2022 Battdulam

国内图书分类号：TQ323.
1 学校代码：
国际图书分类号：665 10463
密级：□
硕士学位论文
THE PREPARATION AND
PROPERTIES OF THERMAL
INSULATION MATERIALS FOR
APARTMENT AND BUILDINGS
作者姓名 Batjargal Batdulam
指导教师邹文俊教授
学科门类工学
学科专业材料科学与工程
研究方向保温隔热材料
培养单位材料科学与工程学院
完成时间二〇二二年五月
THE PREPARATION AND
PROPERTIES OF THERMAL
INSULATION MATERIALS FOR
APARTMENT BUILDINGS
学号 2017DFH011507
作者姓名 Batjargal Batdulam
指导教师邹文俊教授
申请学位级别硕士
学科专业材料科学与工程
研究方向保温隔热材料
培养单位材料科学与工程学院
论文答辩日期二〇二二年五月二十三日
Classified Index:（TQ323.1）
U.D.C:（665）
Henan University of Technology

Master Degree Thesis
THE PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF

THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS FOR
APARTMNT BUILDINGS
Student Number: 2017DFH011507
Candidate: Batjargal Batdulam
Supervisor: Prof. Zou Wenjun
Prof. Saran. G
Academic Degree Applied for: Master
Speciality: Material Science and Engineering
Affiliations: School of Material Science and
Engineering
Dissertation Defense Date: May 23, 2022

河南工业大学
学位论文版权使用授权书
本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国
家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权河南工
业大学可以将本论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或
扫描等复印手段保存和汇编本学位论文。
本学位论文属于
1．保密□，在年解密后适用本授权书；
2．不保密£，使用本授权书。
（请在以上方框内打“√”）
学位论文作者签名：指导老师签名：
日期：2022.05.30 日期：
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文第I页
Abstract
Thermal insulation composites are widely used in civil and military applications;
however, it is difficult to achieve the synergy of multiple technical objectives such as
lightweight, thermal insulation, high pressure resistance and high-temperature resistance by
adopting traditional preparation[1]. In recent years, countries around the world have shifted
their focus to energy conservation and emission reduction due to the sharp increase in global
energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and decrease of traditional energy sources,
such as coal and crude oil. Energy usage in the building sector accounts for a large
proportion of the world’s total energy consumption. It is reported that the annual energy
consumption in the building sector accounted for 40% of the total amount of energy used in
the US and EU in Enhancing the insulation properties of building envelopes through the
[2][3]
usage of insulation materials play a decisive role since it can lead to significant
improvements within a short time[4]. Various building insulation materials have been
developed by researchers to reduce the energy consumption in the building industry. From
these studies, it has been shown that thermal insulation materials can effectively improve the
thermal insulation performance of buildings and reduce energy consumption . Regarding
[5][6]
a situation of our country which produces thermal energy at a high price, in order to reduce
the heat loss of the building walls when thermal insulation materials are widely used in
apartment buildings, it is possible to create real conditions to save on heating costs.
According to these data, it is possible to produce macro-porous thermal insulation materials
from domestic raw materials that meet the climatic conditions of our country. Currently,
about 63% of construction materials are imported and about 99% of total construction
materials are imported without inspection[7].
The raw material properties of thermal insulation materials were analyzed in accordance
with the chemical composition of Khutul limestone MNS 0963:1991. In addition, physical
and chemical properties of lime according to MNS 0347:2002 standard, chemical
composition of Mandal-Ovoo primary clay by X-ray fluorescence, physical and mechanical
properties of clay according to MNS 5175:2002 standard, chemical composition and
physical and mechanical properties of Erdenet Mining Concentrator white dust MNS 2916:
2002 Defined in accordance with the 2002 standard. The novelty of this study is the
production of cement-free, low-energy thermal insulation materials by using lime, sand and
secondary raw materials under hydrothermal conditions.
第 II 页河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
Key words：Preparation, properties, thermal insulation material
CONTENTS
Abstract....................................................................................................................................I
CONTENTS............................................................................................................................III
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文第 III 页
CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................................1
Introduction...............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Literature review of thermal insulation materials........................................................1
1.1.1 Insulation Materials for Building and Apartments............................................3
1.2 Thermal insulation........................................................................................................3
1.2.1 What is thermal insulation?................................................................................3
1.2.2. What is the thermal insulation building ?..........................................................4
1.2.3. Classification of building insulation materials..................................................4
1.3. Structure of thermal insulation material......................................................................6
1.4 Characteristics of thermal insulation materials............................................................7
1.5 Requirements for thermal insulation materials............................................................7
1.6 The method to obtain the porous structure of these materials and its formation.........8
1.7 Hydrothermal strengthening process..........................................................................10
1.8 General concept of CaO-SiO2-H2O system................................................................11
1.9 Study of limestone deposits for exploring the lime in Mongolia...............................12
CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................................17
Research Methodologies and Raw Material Research............................................................17
2.1. Selection of raw materials.........................................................................................17
2.2 Research methods and techniques..............................................................................17
CHAPTER THREE.................................................................................................................29
Results of Experimental Studies.............................................................................................29
3.1. Results of raw material analysis................................................................................29
3.2. Technology experiment results and discussion.........................................................34
CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................................43
Economic Calculation.............................................................................................................43
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................47
REFERENCES AND PUBLICATIONS.................................................................................51
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文第1页
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Literature review of thermal insulation materials

The history of thermal insulation materials is not as long as construction’s other
materials, but the necessity of insulation is as old as building activity. Prehistoric people
built houses using organic materials and later more durable substitutes. However they used
not only natural materials as well as discovered others that were suitable for insulating.
Initial insulated panels were produced in the 19th century: meanwhile the types of artificial
materials were developed (rock wool, fibre glass, foam glass, hollow bricks, expanded
perlite). The appearance of plastic foams caused a huge revolution. Although last production
was well-known in the 19th century, the first plastic foam was not produced until 1941[8].
Insulation is well known to humans from a long time. Egyptians used the earth as an
insulator for their comfort . The first use of insulation using cellulose was patented in
[9]
England in 1893. It is reported that more applications of insulation started from the 1920's[10].
Lime is produced in many parts of the world and the majority of products are used for
technological purposes. This thesis considers some types of heat-insulating materials, which
have been used for heat insulation of building facades and engineering and technical work
to provide the systems, installations, and detached elements. The selection of heat insulating
material ultimately depends on the goals and destinations of the targeted construction as well
as on the cost or expenses required for heat insulating[11]. Today the technology uses ground
calcined lime, gypsum and quartz sand, water and aluminum powder as a gas-forming agent.
The lime reacts with the water and creates slaked lime(Ca(OH) 2): the aluminum powder
interacts with calcium hydroxide and water forming hydrogen that foams the mixture,
creating internal pores with a diameter of 2mm. After this procedure, the blocks are placed
into an autoclave chamber (10-12 hours, 8-12 bar, 170-190˚C) to create solid blocks. So far
still now many other technologies have been developed to prepare porous, lightweight
concrete joint blocks . Table 1 show in the historical development of thermal insulation
[12]
materials.
Period of time Causes of Changes Insulation materials
change
2.5 ml 7000 BC nomadic life style Materials animal skins, fur, wool
for clothing
第2页河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
Settled durable materials earth, wood, bricks

7000BC - 1870AD lifestyle vegetable fibres straw, eelgrass, reed
Industrial first natural insulating reed, cork, wood wool

revolution products and
calculations flax plates, cellulose
about heat insulation
loss
development of ash-filled bricks,

1870-1950 bricklaying elements hollow bricks, AAC
first products of asbestos, rock wool,

artificial fiber-glass, foam glass,
insulation materials dross, expanded clay
and perlite
spread of artificial polystyrene,

materials appearance polyurethane,
of plastic foams polyester,
1950-2000 spread of plastics nearly disappearance polyethylene,
of natural materials phenolic,
formaldehyde and
melamin foam
CO2 Revival of the natural cellulose insulation,

emission materials cork,
exhausting fossil fuels straw bale, wood wool,
climate sheep wool
change global
2000 warming transparent thermal
experiments with new insulation, swichable
materials thermal insulation, nano
cellular insula-
tion, vacuum insulation
panels
Table. 1. Development of thermal insulation materials[13]
1.1.1 Insulation Materials for Building and Apartments

Global warming is directly related to the development of a country with a steady
population growth. Building a house against global warming is one of the necessary
measures. Researchers mention in scientific reports for example
With the rapid increase of energy consumption, thermal-insulating materials made from
abundant renewable resources are in urgent need for energy-efficient buildings, which
satisfies the sustainable development of society[14] .
Insulation in building is considered as a simple yet highly energy efficient technique
that can be applied to residential, commercial and industrial sector. Thermal insulator is
composed by a material or composite materials that possesses the characteristic of high
thermal resistance, which exhibits the ability to decrease the heat flow rate Al-Homoud
DMS[15] .
1.2 Thermal insulation

1.2.1 What is thermal insulation?
Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (i.e., the transfer of thermal
energy between objects of differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in
range of radiative influence. Thermal insulation can be achieved with specially engineered
methods or processes, as well as with suitable object shapes and materials. Heat flow is an
inevitable consequence of contact between objects of different temperature. Thermal
insulation provides a region of insulation in which thermal conduction is reduced, creating
a thermal break or thermal barrier,] or thermal radiation is reflected rather than absorbed by the
lower-temperature body. The insulating capability of a material is measured as the inverse
of thermal conductivity (k). Low thermal conductivity is equivalent to high insulating capability
(resistance value). In thermal engineering, other important properties of insulating materials are
product density (ρ) and specific heat capacity (c).In the other definition Thermal insulation is a
material or combination of materials, that, when properly applied, retard the rate of heat flow
by conduction, convection, and radiation. It retards heat flow into or out of a building due to
its high thermal resistance[16] .
1.2.2. What is the thermal insulation building?

