UIT UNIVERSITY

CS-101 Introduction to Computer App.

Experiment # 04
Charts and graphs with Excel
Performed on ________________________

Student Name:
Roll Number:
Work submitted on:

Maximum Marks Performance = 05 Viva = 05 Total = 10

Marks Obtained

Remarks (if any)

Experiment evaluated by

Instructor Name: Engr.Rameen Anwar

 Theory

The difference between graphs and charts is mainly in the way the data is compiled and
the way it is represented. Graphs are usually focused on raw data and showing the trends
and changes in that data over time. Charts are best used when data can be categorized or
averaged to create more simplistic and easily consumed figures. “So technically, charts
and graphs mean separate things, but in the real world.

Charts in Excel

Charts are usually considered more aesthetically pleasing than graphs.  Something like a
pie chart is used to convey to readers the relative share of a particular segment of the data
set with respect to other segments that are available. If instead of the changes in hours
worked and annual leaves over 5 years, you want to present the percentage
contributions of the different types of tasks that make up a 40 hour work week for
employees in your organization then you can definitely insert a pie chart into your
spreadsheet for the desired impact.

Graphs in Excel

Graphs represent variations in values of data points over a given duration of time. They
are simpler than charts because you are dealing with different data parameters.
Comparing and contrasting segments of the same set against one another is more difficult.

So if you are trying to see how the number of hours worked per week and the
frequency of annual leaves for employees in your company has fluctuated over the past
5 years, you can create a simple line graph and track the spikes and dips to get a fair idea.
A B c D
Year Average Annual Compensation/Employee Average Hours Worked/Week Average Annual Leaves/Employee
1990 $20,000 38
1991 $23,000 41 2.7
1992 $18,000 40
1993 $25,000 35
1994 $26, 780 43

: t:::=:------------~
20-+--------------~
~Avtrace Hours
Worked/Werk

15 -+-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -..Aver1Se Annual

lu~Emp\oyee
10-+-----

520,000 523,000 518,000 525,000 526,780

19"0 1991 1992 1993 1994

An
example of a graph in Excel.

Types of Graphs Available in Excel

Excel offers three varieties of graphs:

● Line Graphs: Both 2 dimensional and three dimensional line graphs are available
in all the versions of Microsoft Excel. Line graphs are great for showing trends over
time. Simultaneously plot more than one data parameter – like employee
compensation, average number of hours worked in a week and average
number of annual leaves against the same X axis or time.

● Column Graphs: Column graphs also help viewers see how parameters change
over time. But they can be called “graphs” when only a single data parameter is
used. If multiple parameters are called into action, viewers can’t really get any
insights about how each individual parameter has changed. As you can see in the
Column graph below, average numbers of hours worked in a week and average
number of annual leaves when plotted side by side do not provide the same clarity
as the Line graph.

● Bar Graphs: Bar graphs are very similar to column graphs but here the constant
parameter (say time) is assigned to the Y axis and the variables are plotted against
the X axis.

How to Enter Data in Excel

1. Open an excel worksheet

2. In the first row, label column A as “Before”, column B as “After”, and column C as
“Difference”
3. Enter raw data into the Before and After columns (see image below)
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 4. In the “Difference” column, enter a function (aka an equation or formula) to tell
Excel to subtract the before values from the after values.
a. Always start a formula with a “=” symbol, then select the cell from column B,
then type a “-“ symbol, then select the cell from column A, then hit enter.
b. The result will be displayed when you hit the enter key (see “-2” and “-4”
shown in cells C2 and C3 below). The formula is shown in cell C4.
c. Once you type in the formula, you can copy and paste that formula into the
remaining cells of column C.
d. If you want to calculate a paired t-test by hand, you will need these difference
values. Otherwise, you will not use them to make your graphs or analyses.

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How to Calculate Summary Statistics in Excel: Two Methods

1. Use the data analysis tools.

a. Open the worksheet with your data. Select the “Data” tab , then “Data
Analysis” , then from the list choose “Descriptive Statistics” and select
“OK” .
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b. From here, with your cursor in the Input Range , select your data in column
A. Then put your cursor in the Output Range block and select an empty cell
in your work sheet. Click the box labeled “Summary Statistics” so a check
mark appears, then select “OK” .
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c. Excel will now show you the summary statistics. I have added highlights to
show the mean, standard deviation, standard error, and sample size which
are the summary statistics that you will most commonly use for your write-ups
in our labs.

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24 Skewness 0.1957746
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26 Minimum 140
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 OR
2. Type in the formulas. For any formula, you can then copy/paste into cells for
adjacent columns (be sure to check that excel is using the correct cells to
calculate the values)

a. Mean: the formula to tell Excel to calculate a mean is “=average(select

cells here)” . Type this formula into the appropriate cell and then hit enter.
b. Standard Deviation: the formula to tell Excel to calculate a standard
deviation is “=stdev(select cells here)” . Type this formula into the appropriate
cell and then hit enter.
c. Sample size: the formula to tell Excel to calculate your sample size is
“=count(select cells here)” . Type this formula into the appropriate cell and
then hit enter.
d. Standard Error: The standard error is the standard deviation divided by the
square root of the sample size. Therefore, the formula to tell Excel to
calculate a standard error is “=[select the cell for standard
deviation]/sqrt([cell for sample size])” . Type this formula into the appropriate
cell and then hit enter.

