Immunology Advanced Lecture 1

Immunology Advanced Lecture 1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_52zpt4
1. Innate ____________ immunity is the ability of

the body to resist infection by naturally
occurring systems.
- non-specific (not developed to a specific

antigen).
- does not require prior exposure.
- and can be affected by nutrition, age,
fatigue, stress and genetics.
2. Acquired __________________ immunity or is

antigen specific, has a memory response
from prior exposure, and reactions to ex-
posure increases with subsequent expo-
sures.
3. Acute Phase Reactants ____________________ are normal

serum constituents that increase rapidly
by at least 25% due to infection, injury, or
trauma.
4. External defenses _________________________ are de-

signed to keep micro-organisms from en-
tering the body.
Structural barriers such as unbroken skin,
mucous membranes, normal body flora.
Chemical protection - acidic pH of the
stomach and sweat.
5. Internal Defenses ____________________- both cells and

soluble factors play essential roles in this
defense mechanism. It is designed to rec-
ognize proteins that are unique to infec-
tious organisms.
6. CRP - C Reactive Protein What is this acute phase reactant?
Opsonization and complement activa-
1 / 14
tion. It acts as a nonspecific antibody and
coats foreign particles.
7. 1. CRP List the acute phase reactants.

2. Complement-C3
3. mannose binding protein
4. Serum amyloid A
5. Alpha 1-Antitrypsin
6. Haptoglobin
7. Fibrinogen
8. Ceruloplasmin
8. Toll Like Receptors-TLRs _____________________ - receptors on

WBC's that each receptor recognizes a
different MICROBIAL PRODUCT. Once
the receptor binds to its particular sub-
stance, phagocytosis can be stimulated
and inflammation.
9. Dendritic cells ___________________ - Called this be-

cause they resemble nerve cell dendrites
- their main function is to phagocytize anti-
gen and present it to helper T cells.
10. internal Phagocytosis is the process of engulf-

ment of cells or particulate matte by
leukocytes, macrophages and other cells.
This process destroys most of the for-

eign invaders that enter the body and
is the most important function of the
______________ defense system.
11. Chemotaxis _____________________ - brings

WBCs to the site of infection.
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They are signal proteins that become

more concentrated the closer they are to
the site of infection. The cells follow the
molecules.
12. Diapedesis ________________ - WBCs cross vessel

wall into tissues and bind to receptors -
induce inflammation and begin phagocy-
tosis.
13. 1. physical contact between the What are the 4 main phagocytic steps?
WBC and the foreign particle.
2. Formation of a phagosome.
3. fusion with cytoplasmic gran-

ules to form a phagolysosome.
4. digestion and release of de-

bris to the outside.
14. Inflammation __________________ is the overall re-

action of the body to injury or invasion
by an infectious agent. Both cellular and
humoral mechanisms are involved.
3 / 14
15. 1. Redness What are the 4 clinical symptoms of in-

2. Swelling flammation?
3. Heat
4. Pain
16. 1. increased blood supply to the In inflammation, what are the 4 changes
infected area. that follow chemical mediators?
2. increased capillary permeabil-

ity caused by retraction of en-
dothelial cells lining the vessels.
3. Migration of WBCs, mainly

neutrophils from the capillaries
to the surrounding tissue.
4. Migration of macrophages to
the injured area.
17. Cytokines ________________ are signaling pro-

teins - cell messengers produced by
monocytes and macrophages at the sites
of inflammation. They regulate the im-
mune system response.
18. Interleukins ________________ are cytokines pro-

duced by WBCs that affect the INFLAM-
MATORY process.
19. IL-1 ²
4 / 14
___________ causes fever, activation
of phagocytes, and production of acute
phase proteins.
20. IL-6 ___________- causes acute phase reac-

tants to release.
21. TNF-± _______________ mediates cytotoxic

and inflammatory effects, triggered by
gram negative bacteria and lipopolysac-
charides.
22. IL-1 _________________- proinflammatory

