SEX.
GENDER, AND SEXUALITY
SEX
- Also referred as biological or physical sex, the
term generally pertains to the identity of a person
depending on sexual anatomy.
- It is the biological dimension of your gender and
sexuality; maleness or femaleness.
- We can determine the person’s as male or female
through examining their genitals or external
organs responsible for reproduction.
- We can determine the person’s as male or female
through examining their sex chromosome as
biological markers.
GENDER
- It is the social and cultural meaning or
interpretation of sex.
- It is social dimension of determining the sexuality
of a person; masculinity or femininity.
- The masculinity and femininity can be determined
through the expectation of the society. Clothes
worn and the MUST behaviors.
HETERONORMATIVITY
- It refers to the phenomenon of determining the
normality of a behavior whether it conforms or
not to the expectations relative to one’s biological
sex.
- It is expected and encouraged for boys to strong,
rough, and assertive. They mostly chose courses
and career that will depict these characteristics.  gender. It also referred as omnisexual or polysexual.
- For example, criminology or military courses
which receives more students from male than
female.
- It is expected for girls to have these characteristics
of being gentle, caring, and loving. They mostly
chose courses and career that will depict these
characteristics.  For example, nursing and
psychology.
GENDER IDENTITY
- It is the personal sense of who we are. It also the
result of the combined idea of inherent and
extrinsic environmental factors and gender role.
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
- It is the aspect that discuss the emotional and
sexual attraction, relationship, behaviors, and
fantasy. 
- In the Philippines, typically ages 6 or 8 is
considered mark for the experience and
development of attraction to other people. It is
somehow expected that by adolescence we
already know who we are attracted and started to
get curious about dating and engaging to
relationships.
SEXUAL ORIENTATION would include these terms:
Heterosexual or straight - attraction to people of the
opposite sex.
Homosexual – attraction to people of the same sex
Gay – refers man attracted to same sex
Lesbian – refers to woman attracted to same sex
Bisexual - attraction to people of same or opposite gender.
They may be attracted to people classify themselves as
homosexual or heterosexual.
Pansexual/Fluid - attraction to people regardless of
Asexual - means not sexually attracted to anyone but not
necessarily mean as sexless. People that possess this
sexual orientation sometimes do experience affectional
(romantic) attraction.
Queer – odd or strange repression of their attraction the
gender expression and/or sexuality do not conform to
dominant expectation.
Questioning – may describe as unsure of sexual
orientation, identity, or gender expression. People who
have this kind of orientation may engage to exploration.
GENDER IDENTITY AND EXPRESSION would include these
terms:
Cisgender – define a gender identity that matches the
biological sex.
Crossdresser – occasionally wearing of clothes that
matches the opposite gender. Cross-dressing is not
necessarily connected to sexual activity or sexual
orientation.
Transgender – also called as gender benders but with no
desire for surgery or hormones therapy.
Transsexual – describe as people that undergo medical
procedure such as surgery or taking hormone pills to
obtain a complete sex change.
Genderqueer/Third Gender/Gender Fluid – refers to
people who identify as being in between, feel neither of
sexes, or they may simple feel restricted by gender labels.
Androgyny – is a mix of masculine and feminine gender
expression or the lack of gender identification. They may
be identify as genderless.
Intersex – genetic, hormonal or anatomical condition of
person born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that
doesn't seem fit to a typical definitions of male or female.
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY
According to Psychological Association of the Philippines,
an individual can only identify their gender identity or
expression, if the person shares his or her experiences and
feelings of attraction towards these identities.
It is deem important for everyone to feel safe as they
share their sexuality as a personal and sensitive topic
through opening our doors to listen, appreciate, and
respecting one another.
GENDER AND SEXUALITY ACROSS TIME
INTRODUCTION
- In the past, human societies have high importance
and respect to women because of their capability
to conceive a child.
- This is the concept of divine feminine.
Across Time…
- This gives an idea that men and women are equal.
This make the societies egalitarian. 
- Egalitarian is a belief that men and women have
equitable power and role. 
- Due to constant discoveries, challenging of
thoughts, and the expectation of the society.
Human discover the idea of paternity.
PATERNITY
- It is a state of being a father or role of father in
the conception.
- This idea rises during Agricultural era, when
people started to build their communities and
learned to train rear cattle /livestock. It brought a
huge impact to the view of men and women in the
society.
ARE MEN FAVORED THAN WOMEN?
- For the longest time, the society favored men over
other genders because of their preferential as
productive (world of public works).
- Women became viewed as solely capable of
reproductive affairs (world of the home and
related tasks: suckling the young, child rearing,
and home management).
- Giving much more privilege to men intensifies
during the Industrial era.
- Men can work without restriction compared to
women who have to stop working for they need
to carry a child for nine months.
- This high regard to men and let them be viewed as
superior than women.
PATRIARCHY
- It came from the Greek word Patriarkhes which
means “the rule of the father”. It is a social
system where men primarily hold the power in
the political and private matter. 
- Men should be obeyed by women at all times.
Men are expected to lead.
The patrilineal society often follows patriarchal society - Unrealistic depictions of women in fiction, often
which means:  very sexualized.
- Women do more housework and childcare.
1. Men are only allowed to inherit properties of the family - Boys where trained to be leaders while women
and carry also the family name.  were trained to do house chores.

