Zveli romis xelovneba

qr. S.-mde I saukunis dasasrulidan antikur samyaroSi wamyvan

adgils ikavebs romi, romelic am droisaTvis imperiad yalibdeba
da msoflio dampyrobeli xdeba. romis xelovneba, romelic
antikuri xelovnebis ukanasknel, daskvniT etaps warmoadgens or
ZiriTad periodad iyofa:
1. romis respublikis xelovneba _ qr. S. III – qr. S.-mde I ss.
2. romis imperiis xelovneba _ qr. S. I s. dasasruil – qr. S.-
mde V s.
I saukune qr.S-mde metad mRelvare periodia romis
istoriaSi. iulius keisarma Tavisi Semtevi politikis wyalobiT
erTiorad gazarda qveynis teritoria. qr.S-mde 58-53 wlebSi man
mTeli galia Semoumtkica roms. Semdeg igi Tavisi jariT
moubrunda Tavad roms, sZlia pompeusis laSqars da aq sakuTari
ganusazRvreli Zalaufleba daamyara. diqtators usityvod
emorCilebodnen konsulebic da senatic. misi xelisufleba
britaneTis kunZulebidan evfratsa da tigrosamde vrceldeboda.
keisris garemocva, gansakuTrebiT ki senati ver urigdeboda
mis erTpirovnul mmarTvelobas da qr.S-mde 44 wels misi
memkvidris, markus iunius brutusis xelmZRvanelobiT senatorebma
SeTqmuleba moawyves tiranis winaaRmdeg. senatis erT-erT
sxdomaze iulius keisars gars Semoertynen senatorebi, romelTac
togebSi xanjlebi hqondaT damaluli; TiToeulma TiTo dartyma
miayena keisars. ase gamoasalmes igi sicocxles. romis
saxelmwifos mmarTveloba gamocdilma mxedarTmTavarma –
antoniusma da keisris dis Svilma, misma memkvidrem, oqtavianem
gaiyves. antoniusi romis samflobelos aRmosavleT nawils
ganagebda, oqtaviane _ dasavleTs. magram male maT Soris
uTanxmoeba Camovarda. oqtavianem pompeuss sZlia da romis
erTaderTi erTpirovnuli marTveli gaxda. Tavisi moqnili
politikis wyalobiT oqtavianem bevri momxre SeiZina da mtkiced
gaimagra poziciebi xelisuflebaSi. oqtaviane sakuTar Tavs
princepss uwodebda, rac qarTulad senatorTa Soris pirvels
niSnavs. (qr.S-mde I saukunidan qr.S-dan III saukunis bolomde xanas
romis istoriaSi principatis periodsac uwodeben). oficialurad
miiCneoda, rom xelisufleba princepssa da senatorTa Soris
nawildeboda, Tumc realurad qveyanaSi sruli monarqia sufevda
da mTeli Zalaufleba mTlianad oqtavianes epyra xelT. qr.S-mde
27 wels senatma mas mianiWa umaRlesi tituli _ avgustusi, rac
RmerTisgan aRzevebuls niSnavs. SemdgomSi am tituls romis yvela
mmarTveli atarebda. swored aqedan iRebs saTaves romis imperia,
xolo mis mmarTvelebs amieridan imperatorebs uwodeben.
avgustusis TiTqmis naxevarsaukunovani mmarTvelobis dros
(qr.S-mde 30 w. – qr.S-dan 14 w.) romSi keTildReoba da mSvidoba
sufevda. es iyo literaturis, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis
ayvavebis xana. am dros cxovroben da moRvaweoben didi romaeli
poetebi _ vergiliusi, horaciusi, ovidiusi; istorikosi titus
libiusi; arqiteqturis sferoSi Tavis naSromebs qmnis vitruviusi.

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avgustusis mmarTvelobis periods “oqros xanas” uwodeben, Tavad
avgustuss senatma da romaelma xalxma “samSoblos mama” uwoda.
respublikis wyobis dacemam da imperiis Seqmnam axali
amocanebi dasva xelovnebaSi, imperiam axali moTxovnebi wauyena
mas. qveynis siZlieris masStabebi, aqedan gamomdinare gazrdili
saxelisuflo pretenziebi da ambiciebi amieridan axal miznebs
usaxavs xelovnebas. “aRzevebuli (gaRmrToebuli) avgustusisaTvis”
xotbis Sesxma, romis siZlieris ukeT warmoCena da qveynis
idealizacia mTavar motivad iqceva romael poetTa da
mxatvarTaTvis. romis xelovnebis umTavres ideologiur programas
imperiis Zalauflebis xazgasma warmoadgens. imperiis siZlieres
ki, pirvel rigSi, misi mmarTveli ganasaxierebs. amitomac romis
xelovneba am dros imperatoris gandidebas eweva. am mizniT uxvad
iqmneba romael imperatorTa saparado portretebi, romlebic
sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi _ quCebsa da moednebze
idgmeba. amgvari ideologiuri moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, romaul
qandakebaSi Cndeba axali tendenciebi, iwyeba axali mxatvruli
formis Zieba. portretuli niSnebis SenarCunebasTan erTad
moqandakeni Segnebulad mimarTaven saxis idealizacias. romael
ostatTa yuradRebas am dros V-IV saukuneebis klasikuri epoqis
berZnuli xelovneba ipyrobs. fidiasis idealuri gmirebi, maTTvis
damaxasiaTebeli heroikulobiTa da didebulebiT da polikletes
aTleturi, keTilaRnagi figurebis proporciaTa harmoniuloba
gansakuTrebiT izidavs romaelT. swored berZnul qandakebaSi
gamJRavnebuli heroika, amaRlebuloba, garegnuli Tu Sinagani
simSvide da harmonia akmayofilebs imperiis periodis xelovnebis
miswrafebebs.
berZnuli xelovnebis gavlenam gansakuTrebuli ZaliT iCina
Tavi romaul portretSi qr.S-mde I saukunis miwurulidan. am
periodSi erTmaneTs organulad erwymis, erTi SexedviT iseTi
urTierTgamomricxavi Tvisebebi, rogorebicaa saxis portretuli
msgavseba, individualuroba da ganzogadeba-tipizacia. es
ukanaskneli savsebiT ar uSlis xels moqandakes mis mier qvaSi
ukvdavyofili adamianis (portretirebulis) zogadi fsiqologiuri
daxasiaTeba mogvces. gansxvavebiT berZnebisagan, romelTaTvisac
portreti warmoadgens erTgvar plastiur motivs, xolo misi
idealizireba Cveul mxatvrul xerxs, romlisganac ganze dgas
saxis individualuroba, romaelebi am or Tvisebas erTmaneTisagan
damoukideblad ar moiazreben.
am periodis romeul qandakebaze saubrisas calke jgufad
unda gamoiyos oficialuri, saparado portreti. mis erT-erT
saxasiaTo nimuSs warmoadgens qr.S-mde I saukunis dasawyisSi
Seqmnili oqtaviane avgustusi qandakeba prima portadan.
imperatori gamosaxulia mxedarTmTavris saomar samosSi _ abjriT
da kverTxiT marcxena xelSi. win gawvdili marjveniT igi meomrebs
mimarTavs. poza didebuli da mediduria, sxeuli _ Zlieri,
dakunTuli, aTleturi. sxeulis proporciebiT igi ZvelberZen
ostatTa mier Seqmnil aTletebsa da RmerTebs mogvagonebs.

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garegoaSi aSkarad xazgasmulia individualuri niSnebi: maRali
Subli, wvrili, Rrmad Camjdari Tvalebi, patara piri, wvetiani
nikapi da odnav ganze gaweuli yurebi, magram yovelive amis fonze
saxeze aRbeWdilia vaJkacoba, keTilSobileba, pirdapiroba _
idealuri moqalaqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi, rasac Zveli
berZnebi sagangebod gamohyofdnen TavianT qandakebaSi. am niSnebis
gamokveTa oqtaviane avgustusis saxeze sworedac rom misi
gaidealebis mcdelobad unda aRviqvaT, radgan istoriulad
cnobilia, rom sinamdvileSi igi sakmaod eSmaki, gaqnili, veragi da
daundobeli pirovneba iyo; misTvis ar iyo ucxo sicrue,
pirmoTneoba, orpiroba, mliqvneloba. moqandakem imperatoris
saameblad gaakeTilSobila igi da misgan unaklo gmiris saxe
Seqmna. ostats arc is gamorCenia mxedvelobidan, rom mis fexebTan
qalRmerT veneras Svilis, amuris patara figura moeTavsebina,
raTa xazi gaesva avgustusis RvTaebrivi warmomavlobisaTvis,
viTomda misi gvari swored amurisagan iRebda saTaves. da mainc,
miuxedavad ZvelberZnul qandakebasTan saerTo niSnebisa, es
tipiuri romauli portretia. erTi SexedvisTanave naTelia, rom
avgustusi mnaxvelis winaSe mTeli Tavisi brwyinvalebiTa da
TavmomwoneobiT warsdgeba, TiTqos pozirebs. es, TvalSi advilad
sacemi reprezentaciuloba da xelis win gawvdili paTetiuri
Jesti erTgvar Teatralurobas aniWebs qandakebas, rac momavalSic
damaxasiaTebeli iqneba romauli saparado portretisTvis da rac,
cxadia, sruliad ucxo iyo ZvelberZnuli qandakebisaTvis.

oqtaviane avgustusis qandakeba

romis xelovnebis wamyvani dargi kvlavac arqiteqturaa,

romelic isev da isev imperiis siZlieris gadmocemas emsaxureba.
mas mkafiod garkveuli politikuri miznebi hqonda: xazi gaesva
mmarTveli imperatoris xelgaSlilobisTvis, Semoenaxa misi
saxeli STamomavlobisTvis, saboloo jamSi ki warmoeCina romis
imperiis didebuleba. amasTan dakavSirebiT mSenebloba

