STE A M PO W E R P L AN T

P IP I N G SY TE M S

T H E I R D E SI GN , I N ST A L L A T I O N , A N D l

M A I N T E N A N CE

W I L LIA M L . M O R R I S, M E . .

SEC O N I RE I O N
D MP SS

M cG R A W - H I LL B O O K CO M PA N Y
2 39 W ET
S 39 th S RT EET , NE W YO K
R
 CO P Y R I G HT E D , 1 909,

BY T H E

M CG R AW I IN C
P U B L SH G OM P A NY

NE W YO K R
MO T E TEE M ED F RIEND AND F O R M ER A O CIATE
S S SS

J F RA N D A LL M E
. .
,
.

WH T OL ERANCE ENA L ED
O B Y HI S B ME

o EN G A G E IN
T

PO WER STATI O N D E I N AND CO N TR CTIN G

SG S U .
 THI publicat ion t eats o nly such par t s of the powe pl ant
S r r

system as a e dir ectly el ated to pi p i ng

r T he design of boil ers
r .

and engi nes has not b een touch ed u po n but th eir op er atio n has ,

been cov ered A l l auxili ary apparatus i n the pipe circui t b etween
.

the boil er and the eng i ne and i n the v arious pi p i ng syst ems for

s t eam oil ai et h av e b een t r eat ed and t h eir g eneral desig n

, ,
r, c
.
,

discuss ed .

I t was not the i nt ent io n of the au t hor t o com pil e exis t i ng

i nform atio n and mak e a h andy r ef er enc e book but rath er t o ,

g iv e a d e t ail ed and co n s e cu t i ve tr eatm ent of the ent ir e subj ec t

of pi pi ng as appli ed t o pow er s t at io ns t aki ng up the desig n , ,

i ns t allat ion and op eratio n, .

A b ett er m et hod of co nt r ac t i ng t his li ne of work has b een

fully discus sed one which will ent ail less ex pens e b oth t o the
,

desig ner and t o the co nt rac t or and at the s am e t im e i nsure a

,

hig h er grade of pi pe work .

A sy st em of r easo ni ng and analyzi ng has b een follow ed t h at

alo ne i n i t s elf is v ery i ns t ruc t iv e .

T he illustrat io ns a e al l m ad e from origi nal sk et ch es pr ep ared

r

es peci ally for this work The t ext embo di es the p er so nal e pe
. x

ien e of the author and is wri tt en entir ely from the author s own
’
r c

p oi nt of vi ew ; th erefore it is v ery pro babl e that m any will di s

ag r ee with the m etho ds of h andli ng c ert ai n probl ems The .

au th r will be g rat eful to al l who di sag r ee with him if t h ey will

i

f e y o ffer su gg est io ns and cri ticism which m

re l ay be us ed i n
fu u e editi ons
f r .

W L M . . .

C ICA GO I
H ,
LL .
 CO N T E N T S

H P ER
C A T I .

H P ER
C A T II .

D IA G RA How o L O
M S: T AY UT

I D i agr am of Uni t Sy t m P l ant se .

D i agram of Si D ivi i on P l ant

.

2 x s .

D i agram of L oop Sy t m P l ant

.

3 se
D i agram of D oubl M ai n Syst m P 1ant
.

4 e e . .

D i agr am of Sy t ml
.

5 . se ess
6 . D i agram E l v at i on of P l ant
e .

7 . D i agram Study

H P ER I I I C A T .

SY TE M S EAC SER ICE SE ARATE LY CO N IDERED

S: H V P S . .

8 Sy t m St am and F d O n D ivi i on P l ant

se : e ee ,
e s
t m i u l t i l ivi i l t
.

9 Sy F
sei g 8 M: od fi d to M p D on P an e e s
Sy t m ( Sampl ) St am and Wat r 3 to 4 D ivi i on Pl ant
. . .

10 se e . e e , s
Sy t m ( Sampl ) Smok and Ai F l u
.

I I . se e : 3 to 4 D ivi i on P l ant
e r es, s
Syst m ( Sampl ) Smok e and Ai F l ues M odifi d F orm
e e : r , e .

System F d Wat r M ter Si mpl e P l an

: ee e e ,

Sy t m F ed Water M t r M or F l i bl P l an
se : e ee , e ex e
System F i g 4 wi t h M t r out of S rvic e
: . 1 ,
ee e
Syst m F i g 4 wi th M t r i n S rvic
e : . I , ee e e
System D ev l opi ng D tail fo F i g 4
.

: e e r . I

System R arrang m nt of F i g 4 to Su i t D t ail

: e e e . I e .

System ( Sampl ) Wat r L i nes 3 to 4 D ivi si on P l ant

e : e ,

Sy t m F ire and L ow P r
se : ur Wat r S rvice ess e e e
21 Syst em F ir e M ai n Suppl yi ng F ed Wat r H at r
. : e e e e
22 Sy tem ( Sampl ) Cond n r Circu l at i ng Water
. s e : e se

H P ER
C A T IV .

ON EN ER
C D S S AND HEATER S .

F ig . 2
3 . Sy t m ( Compl e ) A rt i an Wat r Ch mical T reatment
se x : es e e ,

Cooli ng T ow r and Conden rs

Syst m A t i an Wat r Su rfac Cond n r s an
e se
24 e : r es d Cooli ng e ,
e e se
 CO N T E N TS .