Building insulation refers broadly to any object in a building used as insulation for any
purpose. While the majority of insulation in buildings is for thermal purposes, the term also
applies to acoustic insulation, fire insulation, and impact insulation[17].
1.2.3. Classification of building insulation materials
Despite all insulation materials serve the same purpose to reduce the rate of heat
release/gain through the desired enclosed space some particular materials serve a certain
specific role, hence they are categorized accordingly.
These categories classify insulation materials into: according to Fig.1.Classification of

the commonly used insulating materials [18].
INSULATING
MATERIALS
INORGANICS ORGANICS COMBINED NEW TECHNOLOGY

MATERIALS MATERIALS MATERIALS MATERIALS
FOAMY FOAMY - Siliconated - Transparent

calcium materials
- Foam - Expanded
polystyrene - Gypsum - Dynamic
foam materials
- Extruded
polystyrene - Wood-wool
FIBROUS
- Glass-wool
- Stone-wool -Polyurethane
foam
FOAMY
EXPANDED
- Cork
- Melamine
foam
- Phenol
foam
FIBROUS
- Sheep-wool
- Cotton-wool
- Coconut fibres
1.3. Structure of thermal insulation material

In general, composition of insulation material indicates the insulation characteristics
which directly linked to its chemical and physical classified insulation materials based on
their composition, which mainly are organic, inorganic, combined material and new
technology material, as structurally shown in Figure 2 in general, thermal insulating
materials can be classified according to their raw materials into inorganic or organic and
natural or synthetic materials [19]
. The main structural feature of thermal insulation materials
is high porosity and sparse pinholes. The volume ratio of the total pore to be contained in the
materials compared with the total volume of the material is described as the porosity of the
material. Porosity is defined as a degree of material filling and is usually expressed as a
percentage. The higher the porosity, the lower the density of the material and having a vice
versa. A pore is a small cavity in a material that is usually filled with air or water in a moist
material. The concept of macro or micro pores in building materials are different. The
macrostructure of the material is visible to the naked eye and contains relatively large pores.
It is distinguished that the microporous structure is visible through a magnifying glass or
microscope also it has very small pores. In practice, however, the properties of a material are
influenced by its macrostructure. Therefore, in order to talk about the porosity of the thermal
insulation material, first of all it needs to consider its macro-pores. The macro-porous
structure of the thermal insulation material shall be cellular grained fiber, cellule \veining,
leafy and mixed. The cellular structure differs in that it is evenly distributed in the material
evenly and has the same type of pores. The shape of this structure is spheroidal or closest to
the bubble or and these materials include foam glass, gas-filled plastics, and other cellular
materials. The crumble structure includes materials such as aggloporite, foamed perlite, and
rubble. The porosity of this material is determined by its particle composition. The more
same types of the pellets, the better thermal insulation with the regular composition consisted
of higher porosity. Materials with cellule \veining\ structure include mineral or organic
fibrous-asbestos, mineral and fiberglass, organic fibers, reeds, and straw. The leafy structure
is found only in foam vermiculite or styrofoam and multi-core including a mica layer. In the
material, the pores or pinholes are connected to each other by an open or closed thin-film
cover wall. Although the thermal insulation material usually has closed pores at the same
time it contains open pores. It is appeared rarely as pores to be interconnected or contained
only in closed porous material. The total porosity of the material is equal to the sum of all
closed pores and open pores. The pore size should not exceed 3-5 mm in cellular thermal
insulation material as well as, on average 0.4mm for cellular foam concrete, 0.6-0.8 mm for
aerated concrete, and 0.2-0.4 mm for foamed diatomaceous brick respectively [20].
1.4 Characteristics of thermal insulation materials

All the basic technical properties of thermal insulation materials are directly related to
its porosity therefore, the average density (volume mass) is the main parameter. As the
average density of the material decreases, the capacity of the thermal insulation increases. In
modern days, the lightest insulation materials include gas-filled plastics (polystyrene,
polyurethane, etc.) but also their volume mass is γ0- 10 ... 20 kg/m 3. The average density of
minerals and fiberglass is determined by 0.2 g/ cm3. Compared to other types of durable
building materials, thermal insulation materials are less durable and more porous. The
strength of the thermal insulation material is 1-5 MPa. Some materials have a strength of up
to 5 MPa and special purpose materials up to 10 MPa or more. It is not possible to use low-
strength materials in load-bearing structures. Some durable thermal insulation materials are
called load-bearing insulation or thermal insulation structures. Moisture absorption takes
place through narrow pores of porous thermal insulation material; the most properties of the
materials are reduced thermal conductivity, strength and cold resistance. Water absorption -
One of the main properties of thermal insulation materials is water absorption. When the
volume is usually included in closed pores, water absorption is relatively low. It depends on
the fine capillary pores, their structure, and other characteristics of the external surface
moisture absorption. The water absorption of organic thermal insulation materials is higher
than that of inorganic materials [21].
1.5 Requirements for thermal insulation materials

In order to reduce the intensification of the thermal conductivity for cladding elements
of the construction, not only have to use thermal insulation materials but also there must give
a lot of resistance during the flow of thermal conductivity. Thermal insulation materials are
highly porous, contain air in their pinholes and pores, have low thermal conductivity, instead
of the base material, there are few parts that can be used as nets. All thermal insulation
materials are divided into organic and inorganic according to the main raw material type.
Inorganic materials include mineral and fiberglass, foam glass, cellular concrete, foamed
perlite, pearl stone, thermal insulation ceramics, and asbestos particles. Organic materials
include basic woody and various plant-derived materials (peat, reed, straw, etc.) in addition,
gas-filled plastics is contained here. In the included in the main category without any
distinction. There are the following types of thermal insulation materials according to their
external mixture and appearance: block or girder, brick, ring, half-cylinder, cylindrical scroll
knitting, leaf, wired fiber, folded, tangled, fluffy and spilled minerals and particle-board and
fiberglass, fire-resistant fibrous cotton, foamed perlite and vermiculite, peat powder,
diatomite, powder mixture as well as it is also used to insulate the surface of pipelines with
hot and light mortar. The articles shall be inspected in accordance with the requirements of
the standard and guaranteed quality certification. The basic direction to expand the range of
thermal insulation materials and further develop the production is to manufacture articles of
high-quality fiber and large stiffeners. In connection to its utilization, it has effective
importance and signification to grow the level of construction industrialization. The articles
shall be inspected in accordance with the requirements of the standard and guaranteed
quality certification. The basic direction to expand the range of thermal insulation materials
and further develop the production is to manufacture articles of high-quality fiber and large
stiffeners. In connection to its utilization, it has effective importance and signification to
grow the level of construction industrialization. Thermal insulation materials are classified
into fibrous, cellular, and fibrous. In the dry state, due to the average density, it is classified
in kg / m3, as well as in group and grades.
Group 1 - Special Lightweight Materials (SPM). Mark: 15-75 to 100
Group 2 - Light (X). Mark: 125, 150, 175, 200 ... 300, 350;
Group 3 - Heavy (Hu). Mark: 400, 450, 500, to 600;
It also calculates the intermediate value of the average density of the material by
comparing it to the value which is the closest to the maximum grade. The stiffness of the
insulation product is classified by the relative compressive deformation under load.
Insulation materials and articles are classified into several groups. Low thermal conductivity
λ = 0.058 W / m, °C with moderate thermal conductivity λ = 0.058-0.1160 W / m °C , high
thermal conductivity λ = 0.1160-0.18 W / m0C. When dividing by the class value of the heat
transfer material, its value shall be determined at 25°C. Insulation materials are classified
into three categories according to their flammability: non-combustible, slow-burning and
flammable [22].
1.6 The method to obtain the porous structure of these materials and its
formation
The following basic methods are used to produce various highly porous insulation
materials.
Method to create gas: By adding a special gasifier to the main raw material, by
releasing the gas and changing material porously, a porous material shall be extracted. Based
on theoretical calculations, the gas generator should have a similar volume, emit gas to form
a homogeneous structure not to degrade prematurely during transport and storage, the
additive should not emit gas harmful to human health, and be widely available and
abundance and relatively cheaper cost or expense therefore many substances provide the
above conditions, gases are released from the decomposition of nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen,
and carbon dioxide. The gasifier is used to create porous structures at high temperature; the
viscosity of a viscous mass prepared with a given composition must be within the maximum
temperature range. In an aerated concrete factory, calcium oxide hydrate reacts into
additional alumina to form the following reaction.
2Al+3Ca(OH)2+6H2O=3CaOAl2O36H2O+H2
The gasifier does not react with the mass of the raw material composition. An additional
1 g of aluminum powder (AI) extracts 1250 cm 3 of hydrogen peroxide and the optimum
temperature is 50 ℃ and the volume is 1500 cm 3. Hydrogen peroxide can be used in the
gasifier.
2Н2О=2H2+O2
Compared to the formation of hydrogen peroxide gas with oxygen, decomposition in 1

kg of air creates in 133 l of O2 or having a volume of 133 cm3 per 1 g. In other words, it shall
be less volume than aluminum in one order. Therefore, aluminum powder is the most
common gas generator. It is sometimes called aluminum dust or powder. In 1920, it was
proposed to use zinc powder as a gas generator to release hydrogen in an alkaline
environment. In foreign countries (USA, Germany, France), chlorinated lime was used as a
gas generator as a result of releasing of additional oxygen. To use carbon dioxide as a gas
generator, it is treated with acid (H2SO4) to produce carbon dioxide due to the following
reaction:
CaCO3+H2SO4=CaSO4+H2O+CO2
CaCO3MgCO3+H2SO4=CaSO4+MgSO4+2H2O+2CO2
When it melts and converted plastics and glass masses porously at high temperatures,
the gasifier is produced cellular glass and plastic (styrofoam). Its essence puts on when the
process of emitting gas at high temperatures is carried out by the utilization of a gasifier in
the composition of polymer resins or molten glass masses. As a result of gaseous emissions
(CO2, O2, N2, etc.), the viscous alloy enters the swelling form and has a cellular structure
upon abrupt cooling. As depending on the temperature, the basic condition of this method is
第 10 页河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文
that the viscous alloy becomes porous under the influence of changes in pressure and
velocity.
Foam formation method: As adding foaming agent and surfactant, with the way to
reduce the surface gravity of ordinary water and liquid, the uniform foam is formed as
having porous or pinholes like bubbles by mixing the materials. As a result of this process,
action is processed to generate and strengthen a cellular structure of the mass. In a liquid
state, the air divided by a thin film cover is a foamy gas phase, all the water is a liquid phase,
and the slurry in the phase system is called foam.
Methods to strengthen by much water: The main property of this method is to use a
lot of water to obtain mass to be printed and the prepared material creates porous pinholes by
evaporating the excess water contained in it during the drying process.
Method to grind mechanically: This method can be used to prepare thermal insulation
materials, for example; it is used by spraying (firing) or grinding asbestos. This method is
often used as a tool to create other pores. This method is important for creating porous
pinholes in other materials and has a wire-like properties in its composition, for example
these include mineral wool, asbestos or wood cellules or fibers.
Method to be fermented the mineral and organic raw materials: The volume of
material increases when it was heated to calculate water vapor formed by the evaporation of
chemically bounded water and the aerial extension of the pores contained. In this way,
foamed vermiculite, perlite, and foam insulation materials are obtained while heating in an
oxygen-free environment. Combustible additive method: A homogeneous mixture containing
organic additives (sawdust, coal, slag, peat, etc.) is used to produce porous ceramics products
with a cellular structure. Methods for the chemical process of carbonate raw materials: The
method of cutting the crystallization and decomposition of carbonates is subject to the
creation of materials with porous structures. The main purpose of the production of thermal
insulation materials is related to each method of stabilizing the gas and foam and
strengthening its cellular structure. This mainly applies to drying, incineration, and other
thermal treatment. It is used to produce aerated concrete, lime, and asbestos silicate materials
by autoclave methods [24] .
河南工业大学硕士研究生学位论文第 11 页
1.7 Hydrothermal strengthening process