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grandiozul masStabebs iZens. nagebobebi gansakuTrebuli
pompezurobiT, didi zomebiTa da monumenturobiT xasiaTdeba,
rasac didad uwyobs xels samSeneblo teqnikis daxvewa da
gaumjobeseba. am dros jer kidev respublikis xanaSi
Camoyalibebuli nagebobebis tipebis (forumebis, bazilikebis,
Termebis, Teatrebis, amfiTeatrebis, cirkebis, xidebis, aqvedukebis)
arqiteqturuli srulyofa da romis mTel teritoriaze farTod
gavrceleba xdeba. amieridan aqcenti swored saero xasiaTis
sazogadoebriv nagebobebze daismis. wina planze moiwevs saero
xuroTmoZRvrebis roli da saimperatoro mSeneblobaSic xvedriTi
wili, ZiriTadad, masze modis. imperatorebi erTmaneTs ejibrebian
grandiozuli ansamblebis, moednebis, sxvadasxva daniSnulebis
nagebobebis mSeneblobaSi.
forumi antikuri romis arqiteqturuli xelovnebis erT-
erTi mniSvnelovani miRwevaa. ase ewodeboda qalaqis moedans,
romelsac ukve romis respublikis xanaSi arqiteqturulad
gaformebuli mxatvruli saxe qonda. romis xuroTmoZRvrebis sxva
monapovrebTan erTad, forumi qalaqTmSeneblobis istoriaSi erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi qmnilebaa.

romis forumi, amJamindeli saxiT

sityva „forum“ Tavdapirvelad sabazro moedans aRniSnavda.

romSi ramdenime aseTi moedani iyo, maTgan mTavars ewodeboda
„forumi“ yovelgvari epiTetis gareSe. droTa ganmavlobaSi mas
ewoda „forum romanum“ anu romauli forumi. igi mdebareobda
palatinis borcvis gaswvriv da emijneboda kapitoliumis borcvs.
TandaTan am adgilidan bazari gadaitanes qalaqis sxva nawilSi
da forumi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis centrad gadaiqca. forumze
Tavs iyrida dedaqalaqis sazogadoebrivi cxovreba mTeli Tavisi
mravalferovnebiT. aq igeboda sxvadasxva funqciis nagebobebi,
yvelaze mniSvnelovani savaWro, sakulto da saero daniSnulebis
Senobebi, maT Soris qalaqis mfarvel RvTaebaTa taZrebi, romelTa
win sruldeboda religiuri ritualebi. forumi qalaqis
politikuri centric iyo. aq ikribeboda saxalxo kreba, xalxis
winaSe gamodiodnen cnobili saxelmwifo moRvaweebi da

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oratorebi. aqve inaxeboda saxelmwifo xazina, Cqefda dedaqalaqis
savaWro cxovreba. adreul xanaSi dResaswaulebis dros forumze
gladiatorTa brZolebi tardeboda. aseTi mravalmxrivi
daniSnuleba qmnida forumis arqiteqturuli saxis Taviseburebas.

romis forumis gegmareba

forumis nagebobaTa Soris pirvel rigSi (taZrebis Semdeg)

unda davasaxeloT bazilikebi. Tavisi daniSnulebiT es iyo saero
nagebobebi, gankuTvnili savaWro garigebebisa da
marTlmsajulebis warmoebisaTvis. bazilikebi gamoiyeneboda
mTavrobis dadgenilebaTa sajarod gamosacxadeblad. es iyo
Taviseburi birJa, saqmiani Sexvedrebis adgili; aq ikribebodnen
romaelebi axali ambebis gasagebad. forumze igeboda kuriebi –
senatis sxdomebisaTvis gankuTvnili Senobebi. aqve iyo uamravi
patara savaWro tabernebi. forumis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
nageboba iyo kapitoliumis borcvis kalTaze aRmarTuli
saxelmwifo arqivis Senoba – tabulariumi. orsarTuliani
nagebobis pirveli sarTuli Ria galereas warmoadgenda, meore
sarTulis fasadi Semkuli iyo TaRebis sistemiT – tabulariumSi
pirvelad gadawyda mravalsarTuliani saxlis fasadis problema.
TandaTan Seiqmna forumis garSemo svetebiani portikebis agebis
tradicia. romis forumis arqiteqturuli saxe yalibdeboda
xangrZlivi drois manZilze, yovel epoqas Seqonda Tavisi
Sesworebebi mis mxatvrul-arqiteqturul saxeSi. amitomaa, rom
adreuli romis forumi sakmaod usworo gegmarebisaa da
respublikur xanaSi jer kidev ar SeiZleba laparaki forumis
dasrulebul mxatvrul saxeze.

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 aRsaniSnavia romis saimperatoro forumebi. yoveli axali
imperatori sakuTar forums agebda da cdilobda misi saxelis
matarebeli moedani winamorbedze ufro mdidruli da didebuli
yofiliyo. ukve iulius keisarma daiwyo Zveli forumis gafarToeba
(Zv. w. 54-46 ww.) amisTvis man kvirinalis borcvis Ziras brZana
axali didi moednis gaSeneba, romelsac keisris forumi ewoda.
keisris forumma dasabami misca saimperatoro forumebis
arqiteqturuli ansamblis Camoyalibebas. aq ukve gamoCnda is
ZiriTadi niSnebi, romlebic safuZvlad daedeba momaval forumTa
gegmarebas – zustad gaazrebuli geometriuli ganawileba da
simetriis principi.
romis imperatorebi mudmiv mecadineobaSi iyvnen, rom Tavis
qveSevrdomebi da romis moqalaqeni mudam kmayofili hyolodaT,
raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT qveynis usamarTlod marTviTa da
Seqmnili duxWiri pirobebiT ukmayofilo xalxis guliswyroma,
romelic did SeiaraRebul ajanyebaSic ki SeiZleboda
gadazrdiliyo. romis mmarTvelni Tvlidnen, rom amisaTvs saWiro
iyo xalxi yofilifo maZRari da hqonodaT gasarTobi. “puri da
sanaxaoba”, _ es iyo romael imperatorTa devizi. cnobilia, rom
rodesac sabolood gamarjvebuli iulius keisari romSi
dabrunda, man TiToeul moqalaqes fuli, xorbali da zeTi
dauriga. aseT saCuqrebs romis imperatorebi xSirad gascemdnen
xolme, isini arc Tvalis saseiros aklebdnen Tavis xalxs.
gladiatorTa brZolebisa da sxva sanaxaobebisaTvis qveynis
xelisufalni sagangebo Senobebs agebdnen. imperiis periodis romi
mdidaria amgvari nagebobebiT. maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze didi,
saqveynod cnobili nimuSi qr.S-mde I saukuneSi, 75-80 wlebSi
flaviusebis mmarTvelobis dros aigo romSi. mas kolizeumi anu
koliseumi ewoda, rac kolosalurs, grandiozuls niSnavs.

kolizeumi, qr. S.-mde 75-80 ww.

es iyo uzarmazari, elifsis formis (188X156 mm.) nageboba, romelic

50 000-mde mayurebels itevda. centrSi moTavsebuli iyo elifsis
formisave didi scena _ arena (85X53 mm.), romelic erTdroulad
3000-mde gladiators itevda. arenas xis iataki hqonda, brZolis
dros masze qviSas yridnen (“arena” laTinurad qviSas niSnavs,
aqedan warmosdgeba moednis saxelwodebac). scenis qveS oTaxebis

6
mTeli sistema iyo. aq ganlagebuli iyo galiebi cxovelebisTvis,
saTavsebi mokluli da daWrili gladiatorebisa da mxecebisaTvis.
aqve iyo wyalgayvanilobis milebi. maTi saSualebiT zogjer
arenas wyliTac avsebdnen, aseT SemTxvevaSi wyalSi brZolebi _
navmaqiebi imarTeboda. arenas gars ertya 50 m-is simaRleze oTx
iarusad aRmarTuli mayurebelTa dasajdomi adgilebis wyeba.
uSualod arenas ebjineboda maRali, 4 m-is simaRlis farTo
podiumi, sadac sagangebod senatorTaTvis gankuTvnili
marmarilos savarZlebi idga. calke iyo gamoyofili erTmaneTis
sapirispirod, moednis mokle RerZze mdebare, ori loJa
imperatorebisa da qalaqis mmarTvelTaTvis. isini miwisqveSa
gasasvleliT ukavSirdebodnen palatinze mdebare sasaxles. amis
Semdeg iwyeboda iarusebi marmariloTi moprkeTebuli qvis
skamebiT; sul zemoT, meoTxe iarusze ganlagebuli iyo fexze
dasadgomi adgilebi Raribi mosaxleobisTvis. dasajdomi
adgilebis qveS mowyobili iyo didi da farTo Ria galereebi,
romelTac mayureblebi uamindobis dros afarebdnen Tavs.
papanaqeba sicxisgan Tavdasacavad meoTxe iarusze aRmarTul
sagangebo maRal anZebze tents – velariums Wimavdnen xolme.

kolizeumis sainJinro konstruqcia, qr. S.-mde 75-80 ww.

kolizeumis Sida sistema mkafiod iyo gaazrebuli.

grandiozuli amfiTetris konstruqciul safuZvels warmoadgenda
560 travertinisagan nagebi piloni, romelic cilindrul da
jvrovan betonis kamarebs iWerda da qmnida baqnebs zeda
iarusebisaken mimavali kibeebisaTvis. maT erTmaneTTan arenidan
radialurad gamavali betonis, tufiT mopirkeTebuli 80 kedeli
aerTebda. maTi meSveobiT nageboba amdenive sivrciT ujredad
iyofoda. isini Sida wriuli derefnebiTa da Ria galereebiT
ukavSirdebodnen erTmaneTs. TiToeuls Tavisi Sesasvleli da
kibeebis sistema hqonda. qveda iarusis 80 Sesasvlelidan mnaxveli
TaRovan galereaSi xvdeboda, saidanac kolizeumis Siga nawilSi
sul 5 Sesasvleli iyo mowyobili, aqedan 4 mayureblisaTvis, me-5-e

7
ki gladiatorebisaTvis gankuTvnili. galereebisa da
mravalricxovan gasasvlelTa amgvari sistema uzrunvelyofda am
uzarmazari nagebobis xalxiT swrafad avsebasa da daclas.

kolizeumi, qr. S.-mde 75-80 ww.

