UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

AE3
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES-STRUCTURAL
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

TF 7:30 – 11:00 AM

ACTIVITY 01

DATE GIVEN: OCTOBER 30, 2020

DATE DUE: OCTOBER 30, 2020

DATE SUBMITTED: OCTOBER 30, 2020

REFERENCE/S:

• Working Stress Analysis for Concrete Beams | MATHalino. (2020). Retrieved 30 October 2020,
from https://mathalino.com/reviewer/reinforced-concrete-design/working-stress-analysis-concrete-
beams
• sharma, s. (2020). Balanced sections,under reinforced section and over reinforced section.
Retrieved 30 October 2020, from https://civilengineering.blog/2017/11/14/balanced-sections-
under-reinforced-section-over-reinforced-section/#Characteristic_strength
• I. (2020). Reinforced Concrete Mechanics I. Retrieved 30 October 2020, from
http://engmechanics.blogspot.com/p/reinforced-concrete-mechanics.html
•

STUDENT: TABINAS, LEMUEL KIM

INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. ZANDHRA FRETZIE BANDONG

Part 01: Mechanics of Concrete
 MECHANICS OF REINFORCED CONRETE

In this section, the behavior and basics of reinforced concrete under loads will
be discussed. This section will also discuss designing a member by varying the
cross sectional area and the amount of reinforcement. ACI 318 equations and
provisions will be used.
1. Concrete structural
2. Flexure Analysis
a. Singly reinforced beam
b. Doubly reinforced beam
c. T beam
3. Flexure Design
4. Shear
5. Bond Development
6. Combined loading (Columns)

Allowable Stresses for Concrete

1. Flexure
Extreme fiber stress in compression 0.45f′c0.45fc′
2. Shear
Beams and one-way slabs and footings:
Shear carried by concrete, vcvc 0.09f′c−−√0.09fc′
Maximum shear carried by concrete plus
0.38f′c−−√0.38fc′
shear reinforcement, vcvc
Joists:
Shear carried by concrete, vcvc 0.09f′c−−√0.09fc′
Two-way slabs and footings:
Shear carried by concrete, vcvc but not
112(1+2/βc)f′c−−√112(1+2/βc)fc′
greater than 16f′c−−√16fc′
3. Bearing on loaded area 0.3f′c
Concrete Structural Properties

Concrete is a material used for its compressive strength. The point of reinforcing
a concrete member is to allow the reinforcement assume tensile requirements in
a member, limit cracking and confine the core (shear and torsion). I'll explain
these phenomena when necessary.

We denote the compressive strength of concrete by (f'c) which can range

anywhere from 2000 psi to 10000+psi (or 2ksi to 10 ksi). We'll also use the notation
(fy) for the yield strength of steel, which is 60000 psi or 60 ksi. Lets pretend we
have a little reinforced column that we want to crush, we have to add the
strength of the reinforcement to the concrete strength. All we do is compare a
ratio of the steel's elasticity modulus to the concrete modulus and make
an equivalent section:

Where N is the ratio of the moduli of elasticity (concrete vs. steel). N is usually 8.

Going to the modulus of rupture (fr), this is, essentially, the tensile strength of
concrete. When the modulus of rupture is reached in the extreme tensile face
of a concrete member, the member cracks. If the member is not reinforced, it
will crack through the cross section and cause failure. If the beam is reinforced,
the crack will propagate to the neutral axis of the equivalent cracked
section. The moment that causes cracking is called the cracking
moment. Look:

If (usually) the beam is found to be cracked follow the below procedure to

determine the neutral axis (kd).

Flexure
Since concrete has such a low tensile capacity (strength), it permissible to
neglect any tensile resistance in a member. That means, for a concrete
member in flexure, the capacity is dependent on the moment created by the
couple (forces acting in opposite directions with a distance between them) of
the concrete in compression and the reinforcement in tension.
So, what are the allowable values for concrete and the reduction safety
factors? Well, ACI 318 only allows for concrete calculations to use 85% of the
actual concrete strength (.85f'c). However analyze a members moment
capacity based off the yield strength of the reinforcement bars. For tension
controlled sections the reduction factor (phi) = .9. Note that the term ( B1) is
used, its value is .85 for a concrete strength of .85 and reduces by .05 for
ever increase of 1000 psi.

Singly reinforced Beam Analysis

To analyze a singly reinforced beam's flexural capacity (Mn), use the following
process:
Flexure Analysis
Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis
To analyze doubly reinforced beams, use the following procedure:
T-Beam Analysis
Flexure Design

I've already introduced the important concepts regarding strength reduction

(safety, phi) factors in the previous section. Design is an iterative process, keep
this in mind. If you first don't succeed, try bigger values (b and d). Check out
this guide for singly reinforced beam design:

Note that a phi value of .9 is used because the section is designed to be tension
controlled. This means that the tension reinforcement yields before the
concrete crushes.
Doubly reinforced beam design is very tedious and complicated, and usually
involves many iterations to meet ACI specifications. I could have also included
slab and doubly reinforced T-Beam design, however, one way slab design is
really easy (it is similar to singly reinforced flexure design). I will likely include
these in the future. If there is any other flexure topics you would like me to
cover, feel free to ask.

Shear
Shear is a completely new topic. Shear capacity of a member is dependent on
the shear capacity of the beam's cross section. The capacity of the cross
section to handle design shear may not be sufficient. For this reason we may
need shear reinforcement. Shear reinforcement maintains the homogeneity of
a member by stopping shear cracks from propagating through a large amount
of the beam.
The shear capacity (Vc) of a cross section is dependent on the cross-section's
area and the tensile capacity of a beam (related to √f'c). The shear capacity is
ultimately based on experimental results, the best fit equation for shear capacity
and the design equation are:
For a member experiencing compression, use:

Here is the shear design procedure in accordance with ACI provisions:

Bond Development

So, what is bond? Well, if we want to get all the moment capacity we've been
calculating in the previous sections we need to ensure that there is enough
length and "friction" (bond) between the reinforcing bars and the concrete.

