SUGAR LEVEL COMPARISON OF COCONUT FRUIT

(COCOS NUCIFERA) VERSUS COMMERCIAL SODA

A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty of
Don Manuel Rivera Memorial Integrated National High School
Don Manuel Rivera Subdivision,
Brgy. Bulilan Sur, Pila, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject of
Research II in Special Science for Secondary

JETHRO D. SUERO
MHERIEL S. GUBAN
CINDY A. PEJANA
VON ANDRIE H. DIEGO

2022
 CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
Children nowadays prefer soda then water, making them more
susceptible to illness and disease. Most children prefer sodas to quench their
thirst. The children’s affinity for these drinks stems from their fondness for
sweets like chocolate. Sugar which is abundant in most sodas, creates an
immediate release of dopamine, which leads to psychological dependence, or
addiction. This has numerous effect on the bodies of the children that
consume the beverage.
Since the 1940s, global soda consumption has been steadily
increasing. Along with growing consumerism, our society has seen increase in
illness and disease, soft drinks contain a number of harmful substances
connected to systemic disorders like obesity, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis,
depression anxiety, kidney failure, cirrhosis, and cardiovascular disease which
are just a few of the conditions that can affect people,(S. Biggs, Et.
Al, 2017).
These disorders present themselves in ways like Candidiasis, burning
mouth and tongue, Xerostomia leading to dental caries, Hyperplasia,
Abscesses, bone loss, tooth mobility, tooth loss, Aphthous ulcers, Bruxims,
Crusted dermatitis, and Periodontal disease, among other. These systemic
and oral diseases can have a significant and perhaps life-altering impact on a
person’s quality of life, (Leis-keeling, 2010).
This prompted the researchers to conduct a study and develop an
alternative beverage which is made up of the coconut fruit (Cocos Nucifera)
that is environment friendly, safe, more affordable than standard quality
products, and can be found almost anywhere as well as be turned into
commercial products.
Background of the study
The coconut tree (Cocos Nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family
(Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus cocos.The term
“Coconut” (or the archaic “Coconut”) can be refer to the whole palm, the seed
or the fruit. The name comes from the old Portuguese word coco, meaning
“Head” or “Skull”, after the three indentations on the coconut shell the
resemple facial features. They are Unbiquitious is coastal tropical regions and
cultural icon of the tropics. The coconut tree provides Food, Fuel,
Comsmetics, Folk Medicine, and Building Materials, Among many other uses.
(Wikipedia)
At this time children prefer to drink sodas rather than anything else
cause of the soda’s high sugar and combined caffeine. “When consumed
regularly, people often stard rely on caffeine to increase attentiveness,
alertness and energy” according to Msora-Kasago. This makes the children
susceptible to catching illness and diseases.
Sodas make growing contribution to the diet of children and
adolescents. The number of soft drinks consumed, especially carbonated soft
drinks, increases with age and accounts for the largest single food
contribution to non-milk extrinsic sugar intake among young people around
the world (Burniat et al.. 2002). One prospective study has reported a positive
association between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and obesity in
548 children aged 11 or 12 over 19 months of follow up (Ludwig et al., 2001).
It found that each sugared soft drinks the children consumed each day inched
their BMI up by 0.18 points. If they increased their daily soft 60% more likely
to become obese, regardless of how many sodas they were drinking before.
The goal is to convince the children to lessen the drinking of sodas and
prefer to drink healthy beverages like coconut fruit as an alternative beverage.
Theoretical Framework
According to E.B.C Lima, C.N.S Sousa and S.M.M Vasconcelos that
the coconut fruit (Cocos Nucifera) have many Concituents/Drug/Medicines
such as Antihelmintic, Anti-inflammatory, Antinociceptive, Antioxidant, Anti-
fungal, Antimicrobial an Antitumor Activities.
Making that the Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) is indeed better than market
Soda/Commercial.

Conceptual Framework
In the present research the main focus of the investigation is to
convince the children to lessen the drinking of sodas and prefer to drink
healthy beverage like Coconut Fruit (Cocos Nucifera) as an alternative
beverage. As shown on the research paradigm
Figure 1
On the other hand the dependent variable (DV) gave an idea of the
qualities need for researcher made Coconut Fruit (Cocos Nucifera) as an
alternative beverage to prevent young people into drinking unhealthy
beverage.