kolizeumis struqtura, misi konstruqcia naTlad da

mkafiod Cans nagebobis fasadzec, radgan interieris iarusebad
dayofa aqac mkveTradaa gamovlenili. garedan esaa monumenturi da
masiuri, oTx iarusad dayofili cilindruli formis nageboba.
kolizeumSi mTeli ZaliTaa gamoyenebuli romis arqiteqturis
pirmSo _ TaRi, romelic manamde arcerTi qveynis arqiteqturaSi
ar gvxvdeba, magram masTan organuladaa Serwymuli ZvelberZnuli
orderuli sistemac. TaRebiT gaxsnili qveda sami iarusi antikuri
orderebiTaa damuSavebuli. TaRis sayrden masiur boZebze
(burjebze), romelnic gadaxurvis ZiriTad simZimes _ antablements
iWeren, naxevarsvetebia midgmuli. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, maT
sruliad dakarguli aqvT konstruqciuli funqcia da mxolod
arqiteqturuli dekoris rols asruleben. qveda, pirvel iarusze
gamoyenebulia romSi gansakuTrebiT popularuli toskanuri
orderis naxevarsvetebi, meore iarusze _ ionuri, xolo mesameze _
korinTuli. meoTxe iarusi masiur, monoliTur korinTuli
orderis pilastrebiTa da momcro zomis sworkuTxa sarkmlebiT
danawevrebul qvis kedels warmoadgens, romelic zemodan kravs da
agvirgvinebs Senobas. ase Zalumad gamoyenebuli orderi
gansakuTrebul plastiurobas sZens kedels da acocxlebs mis
statikur masas. sam iarusad ganlagebuli TaRebi gars ertymis
mTel cilindrs 520 m-is sigrZeze da dausrulebel, vrcel ritms
qmnis. nagebobis horizontaluri danawevreba, garkveulwilad,
batonobs mis vertikalur mimarTulebaze, Tumc isini TiTqmis ar
modian erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSi. es, erTis mxriv, xels uwyobs

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nagebobis ovaluri masis arqiteqturul gamomsaxvelobas da
gansakuTrebul moxdenilobas sZens mas. amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom
Senobis arcerTi mxare araa raime detaliT sagangebod
gamoyofili, arafriT irRveva misi mkacri, Tanabarzomieri ritmi.
am mxriv ZvelberZnuli perifteris msgavsad, kolizeumi saocari
mxatvruli mTlianobiTa da harmoniulobiT gamoirCeva. TaRebi
erTnairad aRiqmeba yvela mxridan da fasads Suq-Crdilis aqtiuri,
cxovelxatuli TamaSiT acocxlebs.
naxevarsvetebi fasadis proporciul dayofasTan erTad
mkafiod avlenen nagebobis teqtonikur kanonzomierebebs. mzid
masiur boZTan midgmuli, SedarebiT msubuqi naxevarsvetebi kidev
erTxel usvams xazs sayrdeni burjis mzid funqcias. iarusebis
simaRle da maTi TaRebis malebis sigane absoluturad tolia,
magram amisda miuxedavad, aq gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva orderuli
sistemis gamo, iarusebi gansxvavebul gancdas badebs mnaxvelSi.
masiuri toskanuri orderiT Semkuli qveda iarusi ufro mZimea,
simyaris STabeWdilebas tovebs da mkvidr safuZvels uqmnis
Senobas. moxdenili ionuri svetebi SedarebiT simsubuqes aniWebs
meore iaruss, mesame iarusis daxvewili da aziduli korinTuli
naxevarsvetebi da bolo iarusis saerTodac pilastrebad qceuli
igive orderi kidev ufro amsubuqebs nagebobis zeda nawils.
amgvarad, vizualuri xerxiT, zemoT, simaRlis zrdasTan erTad
simZime TiTqos iklebs da nagebobac msubuqdeba, Tumca nagebobis
damagvirgvinebeli masiuri kedeli sakmaod myarad, saltesaviT
ekvris, zemodan kravs mTel Senobas da dasrulebul iers aniWebs
mas.
kolizeumi nagebi iyo Zalze mkvidrad, umetesad tufisagan.
calkeuli mniSvnelovani konstruqciebisaTvis farTod
gamoiyeneboda aguri da betoni. garedan kedlebi mopirkeTebuli
iyo travertiniT. kedlis wyoba uzado ostatobiTaa Sesrulebuli.

titusis TaRi, qr. S.-mde 81 w.

9
 romi araerTi sainJinro-teqnikuri miRwevis samSobloa.
magaliTad, TaRi da kamara, romelic kolizeumis konstruqciis
safuZvels warmoadgens, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, swored romis
gamogonebaa, iseve rogorc sveti, orderuli sistema _ berZnuli
xuroTmoZRvrebisa. es iyo romis wvlili msoflio arqiteqturis
ganviTarebaSi. amis Semdgom mocemuli konstruqciebi farTod
gavrcelda sxva erebis arqiteqturaSic. TviT romaelebi
gansakuTrebiT xSirad swored TaRs iyeneben sxvadasxva
daniSnulebis nagebobebisaTvis. sakuTari gamogonebiT
moxiblulni, isini TiTqos sagangebod misTvis qmnian axal
arqiteqturul tips Tu motivs _ triumfalur TaRs. maT sul
sxvadasxva _ politikuri, memorialuri, religiuri mniSvneloba
eniWebodaT. TaRebi igeboda imperatoris sadideblad, xSirad
saxelmwifo moxeleebis an sulac kerZo pirTa saxelze. maTi
mTavari funqcia iyo ukvdaveyo imperatorebisa da udidesi
mxedarTmTavrebis sabrZolo gamarjvebebi. magram amas garda maTi
Senebis mizezi aTasi sxva ram SeiZleboda yofiliyo: romelime
qalaqis an periferiis romisadmi daqvemdebareba, gzis gayvana an
xidis ageba-rekonstruqcia. TaRi asrulebda gasasvlelis, karibWis
rolsac, amis gamo mas xSirad aRmarTavdnen forumis, cirkis,
stadionis an navsadguris SesasvlelTan. triumfaluri TaRebis
Seneba jer kidev respublikis periodSi daiwyes, magram
gansakuTrebuli popularoba maT imperiis epoqaSi moipoves.

titusis TaRis reliefi, qr. S.-mde 81 w.

satriumfo TaRma ganviTarebis ramdenime etapi gaiara.

klasikur dasrulebulobas, rogorc erTgvarma arqiteqturulma
tipma, man qr.S-is I saukuneSi titusis TaRSi miaRwia. igi agebul
iqna qr.S-is 81 wels imperator titusis mier ajanyebul iudeaze
gamarjvebisa da ierusalimis aRebis aRsaniSnavad. romis forumze
mimaval gzaze mdgari, 20 m-is simaRlis monumenturi erTTaRiani
nageboba kargad moixilveba yvela mxridan. TaRi mTlianad
marmarilosagan aris nagebi. igi warmoadgens sigrZeSi
wagrZelebul sworkuTxa masas masSi gaWrili TaRis erTi RiobiT.
maRal cokolze mdgari sayrdeni pilonebi yoveli mxridan
gaformebulia oTx-oTxi, mwyobri, lamazi proporciebis mqone
naxevarsvetebiT, romelTac kompozituri tipis kapitelebi aqvT,

10
rac imas niSnavs, rom aq erTmaneTs erwymis ionuri da korinTuli
kapitelebis elementebi. kompozituri kapitelebi pirvelad swored
aq gvxvdeba, Semdgom ki farTod gamoiyeneba romis
xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. nagebobas sakmaod maRali atika agvirgvinebs.
(varaudoben, rom aqve iyo urna titusis neStiT, romelTanac
pilonSi CaSeneuli kibe midioda). atikaze amokveTili warwera
gvamcnobs, rom romaelma xalxma da senatma es TaRi “RvTaebriv
imperator” tituss augo. satriumfo TaRs zemodan edga
brinjaosagan Camosxmuli skulpturuli jgufi _ kvadriga,
romelsac imperatori marTavda, mis gverdiT iyo gamarjvebis
qalRmerTis figurac.
satriumfo TaRis Semamkobeli dekoratiuli elementebi,
ZiriTadad, TaRis Sida nawilSia koncentrirebuli. misi kamara
gaformebulia dekoratiuli kesonebiTa da rozetebiT, Sida
kedlebs ki istoriuli xasiaTis reliefebi amSvenebs. erT mxares
gamosaxuli iyo Tavis meomrebTan erTad romSi momavali,
sabrZolo etlze amxedrebuli gamarjvebuli imperatori, meoreze
_ romaeli legionerebi, romelTac mdidari nadavli (alafi)
moaqvT ierusalimis taZridan. reliefebi maRalostatobiT
gamoirCeva. scenebi Zalze dinamiuria, figurebi _ moZravi.
kompozicia igeba ara fonis paralelurad, aramed siRrmeSi,
diagonalurad, foni ki Tumc sruliad sadaa, garemos
mimaniSnebeli detalebis gareSe, mainc realur sivrced aRiqmeba.
figuraTa Zlieri amozneqiloba, rakursebis sirTule,
mravalferovneba da reliefebis mdebareobiT gamowveuli gverdiTi
ganaTeba xels uwyobs gamosaxulebaTa cxovelxatulobas. titusis
TaRSi harmoniulad erwymis erTmaneTs arqiteqtura da reliefi.
arqiteqturli formis lakonuroba da dekoris zomieri
TavSekavebuloba daxvewil gemovnebas amJRavnebs. titusis TaRi
mxatvruli sinTezis erT-erTi saukeTeso nimuSia romaul
xelovnebaSi.

septimus severusis TaRi, 203 w. konstantines TaRi, 315 w.

mogvianebiT satriumfi TaRTa naTeli, mkafio agebuleba

odnav rTuldeba, maTi plastikuri Semkuloba ki meti siuxviT
gamoirCeva. amgvari TaRis magaliTad septimus severusisa (igi 203

11
wels kapitoliumis ZirTan aRimarT) da konstantines
triumfaluri TaRebi (315 wels imperator konstantines
maqsenciusze gamarjvebis ukvdavsayofad agebuli) gamodgeba.
TaRebi gansakuTrebiT mdidruladaa dekorirebuli, ris gamoc
gadatvirTulobis STabeWdileba iqmneba, rasac konstruqciis
simkafiove da sisadave ewireba. es ki arRvevs nagebobis
teqtonikurobas.
TaRis konstruqciis gavrcelebis kidev erT sferos romSi
aqvedukebi da xidebi warmoadgens. Tu es ukanasknelni
transportis ganviTarebasTan erTad bunebrivad vrceldeba sxva
qveynebSic, aqvedukebi tipiur romaul movlenad gvevlineba. maTi
mSenebloba respublikis periodSi iwyeba. aqveduki warmoadgenda
betonisa da qvis TaRovan konstruqcias, romelic
wyalgayvanilobis erTgvari sistemis rols asrulebda. maTi
meSveobiT sasmeli wyali Soreuli mTebidan romSi miedineboda.
roca wyalgayvanilobas gzad mdinare, an Rrma xevi eRobeboda,
mSeneblebi agebdnen TaRovan xids, romelzedac wylis milebi
gadioda. pirveli wyalgayvanilobis sistema romSi qr.S-mde IV-III
saukuneebSi gaCnda, maSin romis mosaxleobam milions gadaaWarba
da qalaqs 11 aqveduki emsaxureboda. romaelebi Zalze amayobdnen
aqvedukebiT. isini maT civilizaciis niSnad miiCnevdnen. inJineri
frontiniusi, romelic II saukunis dasawyisSi romis
wyalmomaragebas ganagebda, aRniSnavda, rom aqvedukebi romis
imperiis didebisa da siZlieris mTavari dasturi iyo.