At the end of the day we need a certain length of bar past our critical point
(the place of maximum moment, and, thus the maximum force being applied
to the rebar). This is called the development length, and it is a function of the
concrete tensile strength, rebar yield strength, rebar coating (epoxy), concrete
cover, spacing, transverse reinforcement, and reinforcement placement. Yes,
this equation is going to get complicated quick, remember, it is just an
equation. Here is the mega bond development equation (discovered from our
very own, University of Kansas!):

The bond development equation is pretty cool, but how does one apply
it? Well, this is where you have to be familiar with the ACI Code. In the code
there is a great illustration in section 12, the bond section, that shows you
everything you need to know about development lengths. There are a ton of
bond provisions and requirements to be made, reference the code when in
question.

A lot of the time there is not enough room in a structure to implement the entire
development length, this is why hooks were developed. Simply put, a hook has
a shorter bond development length; this is its advantage. The two most
common hooks are the 90 degree and 180 degree hooks, here are the code
provisions for bend diameters and development lengths:

There really is a ton to talk about in bond development. Without getting into
super ACI provisional talk, I hope I gave you a gist of what is going on with bond
development. The best thing you can do with regards to learning bond
development is getting to know ACI 318 section 12.
Combined loading (Columns)

Combined loading is the situation in which a member is experiencing axial

(compression) loading and bending. This situation is pretty neat, remember how
concrete preforms poorly in tension? The following diagram explains how a a
column functions under combing loading:

The above diagram demonstrates how a compressive axial force adds only
compressive stress to the column. The non-linear behavior of concrete benefits
from this phenomena because the axial force shifts the neutral axis up, which
allows more concrete to be in compression and reduces the reinforcement
tensile stress. Lets look at the design axial force for a short column:
 This example is obvious, of course the design axial capacity is going to be
dependent on the are of reinforcement and the concrete area (along with the
reduction factors).
So, we know that concrete favors compression. If we combine the effects of
steel reinforcement and the concrete under compression, we should get some
type of interaction curve that favors compression. The interaction curve should
be a function of the axial compression, bending moment, concrete material
properties, the depth of reinforcement and the gross reinforcement ratio. The
relationship is as such:

The chart is clearly labeled to describe the states of the reinforcement in the
column. At the top, where the axial load is the greatest and there is little
bending, all reinforcement is experiencing compression. Zone 2 is a transition
zone where the tensile steel is at less that half the yield strength. In zone 3, the
tensile steel is under high stress.
How can we design a column? Well, we need a better diagram with measured
inputs and reduction factors (a reduced curve). The graph must also have a
factor for reinforcement depth, gross reinforcement and reinforcement
pattern. Here is the graph and design procedure (design graph taken
from Design of Concrete Structures, Volume 8, Dr. David Darwin, Nilson, Dolan):
Part 02: Transformed Sections
 Balanced Sections, Under Reinforced Section and Over
Reinforced Section

Balanced sections,under reinforced section and over reinforced section

Balanced Sections
A balanced sections is that in which stress in concrete and steel reach their
permissible value at the same time. This means that stress diagram is as
shown in Fig. 2.6(b). The percentage of steel corresponding to this section is
called as balanced steel and the neutral axis is called as critical neutral
axis n c

For a balanced sections, the moment of resistance is calculated as under :

Under Reinforced Section

In an under reinforced section, the percentage of steel provided is less
than that provided in balanced section. So the actual neutral axis will shift
upwards i.e., n c > n as shown in Fig. 2.6(c). In under reinforced section, the
stress in steel first reaches it permissible value, while the concrete is under
stressed. The moment of resistance of this section is calculated as

The various features of under reinforced section are as follows :

(i) Steel is fully stressed while concrete not (i.e., stress in steel is
σ st (permissible) but stress in concrete is less than σ cbc
(ii) The actual neutral axis lies above the critical neutral axis (n <
n c ).
(iii) The percentage of steel is less than the balanced section
hence the section is economical.
(iv) Ductile failure.
(v) The moment of resistance is less than balanced section.

In under reinforced section, the failure is ductile because steel fails first and
sufficient warning is given before collapse. Due to ductile failure and
economy, the under-reinforced sections are preferred by designers.

Over Reinforced Section

In an over reinforced section the percentage of steel provided is greater

than the balanced section. So the actual neutral axis shift downward i.e.,
n>n c [Fig. 2.6(d)]. In this section, stress in concrete reaches its permissible
value while steel is not fully stressed. Concrete is brittle and it fails by
crushing suddenly. As steel is not fully utilised, the over reinforced section is
uneconomical (steel is much costlier than concrete). The various features
of over reinforced s section are :

(i) Concrete is fully stressed while steel is not (i.e., the stress in concrete
is at its permissible value σ cbc but stress in steel is less than σ st ).
(ii) The actual neutral axis is below the critical neutral axis i.e., n > n c.
(iii) The percentage of steel is more than the balanced section, so
the section is uneconomical.
(iv) Sudden failure.
(v) The moment of resistance of over-reinforced section is calculated as
A beam bends under bending moment, resulting in a small curvature. At
the outer face (tensile face) of the curvature the concrete experiences
tensile stress, while at the inner face (compressive face) it experienc es
compressive stress.