P AG E

25 . System Cont oll i ng F d P ump O pen Heater and Sur fa

: r ee , ce

Cond nser ”
e
26 . Syst m Cont ro
e : l li ng F d P ump Open Heat r and J t Con
ee ,
e e

2 7 . System Ai from E l v ated J t C

. r ondenser to Dy Vacuum
e e r

28 . Syst m R movi ng Ai from Counter Cu rr nt Su fa Con

e : e r e r ce

d n s
e ser .

29 . Sy t m R mo mg Ai f om D ir t Cu r nt Su rfa e Con
se : e v r r ec r e c

d nse
e rs

30 . Syst m I mproperl y A rang d fo R m

e : o m g Ai f om an
r e r e v r r

I ndu ti on O p n H at r of Insuffi ci nt Steam Suppl y

c e e e e .

31 . Sy tem P rop rl y A rrang d to R mov Ai in O p n H at r of

s : e e e e r e e e
I nsufi i i nt Steam Su ppl y
u
‘
e
o
c

Syst m P as i ng E nt ir Vol ume Steam th r ghO p nH eat r

.

32 . e : s e e e

33 Sy t m P assi ng E nt ir e Vol ume St am t h ou gh Cl osed

se . e r

Heater
Syst m P a i ng Small Vol um St am i nto
.

34 . e : ss Cl os d Heater e e e .

35 Sy tem P assi ng E nti re Steam Improperl y through Cl osed

s :

Heater . .

H P ER
C A T V .

L I E STEAM D RI
V PS

F ig 36 Sy t m G ra i ty R tu rn of St am D ri p ”
. . se : v e e s

3 7 Sy t m R tu n of St am D ri p by

m
se e r e s
t m i c r t m ri t r y T rap
° .

of F d P u
3 8 Sy D hase g :o f S a s D p o eH a e b st e e

p
.

t m tu r t m ri u l t i
.

39 Sy R nse o f: S a e D p by P a e on s s ee

4 Sy tom St a m se B o:il r F d
e a n d G r a vi ty e D ri p R
ee tu n e r

t m t i r iv r um ri tu r
,
.

4 Sy 1 S a m se B o: l F e d a n d R e P ee
p D p R n ece e e

t m ll t i t m ri l t l r r r
.
,

4 Sy 2 C o se n g: S a D ec
p of S i gh e y V a y i n g P us ess es
t m u r t i i t r iv i t
.

R h a G S u f
f n H a d

m
43 Sy S pp o se ng
: E n g n e o e e e st e ic e e

fo D ri p F l w r o
t m m l t e dG rav t y D ri p tu il r
“

44 Sys ( S
.a p ) e S a a n e : i R n t o B o s e r e

H P ER VI C A T .

B LOW -
O F F AN D EX P IN G
HAUST IP

Blow off Lin s”

.

Sy t m ( Sampl ) H i gh P ressu

m
F i g 45 se e : re - e

Syst m ( Sampl ) Low P u r B l ow off L i nes

.

Syst m E ngi ne E hau t to Conden rs and E hau

46
-
e e : ress e
st M
.
.

e s a se x
47 x

wi t h U nd irabl F eatu r s
.

es e e
t m m l i u t r
.

E E h C ond ns s a nd E
48 Syse (S p )
a ng n a e : to e e x s e x

hau t M ai n W i thout U nd irabl e F eatu r

.

s es es

System E haust from Au ili ari s; Improp rl y L aid O

.

ut x e e
49 : x “

50 . Sy t m E hau t f om Au ili ari s; P rop rl y Lai d O ut

se : x s r x e e . .

51 Sy t m Sam a Fi g 5 W i th M odi fi d P o i ti on of P arts

se : e s 0 e s .

System ( Sampl ) E haust from Au ili ari to H at r

. .

e : x x es e e
5 2 .
 CO N T N TS E .

H P ER VII
C A T .

P A GE

AI R AND ILIN G
O
F ig .
5 3 Sy t m ( Sampl ) Compr
. se dAi e : esse r

5 4 Sy t m F di ng Cyli nd r O il from T an k to Engi n

. .

se . ee e e .

SS Sy t m A Shown 5 4 Appli d Sy t mat ic all y n a P l ant

se . s , e se I .

5 6 Sy t m O ili ng Jour nal by U i ng T ank and Compr

.

. se : d Ai s s s esse r

5 7 Sy t m O ili ng J u rnal by U i ng P ump and Gov rnor

se : o s s e

5 8 Sy t m M a u ri ng D ail y Con umpt i on f Cyli nd r O i l

.

. se : e s s o e

5 9 Sy t m I nd pend nt Hand Suppl y O ili ng Sy t m i n Con

.

° se : e e se

junc t i on wi th P i p L i n Sy t m e e se
Sy tem O il D ri p R tu rn F il t r arid Ai Pr
.

60 . s : u r T ank s
e ,
e s, r ess e .

H P ER VIII
C A T .

t m G ravi ty P r ssure O il Suppl y wi th P r ci pi tati on

Sys e : e e
T ank s
,

System ( Sampl e) Shown F ig 6 a n

.

d Arrang d fo Con
. . 1 e r

ti nuou S rvi c e s e .

Syst m I nt rmi tt nt Wat r T r ati ng P l ant

e : e e e e .

Sy t m ( Sampl ) fo Wat r T r at i ng P l ant

se e : r e e .