Research Paradigm
The Dependent variable (DV) relies on the Independent variable (IV) it
is shown by an arrow pointing from IV to DV. The effectiveness on the
Nutrients,Vitamins and Duration will depend on the Coconut Fruit (Cocos
Nucifera) as an beverage.

IV DV

DEPENDENT
INDEPENDENT
VARIBLE
VARIABLE

Acceptability
Sugar Level Comparison of
 Taste
coconut fruit (Cocos Nucifera)
 Appearance
versus commercial soda
Effectiveness
 Vitamins
 Duration
Statement Of The Problem
This study aimed at convincing young people to drink healthy
beverages like Coconut Fruit (Cocos Nucifera) and not to drink unhealthy
beverages like sodas and other unhealthy beverages.
Specially, it intended to answer the following questions
1.What are some of the reasons that Coconut fruit as alternative beverage is
healthy?
2.What are the benefits of Coconut Fruit as an alternative beverage?
3.What are the side effects of drinking soda as to its:
3.1 Acid
3.2 Sugar
3.3 Nutrients

Hypothesis

Coconut Fruit (Cocos Nucifera) does not give high sugar level
compared to Commercial Soda

Significance of the study

This study determined the effect of Coconut Fruit (Cocos Nucifera) will
help the children to drink coconut juice to lessen the drinking of sodas and
prefer to drink healthy beverages like Coconut Fruit as an Alternative
Beverage.

Children
The benefits of coconut water for kids are numerous; it keeps them
hydrated while boosting their energy levels. Coconut has not been known to
cause any harmful effects in children. Its antimicrobial properties help promote
a healthy digestive system and skin while preventing urinary tract infections.

Scroll through this post to learn more about the goodness of Coconut Water
for children, how to choose the best coconuts, and how much coconut water
children can consume.
People with Diseases

Safe to say that Coconut Fruit (Cocos Nucifera) protects not one but
multiple internal organs, including the heart. Coconut Fruit (Cocos Nucifera)
consumption has direct ties with cholesterol.Also, its can manage elevated
blood pressure and reduce the excess triglyceride levels in the blood stream,
both of which have poor impacts on cardiovascular health.

Daily or occasional drinking of Coconut Fruit (Cocos Nucifera) has

directly impacts the production of high-density lipoprotein in the bloodstream,
thereby protecting the heart in the long run.

Parents

Drinking Coconut Fruit (Cocos Nucifera) can be part of a healthy diet

as it helps you to stay hydrated while being low calories and being free of fats
and cholesterol

Scope and Limitation

The researcher conducted a research entitled "Sugar Level
Comparison of Coconut Fruit(Cocos Nucifera) versus Commercial Soda, the
research reveals the importance of drinking coconut fruit compared to sodas,
it shows how it is helpful to the students health.
This research will have a big impact on the students health, students
must be conscious of everything they will eat or drink at their young age, by
studying this they will have an idea about it.
The sugar level of foods and drinks the people take should be limited.
The school canteen where the students buy their basic food should provide
healthy snacks and drinks.

Definition of Terms
In order to have clearer understanding of thesis the following terminologies
are hereby defined:
Coconut fruit Have a highly nutritious unlike many other fruits that are
high in carbs, coconuts provide mostly fat.
Coconut Water is a drink that can help children who drink soda and
people with diseases like diabetes
 Coconut as one of the benefits of eating coconut, it can help with
weight loss in a healthy way
Palm Tree is a member of the palm tree family (Arecaceae) and the
only living species of the genus Cocos.
Sugar Level is the amount of glucose in the blood. Glucose is a sugar
that comes from the foods we eat.
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the
researcher considered in strengthening the importance of the present study. It
also presents the synthesis of the art to fully understand the research for
better comprehension of the study.