In some silicates, the ability to enter into quartz reaction can be used in hydrothermal
conditions, as well as it is widely used in the production of cement-free porous materials.
Hydrothermal is the process of bonding in a vapor environment with high temperatures.
Hydrothermal is, under conditions of high-temperature humid vapor, the result of a change
created in its humid vapor pressure. Figure 2 shows the water vapor pressure curve.
Temperature
Figure 2. Water vapor pressure curve

1- Water vapor, 2- field of wet vapor, 3. field of the superheated vapor , 4. Real gas, 5-
Transition peak, Tk –Critical temperature, Pk –Critical pressure
Today hydrothermal processes are used in various industries and are widely used in the
production of microporous materials without any addition of aerated concrete and cement.
An autoclave (closed pressure vessel) strengthens the material by a hydrothermal process in
a steam environment [25] .
1.8 General concept of CaO-SiO2-H2O system

The CaO–SiO2–H2O system is important for the production of lime and cement-based
building materials. This is because the system can respond to the strength of the building
material. Figure 3 shows the CaO – SiO2 – H2O system.
Currently, 16 calcium hydro silicates (CSH) are known. 8 of the 16 phases of the crystal
are natural minerals. The ratio of calcium silicate of the formed minerals is shown in Table 2.
Figure 2 Triple diagram

Table 2. Minerals of calcium hydro silicates and Ca/Si ratios:
Number Name Chemical composition Са/Si ratio
1 Okenite CS2H2 0.5

1 Dalitite C3S6H8 0.5
2 Truscottit C6S10H3 0.6
3 Hirolite C2S3H2 0.67
4-a Plombirit C5S6H9 0.83
4-b Tobermorite C4S5H5 0.83
4-с Riversidit C5S6H0-2 0.83
5 Xonotlit C6S6H 1
6 Appwilite C3S2H3 1.5
7 Foshagit C4S3H 1.67
8 Gillebrandite C2SH 2
1.9 Study of limestone deposits for exploring the lime in Mongolia

The recommendation was produced in accordance with a number of provisions of
relevant law, decrees and regulations as follows: “State policy on the mineral sector
approach”, provision #16 of the Minerals law, “Action program to be implemented by the
government of Mongolia in 2016-2020”, “Regulations on Mineral prospecting and
exploration activities” approved by order #A/270, dated February 05, 2019 by the Mining &
Heavy Industry Minister, as well as a provision approved by a Mining Minister order #203
dated on September 11, 2015, which specifies that “The present recommendation for
classification of mineral resources and deposit reserves can be applicable to a mineral
resource in compliance with any recommendations for a certain type of mineral on the basis
of its characteristics”. It also specifies how to properly use the categories of geological
reserves, production reserves and hypothetical resources for deposits of carbonate rocks. The
recommendation aims to provide professional crew and license holders with methodological
assistance to compile a final report on reserve estimation, have the estimated reserves
registered to the state mineral resource register and update reserve data.
Limestone is the sedimentary rock, mostly composed of calcite and rarely aragonite,
containing a mixture of clastic and clayey materials, dolomite and organic matter. Clastic
materials are quartz, opal, chalcedony, pyrite, iron oxides, glauconite, phosphorite and other
mixtures. It has a different structure and texture. Limestone is usually hard and dense
(average density is 2.57t/m3 and density of shelly limestone is 1.2-1.5 t/m 3 ) with various
porosity. Its compressive strength is 94MPa and tensile strength is 9MPa. The chemical
composition of rich lime is close to the theoretical composition of calcite, with 56.04% CaO
and 43.96% CO2, respectively. Lime – a type of limestone containing calcite powder and
granules, mollusk shell fragments, composed of coccolithophores, and foraminifer’s
residues, loosely cemented to each other, and capable of white staining. The average density
is 1.5-1.6 t/m 3 , the porosity is 40-50%, the natural humidity is up to 20-35%, the hardness is
low and the strength in the dry state does not exceed 4-5 MPa.
Currently, the technical specifications for Portland cement clinker production materials
are the following requirements for the chemical composition of the raw materials: limestone
with carbonate component is allowed to contain not less than 45% CaO, 40-45% in “natural”
marl, not more than 15% CaO in the clay component of group I, and 15-44% CaO in the clay
component of group II. The content of toxic oxides should not exceed the following values
(%) in carbonate components: MgO-4.0, SO3-1.3, K2O+Na2O-1.0, and P2O5-0.4. The content
of oxides in the raw material mixture should provide values of the saturation coefficient
within 0.88–0.92, silica module 1.90–2.60, and alumina module 0.90–1.60. To obtain the
calculation parameters of the raw material mixture, if necessary, corrective aluminate and
iron-containing additives (bauxite, iron ore, pyrite cinders, ocher clays, furnace dust, etc.) are
introduced into it. As the limestone of cement and other purpose deposits, it requires a
specific technical specification. The rock suitable for cement production should have a stable
chemical composition and a homogeneous fine-grained structure. The physical and
mechanical properties of calcite rocks are not regulated, but their low strength differences
(10–20 MPa) are preferable. The allowable moisture content of limestone is up to 5% and
that of "natural" marl is up to 10%. When producing the types of cement in the dry method,
high moisture lime is not used. In limestone (lime), to produce white and colored cement, the
pigment content of iron and manganese oxides is additionally limited, the presence of
chromium oxide is not allowed. The limestone, lime, dolomite and, often marl are used for
producing construction lime necessary for the preparation of mortars, concretes, blocks and
silicate bricks. Lime is produced by burning carbonate rocks in the shaft or rotary kilns at a
temperature of 1000 °C – 1200 °C until carbon dioxide is completely removed. “Limestone
for construction and technological lime production” (Technical specifications) is controlled
by MNS 963-91 standard. According to the standard, carbonate raw materials to produce
lime, is divided into 7 classes by content of СаСО3, MgCO3 and clay mixture (Table 3).
Table 3 Class of carbonate rocks producing lime
Class
Content, 9%
A B C D YE J
CaCO3, not less 92 86 77 72 52 72
MgCO3, Not more 5 6 20 20 45 8
Clay mixture (SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3), not more 3 3 3 8 3 20
According to MNS 963-91, the carbonate rocks are divided into hard (more than 60),
medium (30-60), soft (10-30) and very soft (less than 10) by their strength (MPa). The most
suitable raw materials to produce lime are rich limestone and natural lime with a very low
content of MgCO3 and insoluble residues. The most suitable one regarding strength is a rock
with compressive strength of 10-40Mpa. Lime shall meet the requirements and standards of
the “Lime for construction and technological needs” (Technical requirements) MNS 347:
2002 [26] .
Lime is referred to as that it is a material that is cured and hardened in the air and a
binding material obtained by burning carbonate limestone containing up to 8% of clay
mixture at 9000C-10000C.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
Therefore, over 19 lime deposits suitable for manufacturing and exploring the
construction lime have been explored in Mongolia, and these deposits are registered in the
balance of the country's mineral resources but also the total reserves of these deposits are
31.8 million tons as Class of A+B+C 1 and 0.4 million tons as the degree of C 2 respectively.
Until 1990, 100,000 tons of limestone were extracted annually from 13 deposits, in addition,
12 limestone deposits had been explored with 267.3 thousand tons including cement plant
limestone in 1997 respectively. From 1989 till 1990, exploration work on lime to produce
calcium carbide was carried out at the deposit which is located in Sugduh, Dornogovi
province, as a result, reserves are estimated at 15.7 million tons for Class A+B+C 1 and 23.7
million tons for C2, as well as, according to the result of the chemical composition of Class A
of lime described at the deposit meets the requirements of TU6-01-878-80 for the production
of calcium carbide in Russia, so once it conducts and tests the technology experiments, A
final decision needs to be made as to which direction it can be utilized and having any
possibilities and chances. The chemical composition of pure limestone is close to that of Ca-
56% and CO3-44% according to the chemical composition of calcite. A content of CaCO 3
which contains 5-25% of the mixture of clay particles of 75-95% clay lime of carbonate
rocks or a mixture of clay particles with 25-50%. In the case of, the CaCO 3 content is 50-
75%, it is called marl. Limestone is classified as crystalline, organogenesis, fragmentary or
mixture structure. Limestone is generally white or light gray due to the external appearance
and is usually yellowish or dark in color, hard enough and dense. Depending on the mineral
and organic content, the limestone is dark gray, black, dark red, and green. There is included
a natural Cretaceous, which has a CaCO3 content of 96-99% in one type of limestone. In
terms of the surface impurities, Cretaceous are mostly aluminum and iron oxides. Dolomite
is a sedimentary rock containing iron oxide and is composed primarily of a mineral called
dolomite, due to the mixture forms it appears as gypsum or with calcite-anhydride rarely.
The chemical composition of dolomite is CaO-25.5-32.4%, MgO-14-21.9%, CO 3-35.7-
47.7%, and other impurities up to 17%. Marl is a carbonate clayey rock containing 50-75%
of rare calcite dolomite and 25-50% of R2O3 and SiO2 [27] .
CHAPTER TWO
Research Methodologies and Raw Material Research
2.1. Selection of raw materials

The raw materials for the research work were selected the Mandal-ovoo kaolinite which
is located in 60 km southwest of Darkhan in Selenge aimag, 3 km south of Salkhit Erdenet
railway, 1.5 km south of Mandalgobi in Dundgovi aimag and as a waste white dust as the
object of Concentration at MCF “Erdenet”.
2.2 Research methods and techniques