gardis xidi, qr. S.-is II s.

romaul aqvedukTagan yvelaze kargad SemorCa e.w. gardis

xidi (qr.S-is II s.). igi romis maSindel provinciaSi _ galiaSi,
(dRes samxreT safrangeTi) mdebareobs. funqciurad xidi, igi amave
dros warmoadgenda nawils didi aqvedukisa, romelic wyliT
amaragebda qalaq nims (nemauzs). wyalgayvanilobis mTeli am
sistemis sigrZe 50 km-mde iyo gadaWimuli. amJamad SemorCenilia,
mxolod mdinare gardze gadebuli 273 m-is sigrZis samiarusiani
TaRedi. qveda ori iarusi erTimeoris gaswvriv, erTmaneTze
dayrdnobili, TiTqmis erTmaneTis toli TaRebisagan Sedgeba.
(meore iarusis TaRebi odnav ufro maRalia pirvelisaze). TaRis
malis sigane zogan 20 m-mde aRwevs, centraluri TaRi ki 24,4 m-

12
mdea. aqvedukis sul zeda nawili, mesame iarusi momcro TaRnars
warmoadgens, romlis dabal kedelSi wylisTvis gankuTvnili
Tixis milebi iyo Cawyobili. gardis xidi agebulia kargad
gaTlili qviT, wyoba mSralia _ qviSaqvis blokebi yovelgvari
SemaerTebeli duRabis gareSe mWidrod ebjineba erTimeores.
gansakuTrebul sirTules warmoadgenda aseTi teqnikiT TaRebis
naxevarwriuli formis amoyvana, rac marTlac rom maRal
samSeneblo teqnikas moiTxovda.
gardis xidis mxatvruli ieris SeqmnaSi gansakuTrebul
rols TamaSobs TaRebisagan Sobili dinamiuri ritmika. misi Sua
nawili _ moxdenili proporciis mqone, odnav ufro maRali meore
iarusi erTgvar kompoziciur centrs warmoadgens; ufro
monoliTuri zeda, dabali TaRedi ki kompoziciurad atikis
funqcias asrulebs da logikurad agvirgvinebs nagebobas.
saboloo jamSi gardis xidis mTavar mxatvrul maxasiaTeblebs
grandiozuloba da masStaburoba Seadgens. amave dros igi
harmoniulad erwymis ulamazes peizaJs da SesaniSnavad ewereba
garemoSi. gardis xidi romauli xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erTi
saukeTeso qmnilebaa, romelSic Tvalxiluladaa ganxorcielebuli
romis arqiteqturis mTavari devizi: sargebeli, funqcia, silamaze.
gardis xidi romauli sainJinro xelovnebis simbolod SeiZleba
CaiTvalos.

pompeis erT-erTi quCa

zemoT erTxel ukve SevexeT vulkanis amofrqvevis Sedegad

daRupul, SeiZleba iTqvas, cocxlad damarxul qalaqebs _
pompeisa da herkulanums. swored maT arsebobas unda vumadlodeT
romauli kedlis mxatvrobis Sesaxeb Cvens codnas. xsenebuli
qalaqebis sacxovrebeli saxlebSi uamravi SesaniSnavi, uzado

13
ostatobiT Sesrulebuli freskaa aRmoCenili, rac romauli
mxatvrobis maRal doneze miuTiTebs. pompeisa da herkulanumis
freskebis Seswavlis Sedegad, mecnierebma isini oTx jgufad, oTx
stilad dayves.

inkrustaciuli stili, arqiteqturuli stili, qr. S-mde I s.

qr. S-,de II s.

I stils, romelic, jer kidev respublikis xanaSi,

ZiriTadad, qr.S-mde II saukuneSi iyo gavrcelebuli, uwodes e.w.
inkrustaciuli stili. es iyo moxatuloba, romelic sxvadasxva
feris marmarilos qvebiT mopirkeTebuli kedlis imitacias
warmoadgenda. baTqaSi, romelzedac naxati daitaneboda, ramdenime
fenad ideboda kedelze. yoveli momdevno fena winamorbedze ufro
Txeli da nazi iyo. gamoiyeneboda TeTri, Savi, wiTeli da yviTeli
saRebavebi. ferebi sufTa da Rrma (intensiuri) iyo. am stilis
moxatulobe gvxdeba pompeiSi, “favnusis saxlSi”.

pompeis mxatvroba, “misteriebis vila,” arqiteqturuli stili, qr. S-mde I s.

14
 qr. S-mde I saukuneSi kedlis moxatuloba ufro rTuldeba.
dekoratiul-sibrtyobrivi “marmarilos filebis” magier ixateba
sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli detalebi: svetebi, karnizebi,
pilastrebi, kapitelebi, portikebi. amitomac am mimarTulebas
arqiteqturul (aseve arqiteqturul-perspeqtiul) stils uwodeben,
Tumc ki am stilis freskebSi xSirad gvxvdeba adamianTa
figurebic. arqiteqturuli detalebi Tu Senobebi araCveulebrivi
sizustiT iyo amoxatuli da realobis srul iluzias qmnida.
perspeqtivisa da Suq-Crdilis moxerxebulad gamoyeneba kedlis
sibrtyeze iluzorul sivrces qmnida, kedlebi TiTqos siRrmeSi
iweoda da TviT oTaxic ufro didi da farTo Canda. kedlis
centrSi xSirad aTavsebdnen msxvilfigurian aseve kedelze naxat
“suraTebs”, xandaxan ki kedlis did monakveTze, arqiteqturul
detalebs Soris raime scena TamaSdeboda (gamoisaxeboda). zogjer
isini berZeni fermwerebis cnobil kompoziciebsac imeorebdnen.
meore stilis umniSvnelovanesi nimuSia qr.S-mde I saukuneSi
Sesrulebuli moxatuloba “misteriebis vilaSi”, pompeiSi.
uzarmazari vilis erT-erT sakmaod mozrdil oTaxSi kedlebi
mTlianad dafarulia freskebiT. arqiteqturul detalebs am
mxatvrobaSi SedarebiT mcire adgili uWiravs kedlis mxolod
zeda da qveda nawilSi, mTel danarCen areze, romelic
sibrtyobrivi tixrebiT erTmaneTis tol monakveTebadaa dayofili,
mravalfiguriani kompoziciaa gaSlili. masSi dionises kultTan
dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva xasiaTis scena enacvleba erTimeores
(saxelwodeba vilam swored am kompoziciiT miiRo). ganyenebul muq
mowiTalo fonze misteriebis monawile naturaluri zomis 29
figuraa mocemuli. isini calkeul jgufebs qmnian da mkafio
siluetebad gamoiyofian. aq warmodgenil miTologiur
personaJebTan erTad (magaliTad, dionise da misi meuRle ariadne,
satirebi da silenebi), misteriis monawile rigiTi personaJebic
arian gamosaxulni.

pompeis mxatvroba, “misteriebis vila,” arqiteqturuli stili, qr. S-mde I s.

15
 gansakuTrebuli emociurobiT gamoirCeva scena, sadac
ganrisxebuli frTosani qalRmerTi Solts uRerebs axalgazrda
gogonas, romelic iqve mjdomi qalis muxlebTan CaCoqila, Tavi
mis kalTaSi Caurgavs, TiTqos misgan elis dacvas. ukan
gafrialebuli muqi mowiTalo yavisferi mosasxamis fonze misi
sxeulis oqrosferi nazi toni mkafiod ikiTxeba. am figuris
gverdiT kidev erTi jgufia. ukan, siRrmeSi muq yavisfer samosSi
gamosaxuli qali dgas graciozul, moxdenil pozaSi. misi muqi
samosis fonze met grafikul silueturobas iZens wina planze
TiTiswverebze mocekvave qalis sruliad SiSveli, zurgiT
warmodgenili figura. zeviT aweul xelebSi mas kastanetebi
uWiravs. saocrad daxvewili proporciebis mqone ulamazesi
moqnili SiSveli sxeuli rTul da, amave dros, msubuqsa da
graciozul moZraobaSia mocemuli. gamosaxulebaTa plastika
bunebrivia, feradovani gama _ daxvewili. fonis Rrma muq wiTels
SesaniSnavad erwymis yavisferi, iisferi, mewamuli, moSavo-
lilisferi. JReradi da mkveTri ferebi mkafiod gamoiyofa fonis
wiTelze. kompozicia agebulia ara imdenad sivrcisa da
moculobis mimarTebaze, ramdenadac siluetisa da sibrtyis
dapirispirebaze, Tumc figurebi moculobiTi da dinamiuria.
meore stilis moxatulobaSi xSirad vxvdebiT peizaJebsac. aq
mocemulia baRebis, parkebis, qalaqebisa da zRvis xedebi. maTSi
zogjer eskizur maneraSi Sesrulebuli arqiteqtura da adamianis
figurebicaa CarTuli. erTgan, herkulanumis erT-erT
moxatulobaSi, vxvdebiT uzado ostatobiT qmnil naturmortsac
xiliTa da minis larnakiT. am ukanasknelze iseTi
virtuozulobiTaa dadebuli TeTri “blikebi”, (gamoTeTrebebi)
rom sruli damajereblobiT gadmoicema minis faqtura. yovelive
dawerilia farTo da Tavisufali monasmebiT da ferTa saocrad
harmoniuli SeTanxmebiT.

naturmorti da peizaJi arqiteqturuli stilis mxatvrobaSi, qr. S-mde I s.

pompeis mesame stili, romelic qr.S-mde I saukunis

miwurulsa da qr.S-is I saukuneSi gvxvdeba, warmoadgens daxvewil
ornamentul samkauls. amdenad, igi kargad Seesabameba avgustusis
xanis odnav civ, sadResaswaulo stils. moxatuloba xazs usvams

