MA5158 ENGINEERING

MATHEMATICS-I
Unit II Differential Calculus /

MA6151 Mathematics-I
Modules I & II

Faculty, Department of Mathematics

Anna University, Chennai
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 Section 5 : Implicit Differentiation

• Implicit Differentiation
• Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
• Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
• Logarithmic Differentiation

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IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

Implicit differentiation is used when y is not defined explicitly; only a relation between x and y is
known.
𝑑𝑦
Examples. 1. Find by implicit differentiation from 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.
𝑑𝑥

Solution:

Given 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1

Differentiating with respect to x

𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −𝒙
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 𝒚
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2. Use implicit differentiation to find an equation of the tangent to the curve
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 at the point 𝜋, 𝜋 .

Solution: Given 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦 1 + =2−2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦 =2−2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 2−cos(𝑥+𝑦)
⇒ =
𝑑𝑥 2+cos(𝑥+𝑦)

𝑑𝑦 2−1 1
⇒ 𝑎𝑡 𝜋, 𝜋 = =
𝑑𝑥 2+1 3

1
∴ The equation of the tangent to the curve at the given point 𝜋, 𝜋 is 𝑦 − 𝜋 = (𝑥 − 𝜋)
3
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3. (a) Find 𝑦 ′ if 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 6𝑥𝑦
(b) Find the tangent line to 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 6𝑥𝑦 at 3,3 .
(c) At what point in the first quadrant is the tangent line horizontal ?
Solution:
2𝑦−𝑥 2
(a) 𝑦′ =
𝑦 2 −2𝑥

(b) (𝑦 ′ ) 𝑎𝑡 3,3 = −1

𝑦 − 3 = −1 𝑥 − 3 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6
(c) Tangent line will be horizontal when 𝑦 ′ = 0.

′ 2𝑦−𝑥 2 2 2 𝑥2
From Part (a), 𝑦 =0⇒ =0 ⇒ 2𝑦 − 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑦 = 𝑥 ; 𝑦 =
𝑦 2 −2𝑥 2

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 𝑥2
Substituting 𝑦 = in the equation of the curve we get
2

𝑥6 𝑥2
⇒ 𝑥3 + = 6𝑥
8 2

𝑥6 𝑥3
⇒ 𝑥3 + = 3𝑥 3 ⇒ 1+ =3
8 8

⇒ 𝑥 3 = 16 ⇒ 𝑥 = (16)1 3

1 2 3
Therefore 𝑦= 16
2

1 3 1 2 3
Thus the tangent is horizontal at (16) , 16
2

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4. Find 𝑦 ″ by implicit differentiation of 9𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9

Solution:

Given 9𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9

⇒ 18𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 ′ = 0

−9𝑥
⇒ 𝑦′ =
𝑦

𝑦 −9 − −9𝑥 𝑦 ′
⇒ 𝑦 ′′ =
𝑦2

−9𝑥
−9𝑦−(9𝑥) 𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 ′′ =
𝑦2

⇒ 𝑦′′ = 𝑦 −3 −9𝑦 2 + 81𝑥 2

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5. Find 𝑦 ″ by implicit differentiation of 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1

Solution:

Given 𝑥+ 𝑦=1

1 1
⇒2 + (𝑦 ′ ) = 0
𝑥 2 𝑦

−2 𝑦 − 𝒚
⇒ 𝑦′ = ⇒ 𝑦′ =
2 𝑥 𝒙

1 − 𝑦 1 −1 𝑦
𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 − 1 𝑦 𝑥+ 𝑦
𝑥 2 𝑥 2 2 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 ′′ =− =− = + =
𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥

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 DERIVATIVES OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

6. Let y = sin−1 x ⇒ sin y = x

Differentiating w.r.t. x

dy
⇒ cos y =1
dx

dy 1 1
⇒ = =
dx cos y 1−x2

(since 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 y+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 y = 1 ⇒ cos y = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 y