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How to Create Graphs in Excel

1. Plot the means.

a. In this example, you will
plot frog heart rate before
and after treatment with
two drugs (epinephrine, ~ :J ~ itx
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nicotine). First, calculate Art
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your descriptive statistics E28 t;

by one of the methods A B 0 c G H
1 E mi, hnne Nicotine
shown above and 2 Hean rate (bpm) Contractoon Strength (g) Heart rate (bpm) Contractoon Strength (g)

organize your results 3 Fr

4
#
1
before
47 3
after
616
before
00014
after
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before
54 5
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b. Holding the CTRL button 8 5 586
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56 2
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56 6 00047 00046
00061
9 6 55 3 52 2 00069
on your keyboard, select 10 7 49 4 45 8 00036 00041 63 5 377 00047 00030

the “Before” value for

11 8 651 71 3 00100 00092 79 7 67 8 00073 00088
12 9 39.5 42 0 0.0062 0.0058 49 0 405 00053 00052
epinephrine and then for 13
14
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27 0
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591
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300
581
288
59 1
00046
00018
00038
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nicotine . 15 12 401 505 00036 00034 480 44 6 00010 00020
16 13 57 0 56 0 00068 00065 580 53 0 00129 00129
c. Select the “Insert” tab , 17 14 44 4 44 3 00026 00030 54 0 55 0 00029 00134

then Column , then Under 18

19
15
16
480
400
76 0
42 0
00067
00029
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2D columns, select the 20 17 44 4 480 00076 00070 50 4 49 8 00058 00060
21 18 27 3 22 6 00016 00017 34 3 31 6 00015 00015
first option. When you 22 19 46 7 49 9 04550 04910 54 1 56 9 0 7020 06020

click this option, 23

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you will see the image below.

d. Note that “Series 1” is your “Before” values (we’ll re-name this in a minute).
Li..1~ . Sample Frog Hean Data for Forst lab For Student... Chart Tools

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25 Sid err 29 3.3 00237 00256 25 33 00367 00314
e. Now we need to add the “After” values in a second “series”. To do this, be
sure to click the chart which will activate the “Chart Tools” area. In this area,
select the “Design” tab, then “Select Data”, then “Add”.
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20 17 4
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23
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25 sld err 29 33 00237 00256 25 33 00367 00314

f. For series name, type “After” . Note that a nonsense character automatically
occurs for the Series values . Delete this. With your cursor in this box, hold
the CTRL key and then select the after values for Heart Rate for
Epinephrine (cell C24) and Nicotine (cell G24). Click “OK” here and on the
next screen.
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 g. We usually want the y-axis to go to zero when presenting data. To do this,
right click on your y-axis and select “Format Axis”. Select “Axis
Options”>“Minimum”>“Fixed” and then enter a “0”. Click “Close”.
h. Now you will see the basic graph (image not shown). Next, you can fix the
labeling.

2. Label the graph

a. First, let’s fix the series 1 name and the names of the components of the
series.
b. Click on the graph to bring up the Chart Tools tab. Select Design>Select
Data>Series 1>Edit (on the Legend Entries side of the box). Then type in
“Before” for the series name and click “OK”.
c. Click on the graph to bring up the Chart Tools tab. Select Design>Select
Data>Series 1>Edit (on the Horizontal Axes Legend side of the box). Then
type in “Epinephrine,Nicotine”, with the labels separated by a comma and no
space after the comma (otherwise your label will be moved over a space
when placed on your axis). Click “OK”, then click “OK” again. Now your graph
has the data labeled correctly and you need only to add labels to your axes.
d. To label the x-axis, click on the graph to bring up the Chart Tools tab. Select
Layout >Axis Titles >Primary Horizontal Axis>Title Below Axis. Now a title
will appear at the x-axis on your graph; click in the text box and type your
title (e.g. Drug Treatment). Do the same for the y-axis, except choose
“Primary Vertical Axis”>“Rotated Title” to orient the text as shown below (be
sure to include units of measure in parentheses).
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 3. Add the error bars. Do not use any of the default settings for error bars in Excel
as they are incorrect. You must calculate either standard error or standard deviation
and use these values to plot error bars on your graph. For this example, you will
plot ± 1 standard error for each error bar.

a. Click on the graph to bring up the Chart Tools tab. Select Layout>Error
Bars>More Error Bars options (the last choice on the drop down menu). To
place error bars for the before values, click on “Before” and then “OK”.
b. From this menu, choose “Custom” and “Specify Value”. For the Positive
Error Value , delete the nonsense characters. Hold the CTRL key and then
select the “Before” standard error value of heart rate for Epinephrine and then
for Nicotine. Repeat this process for the Negative Error Value . Select “OK”,
then “Close”. Now the error bars are plotted for the Before values. Repeat
this process for the After values.

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4. Your graph is complete. Now that you know the basics, you can click on various
options and change colors, remove the grid lines, change font size, line
thickness, graph style etc.