Brakes

‫� �م �ﺪا و�ﺪ ﺟﺎن و ��د‬
‫ﻧ�‬ ‫��‬ ‫�‬

‫�� ﻦ �� ا�ﺪ ﻪ � ﺬرد‬
K. N. Toosi Univ. of Technology,
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Design of Machine Elements II

Lecture Presentations
Clutches and Brakes
Dr. M. Asgari
Design of Machine Elements II Clutches and Brakes
Clutches and Brakes

The function of a clutch is to permit smooth, gradual connection and disconnection
of two members having a common axis of rotation. A brake acts similarly except that
one of the members is fixed. The clutches and brakes considered here are all of the
friction type, depending on sliding friction between solid surfaces. Other types use
magnetic, eddy current and hydrodynamic forces. Fluid couplings and torque
converters.
K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

3
Machine Elements II, Dr. M. Asgari
Type of Clutches and Brakes

4
Friction Clutches and Brakes

A simplified dynamic representation of a friction
clutch or
Two inertias, I1 and I2, traveling at the respective angular velocities ω1 and ω2,
one of which may be zero in the case of brakes, are to be brought to the same
speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two
elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during
actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these
devices we shall be interested in:
1 The actuating force

2 The torque transmitted
3 The energy loss
4 The temperature rise

5
Friction Clutches and Brakes
The various types of devices to be studied may be classified as follows:
1 Rim types with internal expanding shoes

2 Rim types with external contracting shoes
3 Band types
4 Disk or axial types
5 Cone types

6
Static Analysis of Clutches and Brakes

The procedure entails the following tasks:
• Estimate, model, or measure the pressure distribution on the friction surfaces.
• Find a relationship between the largest pressure and the pressure at any point.
• Use the conditions of static equilibrium to find the braking force or torque and the
support reactions.

7
Static Analysis of Clutches and Brakes
A brake shoe is self-energizing if its moment sense helps set the brake, self-
deenergizing if the moment resists setting the brake.
where u is the distance of the center of pressure from the right edge of the pad. The
conclusion that a self-acting or self-locking phenomenon is present is independent of our
knowledge of the normal pressure distribution p(u). Our ability to find the critical value
of the coefficient of friction fcr is dependent on our knowledge of p(u), from which we
derive u.
8
Internal Expanding Rim Clutches and Brakes

The expanding-ring clutch is often used in textile
machinery, excavators, and machine tools where
the clutch may be located within the driving
pulley.
Automotive-type drum brake (internal shoes).
Automotive brake with two hydraulic wheel cylinders. Both

shoes are self-energizing for forward car motion
9
Drum Brakes and Clutches
The centrifugal clutch is used mostly for automatic

operation.

10
• The pressure distribution is sinusoidal with respect to the

angle θ.
• If the shoe is short the largest pressure on the shoe is pa
occurring at the end of the shoe, θ2.
• If the shoe is long the largest pressure on the shoe is pa
occurring at θa = 90◦.

11
If we make MN = Mf , self-locking is obtained, and no actuating force is

required. This furnishes us with a method for obtaining the dimensions for
some self-energizing action. Thus the dimension a in Fig must be such that
MN > M f

12

13

The direction of the frictional forces is reversed if the rotation is reversed. Thus, for
counterclockwise rotation the actuating force is

14
In using these equations, the reference system always has its origin at the
center of the drum. The positive x axis is taken through the hinge pin. The
positive y axis is always in the direction of the shoe, even if this should result
in a left-handed system.

15

16
External Contracting Rim Clutches and Brakes
If the rotation is counterclockwise
It should be noted that, when external contracting designs are used as clutches, the
effect of centrifugal force is to decrease the normal force. Thus, as the speed increases, a
larger value of the actuating force F is required.

17
Brake with symmetrical pivoted shoe

This means the abscissa component of wear is w0 for all positions θ. If wear in
the radial direction is expressed as w(θ), then
where K is a material constant, P is pressure, V is rim

velocity, and t is time. Then, denoting P as p(θ) above and
solving for p(θ) gives
The distance a to the pivot is chosen by finding where the moment of the frictional
forces Mf is zero. First, this ensures that reaction Ry is at the correct location to
establish symmetrical wear. Second, a cosinusoidal pressure distribution is sustained,
preserving our predictive ability. Symmetry means θ1 = θ2, so

18
Brake with symmetrical pivoted shoe

19
Band-Type Clutches and Brakes

Flexible clutch and brake bands are used in power excavators and in hoisting
and other machinery.

20
Frictional-Contact Axial Clutches (disk clutch)

An axial clutch is one in which the mating frictional members are moved in a
direction parallel to the shaft.
Advantages of the disk clutch include the freedom from centrifugal effects, the
large frictional area that can be installed in a small space, the more effective heat-
dissipation surfaces, and the favorable pressure distribution.

21

22
Multiple-disk clutch, hydraulically operated

Automotive-type disk clutch

23
Uniform Wear
After initial wear has taken place and the disks have
worn down to a point where uniform wear is
established,

24

Uniform Pressure
When uniform pressure can be assumed over the area of the disk, the actuating
force F is simply the product of the pressure and the area.
for torque during uniform wear as
for torque during uniform pressure (new clutch) as
we can conclude that a new clutch, Eq. (b), always transmits more torque than an old clutch, Eq. (c).
Furthermore, since clutches of this type are proportioned to make the diameter ratio d/D fall in the
range 0.6 ≤ d/D ≤ 1, the largest discrepancy between Eq. (b) and Eq. (c)
25
Floating caliper brake

there is no fundamental difference between a disk clutch and a disk brake. The disk brake has
no self energization, and hence is not so susceptible to changes in the coefficient of friction.
Such brakes would be unsatisfactory for general use because their cooling would be
inadequate.
caliper brake : Bicycle brakes are undoubtedly the
best-known examples. The wheel rim constitutes
the disk. Friction lining on the caliper contacts only
a small portion of the disk surface, leaving the
remainder exposed to dissipate heat.