⇒ cos y = 1 − 𝑥 2 )
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7. We give below the list of the derivatives of the inverse trigonometric functions:

𝑑 𝟏 𝑑 −𝟏
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) = ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝑑𝑥 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐

d 1 𝑑 −𝟏
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 = ; 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑥) =
dx 1+x2 𝑑𝑥 𝟏+𝒙𝟐

𝑑 𝟏 𝑑 −𝟏
𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑥) = ; 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 −𝟏 𝑑𝑥 𝒙 𝟏−𝒙𝟐

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 DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

𝑑 1
8. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎

Solution:

Let 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 ⇒ 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥

⇒ 𝑎 𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 𝑦 ′ = 1

1 1
⇒ 𝑦′ = =
𝑎𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎

𝑑 1 1
Remark: In particular, when 𝑎 = 𝑒, log 𝑒 𝑥 = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑒 𝑥

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9. Differentiate 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 + 1

Solution:

Given 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 2 + 1

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 1 , then 𝑦 = log 𝑢

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
We have = (by chain rule)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑢 1
= = 2𝑥
𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑢

𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 +1

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10. Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑛 𝑥))

Solution:

′ 1 1
𝑦 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑙𝑛 𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑙𝑛 𝑥) 𝑥

− 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑙𝑛 𝑥)
=
𝑥

11. Differentiate 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛(𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 1)

Solution:

1 2𝑥 1 2(𝑥+ 𝑥 2 −1)
𝑓′ = 1+ =
𝑥+ 𝑥 2 −1 2 𝑥 2 −1 𝑥+ 𝑥 2 −1 2 𝑥 2 −1

1
= 13
2 𝑥 2 −1
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 𝑥+1
12. Differentiate 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛
𝑥−2

Solution:

𝑥+1
Given 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛
𝑥−2

1 𝑎
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 + 1 − ln 𝑥 − 2 (since 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑎 – 𝑙𝑛 𝑏)
2 𝑏

1 1 1
⇒ 𝑦′ = −
𝑥+1 2 𝑥−2

2 𝑥−2 −(𝑥+1) 𝑥−5

⇒ 𝑦′ = =
2(𝑥+1)(𝑥−2) 2(𝑥+1)(𝑥−2)

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LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
13. Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥

Solution:

Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥.

⇒ log 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑥

1 ′ 1
⇒ (𝑦 ) = 𝑥 + 1 log 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥

𝑦′
⇒ = 1 + log 𝑥
𝑦
⇒ 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 1 + log 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑥 (1 + log 𝑥)
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14. Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥

Solution:

Given 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥

⇒ ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 log 𝑥

1 1 1
⇒ (𝑦 ′ ) = log 𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑥

𝑦′ 1 1
⇒ = log 𝑥 +
𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑥

⇒ 𝑦′ = 𝑥 𝑥 log 𝑥 +
1
2 𝑥 𝑥

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 Practice Problems

1. Find y by using implicit differentiation for 1  1  1.

x y
2. Find the equation of the tangent line to the curve x 2  2 xy  y 2  x  2, at the point (1, 2).

3. Find y by using implicit differentiation for x4  y4  a4.

4. Differentiate the functions: (i ) f ( x)  x ln x  x (ii ) f ( x) 

x
1  ln x

(iii ) f ( x)  ln x  1  x 2 
5. Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of the functions:

x 1
(i ) y  x e ( x  1) (ii ) y 
x2 2 10
(iii ) y  (sin x ) ln x
.
x 1
4

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 Multiple Choice Questions
1. If xy  e  e, find the value of y at x  0
y

1
a)
e2
b) 1
2
c) e
d) 1

2. Find y if y  x sin x
a) x sin x ( x sin x  cos x)
b) x cos x ( x 1 sin x  ln x)
c) x sin x ( x  cos x ln x)
d) x sin x ( x 1 sin x  cos x ln x) 18
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 Key to MCQs

1. a
2. d

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