfy
εy
- 59 -
Balanced Strain Condition

Maximum strain at the extreme compression fiber of
concrete (εu) reaches 0.003 at the same time as the
tension reinforcement attains yield strain.
cb εu 0.003
= =
d εu + εy 0.003 + fy / 200,000
- 60 -
30
Maximum Reinforcement
Before Unified Design: 0.75Asb = ρbbdfy
ACI 10.3.5. Reinforcement strain (εt) at nominal

strength should be equal to or above 0.004 for
nonprestressed flexural members and
nonprestressed members with factored axial
compressive load less than 0.10f’cAg.
- 61 -
Previous code rule (0.75ρb) results in εt of 0.00376.

Current definition (εt = 0.004) provides more ductility
than previous code approach.
Figure from “Notes on ACI 318-08”

published by PCA
- 62 -
31
Minimum Reinforcement
Flexural members with small amounts of
reinforcement experience sudden failure as the
concrete strain at the extreme tension fiber exceeds
th modulus of rupture. To prevent this, minimum
reinforcement is specified in ACI 10.5.
- 63 -
ACI 10.5.1
1.4 bwd
As,min = 0.25 f’c bwd ≥ ACI Eq. (10-3)
fy fy
- 64 -
32
ACI 10.5.2
1.4 bwd
As,min = 0.25 f’c bwd ≥
fy fy
bw is replaced by either 2bw or the width of the

flange, whichever is smaller, for statically
determinate members with a flange in tension.
- 65 -
ACI 10.5.3
The requirements of ACI 10.5.1 and 10.5.2 are waived
when As provided is equal to or greater than
4/3As,required (As,required is obtained from analysis).
- 66 -
33
Distribution of Flexural Reinforcement

(Beams and One-Way Slabs)
Crack Control Reinforcement
ACI 10.6.4 Spacing of reinforcement closest to the
tension face:
280 280
s = 380 - 2.5cc < 300
fs fs
where
cc is the least distance from surface of
reinforcement or prestressing steel to the tension face
- 67 -

(Beams and One-Way Slabs)
Spacing s is the width of the extreme tension face if
only one bar wire is located near the extreme
tension face.
Reinforcement stress (fs) closest to the tension face is
computed based on unfactored moment. It is
permitted to take fs as 2/3fy.
- 68 -
34
ACI 10.6.7 Skin Reinforcement

Longitudinal skin reinforcement should be provided as
indicated below when the height of beam or joist (h)
is larger than 900 mm.
- Uniformly distributed on both side faces of the member

over h/2 from the tension face
- Spacing is determined by ACI 10.6.4
- Can be included in strength computation if the stresses
of skin bars are determined by stain compatibility
analysis
- 69 -
ACI 318M-08 Fig. R10.6.7

- 70 -
35
Beam Span
8.9.1 — Span length of members not built integrally

with supports shall be considered as the clear span
plus the depth of the member, but need not exceed
distance between centers of supports.
- 71 -
Beam Span
8.9.2 — In analysis of frames or continuous

construction for determination of moments, span
length shall be taken as the distance center-to-
center of supports.
- 72 -
36
Beam Span
8.9.3 — For beams built integrally with supports,

design on the basis of moments at faces of support
shall be permitted.
- 73 -
Beam Span
8.9.4 — It shall be permitted to analyze solid or ribbed

slabs built integrally with supports, with clear spans
not more than 3 m, as continuous slabs on knife
edge supports with spans equal to the clear spans
of the slab and width of beams otherwise neglected.
- 74 -
37
Deflection Control
9.5.1 — Reinforced concrete members subjected to

flexure shall be designed to have adequate stiffness
to limit deflections or any deformations that
adversely affect strength or serviceability of a
structure.
- 75 -
Deflection Control
9.5.2 — One-way construction (nonprestressed)

9.5.2.1 — Minimum thickness stipulated in Table 9.5(a)
shall apply for one-way construction not supporting or
attached to partitions or other construction likely to be
damaged by large deflections, unless computation of
deflection indicates a lesser thickness can be used
without adverse effects.
- 76 -
38
Deflection Control by Minimum

Depth
TABLE 9.5(a)—MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NONPRESTRESSED BEAMS
OR ONE-WAY SLABS UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE CALCULATED
Minimum thickness, h
Simply One end Both ends
Cantilever
supported continuous continuous
Member Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other
construction likely to be damaged by large deflections.
Solid one-
l/20 l/24 l/28 l/10
way slabs
Beams or
ribbed one- l/16 l/18.5 l/21 l/8
way slabs
- 77 -