cytokines produced by MONOCYTES
and MACROPHAGES, may be induced
by presence of microbial pathogens, bac-
terial lipopolysaccharides (gram -), or oth-
er cytokines.
23. IL-1 _________ induces fever- acute phase

reactants and stimulates IL-2 production
- important in acquired immunity.
24. IL-2 ______________ - T cell activation, pro-

liferation, and growth, known as T cell
growth factor.
25. IL-2 _________ alone activates the prolifera-

tion of TH2 cells. It also drives growth and
differentiation of both T and B cells and
induces lytic activity of NK cells. IL2 and
TFN-³induce development of TH1 cells.
26. IL-1 _____________ is produced by APC

(macrophages) that stimulates T helper
cells to activate.
5 / 14
27. IL-4 ____________ regulates TH2 immune

activities, it is expressed on lymphs
and on nonhematopoietic cells (non-stem
cell).
It is responsible for B cell activation, pro-

liferation and growth , and also growth
and differentiation of Mast cells and IgE
production.
28. IL 4 and IL6 What two interleukens from TH2 stimulate

differentiation of B cells?
29. IL-5 __________ - growth and differentiation

of eosinophils.
30. IL-6 ___________ - release of this interleukin

is triggered by IL-1 and it plays an impor-
tant role in ACUTE PHASE reactions and
the adaptive immune response.
31. IL-10 ____________- has anti-inflammatory

and suppressive effects on TH1 cells. It
downregulates the expression of Th1 cy-
tokines.
It also enhances B cell survival, prolifera-

tion, and antibody production.
32. IL-12 ___________ - It stimulates the produc-

tion of IFN-³from T cells and NK cells.
33. IL-12 and IL-15 What two interleukins aid in the develop-
ment and activation of NK Cells?
34. IFN ±and ² What two cytokines interfere with viral

replication produced by dendritic cells
and induce production of proteins that di-
rectly interfere with viral replication?
6 / 14
They also activate NK cells to target viral-

ly infected cells.
35. IFN ³ __________ - Produced by TH1 cells,

it regulates many of the proteins that
are used to regulate CD4, CD8, TH1,
macrophages, and NK cells.
Immuno regulation, anti-viral. Enhances

immune response.
It also stimulated antigen presentation by

MHC I and II.
It is a strong stimulator of macrophages

and boosts their tumoricidal activity.
36. TNF-± ____________- induces lysis of tumor

cells and causes vasodilation and vasop-
ermeability.
The production of this cytokine is stimu-

lated by the presence of lipopolysaccha-
rides found in gram negative bacteria.
This cytokine can cause a drop in blood

pressure, DIC and shock.
37. Chemokines _________________ - a family of cy-

tokines which enhance motility and pro-
mote chemotaxis.
38. CD 2 List the CD markers for T cells.

CD 3
7 / 14
CD 4 (helper only)
CD 5
CD 8 (cytotoxic and supressor)
39. CD 19 List the CD markers for B cells.

CD 20
CD 21
CD 22
40. Interferons (IFNs) ________________ are a group of sig-

naling proteins made and released by
host cells in response to the presence
of several pathogens, such as viruses,
bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells.
They are named for their ability to "inter-

fere" with viral replication by protecting
cells from virus infections.
41. 1. Foreignness List the properties promoting antigenicity

2. Molecular size- >10 kilodal- and immune response.
tons
3. Complexity of the molecule
4. Epitope diversity
5. Dosage
6. Route and timing of adminis-
tration
42. lipids and nucleic acids Complexity of the molecule - proteins and
polysaccharides are the best immuno-
gens.
CHOs are low immunogens, _________

and _____________ are NOT immuno-
genic.
43. Active ___________________ immunity- is per-

manent and is acquired by contracting the
disease or a vaccination.
8 / 14
44. Passive ____________________ immunity is
temporary and comes from being given
antibodies to fight disease for you such
as Rhogam or HBig-hepatitis B immune
globulin.
45. 1. IFN ³ List the acquired immunity cytokines.

