. . + Pof. Dr.Raid AlKateeb Dimensional Analysis Oh OE Rata Mate’ Introduction Any phenomenon is physical sciences and engineering can be described by the jlindamentals dimensions mass, length, time, and temperature. Till the rapid development of science and technology the engineers and scientists depend upon the experimental data. But the rapid development of science and technology has created new mathematical methods of solving complicated problems, which could not have been solved completely by analytical methods and would have consumed enormous time. This mathematical method of obtaming the equations governing certain natural phenomenon by balancing the fundamental dimensions is called (Dimensional Analysis). Of course, the equation obtamed by this method is known as Empirical Equation), Fundamentals Dimensions The various physical quantities used by engineer and scientists can be expressed in terms of fundamentals dimensions are: Mass (M), Length (L), Time (T), and Temperature (8). All other quantities such as area, volume, acceleration, force, energy, ete,, are termed as “ derived quantities”.Length, Time, Mass and Temperature are considered as base dimensions having the symbols [L].[T].[M] and [@]. Physical properties and derived physical quantities are therefore described and defined by base dimensions. For example, the dimensional expression of velocity is written as follows: fl or Lrt , and that for density is M L~3. Newton’s second law demonstrates the relationship between force, mass and acceleration. Force and acceleration are considered as derived quantities made up of base quantities such as time, mass and Pof. Dr.Raid AlKateebDimensions of some important variables Pof. Dr Raid AlKateeb Item Property Symbol | SI Units | M.L.T. I- | Velocity Uw m/s LT’ 2-__| Angular velocity o _|Rad’s, Deg’s|_ T 3-__ | Rotational velocity N Revis T 4- | Acceleration a, mis" LI- 5- | Angular acceleration a T 6- | Volumetric flow rate Q LT! 7-__| Discharge Q LT & | Mass flow rate ri MI" 9- _ | Mass (flux) velocity G ML°T" 10-__| Density p ML~ Ll- | Specific volume v LM 12-_| Specific weight spt MET 13-__| Specific gravity sp.gt -| 14-_| Dynamic viscosity uw [ke’ms, Pas [ML"T? 15-_| Kinematic viscosity v m/s UT 16-_| Force F N MLT™ 17-_ | Pressure P| Nm’=Pa_|ML'T* 18+ | Pressure gradient AP/L__| Pa/m ML“T= 19- | Shear stress T Na | ML"T*Pof. Dr.Raid AlKateeb 20- | Shear rate 21- | Momentum 22-_| Work 23- | Moment 24- | Torque 25-__| Energy 26-_| Power 27-_| Surface tension 28-_| Efliciency 29- | Head 30- | Modulus of elasticity English Units ST Units 741 fs? g-98lms* 2.741 by, ftps? 2. =1.0 kg.m/N.s? psi = Ibyin® Pa = Pascal = Nim? bar= 10" Pa 1.0 atm = 1.01325 = 1.01325*10° Pa = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psi = 760 torr (mmHg) = 1.0 kglem? R= 8.314 (Pa.m’/mol.K) or (J/mol.K) = 82.06 (atm.cm'/mol.K) =10.73 (psi.ft*/Ibmol.R) = 1.987 (cal/mol.K) = 1.986 (Btw/Ibmol.R) = 1545 (Ib; fi/lbmol.R)Pof. Dr.Raid AlKateeb Dimensional Homogeneity An equation is called “dimensionally homogeneous” if the fundamentals dimensions have identical powers of [L T M] (ie. length, time, and mass) on both sides. Such an equation be independent of the system of measurement (i.e. metric, English, or S.L). Let consider the common equation of volumetric flow rate, Q=Au UT! =VLT =U. We see, from the above equation that both right and left hand sides of the equation have the same dimensions, and the equation is therefore dimensionally homogeneous. All theoretically derived equations are dimensionally homogeneous—that is, the di- mensions of the left side of the equation must be the same as those on the right side, and all additive separate terms must have the same dimensions. We accept as a fundamental premise that all equations deseribing physical phenomena must be dimensionally homogeneous.Example A commonly used equation for determining the volume rate of flow, Q, of a liquid through an orifice located in the side of a tank is Q = 061 AV2gh where A is the area of the orifice, ¢ is the acceleration of gravity, and h is the height of the liquid above the orifice. Investigate the dimensional homogeneity of this formula. Geo ‘The dimensions of the various terms in the equation are Q = volume/time = L'T~', A = area = L?, g = acceleration of gravity = LT~?, h = height = L These terms, when substituted into the equation, yield the dimensional form: (ET) = (0.61)(L)(V2)(LT*) 41)" (ET!) = (0.61) V2\(UT"!) It is clear from this result that the equation is dimensionally homogeneous (both sides of the formula have the same dimensions of L°7~'), and the numbers (0.61 and V2) are dimen- sionless.EXAMPLE Pof. DrRaid AlKateeb 1.10 The Stokes-Oseen formula —_ for drag on a sphere at low velocity V is: On pe F=3auDV He Pv D: where D = sphere diameter, = viscosity, and p= density. Is the formula homogeneous? Solution: Write this formula in dimensional form, using Table 1-2: {F}= (an (DNV) zh pve (DP? x fof} where, hoping for homogeneity, we have assumed that all constants (3,7,9,16) are pure, 1e., {unity}. Well, yes indeed, all terms have dimensions {MLIT?}! Therefore the Stokes- Oseen formula (derived in fact froma theory) is dimensionally homogeneous.Dr Raid Aikateeb EXAMPLE The Stokes-Oseen formula _for drag on a sphere at low velocity F=3quDV +e = pv7D* where D = sphere diameter, 42= viscosity, and p= density. Is the formula homogeneous? Solution: Write this formula in dimensional form, using Table 1-2: {F}= (3a) DIV) 4] 7% zh iplive {DP? on (}-o{s tHe been} [haa 2 where, hoping for homogeneity, we have assumed that all constants (3,7,9,16) are pure, ie., {unity}. Well, yes indeed, all terms have dimensions {ML/T"}! Therefore the Stokes- Oseen formula (derived in fact from a theory) is dimensionally homogeneous. Example -2.1- a) Determine the dimensions of the following quantities in M-L-T system 1- force 2-pressure 3- work 4- power 5- surface tension 6- discharge 7- torque 8- momentum. b) Check the dimensional homogeneity of the following equations 5 3 1- w= [2 SP= =P) es O= Sed tan 2 gz?Solution: a) 1- F=mg (kgm/s’) 2- P=F/A=[(MLT*)(L%)]_ (Pa) 3- Work = F.L = [(MLT™ ?) ©) . m) 4- Power = Work/time = [(ML°T* oy) cw) ? 5- Surface tension = F/L = [(MLT”) (L)] (N/m) =(M T°] 6- Discharge (Q) ms 7- Torque (7) = F.L = [(MLT®) (L)] Nun 8- Moment = m.uL)] Nam : aon" 4 RES u=| rs =(LT'] Since the dimensions on both sides of the equation are same, therefore the equation is dimensionally homogenous. 3 2-o9- = edtan® Pez? LHS. al wr 4y RHS. (LT°) (L)?=[L°T"] This equation is dimensionally homogenous.