Depth
Values given in Table 9.5(a) shall be used directly for
members with normal-weight concrete and Grade
420 reinforcement. For other conditions, the values
shall be modified as follows:
a) For lightweight concrete having equilibrium
density, wc, in the range of 1440 to 1840 kg/m3, the
values shall be multiplied by (1.65 − 0.0003wc) but
not less than 1.09.
b) For other than 420 MPa, the values shall be
multiplied by (0.4 + fy / 700).
- 78 -
39

Depth
When lightweight concrete is used with reinforcement
other than Grade 420, both factors should be used
simultaneously.
- 79 -
Deflection Control by Computation
9.5.2 — One-way construction (nonprestressed)

9.5.2.2 — Where deflections are to be computed,
deflections that occur immediately on application of load
shall be computed by usual methods or formulas for
elastic deflections, considering effects of cracking and
reinforcement on member stiffness.
- 80 -
40
Short-Term Deflection
Short-term deflections occur immediately after the
application of load on a structural member, and are
influenced by:
1. Magnitude and distribution of load
2. Member span and restraint conditions
3. Material Properties
4. Section properties
- 81 -

Member Stiffness
8.5 — Modulus of Elasticity
For 1440 kg/m3 ≤ wc ≤ 2560 kg/m3
Ec = wc1.50.043 fc’ (fc’ in MPa)
For normal-weight concrete, Ec can be taken as
Ec = 4700 fc’
based on wc = 2286 kg/m3
- 82 -
41

Moment of Inertia
Ma = Service moment
Ma
Icr
Mcr
Moment
Ig
Ie
∆short-term Deflection
- 83 -

Cracked Moment of Inertia
b εc
c
d N.A.
As
εy
EsAs/Ec
RC Section Strain Transformed

Distribution Concrete
Section
- 84 -
42

Cracked Moment of Inertia
Taking moment of areas about the neutral axis:
b.c.c/2 = (EsAs/Ec) × (d - c)
Solve for c
Icr = bc3/3 + (EsAs/Ec) (d – c)2
- 85 -

Effective Moment of Inertia
9.5.2.3
⎛M ⎞
3 ⎡ ⎛M ⎞
3⎤
Ie = ⎜⎜ cr ⎟⎟ Ig + ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ cr ⎟⎟ ⎥ Icr ……….(9.8)
⎝ Ma ⎠ ⎢ ⎝ Ma ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Where
Mcr = frIg/yt
fr = 0.62λ fc’
- 86 -
43

Effective Moment of Inertia
9.5.2.4 — For continuous members, Ie shall be
permitted to be taken as the average of values
obtained from Eq. (9-8) for the critical positive and
negative moment sections.
- 87 -
Long-Term Deflection
Long-term deflections occur under sustained loads
over a long period of time due to creep, shrinkage,
formation of new cracks, widening of old cracks,
etc.
- 88 -
44
Long-Term Deflection
Long-term deflections are influenced by:
1. Stresses in concrete
2. Amount of reinforcement
3. Curing conditions
4. Temperature and humidity
5. Age of concrete at the time of load application
6. Duration of loading
- 89 -
9.5.2.5 — Unless values are obtained by a more

comprehensive analysis, additional long-term
deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of
flexural members (of normal-weight or lightweight
concrete) shall be determined by multiplying the
immediate deflection, caused by the sustained
load considered, by the factor λ∆
- 90 -
45
ξ
λΔ =
1 + 50ρ'
where
ρ’ = Ratio of compression reinforcement
ξ = Time-dependent factor
= 2.0 for 5 years or more
= 1.4 for 12 months
= 1.2 for 6 months
= 1.0 for 3 months
- 91 -
9.5.2.6 — Deflection computed in accordance with