Related Literature

Definition
The coconut is an edible fruit that grows on the coconut palm (Cocos
nucifera), a palm tree. High in fat, coconut meat can be dried, eaten raw, or
made into coconut milk or coconut oil. Coconut water, the nut's liquid, is a
common ingredient in drinks. Acceptability Coconut water (CW) is a slightly
sweet liquid with a subtle, nutty flavor obtained from the endosperm of
coconuts (Cocos nucifera L.). The CW is low in calories and fat. It acts as a
natural energy or a sports drink, as it is rich in mineral contents (sodium,
potassium, phosphorus, chloride, magnesium), vitamins, sugars, proteins,
free amino acids, antioxidants (catechin and salicylic acid), and growth
promoting factors (Yong et al., 2009). The CW decreases blood sugar levels
and cholesterol, and prevents kidney stones by reducing crystal and stone
formation.

Acceptability
Coconut water (CW) is a slightly sweet liquid with a subtle, nutty flavor
obtained from the endosperm of coconuts (Cocos nucifera L.). The CW is low
in calories and fat. It acts as a natural energy or a sports drink, as it is rich in
mineral contents (sodium, potassium, phosphorus, chloride, magnesium),
vitamins, sugars, proteins, free amino acids, antioxidants (catechin and
salicylic acid), and growth promoting factors (Yong et al., 2009). The CW
decreases blood sugar levels and cholesterol, and prevents kidney stones by
reducing crystal and stone formation.

Taste
Coconut water has a milder taste than the coconut itself, with sweet,
salty, and nutty hints of the fruit incorporated into each sip. It’s a well-
balanced refreshment for those who aren’t into drinks that are too sweet,
making coconut water a satisfying drink for your taste buds.

Duration
Depending on the coconut's original freshness at the time of purchase,
fresh unopened coconut can be kept at room temperature for up to four
months. Fresh coconut that has been grated should be put in a plastic bag or
container that is well sealed. It can be frozen for up to six months or kept in
the fridge.
The sensitive coconut water's shelf life can now be extended thanks to
a new technique developed by researchers at the Indian Institute of
Technology, Kharagpur. They assert that it can help keep coconut water's
original flavor for up to 18 weeks. Untreated coconut water has a 24-hour
shelf life, but fresh, soft coconut water is a well-liked, nutritive beverage with
few calories. Without the use of any preservatives, the technique increased
shelf life and was invented by Sankha Karmakar and Sirshendu De at the
Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur.for up to four days.

Appearance
Mature coconuts are ovoid or ellipsoid in shape, 30–45 cm (12–18
inches) in length and 15–20 cm (6–8 inches) in diameter. They have a thick
fibrous husk surrounding the single-seeded nut. A hard shell encloses the
embryo with its abundant endosperm, composed of both meat and liquid.

Nutritients
Coconut water typically comes from young coconuts about 6–7 months
of age, though it’s also found in mature fruit. An average green coconut
provides about 1/2–1 cup of coconut water.
 Coconut water contains 94% water and very little fat. It should not be
confused with coconut milk, which is made by adding water to grated coconut
meat. Coconut milk contains about 50% water. One cup (240 ml) contains 60
calories, as well as:
Carbs: 15 grams
Sugar: 8 grams
Calcium: 4%
Magnesium: 4%
Phosphorus: 2%
Potassium: 15%

Coconut water is a highly nutritious liquid food which is a by-product of

the desiccated coconut industry. Freeze concentration is the most suitable
concentration method for coconut water since the low-temperature operation
for concentration does not deteriorate the original quality of coconut water.
Suspension freeze concentration (SFC) and progressive freeze concentration
(PFC) are the available FC methods, and SFC is a complex and expensive
method compared with PFC. PFC is a novel freeze concentration technique to
concentrate liquid food by using a simple system.

The limitation of PFC is the lower product yield than SFC, and to
overcome the problem, the partial ice-melting technique can be used. A
simple cylindrical apparatus was used for PFC which consists of a sample
vessel, agitator system, and a cooling bath (at −23°C± 2°C temperature). The
final concentration of the liquid product was directly affected by the apparatus
agitator speed and sample vessel dipping speed. PFC agitator speed of 290
rpm and dipping speed of 1.3 cmh-1 were reported as the optimum operating
conditions to achieve the highest concentration for the PFC apparatus used in
this study. Using optimized agitation speed and dipping speed, coconut water
was concentrated up to Brix 8.5° from the initial concentration of Brix 3.5°.
PFC coconut water achieved 73.56% of total yield, 2.42 of concentration ratio,
0.7° of ice phase concentration, and 0.08 of effective partition coefficient. The
partial melting technique was successfully explored by recovering initial ice
fractions with high solute concentrations, and the total yield was improved up
to 80% (J. A. E. C. Jayawardena et al. 2020)