Syst m Cont i nuou s Wat r T r at i ng P l ant

e : e e .

System P ressu re Water T reati ng P l ant

: .

H P ER IX
C A T .

PI ING D ETAI L
P S: M ET O D H OF CLA I I CATI O N
SS F .

H P ER
C A T X .

L I E STEA
V M D ETAI LS .

A2 . E ng ne i

u
A4 . Aux il i ary M ai n
mp
. .

As r c
B an h to F eed P s .

B ranc h to Circul at i ng
B ranc h to D y V acuum r

B ranc h to W t Vac uum e

B ranc h to Automat ic P ump s .

B ranc h to Stok r E ngi n e e .

B ranch to Stack F an E ngi n e .

B ranch to Conv yor E ngi n ” e e

B ranc h to Crush r e
B ranch to Stok r Cont roll r andRam e e s”
B ran h to T ank P u
c mp
 CO N T N TS E .

r c mk mr
B an h to S o e Consu e or O il B urne r .

r c t l r
B an h to Soo B owe s .

r c ut tr t tm
B an h to B y pass to E xha s Hea e or Hea i ng Sys e
-

r c t
B an h to Whi sl e .

B ran h to E j c t or Vacuum T rap

c e s
B ran h to Heati ng Sy t m
c se .

B ranch to Cl an r fo O il e e r

B ranch fr m H ad r to o e e
B ranch to D ammR gul ator r e .

B ranch to O il F i l t r ” e
B ranch o B l ow out O il D
t ri p -

B ran h to Wat r Col umn and Col umn Conn t i on

c e ec s
.

B ranch to St am Gag ” e es
B anch from Saf ty V alv
r through Roof e es, . .

B ranch fo H at i ng L av at ory Wat r

r e e .

B ranc h to P r v nt F r i ng R oof Condu ctor

e e eez s
.

B ran h to Low P r
c u r Cyli nd r -
ess e e .

B ranc h to E ngi n Cyl i nd r Jack ts e e e .

B ranc h o L iv St am P u i fi r
t e e r e .

B ran h o O th r B u il di ng
c t e s
B ranch to H at r C il i n E ngi n R c iv r
e e o e e e e
B ranch to and from Sup rh at r
.

e e es .

C HAPT E R XI

VACUU E AU T D ETA L
M XH S I S .

R I M ai n
. .

B 2 B ranch o E ngi n
. t es .

B 3 B ranch to Cond n r
. e se .

B 5 B ranch to Hi gh P r
. ur -
ess e

B 6 B ranc h to Au ili ari

. x es .

B 7 B ranc h o Cyli nd r R li
. t e e ef Va es lv .

H P ER
C A T XI I .

T O
A M SP H ERIC EX AU T D ETAI
O

H S LS .

CI . M ai n
C2 . B an h to E ngi n
r c e
C3 . B ranc h to Atmo ph r s ee .

C4 Au i li a y M ai n
x r “

Au ili ary M ai n to A tfno ph

.

C5 . x s ere”
C6 . B ranch to H at r e e . .

C7 . B ranch to F d ee
C8 . B ran h to F i
c re

C9 . B ran h to Cir ul ati ng P ump

c c s
 CO N T N TS E . xi

P AGE

C1 0 .

CI 2 .

C1 3 B ranch to
.

CI 4 B ranch Jo S a F an
. t ck
r c
CI 5 B an h to Con eyo E ng ne
. v r i

r c
C1 8 B an h to S o e O pe a s tkr r to r
re
v nt Fr i ng ”
.

CI 9 B an h to R oof Cond o s to P
.

r c u ct r
.

. e eez
r c
C2 0 B an h to Hea ng Sys e
. ti tm .

H P ER
C A T XI II .

r c r m P ump
B an hes f o s
B ranch to and from E o iom
.

es i ” c r zers

B anch to and from Cl o d E hau tHat r

r es se x s e e .

B ranch to and from Cl o d Vacuum H at r

es se e e . .

B ranch to and from Cl o d L iv St am P u ri fi r

es s
e e e e .

B ranch to and from I nj t or

es ec .

B ranc h to and from M t r

es ee .

B ran h s to Hot Wat r P l umbi ng F i tu r

c e e x es .

H P ER XI V C A T .

A XI IARY B O I ER F EED D ETAI L

U L L S .

E M ai n
1

B ranch toB
.

oil er
.

E 2 . s .

E 3 B ranc h from P umps

ueCl an r
b
.

E 4 B ranc h to Hydrau li c T
. e e .

H P ER
C A T XV .

F EE D AND F IRE P U MP S CTI O N D ETAI L

U S .

F 2 B anch
. r to P ump s
r c from H at r
.

F 3 B an h
. e e .

F 4 B ranch
. f omHot W ll
r e . .

F 5 B an h
. r c from I ntak e .

F7 B ran h from E oonomi ”

B an h from Storag T ank o B a i n
. c zer

F8 . r c e r s .
xii CO N T N TS E .

H P ER XVI C A T .

P A GE

HEATER WATER SU LY D ETAI L PP S .

G B ranch from Cond nser ”

1 . e
G B ranc h from I ntak ”

m
2 e
G s B ranc h from Ci ty Wat r Mai n
. H i i H H H

e s
G 4 B ranch from Low P r u r Syst
.

ess e e
G 5 B ranch from Sp ci al P ump
. e s .