9.5.2.2 through 9.5.2.5 shall not exceed limits
stipulated in Table 9.5(b).
- 92 -
46
TABLE 9.5(b) — MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE COMPUTED DEFLECTIONS
Deflection to be
Type of member Deflection limitation
considered
Flat roofs not supporting
or attached to
Immediate deflection due
nonstructural elements l/180*
to live load L
likely to be damaged by
large deflections
Floors not supporting or
attached to nonstructural
Immediate deflection due
elements likely to be l/360
to live load L
damaged by large
deflections
- 93 -
TABLE 9.5(b) — MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE COMPUTED DEFLECTIONS
Deflection to be
Type of member Deflection limitation
considered
Roof or floor construction That part of the total
supporting or attached to deflection occurring after
nonstructural elements attachment of l/480 ‡
likely to be damaged by nonstructural elements
large deflections (sum of the long-term
Roof or floor construction deflection due to all
supporting or attached to sustained loads and the
nonstructural elements immediate deflection due l/240 §
not likely to be damaged to any additional live
by large deflections load).†
- 94 -
47
* Limit not intended to safeguard against ponding. Ponding

should be checked by suitable calculations of deflection,
including added deflections due to ponded water, and
considering long-term effects of all sustained loads,
camber, construction tolerances, and reliability of
provisions for drainage.
† Long-term deflection shall be determined in accordance
with 9.5.2.5 or 9.5.4.3, but may be reduced by amount
of deflection calculated to occur before attachment of
nonstructural elements. This amount shall be
determined on basis of accepted engineering data
relating to time deflection characteristics of members
similar to those being considered.
- 95 -
‡ Limit may be exceeded if adequate measures are taken

to prevent damage to supported or attached elements.
§ Limit shall not be greater than tolerance provided for

nonstructural elements. Limit may be exceeded if
camber is provided so that total deflection minus
camber does not exceed limit.
- 96 -
48
8.4 Redistribution of Moments

in Continuous Flexural Members
- 97 -

- 98 -
49
BREAK!
If you are encountering technical difficulties, please call (847) 991-2700
- 99 -
- 100 -
50

Permitted redistribution = 1000εt
Maximum = 20%
Minimum εt = 0.0075
- 101 -
Example 5 – Design of a Singly

Reinforced Beam
Design a simply supported beam of span = 7 m to
carry service load moments MD = 100 kN-m and live
load moment ML = 40 kN-m
fc’ = 40 MPa
fy = 420 MPa
- 102 -
51

Reinforced Beam
Calculate required strength
Mu = 1.4MD = 140 kN-m

Mu = 1.2MD + 1.6ML = 184 kN-m….. Governs
- 103 -

Reinforced Beam
Set beam depth and width
Beam span = 7 m
Minimum beam depth required by Section 9.5.2.1
= 7000/16 = 437.5 mm
Provide beam depth = 450 mm

Provide beam width = 300 mm
- 104 -
52

Reinforced Beam
Calculate approximate amount of reinforcement
Assume
No. 25 bars (25 mm diameter)
40 mm clear cover, and
Approximate moment arm = 0.9 times the effective
depth
φ = 0.9
- 105 -

Reinforced Beam
300 0.85f’c
c C=0.85f’cab
d
0.9d
As
40 mm T = Asfy
d = 450 – 40 – 12.5 – 25/2 = 385 mm

Approx. moment arm = 0.9d = 346.5 mm
- 106 -
53

Reinforced Beam
Required reinforcement area (approx.)

= Mu/ (φ x fy x moment arm)
= 184x106 /(0.9 x 420 x 346.5)
= 1405 mm2
Provide 3 No. 25 bars: As = 3 x 490 = 1470 mm2
- 107 -

Reinforced Beam
Calculate exact strength
d = 346.5 mm; b = 300 mm
As = 1470 mm2
the reinforcement:
0.85f’cab = Asfy
a = Asfy/0.85f’cb = 60.5 mm
- 108 -
54

Reinforced Beam
c = 60.5/0.76 = 79.6 mm

εs = 0.003 x (dt – c)/c = 0.012 > εy
- 109 -

Reinforced Beam
0.85f’c
a/2 Mn = Asfy (d – a/2)

C=0.85f’cab = 1470x420 (385 – 60.5/2)x10-6
d
= 219 kN-m
T = Asfy
- 110 -
55

Reinforced Beam
εs = 0.012 > 0.005
φ = 0.9
- 111 -

Reinforced Beam
φMn = 0.9 x 219 = 197 kN-m > Mu ……..OK
- 112 -
56

Reinforced Beam
Maximum reinforcement
εs = 0.012 > 0.004 ………..OK
Minimum reinforcement
0.25 fc '
As,min > bw d = 435 mm 2 ………….OK
fy
1.4bw d
> = 385 mm 2
fy
- 113 -