Coconut Industry
Coconuts have been cultivated in tropical countries for over 4,500
years and have recently gained popularity due to their flavor, culinary
applications, and possible health advantages. Since the Philippines lie near
the equator, coconuts are simple to cultivate and grow. According to Wood et
al. (2020), the Philippines ranked first in the world in terms of producing and
exporting coconut oil (Copra) in 2018, with 1.2M tonnes of coconuts, followed
by Indonesia (885K tonnes) and India (390K tonnes), with a combined 76% of
global production. In exports, the Philippines also take the lead with 916k
tonnes of coconut (copra) oil comprising 49% of total exports, Indonesia
(457K tonnes) ranks second in terms of the total exports with a 25% share,
followed by the Netherlands (11%) and Malaysia (6.6%). Overall, the
Philippines is quite behind Indonesia with 14M tonnes and 19M tonnes
respectively. Despite ranking 2nd in production, the Philippines are far behind
other countries. These data show that the Philippines is a major producer of
coconut in the world

In a study conducted by Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (2013),

coconut is the highest value in export under the overall crop production of
Northern Mindanao amounting to PhP9.05 billion. The top three provinces that
produces coconuts are Lanao del Norte, Misamis Occidental and Misamis
Oriental. National Economic Development Authority of Region 10 (2012)
noted that despite of the reduced nut production due to increasing number of
coconut trees that were cut for lumber, the volume of coconut product
exportation increases. Desiccated coconut, shell charcoal, coconut water,
cream, reduced fat coconut and coconut vinegar are the particularcoconut
products that experienced significant increase in demand.

The exocarp of a coconut is a stringy husk that is one to two inches

thick. The coconut is known for its versatility, as seen by countless residential,
commercial, and mechanical applications of its varied components. The
coconut is utilized in various ways, such as charcoal from the hard shell and
coir from the stringy husk. The use of a cleaver is a traditional method for
dehusking coconuts. This is accomplished by the use of human vitality. This
method is risky and monotonous, but it necessitates certain skills as stated by
Amal, P.V. (2018). As a result, an option is suggested that reduces the
amount of time spent dehusking coconuts and reduces human effort. The
equipment is intended to process different sizes of coconut that are grown all
over the world.

Membrane technology is used in the beverage industry especially in

clarification of fruit juice. Membranes range from finely porous structures to
nonporous and can remove contaminants such as bacteria and protozoa
down to ions (Wang 2013). In last two decades, there has been a significant
growth and increase in its application. Membrane technology has full scale
global applications in municipal and industrial wastewater, ultra-pure water,
speciality chemicals, recovery/reuse, agriculture, pharmaceutical, power
generation, drinking water and beverages (AMTA, 2007).

Cocos nucifera is commonly known as coconut palm which is a member of the

palm tree family (Arecaceae) and literally has many uses but is most well- known for
the products of its fruit, such as coconut milk, coconut water and coconut oil. Coconut
milk is generally extracted from grated coconut meat after pressing or squeezing with
or without the addition of water (Patil & Benjakul, 2018)

Coconut is unique among other fruits because it contains a large

quantity of liquid. When it has not yet reach full maturity they are called tender
coconutwater which can be harvested for drinking. Coconut water in its
natural form is recognized as a refreshing drink. Popularity of this drink is
increasing due to its good nutritional value, low calorie and free from added
ingredients (Paniappan, 2012).

Related Studies
Coconuts
The coconut palm, Coco Nucifera L., is a member of the family
Arecaceae. The term coconut can refer to the entire coconut palm, the seed,
or the fruit, which botanically not a nut but a drupe. The fruit is harvested for
its white flesh, husk, and coconut water (Lerner, 2007). It is cultivated for its
various benefits, namely nutritional, medicinal advancement against diseases
and for the development of industrial products (Mandal, 2011)

Siti Thomas Zulaikhah conducted a study about the "Health Benefits of

Coconut Water"(2019). Coconut water is a natural, healthy, nutritious drink
from coconut tree widely grown in tropical countries. One of the tropical
country is Indonesia, Indonesia is the larger country with the largest coconut
growing country in the world. The active compounds in Coconut water include
methionine, L-arginine, cytokines, selenium, Vitamin C, and Zinc, Manganese
and Cu. L-arginine is present in Coconut water Significantly reduce the free
radical generation, Coconut water Also contain vitamin C.