2. TNF-²
3. IL-2
4. IL-4
5. IL-5
46. Bone marrow and thymus Name the primary lymph organs.
47. Spleen, lymph nodes, MALT, and Name the secondary lymph organs.
CALT
48. Filtration _____________ is the main function of

the lymph system. The lymph fluid flows
slowly through spaces called sinuses,
which are lined with macrophages, creat-
ing an ideal location for phagocytosis.
49. The spleen filters antigens in Which organ filters the blood and which
the blood stream and the lymph organ filters for the tissues?
nodes filters fluid from the tis-
sues.
50. 1. T-cells List the three cells of the immune system.

2. B-Cells
3. NK cells
51. TH1 _____________cells produce IFN y and

TNF-beta which protect cells against IN-
TRACELLULAR pathogens. Cellular im-
munity.
9 / 14
52. TH2 ____________cells produce IL-4, IL-5,

IL-10, and IL13- the essential role of
these cells is to help B cells pro-
duce antibody against EXTRACELLU-
LAR pathogens. Humoral immunity.
53. CD8 Cytotoxic T cells ___________________ destroy virus-in-

fected cells and tumor cells, and are also
implicated in transplant rejection.
54. CD 8 T suppressor cells ___________________- help suppress

CD8 cytotoxic T cells when an infection is
winding down.
55.
10 / 14
T regulatory cells (CD4 and ___________________ play an impor-
CD25) tant role in suppressing the immune re-
sponse to self-antigens.
56. T memory cells _________________ have a higher affin-

ity for a previous antigen than an unstim-
ulated T cell.
57. blasts B cells are in the spleen, lymph nodes, or

other secondary organs.
Once activated they transform into

_______________ which will become ei-
ther plasma cells or memory cells.
58. B plasma cells _______________________ make anti-

bodies to attack foreign antigens.
59. B memory cells ________________ hang around and

can respond to future antigen stimulation
by making antibodies much quicker and
with higher intensity.
60. NK __________ cells are lymphs which lack

both markers to be a T cell or B cell.
They have the ability to mediate cytolytic

reactions and kill target cells without prior
exposure to them.
61. IL-12, INF-³,and IFN-². NK cell activity is stimulated by what 3

cytokines?
11 / 14
62. NK ________ cells kill by recognizing cells
which lack MHC and by attacking cells
coated with antibodies. Any target cell
bound with IgG can be destroyed.
63. Soluble complement compo- List the MHC Class III components.
nents, C2, C4, and factor B.
64. CD8 and T cytotoxic cells MHCI molecules react with CD ___ cells
and T ___ cells..
65. CD4 and T helper cells (Th1 and MHCII molecules react with CD___ cells
Th2) and T____ cells.
66. Antigen presenting cells present What is an APC - antigen presenting cell
antigens to the MHC molecules. and list 4 types.
There are Macrophages, Dendrit-

ic cells, B cells and T cells.
67. They phagocytize the foreign What is the function of a Dendritic cell?
antigens and present it to the
T cells to initiate the acquired
immune response. They are the
most potent phagocytic cell in
the tissue.
68. TH1 - IFN³is the principal mole- Which cytokines are produced by TH1
cule produced by TH1 cells, also and TH2 cells and what is their main func-
produced IL-2. tion?
IFN³activates NK cells, IL-2 ac-

tivate Macrophages and Tcyto
cells.
TH2 - IL-4, IL6, IL10. IL4 and

IL6 activate B cells to plasma
cells, IL10- limits the cellular re-
sponse.
12 / 14
69. Dendritic cells produce IL-12 What is the function of IL-12 in relation-
which activates NK cells. ship to Dendritic cells?
70. Treg cells are CD4, CD25 and What are the functions of T regulatory
play a key role in establishing cells?
tolerance to graft, tumor and self
tissue. They are responsible for
inducing IL-10 and TGF-².
TGF-²down regulates the func-

tion of APCs and leads to down
regulation of the immune re-
sponse and prevention of chron-
ic inflammation.
71. IL-10 _____________- this cytokine inhibits