16
kedlis sibrtyes, romelzec mxolod Txeli, wvrili, Zalze
aziduli proporciebis mqone moxdenili svetebi gamoisaxeba.
Tavisi dekoratiuli ornamentuli xveulebiT isini liTonis
kandelabrebs ufro mogvagoneben, vidre qvis svetebs. swored amis
gamo mesame stils kandelabruls uwodeben. garda amisa aq xSirad
gvxdeba foTlebisa da yvavilebisgan Semdgari mcenareuli
dekoratiuli girliandebi TeTr fonze.

kandelabruli stili, qr. S-mde I s. – qr. S I s.

kandelabruli stili, qr. S-mde I s. – qr. S I s.

am umsubuqesi, maqmaniseburi arqiteqturuli da mcenareuli

dekoraciebis SigniT xSirad gamoisaxeboda umetesad miTologiur
Temaze Seqmnili scenebic, romlebic, bunebrivia, mciremasStabiani
figurebisagan Sedgeboda, riTic kargad eTvoseboda (erwymoda)
moxatulobis saerTo simsubuqes da ansamblis mxatvrul
mTlianobas ganapirobebda. am stlis saukeTeso nimuSebi SemogvrCa
“100 wlisTavis” vilasa da lukrecius frontinis saxlSi.
kandelabruli stili didi popularobiT sargeblobda XVIII-XIX
saukuneebis evropul xelovnebaSi. misi mibaZviT mravali
moxatuloba Seiqmna.
pompeis mxatvrobis meoTxe stili, romelsac iluzoruls
uwodeben, sruliad gansxvavebulia danarCenebisagan. igi qr.S-is I

17
saukunis II naxevarSi gavrcelda. arqiteqtura, Tavisi ucnauri
rakursebisa da ararealuri, saocari formebis wyalobiT,
sruliad fantastikur xasiaTs atarebs xsenebuli stilis
moxatulobaSi. kedlis centralur nawilSi ganTavsebuli,
miTologiur siuJetebze agebuli kompoziciebi sivrcobrivia da
dinamiuri. mkveTr moZraobebSi warmodgenili figurebi
araTanabrad naTdeba, rac cxovelxatul efeqts qmnis da
arqiteqturasTan erTad aZlierebs sivrces SegrZnebas scenaSi.

iluzoruli stili, qr. S-mde I s. II nax.

ferwera TiTqmis mTlianad arRvevs kedels, Slis oTaxis realur

sazRvrebs da sagrZnoblad afarTovebs mas. pompeis meore stilTan
SedarebiT, sadac wiTeli foni mkafio zRvars udebda, ukana
mxridan ketavda figurebis samoqmedo ares, aq es zRvari,
praqtikulad, moSlilia. amgvarad moxatul oTaxSi Sesuli
mnaxveli TiTqos ararealur, fantastikur, ukidegano sivrceSi
xvdeba. am stilis mxatvrobis erT-erT saukeTeso nimuSs
warmoadgens vetiusebis saxlis moxatuloba. aq SemorCenilia
frizi TavTavianTi saqmiT garTuli amurebis gamosaxulebebiT
masze. muq wiTel fonze ganTavsebuli figurebi swrafi,
Tavisufali, farTo monasmebiTaa dawerili.

pompeisa da herkulanumis mxatvroba, fragmentebi

18
yvavilebis Semgrovebeli gogona, qr. S. I s. e.w. “poetesa”

qristes Sobis pirvel saukuneebSi romSi kvlavac

grandiozuli mSeneblobebi mimdinareobda. arqiteqturulad
isedac mdidar “maradiul qalaqs” axal-axali nagebobebi
emateboda. maT Soris kvlavac aRsaniSnavia romis saimperatoro
forumebi. yoveli axali imperatori sakuTar forums agebda da
cdilobda misi saxelis matarebeli moedani winamorbedze ufro
mdidruli da didebuli yofiliyo. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli
SemarTebiT imperatori traiane (98-117 ww.) gamoirCeoda. igi iyo
niWieri mxedarTmTavari da gonieri mmarTveli, romelmac dakiaSi,
somxeTSi, parTiasa da Sua aziaSi warmatebuli brZolebis Sedegad
mniSvnelonad gaafarTova qveynis sazRvrebi da gaamdidra
saxelmwifo xazina, riTac sakuTari erTpirovnuli xelisufleba
gaamtkica. misma forumma (agebuli 109-113 ww.), romelic ara marto
saxelmwifos siZlieres gamoxatavda, aramed daufaravad
ganadidebda imperatoris pirovnebas, Tavisi grandiozuli
masSabiTa da Semkulobis siuxviT mTlianad daCrdila
winamorbedni. traianes forumis gegmareba SemoqmedebiTi siTamamiT
gamoirCeoda. erT sigrZiv ReZze asxmuli, Caketili da
dasrulebuli, igi mxatvrulad uzadod iyo gamarTuli. traianes
forumi romis am tipis nagebobaTa ukanaskneli nimuSia, romelmac
daasrula (didebulad daagvirgvina) qalaqis centraluri moednis
gegmarebiTi evolucia.
forumis nagebobebs Soris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
imsaxurebs traianes sveti, romelic, sxvaTaSoris, erTaderTia am
amnsamblidan SemorCenili. es aris memorialuri xasiaTis
monumenti, romelic kvlavac imperatoris gandidebas emsaxureba. 30
m-is simaRlis (misi saerTo simaRle 38 m-ia) sveti, doriuli
orderis kapiteliT Tavze kararis marmarilosaganaa nagebi. igi 17
gaTlili, mrgvali barabanisaganaa awyobili da 5,5 m-is simaRlis

19
kuburi formis cokolzea aRmarTuli, romelSic, istorikosTa
gadmocemiT, oqros urnebi iyo moTavsebuli traianesa da misi
meuRlis neStiT. Signidan futuro svetSi datanebul xveul kibes
zemoT, baqnisaken mivyavarT. Tavdapirvelad svets kapitelze
Semomjdari arwivis gamosaxuleba agvirgvinebda. traianes
sikvdilis Semdeg, aq misi brinjaos qandakeba dadges. igi Sua
saukuneebSi daiRupa. dRes mis nacvlad wm. petres, romis
mfarvelis qandakeba dgas.

traianes sveti, daaxl. 110-113 ww.

traianes sveti imperatoris dakebTan sisxlismRvrel

brZolaSi mopovebuli gamarjvebis ukvdavsayofad Seiqmna. amitom
svetis mTeli tani cokolidan vidre kapitelamde, spiralurad
daxveul, 200 m-is sigrZis reliefebiT Semkuli lentiT aris
dafaruli. masze istoriuli TanmimdevrobiT, zedmiwevniT
gulmodgined aris asaxuli traianes laSqrobis yvela
mniSvnelovani Tu umniSvnelo detali: xidis ageba dunaize, jaris
xidze gadasvla, dakebTan Serkineba, brZolis scenebi, dapyrobil
xalxTa cecxlmokidebuli dasaxlebebi, gamarjvebul romaelTa
msvleloba da triumfaluri dabruneba romSi Tavad imperatoris
meTaurobiT. es scenebi uZvirfases masalas Seicavs mocemuli
epoqis Sesaxeb da exmareba mecnierebs romauli yofis Tu samxedro
saqmis, imdroindeli qalaqebis ierisa Tu adamianTa samosis
SeswavlaSi.
traianes svetis Semkuloba tipiuri nimuSia romauli
reliefisa, romlisTvisac gansakuTrebuli naratiulobaa
damaxasiaTebeli. scenebi yofiTia, Sorsaa heroikisa da realuri
faqtebis amaRlebuli gadmocemisagan. aq aris istoriuli
sinamdvilis mSvidi, dawvrilebiTi, guldasmiTi prozauli Txroba.

20
amitomac uamravi scenaa gamosaxuli, TviT kompoziciebi ki
mravalfiguriani da zedmiwevniT detalizebulia. (2500-mde figuraa
mocemuli). figurebi mTlianad avseben sibrtyes, ise, rom fonis
Tavisufali monakveTebi TiTqmis ar rCeba. amis gamo zedmetad
gadatvirTuli scenebi, Soridan mkafiod ar aRiqmeba da mxolod
dinamiuri ornamentis STabeWdilebas tovebs. kompoziciis
xaliCiseburobis gamo scenebSi TiTqmis ar aris sivrce, rasac
xels uwyobs isic, rom wina da ukana planebis figurebi masStabiT
araa diferencirebuli. mdebareobis miuxedavad gamosaxulebebi
erTnairi simkveTriT gadmoicema da Tanabari zomisaa; gamonakliss
warmoadgens imperatoris figura, romelic mTel reliefur
lentze 90-jer gvxvdeba da yovel epizodSi Tavisi zomiT
sagangebodaa gamoyofili. gamosaxulebebi mkafio konturiTaa
SemosazRvruli. isini siRrmeSi da sivrceSi ki ar moqmedeben,
aramed erTmaneTis zemoT sibrtyobrivad lagdebian. scenebis
saerTo qargaSi virtuozuladaa CarTuli mcire zomis sarkmlebi,
romelTa saSualebiTac svetis SigniT mdebare spiralurad
daxveuli kibe naTdeboda.

traianes svetis reliefi, fragmenti. daaxl. 110-113 ww.

xuroTmoZRvar apolodore damaskelis saxels ukavSirdeba

ara marto romis, aramed msoflio arqiteqturis erT-erTi Sedevri
_ panTeonis taZari. igi manamde arsebuli sataZro arqiteqturis
savsebiT axal tips warmoadgens. es aris arqiteqturis istoriaSi
pirveli gumbaTuri nageboba, romelSic romis xuroTmoZRvrebis
sainJinro-teqnikuri miRwevebi umaRles mwvervals aRwevs. misi

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gumbaTis gamo panTeoni saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sainJinro
xelovnebis saocrebad iTvleboda. TviT XIX saukunemde panTeonis
gumbaTis zomebs veravin gadaaWarba. Senobis sivrcis gumbaTiT
gadaxurvam, am urTulesma konstruqciulma Tu mxatvrulma
problemam pirvelad swored panTeonSi Seisxa xorci. romaul
sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebaSi manamde perifteris, ZiriTadad,
fsevdoperifterisa da monofteris tipi batonobda. orive
SemTxvevaSi interierze metad nagebobis garegnuli iers eniWeboda
mniSvneloba. panTeonSi pirvelad daismis amocana taZris saerTo
mxatvrul ierSi Sida sivrcis pirvelobisa.

panTeonis taZari romSi, 120-125 ww.