Methodology for research work on the raw material properties of thermal
insulation materials
The raw material properties of thermal insulation materials were analyzed in
accordance with the chemical composition of Khutul limestone MNS 0963:1991. In
addition, the physical and chemical properties of lime according to MNS 0347:2002
standard, the chemical composition of Mandal-Ovoo primary clay by X-ray fluorescence, the
physical and mechanical properties of clay according to MNS 5175:2002 standard, chemical
composition and physical and mechanical properties of Erdenet Mining Concentrator white
dust MNS 2916: Defined in accordance with 2002 standar[28].
Specification of limestone moisture
A sample of 1 kg crushed fully and gotten through a 20 mm sieve was weighted in a
container and then heated until having a constant weight. Moisture content (W) is expressed
as a percentage.
(1)
These are: G1-weight of the naturally moist sample, g

G-weight of the dry sample, g
The moisture content is calculated by averaging the two parameters in parallel with the
moisture content of the sample. The weight of the naturally moistened sample shall be
converted to the weight of the dry sample by the following formula and expressed in tons.
(2)
Determination of silicon oxides in limestone

Applied substances:
- Anhydrous sodium carbonate
- Hydrochloric acid d=1.19
- 1% nitrogen-silver solution
Method of determination:
An average sample of 0.5g was mixed in a white gold crucible with 3g of anhydrous
sodium carbon then covered the crucible with cover, taken into a preheated electric oven,
gradually heat to 950 °C -1000 °C, and melt for 10-15 minutes. Immerse the crucible alloy in
cold water, cool quickly, dissolve 10-15 ml of 1:3 hydrochloric acid in a ceramic bowl, rinse
the crucible with acid, add it to the solution and cover the cup with a watch glass. Once the
alloy is completely dissolved, remove the capped glass, wash the lid with boiling hot water,
and place it in a ceramic bowl. Dry and evaporate the cup solution in a water bath until dry
and the hydrochloric acid is completely removed. Then add 5-8 ml of concentrated
hydrochloric acid for 10 min, add 30 ml of distilled water and filter through a sparse filter
into a 250 ml flask. Rinse the beaker several times with hot water and wipe the silica
attached to the beaker with an ash less filter to add the precipitate. Wash the precipitate on
the filter with hot water until the chlorine ions are removed. Check for the presence of
chlorine ions with a 1% silver solution of nitric acid. Thoroughly wash the filter paper with
pre-burned sludge and place it in a preheated ceramic crucible and burn it in an electric oven
at 1000-1100°C for 20 minutes. Cool the precipitate in the crucible in a desiccator and
weigh. Then it burned for another 15 minutes to stabilize the weight. The amount of silica is
calculated by the following formula.
(3)
These include:
G- sample weight, d
G1- the difference in sediment weight with the crucible before and after incineration, d
A method for determining the sum of tertiary oxides in limestone
Reagent solution to use:
- Aqueous solution of 10% ammonia
- 0.2% red methyl alcohol solution
- Ammonium chloride
- 2% ammonium solution of nitric acid
- Hydrochloric acid d = 1.19
- Nitric acid d = 1.4
- 2H hydrochloric acid solution
Take 100 ml of this solution and mix in a 200 ml beaker. Take 100 ml of this solution,
place it in a 200 ml beaker, add 0.5g of ammonium chloride and 3-4 other 0.2% red methyl
alcohol solutions and heat to boiling. In a beaker, add 10% ammonia solution drop by drop
until a precipitate form, and heat the precipitate solution in a water bath for 10 to 15 minutes.
Then filter the solution through a sparse ash less filter and wash it with a hot solution of
ammonium nitric acid until chlorine ions disappear. Place the dried filtrate in a preheated
ceramic crucible, incubate at 1000-1050 °C for 20 min, cool in a desiccator and weigh. Then
incubate for another 150 min to check the stability of the weight.
The amount of trioxide (R2 O3) is calculated by the following formula.
(4)
These include:
G- sample weight, g
G1 - the difference between the weight of the precipitate before and after incubation
Determination of calcium oxide in limestone
Reagent solution to use:
- 20% potassium alkali
- 0.04 N Trilon B solution/Dissolve 8 g Trilon B in slightly warm water and makeup to 1
liter with water /.
- Fluorexone (mix 1g of fluorescein with 100g of potassium chloride) and store the indicator
in black glass.
- 50% triethanolamine solution
Method of determination: Cut 20 ml of the filtered silica into a 250 ml conical flask and
add 100 ml of distilled water. Add 20 ml of 2% corrosive potassium and 3 ml of Tritonal
amine to the solution, prepare for 1-2 min, add a little fluorescein and titrate the Trilon B
solution until the pink light disappears. The percentage of calcium oxide is given by the
following formula.
(5)
These include:
- Volume of trilon B used for titration of V1 to 0.04 N, ml
- T is the titer of CaO in 0.04 N trilon B solution, g/ml
- V- Total volume of solution, ml
- G- Sample weight, g a- Volume of filtrate extracted, ml 1.78-CaO conversion
factor to CaCO
Determination of magnesium oxide in limestone
- Use reagent substances
- 25% aqueous solution of ammonia
- 0.04 N Trilon B solution
- Magnesium standard solution
- Ammonia buffer solution
- 0.2% solution of cresolphthalexone
- 0.1% tripeolin solution
- Method of determination: Add 25 ml of the filtrate to a 250 ml conical
flask, add 50 ml of water, 3 ml of triethanolamine, 20 ml of ammonia buffer
solution, add 1-2 drops of tripeolin, and leave for 1-2 minutes and add a few drops of
crecolftalexone. Titrate the solution with Trilon B solution from pink to light yellow.
The percentage of magnesium oxide is given by the following formula.
(6)
- These include:
- Volume of 0.04 n trilon
- V1 - Volume of 0.04 n trilon B solution, ml which was used to titrate the

sum of calcium magnesium oxide
- TMgO - 0.04n of the titer expressed by magnesium oxide in trilon B solution
- G- Specimen weight, gr
- a Volume of solution extracted from filtration, ml
- 2.09-MgCO3 Conversion factor to
Determination of combustion losses
- Tools to use
- Oven
- Ceramic crucible
Method of determination: Place 1g of the sample dried in a pre-determined porcelain
crucible at 105-110°C, place in a muffle furnace, heat to 1000°C and keep at this temperature
for 1-2 h. Cool the sample in the crucible in the desiccator and weigh.
Combustion loss is expressed as a percentage using the following formula
(7)
- For it:
- C1- The content of potassium and sodium oxide in a standard solution with
a high content %
a low content %
- a- indication of the solution being analyzed
- а1- Indications for standard solutions with high sodium and potassium
oxide content
- The content of potassium and sodium oxide is given by the following
formula.
(8)
- For it:
a high content %
a low content %
- a- indication of the solution being analyzed
- а1- Indications for standard solutions with high sodium and potassium
oxide content
- The content of potassium and sodium oxide is given by the following
formula.
(9)
- For it:
- С- an indication of the solution being analyzed
- V- the volume of a basic solution, ml
- H- sample weight, g
Determine the total amount of calcium and magnesium oxide in lime
In the A experiment, Add 1 liter of hydrochloric acid solution to 1.19% by weight, add
up to 1 liter of distilled water to 85 ml of hydrochloric acid and mix well. The titer of this
solution is determined at 250-270°C with pre-dried anhydrous sodium carbonate for 1-1.5
hours at a constant weight. Transfer 1g of sodium carbonate to a 250ml conical flask and
dissolve in 80 to 100 ml of distilled water. Using a 0.1% solution of the pink methyl
indicator, titrate the solution with 1 hydrochloric acid from yellow to orange. The titer of 1
hydrochloric acid solution is the amount of CaO expressed in grams, which is determined by
the following formula.
- ТСаО=0.02804Q/0.053V (10)
- These include: Q – the weight of sodium carbonate,
- 0.02804-1ml, amount of CaO per hydrochloric acid, g
- V- the volume of 1 hydrochloric acid used for titration,g
- 0.053- The amount of sodium carbonate in 1 ml of hydrochloric acid, g
B. Use a 1% alcohol solution of phenolphthalein
- Place 1 g of the sample in 250 ml of water, 3-5 pieces of glass pellets or 3-5 pieces of
5-7 mm long molten glass rod, cover with a watch glass or glass funnel and heat to boiling
point for 5-7 minutes. Cool the solution to 20 to 30°C, rinse the inside of the capped beaker,
funnel and flask rinsed with boiled distilled water, and add 2-3 drops of 1% phenolphthalein
indicator and titrate with 1t of hydrochloric acid under constant shaking. Continue shaking
the solution until the pink color does not reappear within 8 min, and then the titration is
complete. The acid should be added dropwise and the titration should be gradual. The
amount of active calcium and magnesium oxide (A) of undiluted lime is expressed in% and
is given by the following formula.
А=(V TCaO 100)/Q (11)
For it:
V- The volume of 1 hydrochloric acid solution used for titration, ml
- TCaO- Titer of 1 hydrochloric acid solution
- Q- lime sample weight,g
The amount of active calcium and magnesium oxide (A) in hydrated lime is expressed
as a percentage and is determined by the following formula.
А=(V TCaO 100)/Q(100-W) (12)
For it:
W- hydrated lime moisture, %
Determine the amount of active calcium oxide by sugaring
Transfer 0.25 g of lime to a 500 ml conical flask, add 50 ml of sucrose solution and
shake well for 15 min. At this time, add 5-7 mm long glass rods or 3-5 glass pellets to the
flask to improve the mixing. After shaking, add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein solution and
titrate drop by drop with 1 N hydrochloric acid solution until the pink color begins to
disappear. The amount of active calcium (A) is calculated by the following formula.
A = (V TCaO 100) / Q (13)
These include:
V- Volume of 1 N hydrochloric acid solution used for titration, ml
- TCaO - Titration of 1 hydrochloric acid solution
- Q- Weight of lime sample, g
Determination of magnesium oxide by trilonometry
Moisten 0.5 g of the sample in a 200 to 250 ml beaker, add 30 ml of hydrochloric acid,
cover with a beaker, heat to boiling point for 8 to 10 minutes, rinse the beaker with distilled
water, allow the solution to cool, pour into a 250 ml flask and distill to the mark. Add water
and mix well. Then take 50 ml of the solution with a dropper and transfer it to a 250 ml
conical flask, add 50 ml of distilled water, 5-10 ml of ammonia buffer, 5-7 drops of acidic
dark blue chromium indicator, and make the red color blue-green or blue with 0.1 trillion B
solution. Titrate with shaking until colored. When the titration is complete, record the
volume (V1) of Trilon B solution in ml. Transfer 25 ml of the solution from the volumetric
flask to a 250 ml conical flask, add 100 ml of distilled water and stir. Then add 3 ml of
triethanolamine and 25 ml of 20% corrosive potassium solution and stir again. After 1 to 2
minutes, add fluorescein to the tip of a spoon and titrate with a solution of Trilon B,
observing the background until the pink vegetables change color to a stable pink. Record the
volume (V2) of Trilon B solution used for titration in ml. The amount of magnesium oxide
(A2) is determined by the following formula.
A2 = (V1-V2) TMgO5 · 100 / Q (14)
These include:
- V1 - Volume of 0.1 trillion B solution used to determine CaO + MgO
- V2 - Volume of 0.1 N trillion B solution used for V2-CaO titration, ml
- TMgO - Titration of 0.1 N trilon B solution expressed in grams of MgO
- 5 - Coefficient for the determination of MgO from the solution
- Q - Weight of lime sample, g
Determination of lime carbon dioxide content
- Heat 1 g of lime at 520°C and 975°C, cool and weigh in an excavator. The amount of
carbon dioxide in the lime is calculated by the following formula and expressed as a
percentage.
СО2 (15)
- G is the weight of the lime sample, g