G6 B ran h from I njec t i on to Surface Cond n r

. c e se .

H P ER C A T X VII .

L ow PRE URE WATER D ETAI L

-
SS S .

HI . M aIn
r c r m P ump
B an h f o s .

B ranc h o and from Wat r T ank

t e .

B ranch o H at r t e e

B ranch to E ngi n Journal

.

e s
B ranch o D y V acuum P ump
.

t r

B ranc h to P ump P imi ng

. .

B ranch o Ho t se
B an h o
r c t
HI O B ranch to G r a e se
B ranch Cooli ng B o
.

HI I . to a xes t
HI 2 . B ranc h to E conomi r H at i ng Sy t m ze e se .

H13 . B ranc h o P l umbing F i t ur

t x es .

HI 4 . B ranc h to S parat B uil di ng

e e s .

H P ER XVII I C A T .

CO NDEN ER COOLI G WATER D ETAI

S N LS .

I I ntak e from Wat rway

I e
D i sc harg from Condense
.

m
1 2 . e r .

13 Cooli ng Wat r M ai n e
B ranc h f
.

I4 Cooli ng Wa ro P umps
m
ter .

15 Cooli ng Wat r B ran h to Conden r s

.

e c se
16 Cool i ng Wat r B ranch to F eed and F ir Pu p s
. .

e e .

I 7 Cool i ng Wat r B ranch to L ow P r ssu e Sy t m

.

e -
e r se .

18 Cool i ng Wat r from Cond nser fo F e d P ump

.

. e e r e .

19 Cooli ng Wat r to and f om Cooli ng T ower

. e r .

H ER XIX C APT .

CO NDEN ATI O N A S VAC UUM L NE D ETA

,
IR AN D I I LS .

J Cond n ati on and Ai L i ne from Cond nser

1 . e s r e .
32 8
J D y Vacuum M ai n
o
2 r

M t P
.

c uu r c i u
.

1 3 D y V a m B ran h a n mp
J4 D y Vacuum B ran h P ump D i scharge to A tHS
ph
. .
,

. r c ,
10 ere . .
 CO N TE N TS . xiii
P AGE

J5 D ry Vac B an h, uum r c P ump Su cti on to Atmosphere

ti
.

J6 Co ndensa on
t i r c from Pump to Mai n
.

J7 Co ndensa on B an h . .

t r c from M ai n to H ater
.

C d nsa i on B an h
J8 o n e e .

t c from P ump to Boil ers

.

J9.Co ndensa i on B ran h .

H
C APT R E XX .

CITY WATER PI IN D ET I P G A LS .

KI M ai n
r c a n rom M t r ”
“ 0

df
. 0 0 0

K2 . B an h to ee

K3
B ranch to L ow P r u r Wat r Sy t m
.

K4 .
- ess e e se . .

K5 . B ranch to B oil F d er ee
K6 . B ranc h to P ump
K7 . B ranch to
K8 . B ranch o F ir Sy t m
t e se .

K10 . B ran h to Hydrau lic

c

KI I . B ranch to E ngi n e
KI 2 . B ranch to P r ur Oil T ank
ess e s
. .

'

K 1 4 B ranch for D rinki ng P urposes

. . .

K 1 5 B an h to O he
. r c t r
H P E C A T R XXI .

ARTE IAN WATER P I IN D ETAI

S P G LS
.

L IB ranch to P ump
B ranch to Storage T
. .

L 2 . a nk .

L 3 B ranch to P ow House
. er . .

L 4 B ranch to O ther
.

L 5 B ranch to F ir
. e
L 6 B ranc h to
.

L 8 Fo Hi gh B ui l di ngs
. r .

H P ER C A T XX II .

FIRE SER ICE P I IN G D ETAI L

V P S .

M 3 B ranch to I n e o
. t ri r
M 4 B an h to R oof
. r c “

M 5 B an h f o C ty
. r c r m i Shpply
M7 .
XI V CO N T N TS E .

H P ER XXIIIC A T .

P L GI

WATER T REAT MENT AP P ARATU PI IN G D ETAI

S AN D P LS .

N 1 Water Suppl y
.

N 2 B o e S pp y
. il r u l
r tm t t r
N 3 T ea en af e R ea h ng the B o
. ci il re
N 4 M no Conne ons
. i r cti .

H P ER XXIV C A T .

HYDRA U IC E E ATOR PI IN G D ETAI L

L L V P S .

O Water L i n to Valve
I . e .

O Water L i n to R am
z . e . .

O 3 Wast Wat r to P ump Su c t i on S w r o R serv oir

. e e , e e r e

CHAPT ER XXV .

AIR L INE D ETAI LS .

PI M am .

P 2 B an h
. l r c l ct rical Apparatus
for B owi ng O ut E e .

P 3 B an h
. r
ili c tm for O ng Sys e .

P 4 B an h
. r c
fo F ir P rot c ti on r e e
P 5 B an h
. r c
fo Si gnal Whi t l r s es

CHAP T ER XXVI .

STEA D RI D ETAI L
M P S
.

Q B r anch from St am M ai ns
1 . e

Q B ranc h from S parator

2 . e s

Q3 B r anch from B oil r and Engi n St am B ranc h

.

. e e e es .