According to Umesh Patil, Soottawat Benjakul (2019), Coconut palm

(Cocos nucifera L.) is an economic plant cultivated in tropical countries,
mainly in the Asian region. Typically, the composition of a coconut fruit is
shell, 9.8% water, and 51.7% kernel. Coconut milk is commonly manufactured
from grated coconut meat (kernel). Basically, coconut milk is an oil-in‐water
emulsion, stabilized by some proteins existing in the aqueous phase.
Enhancing the protein's capacity as an emulsifier can improve the stability of
coconut milk. In addition, various stabilizers have been added to assure the
coconut milk stability. However, destabilization of emulsion in coconut milk
brings about the collapse of the emulsion, from which virgin coconut oil (VCO)
can be obtained. Yield, characteristics, and properties of VCO are governed
by the processes used for destabilizing coconut milk. VCO is thought to be a
functional oil and is rich in medium chain fatty acids with health advantages.

And added by E Prabhakar Reddy, T Mohana Lakshmi, Sai Ravi Kiran

(2018), Coconut water is natural drink, healthy, nutritious, given by nature and
is readily available in tropical countries. Because it contains a variety of
nutrients, including minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, amino acids, and
enzymes, coconut water has therapeutic properties. And coconut water is also
rich in free amino acid, source L-arginine and vitamin C, which can prevent
heart diseases and peroxidation.

Dietitian Maxine Smith (2021) that Coconut water, which is the clear
fluid found inside coconuts, differs from coconut milk, which combines
coconut water with grated coconut. Coconut water has a slightly sweet, nutty
flavor, and is low in sugar and calories. She also said that Coconut water
boasts electrolytes such as potassium, sodium and magnesium, all of which
help to replenish lost nutrients. What that means is it’s something good to
drink after exercise or during a mild illness.

Tanya Choudhary (2022) conducted a study about "The Health

Benefits of Coconut". Coconut contains a high amount of saturated fats but
these are harmless. They contain Medium Chain Triglycerides which are fatty
acids of medium length. These fatty acids are absorbed differently by the
body. They go straight to the liver from the digestive tract and are further
turned into ketone bodies. This can have therapeutic effects on brain
disorders like epilepsy and Alzheimer’s. The health benefits of coconut
include the following:

Fiber Content
Coconut is high in dietary fibre and provides a whopping 61% of fibre.
Coconut fibre slows down the release of glucose and transports it to the cell
were it is converted into energy. It assists in relieving stress on the pancreas
and enzyme systems which reduces the risk of developing diabetes. Sodas.

Controls Diabetes
Coconut improves the insulin secretion and utilization of blood glucose.
It controls diabetes by positively affecting the hormones for blood sugar
control. This slows down the rise in blood sugar level and helps to reduce
glycemic cravings. Coconut benefits quick digestion and other symptoms
associated with digestive and bowel disorders. It supports absorption of
nutrients and minerals while providing dietary fibre. It also reduces vomiting
and nausea.

Boosts Immunity
Coconut nutrition is excellent for the immunity system. It is antiviral,
antifungal, anti-bacterial, and anti-parasitic. Intake of coconut oil can help the
body to mount resistance to both viruses and bacteria that cause illness. That
said, can you eat raw coconut? Consuming coconut in its raw form can help to
treat some of the worst and most resilient illness like throat infections,
bronchitis, urinary tract infection, tapeworms and other ailments caused by
microbes.

Improves Blood Cholesterol

Coconut helps to improve blood cholesterol levels in the body and
lowers the risk of heart diseases. The saturated fats in coconut raise the good
cholesterol in the body and control the LDL to a benign subtype. This
improvement in cardiovascular risk factors theoretically leads to reducing risk
of developing heart diseases.