panTeonis taZari

22
 panTeoni aigo qr.S-is 118-128 wlebSi (zogi versiiT, 120-125 ww.)
xanZrisagan ganadgurebuli agripas Zveli panTeonis adgilas.
sityva “panTeoni” ZvelerZnulad “yvela RvTaebis taZars”
(yvelawmidas) niSnavs. taZris kompozicia sada da, erTi SexedviT,
martivia. es aris didi sferosebri gumbaTiT gadaxuruli mrgvali
taZari _ rotonda, romlis mTavar fasadsac masiuri, 14 m-is
simaRlis svetebiT Semkuli monumenturi da mkacri portiki
amkobs. masTan ramdenime safexuriain kibes mivyavarT. rogorc
gaTxrebma cxadyves, panTeons wina mxridan ebjineboda
wagrZelebuli sworkuTxedis formis, portikebiT garSemovlebuli
ezo propileebiT taZris portikis gaswvriv da satriumfo TaRiT
centrSi. rotondis 6,3 m-is diametris agurisa da betonisagan
nagebi kedlebi 5 m-mde siRrmis masiur, wriul fundaments
eyrdnoba. konstruqciis simsubuqisTvis kedlebSi alag-alg
niSismagvari Rruebia datovebuli. amis gamo taZris kedlis
saerTo masa 8 uzarmazar sayrden boZad _ pilonad iyofa. patara
naxevarwriuli formis sicarieleebiT isini Tavismxriv kidev 16
radialur sayrden-kontrforsebad nawevrdeba. Sedegad
Teqvsmetsayrdeniani mtkice karkasi iqmneba. swored mas eyrdnoba
gumbaTi. pilonebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba ormagi simrudis mqone
aguris TaRebis mkacrad gaazrebuli sistemiT, romelSic Sedis
Tavad gumbaTis ZirSi, mis qveda zonaSi mdebare momcro TaRebic.
maTi mizania gumbaTis wnevis uSualod pilonebisaTvis gadacema.
gumbaTi, romlis diametric 43,2 m-ia (Tavad rotondis diametri ki
43,5 m-ia) agebulia betonisagan horizontalur Sreebad. betonis
Semadgenloba icvleba gumbaTis simaRlis gaTvaliswinebiT.
gumbaTis masis Semsubuqebas xels uwyobs aseve, masSi datanebuli
sakmaod Rrma kesonebi. konstruqciis meti simyarisa da
mdgradobisaTvis pilonebTan erTad gumbaTi gareTa kedelsac
eyrdnoba. kedeli orive mxridan baTqaSiT galesili da
marmarilos filebiT iyo mopirkeTebuli, gumbaTs ki mooqrovili
brinjaos Txeli fena faravda.
garedan panTeoni sada da sakmaod usaxuria. es aris martivi
profilis mqone horizontaluri sartylebiT sam iarusad
dayofili cilindruli masa didi rvasvetiani korinTuli
portikiT win. nagebobis garegnul saxesac metwilad igi
gansazRvravs. samagierod mTeli yuradReba taZris interierzea
gadatanili. aseTi ganZarcvuli eqsterieris sapirispirod, igi
xazgasmiT uxvad da mdidrulad, magram didi gemovnebiTa da
zomierebiTaa Semkuli. yoveli detali Sida sivrcesTan
SeTanxmebiT maqsimalurad aris gaazrebuli.
panTeonSi Sesuli mnaxveli xvdeba saocrad mTlian da
harmoniul, Zlierad moqmed sivrceSi. feradi marmarilos filebiT
mokirwyluli iatakis centrSi mdgom mnaxvels uwonadobis
grZnoba eufleba da eqmneba gancda, TiTqos igi erTiani sferos
anu kosmosis centrSi imyofeba. es STabeWdileba SemTxveviTi
rodia; igi arqiteqturuli Canafiqris mkafio logikisa da taZris
nawilebis uzado proporciuli SeTanxmebiT miiRweva: taZris

23
gumbaTis diametri (43,2 m.) misi simaRlis tolia (43,7 m.), kedeli,
romelsac gumbaTi eyrdnoba taZris mTliani simaRlis naxevaria,
amasTan, gumbaTi zust naxevarsferos warmoadgens. yvelaferi es
erTiani sferuli sivrcis realur gancdas badebs mnaxvelSi.

panTeonis taZari, interieri

sakuTar SegrZnebebs dauflebuli (SeCveuli) mnaxveli nel-

nela interieris mdidruli dekoris aRqmasac iwyebs. kedeli
dayofilia or iarusad. pirvel iarusze (13 m.) korinTuli
orderis svetebiTa da pilastrebiT gaformebuli sworkuTxa da
naxevarwriuli formis niSebi enacvleba erTmaneTs, maTSi Zvelad
qandakebebi idga. niSis win aRmarTuli or-ori sveti TiTqmis
mTlianad faravs mas, riTac xels uwyobs erTiani Sida sivrcis
Seqmnas. meore, SedarebiT dabali iarusi (8,7 m.) frontonebiT
dagvirgvinebuli cru sarkmlebisa da maT Soris moqceuli
kvadratuli areebis monacvleobazea agebuli. isini uZvirfasesi
sxvadsxva feris, ZiriTadad moyavisfro oqrisferi tonebis
marmariloTia mopirkeTebuli, rac saocari feradovani siuxvisa
da fufunebis STabeWdilebas qmnis.
rogorc ukve iTqva, gumbaTs Sida mxridan kesonebis 5 wyeba
amkobs. zemoTken perspeqtiulad Semcirebuli kesonebi simaRleSi
swrafvis STabeWdilebas qmnis. amis wyalobiT gumbaTi vizualurad
msubuqdeba da srulebiT aRar awveba, ar amZimebs taZarSi Sesul
mnaxvels. igi batonobs sivrceze, magram ar “imonebs” mas. dinji,

24
TavSekavebuli didebuleba, romliTac igi mnaxvelze moqmedebs
kidev ufro grandiozuls xdis taZris masStabs da metad
aZlierebs mis aRqmas. gumbaTis centrSi datanebuli 9 m-is
diametris mqone mrgvali Riobidan (mas “panTeonis Tvals”
uwodeben xSirad) Semosuli, kesonebSi Cawolili Suq-Crdili ki
acocxlebs da acxovelxatulebs naxevarsferuli masis sigluves
da ufro metyvels xdis taZris erTian sivrces.
panTeonSi vxvdebiT sakulto nagebobis Sida sivrcis
romaelTaTvis aqamde savsebiT ucxo, principulad axal
gadawyvetas, romelic Zir-fesvianad wyvets kavSirs antikur
tradiciasTan. amas Tavisi axsnac SeiZleba moeZebnos:
ZvelberZnuli da romauli taZari gaiazreboda RmerTis saxlad,
sadac mxolod qurums SeeZlo Sesvla, mlocveli ki gareT
rCeboda da yovelgvari sakulto ritualic aq sruldeboda.
panTeonis xuroTmoZRvari ki sul sxva gadawyvetas gvTavazobs; mas
mlocveli SigniT Sehyavs, igi mTlianad sakralur garemoSi
xvdeba. anu aq Cndeba Sida sivrcis antikurisagan absoluturad
gansxvavebuli gageba (ar dagvaviwdes, rom apolodore damaskelma
ganaTleba aziaSi miiRo! ix. CanarTi). panTeonma erT-erTma
pirvelma airekla religiur ideologiaSi am dros gaCenili axali
tendenciebi. amitomac iqca igi bizantiuri epoqis qristianuli
centruli taZrebis prototipad (pirvelsaxed, pirvelwyarod).
qr.S-is II saukunis miwuruls romis imperiam Tavisi
siZlieris mwvervals miaRwia. sad aRar idga romis legionebi,
britaneTidan evfratis napirebamde da CrdiloeT
SaviszRvispireTidan nilosis saTaveebamde. sakmaod xangrZlivi
droiT damyarebulma mSvidobam, warmatebulma gare omebma da
mmarTveli fenis konsolidaciam myari socialur-ekonomikuri baza
Seuqmna qveyanas. imperiis mTel teritoriaze gacxovelebuli
vaWroba gaCaRda. vaWrobis ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo provinciebis
ayvavebas, man ki Tavis mxriv, biZgi misca qalaqTmSeneblobis
ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT provinciebSi. aq Cndeba da
igeba axal-axali qalaqebi. dapyrobil teritoriaze didi
qalaqebis daarsebas, pirvel rigSi, politikuri mizani hqonda:
aeTvisebina qveynisTvis Semomtkicebuli “axali miwebi” ara marto
teritoriulad, aramed eTnikuradac.
erT-erTi aseTi tipiuri provinciuli qalaqia imperator
traianes brZanebiT qr.S-is 100 wels agebuli qalaqi timgadi
(Zvelad tamugadi) alJirSi (CrdiloeT afrika). misi daarsebis
saWiroeba saharis momTabare tomTagan dacvis aucileblobam Sva.
amitomac moqalaqeebs ZiriTadad romis legionis Zveli meomrebi
Seadgendnen. qalaqis gegmasac safuZvlad romaelTa samxedro
banakis maqsimalurad mkacri da geometrizirebuli gegmareba
daedo. romis provinciaTagan mSeneblobis didi masStabebiT am
periodSi gamoirCeva siria, sadac qr.S-is II saukuneSi aigo ori
didi arqiteqturuli ansambli _ baalbeki (heliopolisis ansambli
siriaSi) da palmira, sadac mWidrod gadaeWdo erTmaneTs
ZvelaRmosavluri, ZvelberZnuli da romauli kultura.