- G2 - Sample weight after incandescence at 520°C, g
- G3- Weight of specimen after incubation at 975°C, g
Determine the degree of grinding of lime
- Sieve 50g of powdered lime, dried to a constant weight at 105-110°C, through sieves
02 and 008. The screening is considered complete when the amount of lime to be ground per
minute does not exceed 0.1 g. The degree of grinding of lime, expressed as a percentage, is
determined by the following formula.
Н.З = (m/50)100 (16)
- m -residue on the sieve, d
Determine the settling time and temperature of the lime
Weigh 6 g of the sample to a precision of not more than 0.1g in a hot flask, add 25 ml of
water at 20°C and mix rapidly with a polished wooden stick. Cover the sample container
with a lid fitted with a thermometer with a scale up to 1000°C and immobilize it. The tip of
the thermometer should be completely immersed in the mercury. Record the thermometer
reading every minute from the time the water is added.
If the thermometer reading does not exceed 10°C for 4 min, the precipitation is
considered complete. This temperature is called the precipitation temperature. Sedimentation
time is the period from the time water is added to the lime to the time when the temperature
rise does not exceed 0.25°C per minute.
Determine average density of sand:

The density of the spill was determined by weighing 2 kg of sand and placing it in a
standard funnel by opening the nozzle and filling the cylinder.
(17)
- m1-weight of the empty cylinder, g

- m2 - weight of sand with cylinder, g
- V the volume inside the cylinder, L
Determination of water absorption
Absorption is the ability to swamp water in its pores being inside the material. In order
to determine the water absorption of a dry sample dried to constant weight, the weight of the
sample shall first be measured, then the sample shall be immersed in water and the material
shall be completely filled with water. Keep the sample in the water until it is of constant
weight and weigh it again. The water absorption by weight is determined by comparing the
water absorption weight with the dry weight by the following formula.
(18)
Wж- Weight water absorption, %

G1- Weight of water-absorbing material, g;
G- The weight of the material in the dry state,g
Pulverescent mixture of sand
Weigh the dried sand to a constant weight of 100g, place it in a 250 ml container, wash
it with water until it becomes limpid, finally, weigh it again after drying it at 100-110°C until
it has a constant weight.
(19)
m1- sand weight having a constant weight before washing

m2- sand weight having a constant weight after washing
Determinate species composition of sand
It is called the species composition of the material if the material contains a certain
amount of species and their content is expressed as a percentage or species size. In this
material, the species composition is determined by classifying the material through a
standard sieve. Use 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.63, 0.315, and 0.14 mm sieves for the experiment. The
sand is sifted through this sieve and divided into 5-2.5, 2.5-1.25, 1.25-0.63, 0.63-0.315, and
0.315-0.14 mm grains. By describing the species composition of the sand, it is possible to
draw conclusions about the suitability of the aggregates for the concrete and clay and to
determine the category of the species composition of the sand being tested. The composition
of sand species is determined as follows. Take 2 kg of the sand sample, dry it until having a
constant weight, and sieve it through two sieves with circular holes 5 and 10 mm. Weigh the
residue on the sieve and calculate the gravity of 5-10 mm, Gp5, and Gp10 grains of more
than 10 mm in the sand composition by the following formula.
(20)
m10- residue on a sieve with a hole of 10 mm, g

m5 -residue on a sieve with a hole of 10 mm, g
m- weight of dry white dust sample,g
Determination of the modulus of sand species
The modulus of sand species is determined by the following formula based on its given
species composition
(21)
А2.5………….,А0.14-full residue at the sieve,

Clay particle composition.
It is a percentage of the particles of different sizes in the clay. The composition of the
clay particles was determined by the Andrea Zen method. Cut 10 g of the sample into a 750
ml conical flask, add 500 ml of 0.01 N ammonia solution, cover, attach to a shaker and shake
until completely dissolved. The dispersed slurry is filtered through a 0.063 mm sieve and
poured into the Andrea Zen instrument. The sampler is then assembled and placed evenly in
a stationary position to remove the sample at intervals of 3 seconds, 3 minutes, 30 minutes,
and 6 hours. Do not move or shake the instrument during sampling. The slurry should be
immobilized on a flat table for the duration of the sampling.
Determining the elasticity of clay
The elasticity of clay is the ability of clay to take on any shape without breaking under
the action of external forces and to retain its shape after the cessation of the force acting on
it. This quality is determined by the moisture content of the clay, which varies depending on
the amount of water. The flow limit or elasticity of clay that does not change independently
of its own weight is called the breaking limit, or the upper limit of
elasticity, and the breaking limit of a clay without changing its cross-sectional area under
gravity. The difference between these limits is an indicator of the elasticity of the clay and is
called the plasticity number. The following formula is shown.
(22)
– the moisture of the clay stream limit, %
- the moisture of the clay interruption limit, %
The moisture content of the flow high limit of the clay plasticity was determined using
a balancing cone and the moisture content of the lower or breaking limit was prepared.
Prepare a flexible clay, compact it well in a cylindrical container, scrape off the excess clay
evenly with the rim of the cylinder, and place it on a flat tray. The lubricated cone is then
placed so that its tip touches the surface of the cylindrical clay and falls freely under its own
weight. Within 5 seconds of the cone falling, the cone should be immersed in the clay from
the slice to the mark (10 mm). The lower limit of the plasticity of the clay, or the breaking
limit, is determined by the flow limit. Add dry clay to the remaining clay, mix the moisture
evenly on flat glass with a palm of your hand until it breaks to a diameter of 3 mm and place
the sticks in a preheated box. After that, it is weighed and dried to a constant weight and the
breaking limit moisture is given by the following formula.
(23)
weight of wet, g
weight of dry sample, g
weight of sample to be dried, g
The balanced moisture of clay elasticity mixture for printing.

This is the moisture content when the clay is most suitable for printing or has the
highest elasticity. Such moist clay can be printed by the normal force of human hands and
does not stick to the hands. Appropriate humidity is determined with the Vicky instrument.
To determine, prepare a clay paste, place it in a cylindrical mold, scrape it off the edge of the
cylinder, and place it centrally on the Vick toolbar. Then press the instrument needle against
the surface of the dough and drop it freely to look at the stopwatch. Perform the test under
the pressure of the loaded needle for 5 to 40 mm until the dough is immersed in 5 minutes.
After the appropriate moisture content has been determined, 4 pieces of dough weighing 15-
20 g shall be cut, weighed, dried to a constant weight, and weighed again as determined by
(24)
– relative humidity, %
– absolute humidity, %
– wet specimen weight,g
– weight of dry sample, g
Air subsidence of the clay and its combustion

The process by which the size of a clay mixture decreases during drying is called air
subsidence. Moisture accumulates in the tubes formed between the clay species, and during
thermal drying, the water evaporates and the clay condenses and shrinks in size. However,
the phenomenon of diminishing the sample size during combustion is called combustion
subsidence.
Drying, combustion, and general settling of primary and enriched kaolinite were
determined by a 50x50x10mm model with elastic drawing and a caliper size of 50 mm with
linear changes during drying and firing. The experiement results are calculated by the
following formula.
(25)
- first size of the model,mm

- a size of the model after it dried,mm
- a size of the model after its combustion, mm
- Linear shrinkage of hardening, %
- Linear shrinkage of combustion,
Water absorption
Absorption of water can be used to assess its robustness and melting of the mixture. To
determine the water absorption, prepare a sample of 50x50x10 mm, weigh it after burning,
immerse it in water in all volumes for 48 hours, remove it from the water and re-measure the
weight by the following formula.
(26)
– sample weight after water absorption,g
- weight of the dried sample ,g
Method of kaolinite enrichment

The primary Mandal-Ovoo clay used in the study was agglomerated, so it was gently
blown away without disturbing the natural structure and the mixture to speed up the
decomposition and separation of the rock from the mixture. Then water was added to the
clay and it was wetted. For complete decomposition, the slurry was immersed in water for 2
days and filtered through a 0.3 mm sieve to separate the rock mixture. The clay on the sieve
was washed with water and passed down to completely separate the clay from the rock
mixture. During the enrichment process, the clay was washed with additional water, so the
slurry water was added. The concentrated aqueous slurry was immobilized in a container for
2-3 days, and the residue was removed with a suction pump. The thick slurry was then
placed in a gypsum mold, the water was drawn in, the dehydrated elastic mass was kept at
room temperature for 3-4 days, dried and ground in a vibrating mill to obtain a concentrate.
Out of a total of 500 kg of sample, the concentrate yield was approximately 400 kg.
CHAPTER THREE
Results of Experimental Studies
3.1. Results of raw material analysis

Research raw materials were selected lime of Khutul which is located in 60 km
southwest of Darkhan city of Selenge province and in 3 km south of Salkhit Erdenet railway
as well as, lime of Senjit Khudag in Urgun soum, Dornogovi aimag and kaolinite of
Mandal-ovoo located in 294 km south of Mandalgobi city in Dornogovi aimag but also white
dust of "Erdenet" MCF was selected as an object respectively. The experiment was
conducted by the “Materials Research Center” of the Mongolian University of Science and
Technology, Jointed Chemical Analysis Laboratory, therefore the mineral composition of the
sample was determined by method of X-ray diffraction on a PW3710 meter at the Institute of
Materials Science of the Republic of Korea and the heat transfer coefficient was determined
by the method specified in ISO 8894-1:2010-10 “Hot-wire methods” in addition,
morphological studies were performed on an ESEM electron scanning microscope and at the
Central Geological Laboratory of Mongolia respectively. The results of determining the
chemical composition and physicochemical properties of Khutul Urgun limestone are shown
in Tables 3.1-3.4.
Table 3.1.The chemical composition of Khutul limestone
SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O SH.U.KH
0.55 0.05 0.05 0.1 55.53 0.3 0.01 0.03 43.41
When it was analyzed by the method which is specified in the MNS0963: 1991
limestone standard, it has resulted that CaCO3 is 98.8% so it is classified as Class A
limestone.
Table 3.2 Physicochemical properties of Khutul limestone
Residue
Name Lime Volume Volume Time to
Temperature to on the
of the activation of MgO-, of CO2, precipitate
precipitation, °С grinding
sample СаО+MgO, % % % min
sieve, %
Khutul
73.9 1.6 6.78 2 78 0.1
lime
When analyzing Khutul lime according to MNS0347: 2002 standard, Khutul lime
belongs to group III class.