Q4 B ran h from Au ili ary St am M ai n and G ravi ty R tu rn

. c x e e

Q5 B ranc h from P ump St am B ranch

. e es

Q6 B ranc h from P ump St am Cyl ind r

. e e s

Q 7 B ranch from E ngi n Cyli nd r and Jack t

. e es es

Q8 B ranch from E ngi n R c iv r and R h at r

. e e e e e e e

Q9 B ranch from St am L oop

. e

Q B r an h from Aut omat ic P ump

IO c

B ran h from E hau t St am M ain andB

. .

Q I T . c ranch
x s e es .

Q B ranch from Vacuum S parator and St am T rap

12 . e e s

Q 3 B ranc h from O utsi d B u il di ng

1 . e s

Q 4 M i ll aneous
1 . sce

CHAPT ER XXVII .

O IL AN D D RI P I IN D ETAI L P P G S .

R M ai n ”
I s
B ranc h s to C ups
.

R 2 . and M achi n
e es
R 3 B ranch fo O il P ump
.

. es r s
R 4 B r anc h. fo F il t r and es r es
R 5 B ranch . fo O i l Storag es r e .

R 6 B ranc h fo Hand D vi
. es r e ces .
 CO N TE N TS . XV

C A T H P ER XX VIII .

P A GE

B LOW OF F
-
PI I
P NG D ETAI LS .

r c
S4 B an hes f o Hea e s, P r m t r u ri r
fie s, etc . .

r c rm t m r l r
.

S5 B an hes f o S ea T aps and B eede s

. .

S6 B ow-off T an s
. l k
H P ER
C A T XXI X .

G R A E SEWER D ET IL
E S A S .

r c rm r
T 4 B an h f o G ease
.

r c r i i t ti
T 5 B an h to P ec p a on
.

H P ER
C A T XXX .

T IL E SEWER D ETAI L S.

U I M ai n
.

U 2 B ran h from R oof Condu c tor

. c s . .

U3 B ranc h from P l umbi ng F i tu r

. x e
U4 B ranc h from F l oor D rai n
. s .

U5 B ranc h from A h W tt i ng F l oor

. s e .

U6 B ranc h from B oil r Wa hout

. e s s .

U7 B ranc h from E oonomi

. and H at r zers e es .

U8 B ranc h from B l ow 1
. 1 and G r a -
0 e se
U9 B ranch from P ump
. s .

U IOB ranc h from F il t r

. es .

U B ranc h from D rai n T il

I I . e
U 12B ranc h from Sump
. s

H P ER C A T XXX I .

SUN R Y M IN O R P I IN G D ETAI L
D P S .

VI . Gage
V2 . Water Co lumn and F d R g l at r Conn c ti on
ee e t o e s .

D amp r R gu l ator Conn c t i on

.

V3 . e e e s
.

V4 . R li f Valv Conn c t i on
e e e e s .

V5 . Press ur o Sp d R gul ator Conn ct i on

e r ee e e s .

V6 . Cyli nd r L ubricator Conn ct i on

e e s
St am T rap Conn c t i on
.

V7 . e e s“

V8 . P l ugg d O p ni ng and Ai Vnt

e e s r e s
2 STE A M P O W E R P L A N T P I P I NG SYST E MS .

r egul ar duti es m eans i ncreas ed exp ense and it di scourages the men ,

and aft er a tim e the st ation will how co nspicuously th at it is run S

dow n The first to rec eive the bl ame for this is the op erator
.
,

wh ereas in reality it sh ould fall upon the d esigner Any st at ion .

m anager who has fou nd it nec essary to m ak e rep eated ch anges

in st atio n op er ators who has p aid f air s al ari es and who has f ail ed
,

to obt ain sati sfac t ory result s an bl ame the entire diffi culty to ,
c

faulty d esign A st ation op erator v ery natural ly obj ects t o l eaving

.

his home at o clock in the morning to m ak e som e sligh t rep air in

1
’

ord er t o k eep his st at ion in a neat conditi on His inc ent ive wh en .

he m ak es night rep airs ari ses from fear not prid e; fear of a mish ap ,

t h at may affec t the sum he receiv es in his pay env elop e Wh at a .

strong contrast is exhibited b etw een a neat w ell kep t pl ant and a ,

dirty dil apid at ed looki ng one! I f we visi t the form er we a e

,
r

informed by the chi ef sitting at his d esk possibly studying his ,

s t ation records t h at ev erythi ng is ru nning b eau t ifully and upon

, ,

m aking a trip t hrough the pl ant we may no te t h at an int ell igent

looking assist ant is m aking som e joints on a s team l ine and in the ,

boil er room the fi rem an is pl acing p acking in one of the reserv e

pumps T he general app earanc e of th ese men is neat and th ey
.

a e att ending ch eerfully to th eir work

r .

I n the dil apid at ed st atio n we find s t eam blowi ng ev erywh er e and

a dirty looki ng tired ou t man g ett ing up from an old box just long
,

enough to fi l l the oil cups or throw som e co al into the furnac e and
th en sitti ng down ag ai n O ff in a corner we find the chi ef t aki ng
.

a nap fo he s ays I was up mos t of the night t rying t o m ak e a

“
,
r ,

j oint in th at old s team l ine Wh en ask ed how things a e run . r

ni ng he will say T he old s t ati on is goi ng to pi ec es ; we h ave

“
, ,

all kinds of troubl e .