25
 romaelTa cxovrebaSi Zalze did rols asrulebda abano anu
Termebi. imperiis epoqis dasawyisisTvis romSi 170 saimperatoro da
kerZo Terma iyo. gansakuTrebuli adgili, cxadia, am ukanasknelT
eWira. IV saukunisTvis Termebis ricxvi ukve aTasamde adis. yovel
14 ubanSi 60-dan 80-mde abano arsebobda. Termebs mxolod
utilitaruli daniSnuleba rodi hqondaT. es iyo romaelTa
dasvenebisa da garTobis sayvareli adgili. TermebSi siaruli
romaelTa yofis aucilebeli rituali iyo. aq xvdebodnen
erTmaneTs Zlierni ama qveynisani da TeTr zewrebSi gaxveulni
bWobdnen qveynis saWirboroto sakiTxebze, miirTmevdnen Rvinosa da
gemriel saWmels, tkbebodnen sxvadasxva sanaxaobebiT.

karakalas Termebi, 211-216 ww.

gansakuTrebuli masStabiTa da fufunebiT gamoirCeoda

imperator karakalas mier 211-216 wlebSi romSi agebuli
uzarmazari Terma. sabednierod Cvenamde misma nangrevebma mainc
moaRwia. es iyo uzarmazari, 12 heqtaris teritoriaze gadaWimuli
kompleqsi, romlis centrsac xelovnur terasaze mdgomi mTavari
nageboba warmoadgenda (316X112 mm.). mas gars ertymoda ulamazesi
xelovnuri parki, romelsac Tavis mxriv sazRvravda saxvadasxva
daniSnulebis orsarTulian SenobaTa mTeli rigi _ stadioni
mayurebelTa tribuniT, biblioTeka, nagebobebi musikaluri,
literaturuli da Teatralizebuli sanaxaobisTvis. aqve iyo ori
didi, erTmaneTis sapirispirod ganlagebuli eqsedra, romelSic
moTavsebuli iyo Rrma auzi da nimfeoni SadrevnebiT.

karakalas Termebi, 211-216 ww. rekopnstruqcia

26
 Termebis mTavar nagebobaSi simetriis RerZis gaswvriv
sarkis principiT Camwkrivebuli abanos ZiriTadi nawilebi
enacvleboda erTmaneTs. Termis centralur nawils warmoadgenda
civi abano _ frigidariumi. es iyo betonis sami jvruli kamariT
gadaxuruli didi darbazi SuaSi civi wylis auziT (58X38 mm.); mas
mosdevda ulamazesi, mdidrulad dekorirebuli 2700 kv.m-is farTis
mqone darbazi. Semdeg modioda Tbili abano _ tepidariumi _
kuTxeebmomrgvalebuli darbazi da sul bolos _ cxeli abano _
kaldariumi, romelic gumbaTiT gadaxurul uzarmazar rotondas
warmoadgenda. misi gumbaTi, romlis diametric 35 metri iyo,
mxolod odnav Camouvardeboda romis panTeonis taZrisas. Termis
kompleqsis saerTo kompoziciaSi sxva ufro mcire zomis
nagebobebis SedarebiT martiv gadaxurvebs Soris kaldariumis
didi gumbaTi da frigidariumis maRali jvrovani kamara
figurirebda. centralur RerZze ganlagebul am saTavsTa orsav
mxares ganlagebuli iyo sxvadasxva daniSnulebis oTaxebi da
darbazebi: vestibiulebi, palestrebi (saTavsebi fizikuri
varjiSisaTvis), gasaxdelebi, samasaJo “kabinetebi”, Rrma auzebi,
Ria peristiluri ezoebi da sxv. aseTi grandiozuli Senoba
erTdroulad 1600 kacs itevda. SesaniSnavad iyo gadawyvetili
karakalas TermebSi wyalmomaragebisa da gaTbobis problema.
wyali milebiT moedineboda da sagangebo cisternebSi grovdeboda.
kargad organizebuli (gonivrulad mowyobili) kanalizaciisa da
wylis cirkulaciis saerTo sistema uzrunvelyofda auzebSi
wylis ramdenime wuTSi gamocvlas. (?) miwisqveSa sardafebSi idga
sagangebo Rumelebi, maTi saSualebiT gamTbari cxeli haeri
kedlebSi, iataksa da WerSi datanebuli milebiT vrceldeboda
mTel SenobaSi da aTbobda mas.
karakalas Termebis mxatvruli gaformeba tols ar udebda
umaRlesi donis sainJinro miRwevebs. Termebis darbazebi da
saTavsebi mdidrulad iyo morTuli. iataki marmarilos feradi
filebiTa da mozaikiT iyo damSvenebuli, kedlebs ki qandakebebi
da svetebi amkobda. am mxriv sagangebod unda gamovyoT
centraluri, saparado darbazi, romlis TaRebis kesonirebuli
Weri mooqrovilic ki iyo. ramdenadac karakalas Termebis
interieri didi fufunebiT gamoirCeoda, imdenada sada, mkacri da
upretenzio iyo misi SebaTqaSebuli fasadebi, Tumc romis
arqiteqturisTvis damaxasiaTebel grandiozulobas, masiurobasa
da simZimesTan erTad sidiades arc es nageboba iyo moklebuli.
romis imperiaSi grandiozul mSeneblobaTa ukanaskneli
etapi qr.S-is II saukunis miwuruls emTxveva. am periodSi iZabeba
politikuri viTareba. imperia TandaTan sustdeba. samoqalaqo
omebi, imperatorTa dausrulebeli cvla, ukmayofilo mebrZolTa
amboxi, ucxo tomTa Tavdasxmebi, vaWrobisa da meurneobis moSla,
jarSi disciplinis moryeva _ ai, im mizezTa ara sruli sia, ramac
nel-nela daSlis piras miiyvana es uzarmazari, TiTqosda uryevi
imperia. aramdgradma politikurma mdgomareobam TavdacviTi
xasiaTis nagebobebis mSeneblobis aucilebloba warmoSva. aqamde

27
eqspansiis moyvaruli didi gzebis maSenebeli qveyana, axla
piriqiT, cdilobs saimedod Caiketos sakuTar sazRvrebSi.
imperator avrelianes dros (270-275 ww.) igeba saTavdacvo kedeli
romelic mTels sigrZeze miuyveba roms. es iyo 19 km. sigrZis, 10-15
m. simaRlisa da 1,2 m. siganis agurisa da betonis myari kedeli
kontrforsebiTa da koSkebiT.

imperator maqsenciusis bazilika, 306/307-312 ww.

romis imperiis erT-erTi ukanaskneli grandiozuli

nageboba iyo imperator maqsenciusis bazilika (qr.S-is 306/307-312
ww.). misi mSenebloba imperator konstantines dros dasrulda,
(amis gamo mas xSirad konstantines bazilikasac uwodeben). es iyo
administraciuli daniSnulebis Senoba, sadac qalaqis saqmiani
cxovreba miedineboda. aq ewyoboda Tavyrilobebi, krebebi da
sasamarTlo procesebi. Tavisi didi zomiTa da konstruqciebis
srulyofiT igi yvela manamde arsebul bazilikas aRemateboda. es
uzarmazari, 100 m-is sigrZisa da 76 m-is siganis nageboba 6000 kv.m-
mde farTs moicavda. misi sivrce iyofoda sam navad _ nefad. (nefi
frangilad gems niSnavs; esaa sworkuTxa wagrZelebuli formis
saTavsi, romelic taZris danarCeni nawilebisgan svetebiTaa
gamoyofili). yvelaze ganieri (80X25 mm.) da maRali (35 m.)
centraluri nefi gadaxuruli iyo betonis sami jvrovani kamariT,
romlis wona 7000 tonas aRwevda. mas iWerda (zidavda) erTis
mxriv, masiuri ganivi kedlebi, meores mxriv ki 8 mZlavri sayrdeni
boZi, romlebsac gars ertya 20 m-iani monoliTuri svetebi. maT
garemocvaSi, praqtikulad, boZi arc ki Canda da mnaxvels
eCveneboda, rom swored am svetebs eyrdnoba gadaxurva.
centraluri navi, rogorc ukva aRiniSna, gverdiTebze ufro

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maRali iyo da mis ganiv kedlebSi datanebuli sarkmlebiT
naTdeboda. kamarebi rvawaxnaga kesonebiT iyo Semkuli. gverdiTa
nefebi erTmaneTTan TaRiT dakavSirebuli sam-sami ujredisagan
Sedgeboda. centralur navSi isini aseve TaRebiT ixsneboda. axlac
ki, roca bazilikis mxolod CrdiloeTis navi da centraluri
sayrdenebi SemorCa, nageboba gvaocebs Tavisi masStaburobiT,
monumenturobiTa da uxvi Semkulobis fufunebiT.
maqsenciusis bazilika Tavisi simetriulad organizebuli
Sida sivrciT, didebuli nefebiT misabaZ magaliTad iqca
qristianuli taZrisTvis. Semdgomi ganviTareba man qristianul
arqiteqturaSi hpova.
imperiis periodis romis xelovneba dekoris siuxviT,
zRvargadasuli fufunebiTa da simdidris demonstrirebiT
xasiaTdeba. “omebze metad gagvanadgura fufunebam,” _ werda
romaeli satirikosi iuvenale. amas TviT saerTo politikuri
viTareba (mdgomareoba) da romaelTa cxovrebis wesi
gansazRvravda. imperiis damyarebis Semdeg roms 500 wlis
ganmavlobaSi 80-ze meti imperatori marTavda. vis ar moswrebia
romi _ pativmoyvare da mliqvneli, sastiki da ulmobeli, xarbi da
Zunwi imperatorebi cvlidnen erTmaneTs taxtze. zogierTi
sakuTari sikvdiliT kvdeboda, zogi TviTonve iswrafavda
sicocxles, zogic ki SeTqmulebis msxverpli xdeboda; zogierTi
didxans marTavda qveyanas, zogic ki sul cota xans. romis imperia
TandaTanobiT daqveiTebis gzas daadga. gamefda sisastike da
daundobloba. senati, romelic mxolod formaluradRa
inarCunebda xelisuflebis umaRlesi organos funqcias, ZiriTadad
imperatoris maameblobasa da mis xotba-dedebas emsaxureboda.
sazogadoebaSi mankierebaTa momZlavrebam, adamianis sulierma
degradirebam da codvebSi Cafvlam moamZlavra satira. poetebis
marcialesa da iuventusis nawarmoebebSi mTeli ZaliTaa
mxilebuli adamianis uaryofiTi Tvisebebi (mxareebi), rasac amave
periodSi, qr.S-is I saukuneSi exmianeba skulpturuli portretis
daundobeli realizmi. am dros romauli portreti absoluturad
Tavisufldeba ZvelberZnuli qandakebis gavlenisagan, romelzec
dasawyisSi gvqonda laparaki. antikuri qandakebis kanonebis rRveva
naturis miukerZoeblad gadmocemis axal SesaZleblobebs aZlevs
romael ostatT. romauli portreti amieridan radikalurad
icvlis kurss. paTetiuri Teatralizirebulobisa da
Selamazebuli heroikulobis magier masSi adgils iWers SiSveli
realizmi. iqmneba sxvadasxva xasiaTisa Tu temperamentis adamianTa
mTeli galerea. magram epoqam maT daRi daasva: adamianebma
dakarges rwmena, Tavdajerebuloba da Sinagani gangaSis grZnobas
moucvavT TiTqos.
am epoqis erT-erTi tipiuri nimuSia imperator vespasianes
portreti (70-79 ww.), sadac saocrad maxviladaa gaxsnili mdabio
warmomavlobis imperatoris xasiaTis Tvisebebi. cnobilia, rom
vespasiane vaWrobda TanamdebobebiT, iRebda qrTams, fulze yidda
yvelafers, risi gayidvac ki SeiZleboda. misi devizi iyo: “fuls