26
Floating caliper brake (Disc Brake)

27
Type of Brakes

28
Disk Brakes

29
Cone Clutches and Brakes
Uniform Wear

30
Cone Clutches and Brakes
Uniform Pressure

31
Energy Considerations
When the rotating members of a machine are caused to stop by means of a brake, the
kinetic energy of rotation must be absorbed by the brake. This energy appears in the
brake in the form of heat. In the same way, when the members of a machine that are
initially at rest are brought up to speed, slipping must occur in the clutch until the
driven members have the same speed as the driver. Kinetic energy is absorbed during
slippage of either a clutch or a brake, and this energy appears as heat.
The capacity of a clutch is therefore limited by two factors, the characteristics of

the material and the ability of the clutch to dissipate heat.
If the heat is generated faster than it is dissipated, we have a temperature-rise

problem.

32
we shall consider the amount of heat generated by a clutching or braking operation.
We assume that the two shafts are rigid and that the clutch torque is constant.
The clutching operation is completed at the instant in which the two angular
velocities ˙ θ1 and ˙ θ2 become equal.
This equation shows that the time required for the engagement operation is
directly proportional to the velocity difference and inversely proportional to
the torque.

33
rate of energy-dissipation during the clutching operation to be
The total energy dissipated during the clutching operation or braking cycle is
Note that the energy dissipated is proportional to the velocity difference squared and
is independent of the clutch torque.

34
Temperature Rise
The temperature rise of the clutch or brake assembly can be approximated by the
classic expression
If an object is at initial temperature T1 in an environment of temperature T∞,

then Newton’s cooling model is expressed as

35
Temperature Rise
When a disk brake has a rhythm such as discussed above, then the rate of heat
transfer is described by another Newtonian equation:

36
Temperature Rise
The energy E absorbed by the brake stopping an equivalent rotary inertia I in terms
of original and final angular velocities ωo and ωf is given.

37

38
Friction Materials
• High and reproducible coefficient of friction
• Imperviousness to environmental conditions, such as moisture
• The ability to withstand high temperatures, together with good thermal
conductivity and diffusivity, as well as high specific heat capacity
• Good resiliency
• High resistance to wear, scoring, and galling
• Compatible with the environment
• Flexibility

39
Friction Materials

40
Miscellaneous Clutches and Couplings

square-jaw is one form of positive-contact clutch.
1 They do not slip.
2 No heat is generated.
3 They cannot be engaged at high speeds.
4 cannot be engaged when both shafts are at rest.
5 Engagement at any speed is accompanied by shock.
overload-release type of clutch
fluid coupling
(Hydrodynamic Torque Converters)

41
Clutches and Brakes Location
Fail Safe Brakes

42
Other References:
The site http://www.machinedesign.com presents information on clutches,

mechanical brakes, brake linings, and electric brakes.
The site http://www.powertransmission. com lists clutch and brake company web
sites.

43
“The whole of science is noting more than a refinement
of everyday thinking”
Albert Einstein
44

Brakes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Brakes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

‫� �م �ﺪا و�ﺪ ﺟﺎن و ��د‬

‫ﻧ�‬ ‫��‬ ‫�‬

Design of Machine Elements II

Clutches and Brakes

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Type of Clutches and Brakes

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Friction Clutches and Brakes

1 The actuating force

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Friction Clutches and Brakes

The various types of devices to be studied may be classified as follows:

1 Rim types with internal expanding shoes

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Static Analysis of Clutches and Brakes

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Static Analysis of Clutches and Brakes

Internal Expanding Rim Clutches and Brakes

Automotive-type drum brake (internal shoes).

Automotive brake with two hydraulic wheel cylinders. Both

Drum Brakes and Clutches

The centrifugal clutch is used mostly for automatic

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Internal Expanding Rim Clutches and Brakes

• The pressure distribution is sinusoidal with respect to the

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Internal Expanding Rim Clutches and Brakes

If we make MN = Mf , self-locking is obtained, and no actuating force is

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Internal Expanding Rim Clutches and Brakes

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Internal Expanding Rim Clutches and Brakes

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Internal Expanding Rim Clutches and Brakes

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

External Contracting Rim Clutches and Brakes

If the rotation is counterclockwise

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Brake with symmetrical pivoted shoe

where K is a material constant, P is pressure, V is rim

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Brake with symmetrical pivoted shoe

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Band-Type Clutches and Brakes

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Frictional-Contact Axial Clutches (disk clutch)

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Frictional-Contact Axial Clutches (disk clutch)

Multiple-disk clutch, hydraulically operated

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Frictional-Contact Axial Clutches (disk clutch)

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Frictional-Contact Axial Clutches (disk clutch)

for torque during uniform wear as

for torque during uniform pressure (new clutch) as

Floating caliper brake

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

Floating caliper brake (Disc Brake)

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,

K.N. Toosi University of Technology,