Reinforced Beam
Distribution of reinforcement
7.6.1 – Assuming 40 mm side covers, clear spacing betweens

bars
= [300 – 2x40 – 3x25]/2 = 72.5 mm > db
> 25 mm……… OK
- 114 -
57

Reinforced Beam
10.6.4 – Maximum spacing of reinforcement closest to the

tension face
⎛ 280 ⎞
s = 380⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 2.5cc = 248.75 mm
⎝ fs ⎠
⎛ 280 ⎞
< 300⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 300 mm
⎝ fs ⎠
where cc = 40 + 12.5 = 52.5 mm and fs = 2/3fy = 280 MPa
Provided spacing = 72.5 mm ……………OK
- 115 -
One-Way Slabs
Slabs supported along two opposite edges
- 116 -
58
One-Way Slabs
Slabs supported along all four edges but with length-

to-width ratio greater than 2.0
L/B > 2.0

L
- 117 -
One-Way Slabs
One-way slabs behave as a wide beam, bending

between two primary supports and having little or no
curvature in the other direction
- 118 -
59
One-Way Slabs
For design purposes, a one-way slab is considered

as a series of parallel beams that are identical to
one another
Each beam is a strip of slab of unit width
Each beam has a depth equal to the depth of the
slab
Beams span between the two supports of the slab
- 119 -
One-Way Slabs
One-way slab represented by a series of beams
- 120 -
60
One-Way Slabs
Design of the beam of unit width is carried out in the

same way as a regular RC beam
Uniformly distributed load on the slab is applied as a
force per unit length on the beam
Spacing of primary slab reinforcement is determined
from the amount of the steel required within the unit
width of the beam
- 121 -
One-Way Slabs
7.12.2.1 — Area of shrinkage and temperature

reinforcement shall provide at least the following
ratios of reinforcement area to gross concrete area,
but not less than 0.0014:
(a) Slabs where Grade 280 or 350 deformed bars
are used………… 0.0020
(b) Slabs where Grade 420 deformed bars or
welded wire reinforcement are used ............. 0.0018
- 122 -
61
One-Way Slabs
7.12.2.1 — Area of shrinkage and temperature

reinforcement shall provide at least the following
ratios of reinforcement area to gross concrete area,
but not less than 0.0014:
(c) Slabs where reinforcement with yield stress
exceeding 420 MPa measured at a yield strain of
0.35 percent is used..............0.0018 × 420/fy
- 123 -
One-Way Slabs
10.5.4 — For structural slabs and footings of uniform

thickness, As,min in the direction of the span shall be
the same as that required by 7.12.2.1. Maximum
spacing of this reinforcement shall not exceed three
times the thickness, nor 450 mm.
- 124 -
62
Example 4 – Design of a One-Way Slab
Determine required thickness and reinforcement for a

one-way slab continuous over four equal spans.
Clear span, ln = 7 m
fc’ = 40 MPa
fy = 420 MPa
Superimposed dead load, wsdl = 2.0 kN/m2
Live load, wL = 2.5 kN/m2
- 125 -
Determine required thickness
Clear span, ln = 7 m
Assuming widths of supporting beams as 300 mm,
total span of the slab, computed from center to
center of supports = 7 + 0.3 = 7.3 m
Minimum slab depth required by Section 9.5.2.1 for an

end span = 7300/24 = 304 mm
Provide slab thickness = 305 mm
- 126 -
63
Determine total factored load
Self weight = 0.305 x 2400 x 9.81x 10-3 = 7.2 kN/m2
Total dead load = 7.2 + 2.0 = 9.2 kN/m2
wu = 1.4wD = 12.88 kN/m2

= 1.2wD + 1.6wL = 15.04 kN/m2….. Governs
- 127 -

Use ACI 318 coefficients (Section 8.3.3)
Pre-conditions:
1. There are two or more spans ……..OK
2. Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two
adjacent spans not greater than the shorter by more
than 20 percent ………OK
3. Loads are uniformly distributed ………OK
4. Unfactored live load, L, does not exceed three times
unfactored dead load,D ……..OK
5. Members are prismatic ……………..OK
- 128 -
64

Use ACI 318 coefficients (Section 8.3.3)
Based on an end span and a strip of unit (1 m) width:
1. Positive moment at discontinuous end integral with support

= wuln2/14 = 52.64 kN-m
2. Negative moments at exterior face of first interior support

= wuln2/10 = 73.7 kN-m
……. Governs
- 129 -

Assume
No. 16 bars (16 mm diameter)
20 mm clear cover, and
Approximate moment arm = 0.9 times the effective
depth
φ = 0.9
d = 305 – 20 – 16/2 = 277 mm
Approx. moment arm = 0.9d = 249.3 mm
- 130 -
65
Required reinforcement area (approx.)