I n the fi rst c ase the men a e all working ; t h ey appear int ellig ent
r

and ch eerful and ev erything is ru nni ng smoothly

,
I n the oth er .

c ase no one s eems t o be worki ng the men t ak e no int erest in th eir ,

work and the st ation has b ecom e d il apid at ed T he faul t li es in .

the d esign of the st at ion Consci entious c ap abl e men are in

.
,

d em and and th ey s el ect th eir positions N one of them w ants to .

come b ack nights and work on a dirty ho t job The result is th at ,

.

good men c anno t be obt ained for poorly d esigned pl ants and onse ,
c

qu ently such pl ants un down for the l ack of intellig ent c are by
r

men who t ak e an int erest in t h eir work The fi rs t cost of m aking .

ampl e provisions for all cont ing enci es w i ll amount t o so m any

 I N T R O D UCTI O N .

doll ars and will readily be appreci ated by the purch as er But why .
,

if an engineer is famili ar wi th st ation pe ation do es he allow c r ,

the purch as er to see o nly the i niti al cost I f he c anno t succ eed
?

in p ersu adi ng the purch as er to ab and on a d esig n which would

nec essit at e ni ght r ep airs it would be b ett er for the engi neer not
,

t o be ident i fied with the u nd ertaki ng Wh en an engi neer los es

.

cont rol of an u nd ert aking and is const rained t o acc ep t d et ails

which he knows a e wrong it is fa b et t er fo him and for his
r ,
r r

repu t at ion as a d esigner to go on record asopposi ng the d esign and

t o relinquish all connec t ion with the work I ns t ead of bei ng .

known as the engineer who d esigned the monstrosity he had ,

b etter be k nown as the engineer who refus ed t o do so .

Unfort u nat ely the c aus e of the great er p art of i nf erior s t at io n

,

pipe work an be t rac ed dir ec t ly t o the engi neers th emselves

c .

There is no o th er port ion of s t ation work th at afford s the engi neer

a simil ar opport u ni t y of showi ng his k no wl edg e of st at io n require
ment none t h at requires as much t im e prop erly to d esi gn and
, ,

no ne t h at is more c ert ai n t o d ev elop the s t at ion i nto a un dow n r -

,

exp ensiv e pl ant t o op erat e or the r ev ers e

,
T he pipi ng and pipi ng
.

sys tem and the el ec t ric al wiri ng a e the only features in power
r

s tat ion d esign th at really require ext ensive engi neeri ng knowl edg e .

T he m achi nes r equir ed a e d esigned by t h eir build ers fo giv en

r r

c ap aciti es and if the pipi ng and pipi ng sys t em a e not prop erly
,
r

cared for by the engineer he fails to do th at work which is purely

his In o th er words the engi neer is eith er i nc ap abl e or els e he is
.
,

conduc t i ng his engi neeri ng o ffi c e on a purely comm erci al b asis and

pu t s as li ttl e time and c are i nto the proj ect as is possibl e A sys .

temof p ayi ng for engi neeri ng k nowl edg e accordi ng t o the amou nt
of money a man an sp end is c ert ai nly fa from an equit abl e b asi s
c r .

T he engi neer mus t th en m ak e som e how for his mo ney

S He will .

possibly resort to a displ ay of i nexp ensive drawi ngs and allow the
/

build ers t o furnish the d ecorative feat ures of the pl ant T he .

piping dr awings may be prep ared so as to l et the cont rac t in

,
”
t wo weeks and t h ey a e generally t urned ov er t o an u nskilled
r

d r af t sm an T he p erc ent ag e sys t em is wro ng ; bu t i t is in v ogu e

.

and will u nqu es t i onably r em ai n in vogu e for som e t i m e B ut .

some b ett er m ethod of d esigning pip e work is b adly need ed and ,

already s t eps i n the righ t directio n a e b eing t ak en fo we an

r ,
r c

find men in the l arg e pipi ng est ablishm ent s who a e now m aki ng a r

sp eci al s tudy of pipi ng d et ails and who d esign new d et ails which
4 ST A E M P O W ER P LAN T P I P I N G S YST EMS .

t ak e the pl ace of t hose furnished by the engi neers The shop .

‘

drawings h ave dimensions c ent er to fac e fl ange templ at es et , , , c

.
,

al l of which a e st and ard i n each p articul ar shop

r .

A it is nec es sary for fi tt ers to m ak e th es e d et ail s thi s fac t

S ,

suggests a m ethod of l etti ng c ontracts fo pipe work T he r .

m ethod is one th at would enabl e engineers to let c ont racts for

piping with the l eas t possibl e expenditure of l abor although ,

it ent ails more time for draft ing on the p art of the fi tt er ; but the
s aving effec ted in pipe work d et ail d et ermined by the fi t t er r ath er
—

th an by the engineer will more th an comp ensat e for the extra

co st of drafting E ach hop knows b est th at styl e of work fo
. S r

which i t is best fi tt ed and wh at it an construct most economic ally

,
c ,

and by allowi ng the fi tt ers t o t ak e adv ant ag e of th es e ec onomi es

th ey an m ak e low er estim at es for the compl eted work even though
c

th ey a e comp elled t o furni sh d et ail drawings T he d et ails w ill

r .

be subj ect t o the app O al of the engi neer in the s am e way as with
r v

structural d et ails The engineer should ask the fi tt ers t o fu nish

. r

al l pipe supports and sp eci al f eatures such as st eam g ag es s afety , ,

v alves et as w ell as pip e covering as the engineer would not

, c
.
, ,

h ave any d et ails t o how th es e S .