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suni ar udis”. amgvari cxovrebiseuli kredos matarebeli
pirovnebis saocrad faqiz ilustrirebas axdens misi portretic.
igi warmogvidgens cbiersa da daundobel, sruliad
arainteleqtualuri garegnobis adamians masiuri, TiTqmis
kvadratuli formis TaviT, naoWebiT daRaruli SubliT, Rrmad
Camjdari wvrili, cbieri TvalebiT, gamWoli mzeriT, ganze
gaweuli didi yurebiT, masiuri xorciani nikapiTa da Txeli
saxasiaTo piriT. misi saxe asxivebs Zlier nebas, xasiaTis
simtkices, magram wilnayars ara keTilSobilebasTan, aramed
praqticizmTan da eSmakobasTan. es aris Sinaganad Zlieri
pirovneba, romelsac sakuTar TavSi odnavadac ki ar epareba eWvi.
yovelive es uzado ostatobis wyalobiT saocrad cocxlad da
damajereblad aris mnaxvelisTvis miwodebuli. marmariloSi
SesaniSnavadaa gadmocemuli danaoWebuli kanis faqtura,
TiToeuli niuansi yoveli formisa.

vespasianes portreti karakalas portreti

xsenebuli epoqis saukeTeso nimuSebs Sorisaa 170 wels

brinjaosagan Camosxmuli imperator markus avreliusis cxenosani
qandakeba. es antikuri xanidan Cvenamde moRweuli erTaderTi
cxenosani figuraa, romliTac SegviZlia warmodgena SeviqmnaT
qandakebis am tipize antikur samyaroSi. XVI saukuneSi
miqelanjelom mas kvarcxlbeki gaukeTa da mis mierve romSi
kapitoliumis borcvze Seqmnili moednis centrSi dadga.
momavalSi igi mravali cxenosani qandakebisaTvis iqca nimuSad.
“filosofosi taxtze”, _ ase uwodebdnen Tanamedroveni
imperator markus avreliuss da es qandakebac swored aseT
pirovnebas ansaxierebs. markus avreliuss sada samosi acvia,
yovelgvari morTulobisa da saimperatoro niSnebis (insignaciebis)
gareSe; igi filosofosTa togas waagavs, riTic pirdapiri
miniSneba keTdeba imperatoris Sinagan samyaroze. misi poza win
gawvdili, zemoT odnav aRmarTuli xelis JestiT ubralo da

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bunebrivia; qandakeba moklebulia romis xelovnebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel xazgasmul sadResaswaulo iers, paradulobasa da
paTetiurobas. wverosani saxe imperatorisa mSvidia, mzera _ Rrma
da Cafiqrebuli, gamometyveleba _ sevdiani. es imgvari sevdaa
azrisa da fiqris kvali rom atyvia da ara cxovrebis siameTagan
gulmomsuyebis. esaa saxe pirovnebisa, romelic siRrmiseulad
Wvrets samyaros winaaRmdegobebs. Tavis dRiurSi “fiqrebi” markus
avreliusi sakuTar sulieri cxovrebis, mrwamsis Sesaxeb
msjelobs. misi fiqri mudam adamianis sulisa da kosmosTan misi
mimarTebis irgvlivaa koncentrirebuli. erTis mxriv Zlieri
xelisufali, mebrZoli, meore mxriv ki faqizi sulis mqone
pirovneba gaorebulia. xedavs ra amqveyniuri keTildReobis cru
momxibvlelobasa da amaoebas, markus avreliusi miwier arsebobas
mZime tvirTad aRiqvams da adamianis xsnas yvelafer amisgan
gandgomaSi xedavs. sulieri krizisi, konfliqti Sinagansa da
garegans Soris am epoqis saxasiaTo niSania, romelic droTa
ganmavlobaSi kidev ufro Rrmavdeba.

markus avreliusis cxenosai qandakeba, 170 w.

ukve II saukuneSi romaul portretSi Cndeba siaxle;

adamianis xasiaTis CvenebasTan erTad Cans mcdeloba misi Sinagani
emociuri mdgomareobis gadmocemisa. es tendencia naTlad
gamosWvivis e.w. “sirieli qalis” portretSi (160-170 ww.). saxis tipi
saxasiaTo mogrZo ovaliTa da nuSisebri formis TvalebiT, didi
xorcsavse tuCebiTa da mogrZo cxviriT mis aRmosavlur
warmomavlobas gviCvenebs. Tavis odnavi bruni da guldasmiT
dawyobili talRovani Tma qalis saxes daxvewil graciozulobas
matebs. marmarilos umsubuqesi, rbili damuSaveba Suq-Crdilis
ufaqizes niuansebs qmnis da saxes sinazesa da qalurobas,
gansulierebul, romantikuli sevdiT aRsavse poetur iers aniWebs.
sadRac umiznod mipyrobil, TiTqos daRlil mzeras ki
melanqoliurobis odnavi intonacia Seaqvs masSi.
zemoT ganxilul magaliTTagan radikalurad gansxvavdeba
imperator karakalas marmarilos biusti, sadac mnaxvels, pirvel

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rigSi, TvalSi ecema adamianis xazgasmiT uaryofiTi Tvisebebi.
gverdze mkveTrad Setrialebuli Tavi da daZarRvuli kiseri
imperatoris nervul daZabulobas, mis feTqebad da mtkice xasiaTs
aCvenebs da cxovelur, uxeS Zalasa da uzRvev energias asxivebs.
SeWmuxnuli Subli, mrisxane, qvemodan momzirali Tvalebi, jiutad
mokumuli tuCebi mis daundoblobasa da sisastikeze metyvelebs.
istoriulad cnobilia, rom karakala marTlac aseTi pirovneba
iyo. man moakvlevina sakuTari Zma, Semdeg ki cinikurad gasca
brZaneba gaeneRmerToT igi: “iyos ganRmrTobili, oRond ki ar iyos
cocxali”. tiranis xasiaTi, misi ukan araferze damxevi
pativmoyvareoba daundobladaa naCvenebi mis portretSi. magram es
aRaraa Tavis TavSi darwmunebuli adamiani, aramed Sinaganad
aforiaqebuli, wonasworobadarRveuli, tragikuli pirovnebaa. aq
TiTqos nawinaswarmetyvelebia imperatoris bedi – karakala misive
mcvelebis mier iqna mokluli.

neronis portreti sirieli qalis portreti

gvianantikuri xanis adamianis cnobierebaSi samyaro kargavs

erTianobas da Suaze ixliCeba or damoukidebel sferod _
grZnobadad da sulierad. am periodis filosofosebi mkveTrad
upirispireben maT erTmaneTs, isini Tvlian, rom adamianSi
grZnobadTan Sexebisas misi suli binZurdeba. aqedan gamomdinare,
nel-nela wyali udgeba (saZirkveli ecleba) antikur formulas_
“mSvenier sxeulSi mSvenieri sulia”, sxeulis mniSvneloba
TandaTan knindeba da sicocxlis saboloo miznad isaxeba
fizikurisagan ganTavisufleba da sulis RvTaebasTan Serwyma.
sxeulisa da miwieri cxovrebisadmi daudevari damokidebuleba,
mxsnelis molodini da imqveyniuri cxovrebis netarebisaTvis
sulis wvrTna da mzadeba, rac asrerigad gamosWvivis III saukunis
filosofosTa naazrevSi, ukve moaswavebs antikuri kulturis

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dasasruls. Tu antikuri moazrovneebi yvelafris sazomad adamians
miiCnevdnen, xolo respublikis periodis erT-erTi romaeli poeti
amayad acxadebda “me adamiani var da adamianuri araferia CemTvis
ucxo”, (... da araferi adamianuri araa CemTvis ucxo) III saukunis
filosofosebi sicocxlis azrs ase gansazRvravdnen: “bednierebis
Zieba RmerTSia da RmerTTan adamianis mimsgavsebaSi” (porfiriusi),
radgan samyaro adamianisaTvis miuwvdomeli da Seucnobelia.
aseTma msoflaRqmam Tavisi daRi daaCnia xelovnebasac.
qandakebasa da ferweraSi Cndeba iseTi saxeebi, romlebic ukve
sruliad gansxvavdeba antikuri Zeglebisagan. xelovnebaSi nel-
nela iWreba pirobiToba da gamosaxuleba scildeba realobas,
moculobas cvlis sibrtye. sruliad gardaisaxeba esTetikuri
ideali: silamaze gaiazreba ara garegnuli formis mSvenierebiT,
aramed adamianis aramiwieri, sulieri arsis gadmocemiT. IV
saukunis 30-ian wlebSi Seqmnili romaeli moqalaqis dolmaciusis
portretSi jer kidev Cans am adamianis garegnuli individualuri
niSnebi. CakveTili mSrali xaziT grafikulad moniSnuli
(moxazuli) naoWebi, damaxasiaTebeli wvrili tuCebi da mkveTrad
gamoyofili yvrimalebi Zlieri adamianis saxasiTo saxes qmnis.
magram siaxle gamosWvivis TvalebSi: didi, arabunebrivad farTod
gaxelili Tvalebi mkafiod gamoiyofa saxeze. mzera
arakonkretulia, Sors, usasrulobaSi mimarTuli da TiTqos
sakuTar TavSive momzirali. masSi (am mzeraSi) igrZnoba Sinagani
daZabuloba, aforiaqebuloba, TiTqos suli da sxeuli ebrZvis
erTmaneTs. romaelis Tvalebi misi Sinagani samyaros, misi sulis
sarked warmogvidgeba. aq aRar aris aqcenti adamianis xasiTze, arc
mis gancdebze; dolmaciusi adamianis Sinagan sulier konfliqtze
“gvesaubreba”, gamouvaloba da gamosavlis molodini erTdroulad
saxlobs masSi. aseT gamosavlad maSindel CixSi momwyvdeulsa da
codvebSi Caflul samyaros qristianoba moevlina.

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