2.   Women are left with no inheritance; they are expected
to marry a man who can support her economically. 
3. Women are not allowed to go to school, to vote,
prohibited to learn science or politics.
Friedrich Engels German philosopher and sociologist
argues that patriarchy came when people started having
private property instead of a communal living. The people
sees male dominance as a way to control the excess
wealth generated by these advancements and through
allowing only the men to be heir of family wealth.
HISTORICAL VIEWS ON GENDER
Aristotle, Plato and other Greek philosophers viewed
women as inferior sex and are properties of men whose
job are limited to obey their husbands, bear children, and
take care of the household. They are forbidden to learn
philosophy, politics, and science.
Egyptian Civilization enjoys the idea of being a women
compared to Greeks. Women are recognized as high social
status individual because they engage in trade and politics.
This concept women changed when Greek Influence came
and spread to Egypt during the conquest of Alexander the
Great across Asia and Europe.
WOMEN IMPOWERMENT
Also term as Women’s liberation movement, women’s
movement, feminism is a continuing series of social
movements that aim to challenge the patriarchal society
that creates these oppressive political structures, beliefs,
and practices.
THE FIRST WAVE OF FEMINISM
The first wave of feminism may said to rise during the 19th
century, when industrialization became the way of life of
most western countries. The first wave advocated the
women right to vote and basic rights to obtain to a
property.
UNITED NATIONS reports that women do more works than
men. After working in the office they are expected to
perform their household tasks.
UN women states that “women perform 66% of the work
of the world but earn less and own 1 property compared
to male”.

Confucianism has firm written rules and dictate how
women acts in a family and a society. The written
documents express the idea of “Three obedience’s and
four virtues” and “Precepts of women”.
Women should obey to their father, when married she
should obey her husband, and when widowed she should
obey her son.
TERMS FORMULATED OPPRESSION CAUSED
PATRIARCHY
Feminism demands equality and these points:
- Women suffrage
- Equality in politics and society
- Reproductive Rights
- No to Domestic Violence
- Sexual Harassment and Sexual Violence
- Other rights such as:
- Right to divorce their husbands
BY - Right to make a decision on her pregnancy, equitable
wages, and equal employment or opportunity.

- Sexism is a concept of prejudice, stereotypes, and

discrimination positions.
- Gender pay gap is the idea that men earn more
than women.
- Underrepresentation in politics, military,
executive positions.
- Rape on women and the stigma making women
ashamed to report the crime.
- Very conservative expectations on women on how
they behave.
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Introduction
 CT OF
1. Identifying the problem
2. Making hypothesis and assumptions
3. Gathering data
4. Making or generalizing conclusions

APPROACHES IN RESEARCH
Qualitative Approach focuses more on the meanings
created and interpretation made by people about their

INQUI
own personal or observed experiences. Some of the
methods uses in the qualitative approach are as follows:

 phenomenology – conducting intensive

interviews with individuals who have
experienced a particular event and understanding
their “lived experiences”.

RY
 hermeneutics – understanding the meaning of
texts (literary works, art works) and what they
convey about human realities
 ethnography and ethnomethodology –
immersing in a community and taking more
of their experiences, beliefs, attitudes, and
practices.
- Gender studies in area or field of study concerned
about how reproductive roles are interpreted and
Quantitative approach focuses more on characterizing a
negotiated in the society through gender.
population or a sample and in some case making
generalizations about the population based on the
- Gender studies is not just for women or all about
behavior of a sample. Some of the methods used in the
women. It is about everyone. It explores how our
quantitative approach are as follows:
gender roles have changed throughout the history and
how it created inequalities.
 survey – collecting information from a sample
 experiment – creating actual set-ups to observe
- It answers the question, is it still right to say that men
behavior of people in an experimental group
are the providers of the family when both mothers
and comparing it to the behavior of people
and fathers now work and earn money.
in a control group.
GENDER ROLES AND DIVERSITY
- It is define as the sets of culturally defined behaviors
Mixed Methods used in obtaining formation from both
such as masculinity and femininity (Encyclopedia of
qualitative and quantitative approaches which can provide
Sex and Gender, 2019).
a holistic view about certain social realities.
- Gender roles are socially constructed and are not
something that we are “born with”. Society, through a  Convergent Parallel - Qual + Quanti = Final
lifelong process of normalization, encourages or Interpretation
reprimands behaviors make a child adapt to these  Sequential Explanatory - from Quanti to Quali =
social expectations. Final Interpretation
*Follow up and Participant Selection
- Gender studies gives us an opportunity to analyze the  Sequential Exploratory - from Quali to Quanti =
creation and maintenance of these gender norms and Final interpretation
to avoid creating inequalities in out social, political, o Theory and Instrument Development
and economic spheres.  Embedded Design - one approach is incorporated
inside an Approach
GENDER STUDIES IN RESEARCH

As a subject of inquiry, Gender studies utilizes a ETHICS IN GENDER AND SEXUALITY RESEARCH
systematic approach which are as follows:
Ethical principle assures that people involved in the
research are protected from harm. Ethics is a prerequisite
to a properly conducted study. The following are the
principles to remember:

 Informed Consent – Researchers should make

sure that the participants in the study are aware
of the purpose and processes of the study they
are participating in. They should also ensure that
only those participants who agree (in writing) will
be included in the study.

 Confidentiality and anonymity – Researchers

should not reveal any information provided by the
participants, much so, their identity to anyone
who are not concerned with the study. All data
gathered from surveys or interviews should also
be placed in a secure location or filing system.
 Non-maleficence and beneficence- A study should
do no harm (non-maleficence) in anyone.

 Distributive justice – Any study should not put a

particular group in an unfavorable circumstance,
specifically the marginalized and the oppressed
(e.g. poor people, women, LGBTQ, the elderly).
The benefit of the study should for all.

GENDER, SEXUALITY, AND HUMAN ECOLOGY

Human ecology as a field recognizes the interplay among

internal and external environments – physical, socio-
economic, cultural. To seek from an ecological perspective
is to appreciate that human development across the life
span is influenced by these environments. In the contexts
of gender and sexuality, a human ecological approach
looks at human sexual lives and experiences at various
levels and spheres of analysis.