Table 3.3 The chemical composition of Urgun limestone
SH.U.K
SiO2 TiO2 AI2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O
H
2.63 <0.05 <0.05 0.1 50.97 0.3 0.01 0.03 40.21
Due to the fact that CaCO3 is 90.8% when it was determined by the method specified in the
standard MNS0963: 1991, this Limestone is classified as Class IV limestone
Table 3.4. Physicochemical properties of Urgun limestone
Lime Temperature
Time to Residue on
Name of activation Volume of Volume of to
precipitate the grinding
the sample СаО+Mg MgO-, % CO2, % precipitation,
min sieve, %
O, % °С
Lime of
53.8 7.6 23.5 24 24.8 3.1
Urgun
When analyzing Khutul lime and Urgun lime according to the standard MNS0347:
2002, Khutul lime belongs to group III and Urgun lime does not meet the technical
requirements.
The results of the chemical composition of Mandal-Ovoo initial clay determined by the
method of X-ray fluorescence are shown in Figure 3.1 and Table3.5.
Picture 3.1. Primary clay spectrogram of Mandal-Ovoo

Table 3.5. Results determined the chemical composition of primary clay in Mandal-Ovoo
Sample SiO2 % TiO2+Al2O3% Fe2O3 % CaO % MgO % Na2O+K2O % MnО % P2O5%
Primary clay 74.64 17.47 2.183 1.18 0.61 2.46 0.04 0.30
Concentrated
67.00 20.31 2.72 1.23 0.64 2.68 0.05 0.04
clay
According to the results determined by the Central Geological Laboratory, the clay is
classified as semi-acidic clay due to its primary and concentrated forms. Silicon oxide in the
primary clay decreased from 74.64% to 67% after enrichment, while alumina content
increased from 17.47% to 20.31%. The results of determining the mineral composition of
Mandal-Ovoo clay are shown in Figure 3.2.
Hydroslide
kaolinite
Quartz
Figure 3.2 Diffractogram of Mandal-Ovoo clay

Mandal-Ovoo clay contains 60.09% hydroslide and 14.22% kaolinite in its mineral
composition. It also contains quartz and feldspar.
2θ
Figure 3.3 SEM drawing of Mandal-Ovoo clay

The picture shows that Mandal-Ovoo clay contains larger particles or species of
hydroslide minerals and quartz. Therefore, the clay needs to be concentrated.
The results for determining the composition of the primary clay particles are shown in
Table 3.6. Particle composition of the primary caly.
Particle composition, %
Raw material
>63 mkm 63-20 20-6.3 mkm 6.3-2 mkm <2 mkm
mkm
Clay of Mandal-Ovoo 1.15 2.32 3.17 22.98 70.38
According to the experiment, it contains 3.47% of sand, 26.15% of dust, and 70.38% of clay. As
shown in the experiment results, the primary clay of Mandal-Ovoo belongs to the category of fine-grained
clay.
Table 3.7 The elasticity of Mandal-Ovoo clay
The limit of the
Name of the
№ Limit of the flow stoppage Number of elastics
sample
1 Primary clat 26.08 20.51 5.57

2 Concentrated clay 26.96 20.07 6.89
When determining the elasticity of Mandal-Ovoo clay on primary and enriched clay, the
result was increased from 5.57 to 6.89.
From the above results, it can be seen that the plasticity did not increase much after the
clay was concentrated. The plasticity of clay depends on its mineral composition and particle
composition. If the number of plasticities is 3-7, it belongs to the category of dry clays that
have low plasticity. According to our experiments, the plasticity of Mandal-Ovoo clay is 6.89
and it belongs to this category of clay.
Table 3.8 Appropriate moisture for printing

Weight of Weight of Absolute
Relative
№ Sample name moist dry humidity
humidity, %
sample, g sample, g ,%
1 Primary clay 17.09 13.25 22.56 29.14
2 Concentrated clay 17.85 13.72 23.13 30.09
Relative humidity was 23.13% and absolute humidity was 30.09% when the appropriate
moisture content was tested on the primary and enriched clays using the Vick tool. The
results show that the primary clay has low ажлын moisture content due to the low content of
the mixture and the plasticity. After concentration, it has increased by 0.57-
0.95%respectively. The proper moisture content of the pressing depends on the mineral
composition and particle composition of the clay. The relative humidity of the primary clay
is 22.56%, and the absolute moisture after enrichment is 29.14%.
Table 3.9 below shows the results of experiments in which air and combustion
subsidence were determined by linear shrinkage in primary and enriched clays of Mandal-
Ovoo. The results of incineration at 900°C and 1000°C were used.
Table 3.9 Combustion subsidence of the clay in Mandal-Ovoo

Combustion
Combustion
№ Sample name subsidence at
subsidence at 900°C
1000°С
1 Primary clay -0.27 0.32
2 Concentrated clay -0.19 0.39
Experimental results show that air and combustion subsidence increased after
enrichment. Primary clays and enriched clays are slightly foamed in the determination of
incineration at 900°C due to the high-temperature compaction of refractory clays. However,
when combusted at 1000°C, not only the clay did not evaporate but it has just settled more
only after it concentrated. This shows that the subsidence of the clay is increasing due to the
compaction of the ceramic body as the temperature rises.
The results of determining the water absorption in the primary and enriched clay of
Mandal-Ovoo obtained by preparing a sample of 50x50x10 mm and burning it at 900°C are
shown in Table 3.10 below.
Table 3.10
№ Sample name Water absorption %
1 Primary clay 23.91

2 Concentrated clay 21.81
Waste white dust from the "Erdenet" MCC r was selected therefore its chemical
composition is shown in Table 3.11.
Table 3.11 Chemical composition of waste “white dust” of concentrator factory
Samples from the Oxide content by %
waste SiO2 AI2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O
First sample 75.6 16.5 1.8 1.0 0.6 1.9 0.6
Second sample 69.0 17.4 3.7 0.5 0.7 1.6 3.0
Due to its result that chemical composition of waste of concentrator factory doesn't
fluctuate much, the potential to apply for industrial usage shall increase.
The mineral composition is dominated by quartz (52-56%), a large amount of feldspar
(35-45%), contains slightly clayey, and iron sulfide. The physical and mechanical properties
of the white dust used in the study, such as асгаасан density, density, distance of the
particles, dust mixture, particle modulus, moisture, water absorption, etc., are shown in Table
3.12.
Table 3.12 Indication of the physical and mechanical properties

Value
№ Indication name Measurement
of the indication
1 asgaasan density кg/м 3
1588.8
2 Density g/см 3
2.62
3 Dusty mixture % 0
4 Modulus of the particles - 1.5
5 Humidity % 1.6
6 Water absorption % 0.8 – 1.3
The result that the modulus of the particles in the white dust of the "Erdenet" MCC is
1.5, the asgaasan density is 1588.8 kg / m3 and the density is 2.62 kg/m 3 meets the
requirements of the sand standard used in construction. The silica content of white dust in
the tailings of the "Erdenet" MCC is over 65%, which indicates that it can be used as a raw
material for thermal insulation materials obtained under hydrothermal conditions. The
radioactivity of white dust and natural sand from "Erdenet" MCC is shown in Table 3.13.
Table 3.13 Specific activity of radioactive isotopes of white dust and natural sand
Waste of "Erdenet" MCC , Bk / kg
Specific activity of isotopes Volume of
№ Sample name MNS5072:2001
Ra-226 Th-232 K-40 radioactive
White dust of
1 4.5 709
Erdenet ≤370 Бк/кг
2 Natural sand 23.3 20 1114 146
As it was determined the radioactivity of Erdenet white dust compared to natural sand,
it meets MNS5072:2001 standard (≤370 Bq / kg).
3.2. Technology experiment results and discussion

Autoclaving of sand and lime products results in the formation and strengthening of
calcium hydrosilicate compounds. Such hardening is called hydrosilicate hardening.
Moisture heat treatment is carried out by preparing a mixture of lime and silica sand and
pressing it in an autoclave at a temperature of 174-200°C and a pressure of 0.9-1.6 MPa. As
a result, lime and silica sand combine to form various calcium hydrosilicates.
CAS2=CaO+AI2O3 2SiO2
The calculation of the composition of the thermal insulation material was performed as
follows based on the characteristics of the raw material of lime, kaolinite and white dust of
"Erdenet" MCC respectively.
Figure 3.4 Preparation of dry mixture of thermal insulation material

In order to improve the reaction activity of kaolinite, metacaolinite was obtained by pre-
heat treatment at a temperature of 750°C and used for experiments. 25% lime, 50%
metacaolinite, 25% white dust of Erdenet MCC and 35 ml of water were used to prepare the
mixture. /1:2:1/ For it, during the calculation of the composition, it was considered as “pure
metacaolinite”.
CAS2= CaO+A
The coefficient for calculating the effect of Ca(OH)2 in the composition is calculated by
The technological scheme for the extraction of materials conducted by the hydrothermal
stabilization process is shown in Figure 3.5.
Figure 3.5. The technological scheme for the extraction of materials conducted by the hydrothermal
stabilization process.
Clay Lime White dust
Receive Receive (Вагон) Receive автомашин
Storage Conveyor carrier Storage
Crushing Hammer crusher In the box тэжээгүүр
measuring dose with a Intermediate bunker Conveyor carrier
Heat processing750° Dose with a spoon Intermediate bunker
Mill
Screw carrier
Elevator bunker
Water
Dose with a spoon
Measuring Mix
To mould
Autoclave hardening, 190 ° C / 1.3

