Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium falciparum – The queens
and warlords of Plasmodium
1. African wilderness – Plasmodium location 16. Me fly queen in palanquin – Mefloquine – for
2. Box of gems – Blood smear Giemsa stain for diagnosis Caribbean
3. 4 Warlords – different plasmodium species 17. Top of palanquin w/ backpacks – prophylaxis for
4. Bad smelling warlord – Plasmodium malariae Caribbean travelers
5. Buttons – quartan fever cycle, fever is highest on days 1 18. Ato-vampire queen in palanquin and iguana,
and 4 backpacks– atovoquone w/ proguanil for travelers
6. Warlord with shield and axe – Plasmodium vivax and in caribbean
ovale
19. Artist painting a picture of ato vampire queen -
7. Swinging balls – produce dormant hypnozoites in the
Artimesians to txt P. falciparum w/ atovaquinw
liver
20. Sickle cells in artists hand – these drugs used to txt
8. Cowhide w/ liver spot on shield – Liver
sickle cell anemia patients
9. Every other circle on the balls - Tertian fever
10. False mask - Plasmodium falciparum 21. IV artesonate for severe malaria infections
11. Torn shirt – irregular fever pattern 22. Dining queen w/ tin cans – quinidine for resistant P.
12. Red headdress, gold chest plate and belt - Neurologic falciparum, can cause cinchinism.
symptoms as parasitized RBC occlude the brain, 23. Ivy wrapped around arm – IV delivery
kidney, and lungs. 24. Cow with liver spot, mushrooms – Anopholese
13. Headdress looks like bananas – Banana shaped under mosquito carry sporozoites in saliva, bites human
microscopy host and mature to trophozoites in liver, then
14. Color queen – Chloroquine – Blocks plasmodium divide into merozoites which burst from
heme polymerase hepatocyte and infect RBC’s. life cycle continues in
15. Primal queen – Primaquin w/ Chloroquine for RBC’s.
hypnozoites in the liver, be careful w/ G6PD 25. Ring shape – immature form has a ring form
deficiency Merozoite can also form a gametocyte
68
Coll. Medicine \3rd stage
Lec.7
Parasitology
Morphology :
There are various morphological forms of malarial parasites . out of the these are
occur in human and the other in mosquitoes:
1. forms in liver:
Plasmodium vivax:
Infected red blood cells are usually enlarged and contain numerous pink
granules or schuffner’s dots.
The trophozoite is ring-shaped but amoeboid in appearance.
More mature trophozoites and erythrocytic schizonts containing up to 24
merozoites are present.
The gametocytes are round.
Plasmodium ovale:
P. ovale is similar to P. vivax in many respects, including its selectivity for young,
pliable erythrocytes. As a consequence the classical characteristics include:
• The host cell becomes enlarged and distorted, usually in an oval form.
Plasmodium malariae:
In contrast with P.vivax and P.ovale, P.malariae can infect only old erythrocytes with
relatively rigid cell membranes. As a result, the parasite’s growth must conform to the
Man gets infection mainly by the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito.
However, infection may also be transmitted by:
The life cycle of malaria is complex passed in two hosts (alternation of hosts) and has
sexual and asexual stage (alternation of generations).
Vertebrate host - man (intermediate host), where the asexual cycle takes
place. The parasite multiplies by schizogony and there is formation of male
and female gametocytes (gametogony).
Invertebrate host – female mosquito of genus Anopheles (definitive host)
where the sexual cycle takes place. Union of male and female gametes ends in
the formation of sporozoites (sporogony).
The life cycle passes in four stages:
Three in man:-
- Erythrocytic schizogony.
- Gametogony.
One in mosquito – Sporogony.
Sporozoites reach the blood stream and within 30 minutes enter the parenchymal
cells of the liver, initiating a cycle of schizogony. Multiplication occurs in tissue, to
form thousands of tiny merozoites from the schizont. Merozoites are then liberated on
rupture of schizonts about 7th – 9th day of the bites and enter into the blood stream.
These merozoites either invade the RBC’s or other parenchymal liver cells. In case of
P. falciparum and possibly P. malariae, all merozoites invade RBC’s without re-
invading liver cells. However, for P. vivax and P. ovale, some merozoites invade
RBC’s and some re-invade liver cells initiating further Exo-erythrocytic schizogony,.
Some of the merozoites remain dormant (hypnozoites) becoming active later on
which is responsible for relapses.
Gametogony :
Some merozoites that invade RBC’s develop into sexual stages (male and female
gametocytes). These undergo no further development until taken by the mosquito.
When a female Anopheles mosquito vector bites an infected person, it sucks blood
containing the different stages of malaria parasite. All stages other than gametocytes
are digested in the stomach. The microgametocyte undergoes ex-flagellation. The
nucleus divides by reduction division into 6-8 pieces, which migrate to the periphery.
At the same, time 6-8 thin filaments of cytoplasm are thrust out, in each passes a piece
of chromatin. These filaments, the microgametes, are actively motile and separate
from the gametocyte. The macrogametocyte by reduction division becomes a
macrogamete. Fertilization occurs by entry of a micro gamete into the macro gamete
forming a zygote. The zygote changes into a worm like form, the ookinete, which
penetrates the wall of the stomach to develop into a spherical oocyst between the
epithelium and basement membrane. The oocystes increase in size. Thousands of
sporozoites develop inside the oocysts. Oocysts rupture and sporozoites are liberated
in the body cavity and migrate everywhere particularly to the salivary glands. Now
the mosquito is infective. The sporogonous cycle in the mosquito takes 8-12 days
depending on temperature .
This occur in malaria either from reinfection or due to certain events related to the
life cycle of parasite . two type of recurrence are known in malaria :
Febrile paroxysm:
cold stage : 15-60 min, the patient experiences intense cold and shivering.
hot stage : lasting for 2-6 hours, when the patient feels intense hot. Patient develops
high fever (40-41 C), severe headache, nausea, and vomiting.
Subsequently , the IL-1 level in blood falls . the thermo-regulatory centre is reset at
the normal body temperature of that individual . now, the patient feel hot , severe
headache, nausea, and vomiting . the thermo- regulatory centre activates temperature
reducing mechanism . patients sweats profusely , leading to a drop in his body
temperature bringing it back to normal . the patient feel s tired and generally sleep at
These paroxysms usually reappear periodically (generally every 48 hours) as the cycle
of infection, replication, and cell lyses progresses , so it is tertian in the case of :
Splenomegaly: After few paroxysms, spleen gets enlarged and becomes palpable.
Splenomegaly is due to massive proliferation of macrophages which phagocytize both
parasitized and non-parasitized RBCs.
Clinical features :
Plasmodium falciparum :
Treatment:
Plasmodium falciparum:
Chloroquine is the drug of choice for the suppression and therapeutic treatment of
P.vivax, followed by premaquine for radical cure from relapse and elimination of
gamatocytes.
The treatment regimen with P. ovale, including the use of primaquine to prevent
relapse from latent liver stages is similar to that used for P.vivax infection.
Plasmodium malariae :
Diagnosis :
1. Spraying insecticides.
2. Spraying larvicides in breeding sites.
3. Using biological larvicides .
4. Wearing long sleeve clothing and trousers to avoid bites.
5. Using bed nets.
6. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of patients.
GOOD LUCK