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Urban Design
Urban Design
uRBaN DeSIGn
(An Introductory Lecture for AR 413A and 421S2)
PRODUCT-PROCESS
DILEMMA
Urban Design is both As a
a product and a process PRODUCT
• Ranges in scale from parts of an environment
• Manifests in all aspects of the physical
environment
• Involves what the place looks like, how it feels,
what it means, how it works for people who use
it
Concerns sensory and cognitive relationships
between people and their environment, with
how people’s needs, values, and aspirations can
best be accommodated in built forms.
Urban Design is both As a
a product and a process PROCESS
• Involves the art of shaping the built landscape
which has been formed over time by many
different actors.
• Tasks may have definite ends or be ongoing.
Implementation may or may not be under the
designer’s whole or partial control
• Concerns with design ideas and possibilities, with
community choices and decisions, and with the
urban development process
It has to do with the processes for shaping
environments and with the experiential quality of
the physical forms and spaces that result.
What then is
Urban Design?
• Falls between the profession of planning and
architecture
• Concerns in particular the shaping and uses of
urban public spaces
• Deals with the large scale organization and
design of the city, with the massing and
organization of buildings and space between
them, but not with the design of the
individual buildings
Distinguishing Factors
ARCHITECTURE URBAN DESIGN URBAN PLANNING
Single Building/Complexes Large scale such as entire Typically considers the entire city.
neighborhoods or cities
1, 2, 3 or 5 years Long time frames Can extend beyond 30 years
10-15 years
Specific Development Control Less direct control Even less direct control
Deals only with the Deals with large number of Deals with interconnectedness.
functional requirements of variables: transportation, Look beyond the bounds of the
buildings and how it satisfies identity, pedestrian city and understand how the city.
users’ needs orientation, etc Allocates land uses among
competing functions
Employed by Employed by developers on Involved in political process where
individual/developers variety of projects and also by public policy is formulated.
public bodies
Involved with only with Involved with a spectrum Involved with a spectrum of
physical design issues of social, cultural and social, cultural and physical
physical design issues design issues
Traditions of Thought The Visual-Artistic
in Urban Design Tradition
• More ‘architectural’ and narrower
understanding of urban design
• Predominantly ‘product-oriented’,
focused on the visual qualities and
aesthetic experience of urban
spaces rather than on the cultural,
social, economic, political and
spatial factors and processes
contributing to successful urban
places.
• Largely failed to acknowledge
public perceptions of townscapes
and places.
Traditions of Thought The Social-Usage
in Urban Design Tradition
Paths
• Emphasized the way in which Districts
people use and colonize space
• Encompassed issues of Landmarks Nodes
perception and sense of place.
• Kevin Lynch's attempted to
shift the focus of urban design
in two ways:
– In terms of appreciation of the urban
environment
– In terms of the object of the study
Traditions of Thought The Social-Usage
in Urban Design Tradition
Animation–
designing places to
stimulate public
activity
Function & Fit-
shaping places to
support their varied
intended use
General Considerations
in Urban Design
Complementary Mixed
Uses– locating activities
to allow constructive
interaction between
them
Character and
Meaning - recognizing
& valuing the
differences between
one place and another
General Considerations
in Urban Design
Order & Incident –
balancing consistency
and variety in the urban
environment in the
interests of
appreciating both
Continuity and Change
- locating people in
time and place,
including respect for
heritage and support of
contemporary culture
Contemporary Definition
of UD in place-making
Urban design involves place-making - the creation of a
setting that imparts a sense of place to an area.
This process is achieved by establishing identifiable
neighborhoods, unique architecture, aesthetically pleasing
public places and vistas, identifiable landmarks and focal
points, and a human element established by compatible
scales of development and ongoing public stewardship.
Key elements of place-making include: lively commercial
centers, mixed-use development with ground-floor retail
uses, human-scale and context-sensitive design; safe and
attractive public areas; image-making; and decorative
elements in the public realm.
Lewis Mumford, The
Synthesis Culture of Cities (1938)
“Mind takes form in the city; and in turn, urban forms
condition mind. For space, no less than time, is artfully
reorganized in cities: in boundary lines and silhouettes,
in the fixing of horizontal planes and vertical peaks, in
utilizing or denying the natural site, the city records the
attitude of a culture and an epoch to the fundamental
facts of its existence. The dome and the spire, the open
avenue and the closed court, tell the story not merely
of the different physical accommodations, but of
essentially different conceptions of man’s
destiny…With language itself, it remains man’s greatest
work of art.”
Sources and References