IFN-y production by suppressing IL-12
synthesis.
72. IL-12 ___________- is produced by dendritic

cells in response to stimuli such as bac-
teria and viruses. This cytokine binds to
naive T cells and causes development of
TH 1.
This cytokine also increases the cytolytic

ability of NK cells.
73. IFN ³and TNF- ± What are the main cytokines that NK pro-
duce?
74. T regulatory cells (CD4 and ________________________-are re-

CD25) sponsible for inducing IL-10 and TGF-B.
IL-10 inhibits proinflammatory cytokines

and APCs.
TGF-B (not to be confused with TNF-B)

down regulates the function of APCs and
leads to down regulation of the immune
13 / 14
response and prevention of CHRONIC in-
flammation.
75. TNF-² __________-its presence has been

shown to help prevent tumor growth and
destroy cancerous cell lines.
It is made from TH1 and it affects

macrophages, T cyto cells, and NK cells.
It helps them kill tumors cells.
14 / 14

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Immunology Advanced Lecture 1

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_52zpt4

1. Innate ____________ immunity is the ability of

- non-specific (not developed to a specific

2. Acquired __________________ immunity or is

3. Acute Phase Reactants ____________________ are normal

4. External defenses _________________________ are de-

5. Internal Defenses ____________________- both cells and

6. CRP - C Reactive Protein What is this acute phase reactant?

Opsonization and complement activa-

7. 1. CRP List the acute phase reactants.

8. Toll Like Receptors-TLRs _____________________ - receptors on

9. Dendritic cells ___________________ - Called this be-

10. internal Phagocytosis is the process of engulf-

This process destroys most of the for-

11. Chemotaxis _____________________ - brings

They are signal proteins that become

12. Diapedesis ________________ - WBCs cross vessel

3. fusion with cytoplasmic gran-

4. digestion and release of de-

14. Inflammation __________________ is the overall re-

15. 1. Redness What are the 4 clinical symptoms of in-

2. increased capillary permeabil-

3. Migration of WBCs, mainly

17. Cytokines ________________ are signaling pro-

18. Interleukins ________________ are cytokines pro-

20. IL-6 ___________- causes acute phase reac-

21. TNF-± _______________ mediates cytotoxic

22. IL-1 _________________- proinflammatory

23. IL-1 _________ induces fever- acute phase

24. IL-2 ______________ - T cell activation, pro-

25. IL-2 _________ alone activates the prolifera-

26. IL-1 _____________ is produced by APC

27. IL-4 ____________ regulates TH2 immune

It is responsible for B cell activation, pro-

28. IL 4 and IL6 What two interleukens from TH2 stimulate

29. IL-5 __________ - growth and differentiation

30. IL-6 ___________ - release of this interleukin

31. IL-10 ____________- has anti-inflammatory

It also enhances B cell survival, prolifera-

32. IL-12 ___________ - It stimulates the produc-

34. IFN ±and ² What two cytokines interfere with viral

They also activate NK cells to target viral-

35. IFN ³ __________ - Produced by TH1 cells,

Immuno regulation, anti-viral. Enhances

It also stimulated antigen presentation by

It is a strong stimulator of macrophages

36. TNF-± ____________- induces lysis of tumor

The production of this cytokine is stimu-

This cytokine can cause a drop in blood

37. Chemokines _________________ - a family of cy-

38. CD 2 List the CD markers for T cells.

39. CD 19 List the CD markers for B cells.

40. Interferons (IFNs) ________________ are a group of sig-

They are named for their ability to "inter-

41. 1. Foreignness List the properties promoting antigenicity

CHOs are low immunogens, _________

43. Active ___________________ immunity- is per-

45. 1. IFN ³ List the acquired immunity cytokines.

48. Filtration _____________ is the main function of

50. 1. T-cells List the three cells of the immune system.

51. TH1 _____________cells produce IFN y and