Keeps You Hydrated

Coconut water contains crucial electrolytes that help in maintaining
hydration. People involved in easy workouts and other strenuous activities
should include as much coconut water as they can in their diet. Coconut water
replaces the lost electrolytes, provides hydration and increases immune
response. It is a better alternative to water as it is tastier than plain water and
is loaded with nutrition.

Fights Bacteria
Coconut contains high content of monolaurin and lauric acid which
helps to kill bacteria, viruses and fungi and keeps infections at bay.

Good For Oral Hygiene

 Coconut water can also be used as an out rinse to kill mouth bacteria,
reduce bad breath and improve the overall dental health.

Promotes Blood Circulation

Eating coconut regularly boosts oxygen in the skin and promotes blood
circulation. Our cells need adequate amount of oxygen which can only be
made possible by proper circulation in the body that carries oxygen. This
allows proper breathing of the skin and promotes healthy and flawless
complexion.

Boosts Energy
Coconut helps to increase energy by burning fat. You can opt for
coconut for weight loss support. The triglycerides found in coconut oil
increase 24 hours of energy expenditure by 5% leading to weight loss in the
long run. It is also known to reduce hunger pangs. This is directly related to
the way fatty acids in the body are metabolized as ketone as appetite
reducing effect. People who consistently use coconut products have a
stronger ability to go without eating for several hours with no effects of
hypoglycaemia. It also promotes healthy thyroid function and helps to relieve
the symptom of chronic fatigue.

Mary Luciano (2019) conducted a study about "The Benefits of

Coconut and Why It’s the People’s Tree of Life" that fresh coconuts can be
young or mature. Young coconuts either have a green shell or a white husk
(where the green shell has been removed). These are typically Asian
coconuts. There is also the more familiar brown-haired variety, which is the
more mature coconut. Young coconuts contain more water and soft gel-like
meat, whereas mature coconuts have firm meat and less water.

Prevents Dehydration
Young coconuts are more health-enhancing of the two. The water in
the young coconut is one of the highest sources of electrolytes. Electrolytes
are responsible for keeping the body properly hydrated so the muscles and
nerves can function appropriately. Therefore, it is more beneficial to drink the
water from a young coconut after an intense workout rather than the
commercial sports drinks we see advertised.

Helps Meet Nutritional Requirements

Coconut water is also low in calories, carbohydrates, and sugars, and
almost completely fat-free. In addition, it is high in ascorbic acid, B vitamins,
and proteins.
Provides Food Rich in Antioxidants
Furthermore, the soft meat or flesh, inside the coconut helps to restore
oxidative tissue damage and contains a source of healthy fats, proteins, and
various vitamins and minerals. Jessica DiGiacinto and Franziska Spritzler
(2021) conducted a study about "Science-Based Health Benefits of Coconut
Water". In recent years, coconut water has become quite the trendy beverage.
In addition to being naturally sweet and hydrating, coconut water is loaded
with several important nutrients, including minerals that many people don’t get
enough of. Coconuts grow in tropical climates on trees scientifically known as
Cocos nucifera, and are botanically considered a fruit. Coconut water is the
liquid found in the center of a young, green coconut. It helps nourish the fruit.
As the coconut matures, which takes around 10–12 months, some of the
liquid remains while the rest ripens into the solid white flesh known as coconut
meat. Coconut water typically comes from young coconuts about 6–7 months
of age, though it’s also found in mature fruit. An average green coconut
provides about 1/2–1 cup of coconut water.Free radicals are unstable
molecules produced in your cells during metabolism. Their production
increases in response to stress or injury.

When there are too many free radicals, your body enters a state of
oxidative stress, which can damage your cells and increase disease risk.

Research on animals has shown that coconut water contains

antioxidants that may help modify free radicals so they no longer cause harm.
In one 2012 study, insulin-resistant rats on a high fructose diet were treated
with coconut water. Free radical activity decreased, as did blood pressure,
triglycerides, and insulin levels. Another study from 2014 found that damaged
rat livers showed significant improvement in oxidative stress when treated
with coconut water compared with livers that received no treatment. A third
study from 2016 highlighted the benefits of coconut water extract on rats fed a
high fat diet. Not only did the coconut water help decrease cholesterol
markers, but it also showed “antioxidant potency".