The engi neer h ould specify eith er the m ak e or the s t yl e of the

S

v alv es fi ttings pip e et for each syst em He hould al so fur

, , ,
c
.
,
. S

nish drawi ngs showi ng the loc ati on of the boil ers engines pumps , , ,

et c
. and w ell d ev elop ed and c ompl et e s t at io n di agrams as will
,
-
,

be how n in a future ch apt er

S T he pumps should be locat ed to
.

conform t o the di agram of st ation pip ing as fa as po ssible I n r .

short the eng ineer would d ev elop the entire piping syst em d eter
, ,

mine izes and numb er of p arts but allow the pipe contr actor t o
S ,

d et ermine the ex ac t loc at ion of lines and branch es as well as the ,

support s ; a cl ass of work th at v ery few engi nee s a e sufli ientl y r r

‘
c

post ed on or wish t o t ak e the t ime to do w ell I ns t ead of the .

engi neer l ayi ng ou t pip e d et ails th at w ill be r ed esigned by the

fitt er he will s av e exp ens e both to hims elf and to his cli ent by
,

confini ng his efi o ts to d esigning the station syst em and to obt ain

r

ing bid s from thos e fi tt ers who a e kno wn to h av e pip ing eng ineers r

who an properly d et ail pip ing

c .

T he resul t of this m ethod of h andli ng the compl ex probl ems in

volved in pip e work will be th at the engineer will give his entire
ti me and study t o the st ation syst em a cl ass of work for wh ich he ,

is best sui ted and the pi ping cont ractor will use more t i me and
,
 I N TR O D U CTI O N .

S kill in pl anning the di fferent lines and d et ails t h an the engi neer
will be able or willing t o d evo te to it T he work wh en com .

p l ete d would cos t l ess mo ney and would b e mor e cr edit abl e t o al l
conc erned t h an if all the d et ails d evolved upon the engineer T he .

pip e cont rac t or of to day is no longer the p et ty cont ractor of

-

former years His contr ac t ru ns int o l arge fi gures and he employs

.

the high es t skill ed l abor t o exp edi t e his work H is erec t i ng l abor
.

is very high priced and he an readily s ave the exp ense of a c ap abl e
-
c

piping engineer by implifying his field work though in m any

S ,

c ases i t would slightly increas e the cos t of shop work on accou nt ,

of the prac t ic al det ails t h at a purely offi c e man nev er l earns .

St ruc t ur al iron shops h av e employ ed t his m et hod of red esigni ng

work t o such an ex t ent t hat pow er s t at ion engineers do not even
att emp t t o d et ail s t eel work bu t giv e g eneral requirem ent s t o st eel
,

cont rac tors and allow t h em t o m ak e t h eir d et ails aft er rec eiving
the cont r ac t and t h en submi t t h em to theengi neer for his approval
, .

I n the c as e of an ex t rem ely l arg e u nd er t aki ng an engineer will

somet imes engage a s t ruc t ural engineer t o d esign and d et ail the
work bu t will k eep him only whil e he has a l arge amount of
,

such work on h and He c anno t afford t o ret ain a sp eci alis t aft er
.

the work is d esigned and the sp eci alis t c anno t afford t o u nd er t ak e

such t emporary work T he resul t is t h at the sp eci alis t s of abili t y
.

a e fou nd wi t h the m anuf ac t ur ers not with the engi neers

r , .

The pow er s t at io n engi neer is virt u ally the ass embly engi neer
and his training has b een t h at of an ex aminer and a judg e He is .

not a sp eci alis t in any li ne of m anuf ac t ure and wh en he u nd ert ak es

such work i t is very much in the nature of an exp erim ent Some .

years ago the engineers d esigned the boil ers not b ec ause t h ey were
,

sp eci ally fitt ed for t his work bu t b ec aus e the boil er business had
,

not d ev elop ed t o such an ex t ent t h at the m anuf ac tur ers r equired

S kill ed boil er d esigners in th eir employ B ut t his is no longer the
.

c ase M anufac t urers now employ engi neers who make a sp eci alty
'

of boil er d esigning and the pow er s t at ion engi neers m ak eno at temp t
to d esign boil ers The s ame will be the c ase with pip e work and i t
.

will u ndoub t edly be bu t a short t im e b efore piping d et ails will be

d evelop ed by the m anufacturer and not by the pow er st ation
engi neer . N ot u nt il t h en will we find good s ervic eabl e pip e work
ins t all ed in the v arious pl ants u nd er construc t ion .

The i nt roduc t io n of pipi ng syst em di agrams and the l ett i ng of ,

cont rac ts bas ed u pon t h em will bethefirs t movetoward d ev elopi ng

,
6 ST AE M P O W ER P LA N T P I P I N G S YST EMS .

this m ethod I t will th en d evolve upo n the pip ing contr ac tor to
.

d esign the d et ails and he wil l no longer be abl e t o ev ade the e r

sponsibili t y of bad pipe work d esign His repu t at ion will th en.

d epend upo n his d esign as w ell as upo n his workm anship To .

protect himself he will be comp ell ed to d esign his work more

t horoughly t h an i t could or would be done by the power s tat ion
engineer As previously st at ed the pr ac t ic e of rel eg at ing the
.

d et ails of pipe work t o the fi t t er is in no way d etrimental to the

eng ineer or to the purch as er The engineer could th en d evo te
.

his t ime t o the sys t em which is generall y overlook ed ; the fi tter

,

would l ay ou t a neater and more reli abl e job and one costing l ess
money to cons truc t ; wh en compl et ed t h ere would be more t o how S

for the l abor expend ed th an by the present method of indifi e ent r ,

incomp et ent or h as t y work l aid ou t by the power st ation engineer .