MPA
Cooling the pressed product and keep
Detach the item from the

mold
Cutting Final product
Crush the clay, heat it at 750°C, turn it into metakaolinite, mix it with lime and white
dust of Erdenet in 1:2:1 ratio, pour it into a 2x2x2 mold and autoclave it at 190°C with steam
pressure of 1.3 MPa for 2 hours finally the insulation material was obtained.
The advantages of this technology are:
- Reinforcement without cement;
- Low energy consumption;
- It is a process that can widely use secondary raw materials. Figure 3.6 shows a pre-
laboratory thermal insulation material that is steamed at a temperature of 190°C and a
pressure of 1.3 MPa by a hydrothermal curing process.
Figure 3.6. Preliminary thermal insulation material obtained by hydrothermal hardening process
Table 3.14 shows the strength and mass of the volume of the pre-extracted thermal
insulation material after steaming at a temperature of 190 ° C and a pressure of 1.3 MPa in a
hydrothermal hardening process.
Table 3.14 The strength and mass of the density of the pre-extracted thermal insulation material in
laboratory
Mass of volume, g/cm3
Mass of
Sample Strength, The strength due to the according to the
volume,
name MPa standardMNS5352:2004 standard
g/cm3
MNS5352:2004
1 0.62 0.36
2 0.69 0.3-0.8 MPa 0.37 0.1-0.5
3 0.64 0.37
The total operating time of the autoclave was 10 hours and the heating rate was 2 hours.
The strength of the hydrothermal-reinforced thermal insulation material obtained under
laboratory conditions is 0.62-0.69 MPa, and the mass of volume is 0.36-0.37 g/cm3,
which is in accordance with the technical requirements of the thermal insulation material
meets the standard (MNS5352: 2004). The SEM analysis of the thermal insulation material
obtained under laboratory conditions by the hydrothermal hardening process is shown in

Figure 3.6.
Figure. 3.6. The SEM analysis of the sample 1

The result shown in Figure 3.6 show that the resulting thermal insulation material has a porous cellular
structure.

The results shown in Figure 3.7 show that the cellular structure of the tobermorite mineral is formed in
sample 2.

The mineral analysis of the obtained thermal insulation material is shown in Figure 3.9-
3.11 below.
-quartz
-tobermorite
Figure 3.9. Diffractogram of the first sample

In the first sample, modifier lines of quartz of 4.25°A, 3.34°A, 2.45°A, 2.28°A, and
1.45°A were detected, whereas X-ray lines of 3.23°A, 2.98°A, were detected, which are
modified the tobermorite.
-quartz
-tobermorite
Figure 3.10. Diffractogram of the second sample

In the second sample, modifier lines of quartz of 4.25°А, 3.34°А, 2.45°А, 2.28°А,
2.23°А, 2.12°A and 1.45°А were detected, whereas X-ray lines of 3.77°А, 3.47°А, 3.07°А,
2.98°А, 2.51°А and 2.16°А, were detected, which are modified the tobermorite.
-quartz
- - tobermorite
Figure 3.11. Diffractogram of the third sample

In the thrd sample, modifier lines of quartz of 4.25°А, 3.34°А, 2.45°А, 2.28°А, 2.23°А,
2.12°А were detected, whereas X-ray lines 3.47°А, 3.07°А, 2.98°А and 2.16°А, , were
detected, which are modified the tobermorite.
Figure 3.12 shows a very little increase of 0.02 W / (m·K) from 25°C to 700°C in
determining the thermal conductivity of the insulation material.
Temperature°С
Figure 3.12.
Temperature-
dependent
λ, coefficient of
Вт/Det
a
thermal
ch the
item conductivity of
from
the
thermal
mold insulation
( ·К )
м
material,
W/(m·K) It
has shown the indictor that the heat transfer coefficient increased to 0.138 W/(m·K) at 700°C
even it was 0.118 W/(m·K) at 25°C. At 32° C, the heat transfer coefficient decreases due to
the loss of water from the hydrosilicate crystal.
CHAPTER FOUR
Economic Calculation
The economic calculation of a small workshop for the production of thermal insulation
materials has been completed.
Table 4.1 The calculation of raw materials
Total Item price Transport
№ Raw material Measurement Total amount
amount, tn /tug/ cost /tug/
1 Clay tn 2500 24000 6,642,992.5 66,642,992.5
2 Lime tn 1200 17000 17,830,000 38,230,000
3 White dust tn 850 2700 16,348,80 3,929,880
4 Lubricants tn 1900 2400 4,560,000
5 Water tn 4815 350 1,685,250
Total price 115,048,122.5
Table 4.2 Power consumption of equipment

Number of the
Capacity Engine Power Electricity
№ Equipment equipment
KW / h operation time consumption price, MNT
parcel
Hairtsagt
1 1p 3 2500 7500 1,162,500
tejeeguur
2 Hammer crusher 1p 8 2500 20000 7,600,000
3 Mill 1p 40 2500 100000 14,000,000
4 Screw carrier 1p 4 2500 10000 140,000
5 Knead 1p 22 2500 55000 7,700,000
6 Conveyor carrier 2p 8 2500 10000 1,400,000
7 Jingiin tugnuur 1p 3 2500 7500 1,050,000
8 Elevator 1p 6 2500 15000 2,100,000
9 Sohoi tugnagch 1p 3 2500 7500 1,050,000
Total price 36,202,500

The price of 1 kW of electricity is estimated at 140 MNT.
Table 4.3 Salary and health insurance premium costs

Monthly salary ,
№ Position Vacancy A year
tug
1 Director 1 1,800,000 21,600,000
2 Head of the workshop 1 1,500,000 18,000,000
3 Accountant 1 1,200,000 14,400,000
4 Technologist 1 1,300,000 15,600,000
5 Master 1 1,300,000 15,600,000
6 Repairman 1 1,000,000 12,000,000
7 Reception 2 800,000 19,200,000
8 Crusher 2 800,000 19,200,000
9 Miller 1 800,000 9,600,000
10 Molder of the mixture 4 800,000 38,400,000
11 Molder 4 800,000 38,400,000
12 Autoclave 2 800,000 19,200,000
13 The loader 2 800,000 19,200,000
14 Assistant worker 4 900,000 43,200,000
15 Driver 2 900,000 21,600,000
16 Service person 2 500,000 12,000,000
17 Guard 2 500,000 12,000,000
Total 349.200,000
Social insurance premiums are calculated at 24% of employees' salaries:

349.200,000∙24/100=83.808,000 MNT
If the health insurance premium is calculated at 6% of the employee's salary:
349.200,000∙6/100=20,952,000 MNT
Assuming a personal income tax of 11% of employees' salaries:
349.200,000∙11/100=38,390,000 tugrug /mnt/
Table 4.4 Cost and depreciation of machinery and equipment

№ Equipment price Number of Unit price Equipment cost Depreciation Commission Commission
peices (mill.MNT) (MNT) charge (%) rate (MNT)
/piece/
1 Jingiin tugnuur 1 3,000,000 3,000,000 9 11.1 333,000
2 Feeder 1 1,000,000 1,000,000 9 11.1 110,000
3 Hammer crusher 1 5,000,000 5,000,000 9 11.1 555,000
4 Bunker 2 1,000,000 2,000,000 9 11.1 222,000
5 Conveyor carrier 2 2,800,000 7,200,000 9 11.1 799.200
6 Ball mill 1 15,000,000 14,000,000 8 12.5 1,750,000
7 Screw carrier 1 3,000,000 3,000,000 9 11.1 333,000
8 Elevator bunker 1 800,000 800,000 9 11.1 666,00
9 Lime tugnuur 1 5,000,000 5,000,000 9 11.1 555,000
10 Mixer 1 12,000,000 12,000,000 8 12.5 1,500,000
11 Mold 30 9,000,000 270,000,000 7 14.2 8,100,000

12 Root of mold 30 2,900,000 8,000,000 7 14.2 1,136,000
13 Mold carrier 1 6,000,000 6,000,000 9 11.1 666,000
14 Mold separator 1 2,900,000 2,000,000 9 11.1 222,000
15 Autoclave 2 7,500,000 14,000,000 8 12.5 1,750,000
16 Dump truck 1 50,000,000 50,000,000 9 11.1 5,550,000
17 Cutting device 1 6,000,000 6,000,000 9 11.1 666,000
18 Intermediate bunker 2 3,000,000 6,000,000 9 11.1 666,000
19 Trolley 4 1000000 4,000,000 9 11.1 444,000
20 Excavator 1 130,000,000 1,300,000 9 11.1 14,430,000
Total sum 420,300,000 50,277,200
Table 4.5 Construction cost

Construction Volume м3 Price per Total price Heating Total sum
№ 1m3 MNT network

3%
1 Administration 15x4x20 1500 130,000 195,000,000 5,850,000 200,850,000
2 Manufacturing 1450 120,000 174,000,000 5,220,000 179,220,000
workplace 20x1.5x15
3 Storage 6х5х4 135 88000 11,880,000 356,400 12,236,400
4 Cement storage silo 275 90,000 24,750,000 742,500 25,492,500
10х5х5
5 Warehouse for finished 2500 90,000 225,000,000 6,750,000 231,750,000
products
Total sum 649,548,900
1m3- The building is estimated at 100,000 MNT. The price of 1m3-warehouse (without
heating) was calculated at 85,000 MNT. Depreciation of the building at 3.5% of the
construction cost:
649,548,900∙3.5/100=22,734,211.5
Table 4.6 Financial report

№ Own cost Unit of Total expense
measurement
1 Raw material tn 115,048,122.5
2 Electricity consumption Kvt 36,202,500
3 Staff wage tug 349.200,000
4 Social insurance tug 83.808,000
5 Health insurance tug 20,952,000
6 VAT tug 38,390,000
7 Equipment expenses tug 50,277,200
8 Construction depreciation tug 22,734,211.5
9 Construction cost tug 649,548,900
11 Other expenses of the factory tug 16,238,722.5
12 All the expenses of the factory tug 1,382,399,656.5
Other expenses of the factory include costs related to the research and experimental
work and purchase of products, and in the case of taking 25% of the construction cost, it
accounted for 16,238,722.5MNT.
The economic estimation of a small workshop for the production of thermal insulation
materials has been completed
The ratio of production and sales costs
Sales price of the product: 1m3-120'000 MNT
Cost of the product: per 1 m3 - 1,382,399,656.5/20000=69,119.9 MNT

