[11:53, 24/02/2020] Hamid Fraz Rana: Ans: Some numbers such as your phone number or your Aadhaar

number play an important role in our lives & are more important than other numbers to us. Here we too
will discuss a few numbers which are important on the scale of the universe, In fact these numbers
define our universe, makes our existence possible and even will decide the fate of the universe.

1. Universal Gravitational Constant

G = 6.67408 × 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2

According to Newton's law of universal gravitation, the attraction force (F) between two bodies is
directly proportional to the product of their masses (m1 and m2), and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance, r, (inverse-square law) between them.

It is an interesting fact that the gravitational constant (G) was the first one to be searched before other
twelve constants but its value is least accurately known. The reason for this lack of precision is its weak
strength. It is the weakest force among all basic forces.

2. Speed of Light

c=299,792,458 m/s

Albert Mitchellson and Edward Morley showed that speed of light does not depend on its direction.

This finding allowed Einstein to postulate his most famous work which in a way revolutionised Science,
yes, we are talking about, Theory of Relativity. This was the most important discovery of the 20th
century and probably even so far.
3. Ideal Gas Constant

R=8.3144621(75) J/ K/ mol

When we combine the results of the experiments of Boyle, Charles and Gay-Lussac, it can be showed
that for a certain quantity of gas, the temperature of gas is proportion to product of its pressure and
volume. This ratio is called the Ideal Gas Constant.

4. Absolute Zero (0 Kelvin)

It is easy to produce heat. From prehistoric times, human has been using fire to produce heat. But
cooling something is not an easy task. The absolute Zero is the least possible temperature. No
temperature below than this is possible. At this temperature, speed of atoms of gases becomes zero. Its
value is 0 Kelvin.

5. Avogadro’s Number

Avogadro’s number = 6.022169 x 10 23

How many molecules of a gas can be there in a volume? Italian chemical scholar Amadeo Avogadro
proposed that the same amount of different gases at the same temperature and pressure would have
the same number of molecules. Avogadro number is number of atoms present in12 grams of Carbon. It
is also called the number of molecules in a one mole of gas.

6. The Relative Strength of Electricity and Gravity

Because, Electrical power is so much powerful than gravity, this makes life possible in this universe. If
the electrical energy was weaker by gravity, then the universe was not possible in the present form nor
the life in the present form. Electrical energy is 1036times more powerful than gravitational force.

7. Boltzmann’s Constant

K= 1.3807 x 10 -23 joule/kelvin (J · K -1)

Have you ever wondered why the snowflakes get melt in a hot water pot but why don’t ice particles in
form from cold water on its own? It is related to the distribution of heat and the solution to this problem
was the biggest success of the 19th century.

This problem was solved by the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann, who had discovered that
compared there are more nos. of distributions for melting of ice than to form ice from water (it can be
thought in terms of degree of randomness). Nature's game runs in percent. It often chooses the most
possible way line and this tendency is defined by Boltzmann constant. The disorderness is more
common than the orderness e.g. there are more ways to spoil the room than to clean it.

8. The Schwarzschild Radius

The Schwarzschild radius is the radius of a that sphere to which if all the mass of an object is
compressed within such that it becomes a Black Hole. The escape velocity from the surface of this
sphere would equal the speed of light.

Any object with a physical radius smaller than its Schwarzschild radius will be a black hole. For the mass
of the Earth, the Schwarzschild radius is only 1 cm. That means to make the Earth a black hole, its whole
mass must be compressed in radius of 1 cm.
9. The Efficiency of Hydrogen Fusion

The most abundant material of the universe is Hydrogen. More complex elements are formed from this
starting element. These formations called fusion occur at such high temperatures which naturally occur
only inside the center of the stars. Two atoms of Hydrogen combine to form an atom of Helium, this
process is called Hydrogen Fusion. The energy produced in this process is calculated from Einstein's
famous equation E = mc2.

In this process only 0.7 percent of hydrogen is converted into energy. This number 0.007 is the efficiency
of Hydrogen fusion and is basis of existence of life in the universe. If this no. would have been slightly
low or high, life will not have been possible in the current form.

10. The Chandrasekhar Limit

Future of a star is determined by its mass. The life of the stars like the Sun is relatively long, the Sun has
5 billion years of life remaining, and after that it will become the Red Giant and swallow the Earth too.

Stars bigger than Sun make up the White Dwarf, which are very hot but small and slow down and
become dead. But if the stars cross the mass of a specific mass, Chandrasekhar, then it is decided to
become Supernova. Chandrasekhar range is about 1.4 times the mass of the Sun's mass. Subramanian
Chandrasekhar was the one who determined this no.

11. The Hubble Constant

Hubble found out that all galaxies are moving away from the Earth. The proportion of speed of galaxy
moving away from the Earth and the distance from Earth to that galaxy is the Hubble constant. From
these studies, it was known that the universe was born about 13.7 billion years ago.
12. Omega

We know how the universe was born and how old it is. But we do not know how it will end. But there is
some way to determine the end of the universe, but for that we need to calculate the value of a
constant, this constant is Omega.

If at the time of Big Bang, Big Bang gave the galaxies the necessary speed so that they always keep going
away from each other then, universe will simple keep expanding and freeze. If they do not have enough
speed then they will start collapsing into a single point.

Omega is the ratio of the total mass of the universe and the minimum mass required to prevent
collapse. If the value of omega is less than 1, then the universe will continue to expand. If it is more than
1, then the universe will start to transform.

According to our calculations till now, the value of omega is between 0.98 and 1.1. So, the future of the
universe is still unknown.

13. Plank’s Constant

h=6.62606957 × 10-34 m2 kg / s

According to Max Planck, the distribution of energy in the universe occurs in the form of small energy
packets and it corresponds to the atomic theory, according to which the substance is made up of small
particles which are atoms. The small packets of these energy were called quanta and the size of these
packets was named Plank constant (h).

[11:53, 24/02/2020] Hamid Fraz Rana: Most vitamin D is made when an inactive form of the nutrient is
activated in your skin when it's exposed to sunlight. Smaller amounts of vitamin D are in fortified milk
and other foods, fatty fish, and eggs. ... Research suggests that women with low levels of vitamin D have
a higher risk of breast cance

[11:53, 24/02/2020] Hamid Fraz Rana: Nuclei having the same mass number but different atomic
number are
1) Isotopes

2) Isobars

3) Isotones

4) Isomers

[11:53, 24/02/2020] Hamid Fraz Rana: Mass defect per nucleon is

1) binding energy of nucleus

2) packing fraction

3) average energy of nucleus

4) all of above are one and same thing

[11:53, 24/02/2020] Hamid Fraz Rana: Transuranic elements have atomic number

1) greater than 72

2) greater than 82

3) greater than 92

4) greater than 102

[11:53, 24/02/2020] Hamid Fraz Rana: Sir 1st ka isotop

2nd ka isotone

3rd ka binding energy

4th ka 72 in options main say