Sodas

Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad (2019) conducted a study on Harmful

Effects of Soft Drinks. He said soft drink and its effects on human health is the
most visible and important issue for discussion in today’s world. Media have
directly affected the Youth and children. Media has become one of the
trendiest sources of communication. He also claimed that Extensive and
attractive use of advertisements of different soft drinks brands and inadequate
awareness toward its hazardous effects on community health. He said people
faced Renal and heart diseases and dental problems represent a larger

population.

Tahmassebi, JF and Bani Hani (2020), The consumption of soft drinks

was found to have increased dramatically over the past several decades. The
greatest increase in soft drink consumption has been among children and
adolescents. Some commercial soft drinks are high in sugar content and
acidity. In addition, they supply energy only and are of little nutritional benefit
and lack micro-nutrients, vitamins and minerals. Soft drink consumption can
contribute to detrimental oral and general health. Efforts have been made by
manufacturers and government agencies to reduce the potential harmful
effects of sugar-containing soft drinks on teeth and general health. These
include banning the sale of soft drinks in schools, restricting soft drinks
advertising, modifying the composition of soft drinks and introducing tax on
sugar-containing soft drinks.

Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad (2019), Soft drink is the most

consumable drinks worldwide although of their serious impact on human
health, it affects many body systems such as locomotor system,
gastrointestinal system, circulatory, central nervous and even reproductive
system, simply it affects all the body structures. Diabetes, heart diseases,
bones and teeth disorders are frequently induced due to excessive
consumption of soft drinks particularly among children and aged persons.

According to Suzanne Allen (2018) that Many soft drinks contain

significant quantities of sugar. One 12-ounce serving of cola, for example,
includes 39 grams, or 3.3 tablespoons, of sugar. Consuming such large
quantities of sugar elevates your blood glucose levels and may increase your
risk for cardiovascular disease. Additionally, many sodas contain high fructose
corn syrup or HFCS as their primary sugar ingredient. HFCS may stress the
pancreas and lead to fluctuating blood sugar levels. Consuming sugary sodas
day after day can contribute to the onset of non-insulin dependent diabetes, or
type 2 diabetes. The sugar in soda can also feed the bacteria in your mouth.
As the bacteria break down the sugar, they release an acidic byproduct that
eats away the enamel on your teeth and can increase your risk of developing
cavities.

An infographic by the British pharmacist Niraj Naik shows the damage

that a 330 milliliter (ml) can of Coca-Cola can inflict on the body within 1 hour
of consumption. Naik based the infographic on research by health writer
Wade Meredith. According to Naik, the intense sweetness of Coca-Cola
resulting from its high sugar content should make a person vomit as soon as it
enters the body. However, the phosphoric acid in the beverage dulls the
sweetness, enabling people to keep the drink down.

Blood sugar levels increase dramatically within 20 minutes of drinking

the cola, explains Naik, causing a burst of insulin. The liver then turns the high
amounts of sugar into fat.

Coconut water is a refreshing natural drink, low in calories and fat, rich
in minerals, vitamins, and beneficial phytohormones. The nutritional and
therapeutic value of tender coconut water has resulted in increased
consumption and demand globally. In the present scenario, preservation, and
processing is of prime importance to meet the global demand for coconut
water throughout the year. Preservation of tender coconut water is the biggest
challenge as the processing methods may result in loss of nutritional and
therapeutic values of the water.External contaminants, enzymatic and non-
enzymatic browning are critical factors mainly responsible for spoilage of
coconut water. These factors cause significant changes in discoloration, off-
flavor, degradation of chemical composition and structural changes.
Generally, preservation methods like, conventional heating, filtration,
ultraviolet treatment with the use of chemical additives are commercially in
practice. However, these processing methods exhibit adverse effects on
product quality and eventually reduces consumer acceptability. Hence,
selection of methods plays an important role in extending the shelf life of
Coconut water.(Ashish Rawson et al., 2020)

According to Jo Lewin a registered nutritionist in the year of 2021,

cconut water is a natural source of minerals, including potassium,
magnesium, calcium and sodium. Many of us don’t get enough of these
important electrolyte minerals, which play a key role throughout the body,
including for heart health and skeletal and muscle function. In fact, some
claim coconut water is on par with the electrolyte balance found in many
isotonic drinks.