The sales price of the total product :
12,000×22,000= 2,640,000,000
Annual sales revenue: 2,640,000,000-1,382,3999,656.5=1,257,600,343.5( Sales Profit)
CONCLUSION
Mongolia imports more than 60 percent of its construction materials from Russia and
China. However, at the end of 2019, due to the global epidemic, the price of construction
materials in our country is increasing 4-5 times. As a result, the price of construction
materials continues to rise to the point where ordinary people cannot afford to buy them. All
over the world, thermal insulation materials are being updated day by day, becoming very
thin and light. As our country's clay does not reach international standards, we continue to
conduct research based on Mongolian standards.
When analyzing Khutul lime and Urgun lime according to the standard MNS0347:2002,
Khutul lime belongs to group III and Urgun lime does not meet the technical requirements so
we selected the Lime of Khutul as a raw material of the thermal insulation material.
Calcium hydrosilicate must be formed in the thermal insulation material and, heat it at
750°C, by converting into metakaolinite, mix it with lime and white dust of Erdenet in a
1:2:1 ratio, pour it into a 2x2x2 mold and autoclave it at 190°C with a steam pressure of 1.3
MPa for 2 hours finally the insulation material was obtained in laboratory condition.
It results that the strength of the pre-extracted thermal insulation material is accounted
for 0.65 MPa and mass of the volume is accounted for 0.65 MPa and a pressure of 1.3 MPa
in a hydrothermal hardening process so it meets the technical requirements standard of
thermal insulation materials / MNS5352: 2004 /.
It is shown that they have cellular characteristics due to the fact of SEM analysis of
thermal insulation materials extracted under laboratory conditions by conducting the
hydrothermal hardening process. XRD also contains tobermorite and quartz. This confirms
that thermal insulation materials have been extracted.
The thermal coefficient of the insulation material is 0.118 W/(m·K) at 25°C whereas it
increased up to 0.138 W/(m·K) at 700°C The total investment of the small workshop for the
production of thermal insulation materials is accounted 1.25 billion.
Appreciation
I remember the first time I came to China in August 2017. The first time I got off the
subway, the fresh air of Zhengshou City felt as if I was there right now. First of all, I would
like to express thanks for to their helped Professor Zou Wenjun and Professor Peng Jin. I
want to say gratitude teacher Lao Miao. You are very helpful teacher.
Cheng Qiao Huan really wants to apologize to teacher. I'm really sorry that I still can't
write my diploma beautifully. First time we met at a barber shop. By the time hair dresser
can not understand my word because my Chinese language so poor, I can not say hello, You
were translated.
I am very afraid and regret not being able to complete the tasks on time. I am truly
grateful to you for always teaching me and never bothering to scold.
When I came to Mongolia for the 2020 winter vacation, I didn't really expect that I can
not go back. I miss my school and teachers very much. When the good time comes, I will
definitely visit in China. I sincerely and continuously wish toy safety and good health.
I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Professor Saran, director of Materials
Research Center of Mongolian School of Science and Technology, She helped me write this
Diploma.
Thank you very much to the students of our school who helped me, you are really like
gods.
Thank you so much my school

Thank you so much students
Thank you so much teachers
Thank you so much China
REFERENCES AND PUBLICATIONS

参考文献
[1] Techniques.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-021-06862-6
[2] 2012 X. Cao, X. Dai, J. Liu, Building energy-consumption status worldwide and the
state-of-the-art technologies for zero-energy buildings during the past decade, Energ.
Buildings 128 (2016) 198-213.
[3] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.06.089
[4] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121964
[5] F.Asdrubali, F.D'Alessandro, S.Schiavoni, A review of unconventional sustainable
building insulation materials, Sustain. Mater. Technol. 4 (2015)
1-17.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2015.05.002.
[6] D. Al-Homoud, S. Mohammad, Performance characteristics and practical applications of
common building thermal insulation materials, Build. Environ. 40 (2005) 353-366.
[7] A.M. Papadopoulos, State of the art in thermal insulation materials and aims for future
developments, Energ. Buildings 37 (2005) 77-86.
[8]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
274110149_The_historical_development_of_thermal_insulation_materials
274110149_The_historical_development_of_thermal_insulation_materials
[10] https://www.worldcat.org/title/evolving-house/oclc/514111
[11] https://www.worldcat.org/title/evolving-house/oclc/514111
274110149_The_historical_development_of_thermal_insulation_materials.
274110149_The_historical_development_of_thermal_insulation_materials.
[14[ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.124449]
[15] Performance characteristics and practical applications of common building thermal
insulation materials] Build Environ 2005;40:353–66.
[16] . Al-Homoud DMS. Performance characteristics and practical applications of common
building thermal insulation materials. Build Environ 2005;40:353–66
[17] [https://www.slideshare.net/seerathayat/building-insulation-material]
[18] ]. Papadopoulos AM. State of the art in thermal insulation materials and aims for future
developments. Energy Build 2005;37:77–86.
[19]feasiblehttps://www.knowledge-share.eu/en/patent/construction materials-from
quarryingwastes/?gclid=CjwKCAjwy_aUBhACEiwA2IHHQCJWIIMtzcCSQbybcN-
[20] B.Battsagaan, Thermal insulation material, УБ хот, 2004 он, x. 6-17
[21] P.Shaandar, Non-metallic minerals, 2015.
[22] MNS0963:1991, Limestone standard
[23] MNS0347:2002, Lime standard
[24] G.Saran Paper work of fire-resistant thermal insulation materials, UB city, 2011
[25] Technical requirements of “Lime for construction and technological needs” MNS 347:
[26] 2002 [https://amep.mn/userfiles/files/PDF/Recommendation_CarbonateRocks.pdf]]
[27] B.Battsagaan, Construction material, UB city, 2009.
[28] G.Saran Paper work of fire-resistant thermal insulation materials, UB city, 2011
[29] B.Battsagaan, Thermal insulation material, УБ хот, 2004 он, x. 6-17
[30] Ch.Davaasambuu, Issues selecting the thermal insulation materials, UB city, 2008 , pp.
128
[31] B.Ulziiburen, Research on the production of thermal insulation materials from clay in
Mongolia, UB city, 2003
[32] B.Battsagaan, Construction ceramic material technology, UB city, 2011
[33] Saran.G, Seifert.H, Hydrothermal erhaertete Leichtzuschlaege, 34. B.Battsagaan,
E.Ninjgarav, Technology for the production of bonded materials and structures, UB city,
2015, pp. 3-
[34] S.Tsevel, Chemical technology of bonding materials, Darkhan-Uul aimag, 2011.
[35] T.Tsoodol, Proceedings of the VI Conference of Researchers Theory and Practice,
Khutul 2013.
[36] J.Amgalan, Light brick and Survey on Mat made from light brick, Ulaanbaatar, 2000.
[37] B.Battsagaan, D.Sunjidmaa, D.Baljinnyam, Laboratory method for testing building
materials, UB, 2001.
[38] P.Shaandar, Non-metallic minerals, 2015.
[39] MNS0963:1991, Limestone standard
[40] MNS0347:2002, Lime standard
[41] MNS2916:2002, Clay standard
[42] MNS392:2014, Technical requirements for construction sand Silikattechnik, 1996
[43] MNS5352:2004, Technical requirements for thermal insulation materials

2022 Battdulam

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

2022 Battdulam

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

国内图书分类号：TQ323.

Henan University of Technology

THE PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF

Student Number: 2017DFH011507

Candidate: Batjargal Batdulam

Supervisor: Prof. Zou Wenjun

Academic Degree Applied for: Master

Speciality: Material Science and Engineering

Affiliations: School of Material Science and

Dissertation Defense Date: May 23, 2022

学位论文作者签名： 指导老 师签名：

Key words：Preparation, properties, thermal insulation material

1.1 Literature review of thermal insulation materials

Settled durable materials earth, wood, bricks

Industrial ﬁrst natural insulating reed, cork, wood wool

development of ash-ﬁlled bricks,

ﬁrst products of asbestos, rock wool,

spread of artiﬁcial polystyrene,

CO2 Revival of the natural cellulose insulation,

Table. 1. Development of thermal insulation materials[13]

1.1.1 Insulation Materials for Building and Apartments

1.2 Thermal insulation

1.2.2. What is the thermal insulation building?

These categories classify insulation materials into: according to Fig.1.Classification of

INORGANICS ORGANICS COMBINED NEW TECHNOLOGY

FOAMY FOAMY - Siliconated - Transparent

1.3. Structure of thermal insulation material

1.4 Characteristics of thermal insulation materials

1.5 Requirements for thermal insulation materials

Compared to the formation of hydrogen peroxide gas with oxygen, decomposition in 1

1.7 Hydrothermal strengthening process

Figure 2. Water vapor pressure curve

1.8 General concept of CaO-SiO2-H2O system

Figure 2 Triple diagram

Number Name Chemical composition Са/Si ratio

1 Okenite CS2H2 0.5

1.9 Study of limestone deposits for exploring the lime in Mongolia

Clay mixture (SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3), not more 3 3 3 8 3 20

Research Methodologies and Raw Material Research

2.1. Selection of raw materials

2.2 Research methods and techniques

These are: G1-weight of the naturally moist sample, g

Determination of silicon oxides in limestone

- V1 - Volume of 0.04 n trilon B solution, ml which was used to titrate the

- G is the weight of the lime sample, g

Determine average density of sand:

- m1-weight of the empty cylinder, g

Wж- Weight water absorption, %

m1- sand weight having a constant weight before washing

m10- residue on a sieve with a hole of 10 mm, g

А2.5………….,А0.14-full residue at the sieve,

– the moisture of the clay stream limit, %

- the moisture of the clay interruption limit, %

weight of dry sample, g

weight of sample to be dried, g

The balanced moisture of clay elasticity mixture for printing.

– wet specimen weight,g

– weight of dry sample, g

Air subsidence of the clay and its combustion

- first size of the model,mm

- a size of the model after it dried,mm

- a size of the model after its combustion, mm

- Linear shrinkage of hardening, %

学位论文作者签名：指导老师签名：