= Mu/ (φ x fy x moment arm)
= 73.7x106 /(0.9 x 420 x 249.3)
= 782 mm2 per every 1 m width
Provide No. 16 bars @ 250 mm o.c. (804 mm2/m)
- 131 -

d = 277 mm; b = 1000 mm
As = 804 mm2
the reinforcement:
0.85f’cab = Asfy
a = Asfy/0.85f’cb = 9.9 mm
- 132 -
66

c = 9.9/0.76 = 13 mm

εs = 0.003 x (d – c)/c = 0.061 > εy
- 133 -
0.85f’c
a/2 Mn = Asfy (d – a/2)

C=0.85f’cab = 804x420 (277 – 9.9/2)x10-6
d
= 91.86 kN-m
T = Asfy
- 134 -
67
εs = 0.061 > 0.005
φ = 0.9
- 135 -
φMn = 0.9 x 91.86 = 82.7 kN-m > Mu ……..OK
Provide No. 16 bars @ 250 o.c. (804 mm2/m) with 20

mm clear cover.
- 136 -
68
7.6.1 – Clear spacing betweens bars

= 250 - 16 = 234 mm > db
> 25 mm……… OK
- 137 -
10.6.4 – Maximum spacing of reinforcement closest to the

tension face
⎛ 280 ⎞
s = 380⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − 2.5cc = 330 mm
⎝ fs ⎠
⎛ 280 ⎞
< 300⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 300 mm
⎝ fs ⎠
where cc = 20 mm and fs = 2/3fy = 280 MPa
Provided spacing = 234 mm < s ……………OK
- 138 -
69
- 139 -
Thank You!!
For more information…
Chicago Main Office Southern California Office

334 East Colfax Street, Unit E 43 Vantis Drive
Palatine, IL 60067 Aliso Viejo, CA 92656
Phone: (847) 991-2700 Phone: (949) 249-3739
Fax: (847) 991-2702 Fax: (949) 249-3989
Email: skghoshinc@gmail.com Email: susandowty@gmail.com
- 140 -
70

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A web seminar series in cooperation with and under sponsorship of the

Department of Municipal Affairs, Emirate of Abu Dhabi, UAE

Reinforced Concrete Design

Part 3: Design of Beams and One-Way Slabs

334 East Colfax Street, Unit E 43 Vantis Drive

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN IN COMPLIANCE WITH

SKGA Web Seminar

Please stay tuned. We will be starting at

You will be able to listen to the seminar

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN IN

Part 3: Design of Beams and One-Way Slabs

Computation of nominal flexural strength of a beam

ACI Design Assumptions

1. Plane sections remain plane after bending

ACI Design Assumptions

2. Reinforcement in compression and tension

εs < εy (yielding strain)

ACI Design Assumptions

2. Reinforcement in compression and tension

ACI Design Assumptions

3. Concrete in Tension (10.2.5)

ACI Design Assumptions

4. Concrete in Compression (10.2.3)

ACI Design Assumptions

Concrete compressive strength (psi)

Figure from “Notes on ACI 318-08” published by PCA

ACI Design Assumptions

5. Nonlinear concrete compressive stress vs.

Concrete compressive strain, εu (in./in.)

ACI Design Assumptions

ACI 10.2.6: “The relationship between concrete

ACI Design Assumptions

Concrete compressive stress distribution can be

ACI Design Assumptions

6. Equivalent Rectangular Concrete Stress Block

ACI Design Assumptions

Rectangular stress block parameter, β1, is a function

f’c= 28 MPa f’c= 56 MPa

Nominal Flexural Strength

Computation of nominal flexural strength – singly

From force equilibrium,

Nominal Flexural Strength

Flexural strengths computed using the rectangular

Nominal Flexural Strength

Figure from “Notes on ACI 318-08” published by PCA

Unified Design Provisions

Unified Design Provisions

Unified Design Provisions

Unified Design Provisions

(Grade 420 MPa steel)

ACI 318M-08 Fig. R10.3.3

Strength Reduction Factors

Strength Reduction Factor

ACI 318M-08 Fig. R9.3.2

Design Strength = φ × Nominal Strength

φ = Strength reduction factor (≤1.0)

Example 1 - Flexural Strength of Singly

Example 1 - Flexural Strength of Singly

Example 1 - Flexural Strength of Singly

Example 1 – Flexural Strength of Singly

At nominal strength, strain in extreme compression

Example 1 - Flexural Strength of Singly