However, it’s worth remembering that although about 165-250mg of

potassium is contained within a 100ml serving when compared to an average
banana or potato, it is not a large amount. There are plenty of potassium-rich
foods that are likely to be cheaper and more locally sourced than coconut
water.

Coconut water has been used successfully in various parts of the world
for oral rehydration, treatment of childhood diarrhea, gastroenteritis and
cholera (Balit et al., 2018; Mujahid et al., 2019)
 Coconut water is the clear fluid found inside coconuts – I like to tell
people to think of it as coconut juice. Coconut milk on the other hand is a
mixture of coconut water and grated coconut. Coconut water can be a part of
a low calorie or low sugar diet as it is low in calories at 45-60 calories per cup
with 11-12g of sugar. Coconut water contains plant compounds and
electrolytes such as potassium, sodium, magnesium and phosphorus. It
should be noted that electrolyte content varies based on the maturity of the
coconut, so amounts in coconut water will vary. Store-bought coconut water
has 30mg of sodium and 470mg of potassium per cup. Coconut water is much
higher in potassium than other electrolytes.(Kacie Vavrek 2019).

.Coconuts have been cultivated in tropical countries for over 4,500

years and have recently gained popularity due to their flavor, culinary
applications, and possiblehealth advantages. Since the Philippines lie near
the equator, coconuts are simple tocultivate and grow. According to Wood et
al. (2020), the Philippines ranked first in theworld in terms of producing and
exporting coconut oil (Copra) in 2018, with 1.2Mtonnes of coconuts, followed
by Indonesia (885K tonnes) and India (390K tonnes), witha combined 76% of
global production. In exports, the Philippines also take the lead with 916k
tonnes of coconut (copra) oil comprising 49% of total exports, Indonesia(457K
tonnes) ranks second in terms of the total exports with a 25% share, followed
bythe Netherlands (11%) and Malaysia (6.6%). Overall, the Philippines is
quite behindIndonesia with 14M tonnes and 19M tonnes respectively. Despite
ranking 2nd inproduction, the Philippines are far behind other countries.
These data show that the Philippines is a major producer of coconut in the
world.

Tacio (2019) noted that in the Philippines, coconut is one of the prime
pillars ofthe agriculture sector. The Philippine Statistics Authority said coconut
productsaccounted for 43% of the country's agri-industrial income in 2017,
with a total exportvalue of $1.8 billion. Aside from being regarded as the tree
of life, the coconut tree isalso known as the man's most useful tree, the king of
tropical flora, the tree ofabundance, and the tree of heaven. Thus, in the
whole world, especially in topproducer countries, coconuts used this tree from
leaves down to its roots as much aspossible and it did not deny the fact that
every part of it is valuable.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
The editor of Encyclopedia Britannica (2023)
https://www.britannica.com/plant/coconut

Urban Forestry and Urban Greening (2018)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-

Encyclopedia of food Mircobiology (2014)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-
sciences/coconut-water

Irene Dini, in Functional and Medicinal Beverages, (2019)

https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/coconut-water-benefits

Medically reviewed by Kim Rose-Francis RDN, CDCES, CNSC, LD, Nutrition

By Jessica DiGiacinto and Franziska Spritzler (2023)
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/coconut-water-benefits

Braz J Med Biol Res.( 2015)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4671521/

Tender Coconut Water Uses, Health Benefits, Good Nutritive Value and
Antioxidant Capacity. Prabhakar Reddy (2018)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
324967388_Tender_Coconut_Water_Uses_Health_Benefits_Good_Nutritive_
Value_and_Antioxidant_Capacity

Ashraf F, et al (2021)
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access-pdfs/harmful-effects-of-soft-
drinks-on-human-health.pdf

Mosab Nouraldein Mohammed Hamad (2019)

https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000537.php

Suzanne Allen (2018)

https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/disadvantages-soft-drinks-2308.html

Mohan Naik (2020)

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/87559129.2020.1785489

Jo Lewin, nutritionist(2022)
https://www.archyde.com/nutrition-the-health-benefits-of-coconut-
water/