I ns t ead of m aking a s tudy of how t o co nnec t fl ang es to pip e the ,

engineer hould d evot e his thought and s t udy t o sys t ems as for
S ,

the syst em alone wi l l he be h eld responsibl e The co nt r ac t or will

.

assum e the r espo nsibility of how t o att ach fl ang es t o pipe and it
will h ave t o be done his way if he does assum e the responsibility .

An engineer mus t not exp ec t t o h old a contr ac t or respo nsibl e

for his own no t ions in reg ard to c ert ain d et ails I f a cont ractor .

is t o be h eld responsibl e for results he mus t be p ermitted t o use

such d et ail s as he knows w ill accomplish wh at is d em and ed of him .

In inviting bids it is not nec ess ary to st at e wh at d et ai l s the man

ufa tu e sh al l use bu t it is advis abl e to ask him t o st at e the d et ails
c r r ,

he propos es to furnish This an be cl early ou tl ined in spe ifi a

. c c c

t ions using a loos e d at a sh eet for the bidd er to fill in coveri ng such
, ,

inform at io n as the engi neer W ish es t o obt ai n I f such a syst em e . r

quir ed additional l abor on the p art of the engi neer o cost m ore ‘

,
r

money or was l es s efl e ti e the engineer would undoubtedly on

,
c v ,
c

t inne t o d esign his own pip e d et ails B ut since the engineer and
. .

his cli ent s h ave much t o gain and Vir tu ally nothing to l ose through
the m ethod h ere ou tli ned it should not r equire much argum ent to
,

prov e the d esirability of this m ethod b ecom ing common prac t ic e .

 CHAP TE R 11 .

I I
P P NG D AGR AM S I .

TH E a nl yi g ou t of piping di agrams is the firs t move nec ess ary in

d et ermi ni ng the equipm ent required for a pow er s t at ion To .

d etermi ne iz es of m achi nery boil ers et b efore the pip e sys t em

S , , c .
,

is l aid ou t is wholly wrong as by so doing t h ere an be no d efined

,
c

sys tem bu t m erely the connecti ng of a hol e n a boil er wi t h a hol e

,
I

in an engi ne Almos t any nov c e is abl e to say We sh all w ant “

. i ,

so m any u nits of a c ert ai n iz e and so m any o th er u nits of ano t h er

” S

siz e But why should we exp ec t syst em atic resul t s from a m ere
.

gu ess ? Wh en the qu es t ion aris es how t o d et ermi ne the m achinery

for a pl ant sh all we find a w ell conc eived sys tem l aid ou t t o d eter
,

mi ne i t ? Unfort u nately for all conc erned the almost u niversal

m ethod is to ord er the m achi nery by rul e of thumb and t hen t urn ,

the pipi ng work ov er t o alm os t anybody in the ofli e t h at an m ak e c c

the dr awings and nev er ev en s t op to t hi nk about wh at sys t em i s to

,

be us ed I n f ac t if the qu estio n be ask ed in ni ne ou t of ev ery ten

.
,

engi neeri ng o ffi c es wh at t h eir sys t em is of connecti ng up the

,

app ar at us t h ey would mos t c ert ai nly h esi t at e before end eavori ng

,

to m ak e an answ er Wh en referring to pipi ng we inv ari ably h ear

”
.

theexpr ession boil ers connected up so and so and the s am e with

,

o th er app aratus T he thought is wrong and not u nt il pipi ng is

.
” ,
,
“

recogniz ed asthe sys t em of the s t ation and given firs t co nsid eration ,

will we find b etter or more reli abl e i nst all ations .

T he di agr ams illustr at ed i ndic at e a form of dr awi ng which i s

quick t o m ak e and readily u nd erstood T he rel at ive loc at ion of .

app ar at us may be differ ent from the di agr am bu t the co nnections , ,

etc. would be brough t to the s am e rel at ive poi nt as sh own T he

,
.

di agr am hould be the firs t drawing m ad e of the s t at ion and aft er

S ,

d etermini ng the system the prop er numb er and size of u nits an be c

es t ablish ed The di agr am of al l s t at io n pip ing should be fram ed

.

and pl ac ed in a co nspicuous pl ac e so st atio n att end ants will b ecom e

,

famili ar wi t h the sys tem Any ch anges m ad e in piping should be

.

also shown on t h es e di agr ams I t m att ers not how crud ethe piping
.
8 ST A E M P O W ER P LA N T P I P I N G S YSTE MS .

syst em may be in a pl ant a di agram should be in plain Vi ew show ,

i ng it cl early .

A simpl e m ethod of l ayi ng ou t a di agr am is t o m ak e d etach ed

fr ee h and sk etches of each li ne such as m ain st eam line m ain
-
, ,

exh aust blo w 5 et, and aft er c arefully consid eri ng al l the lines a
—
0 ,
c .
,

compl et e di agr am an be more readily l aid out A sc al e drawing

c .

is neith er d esir abl e no practic abl e Whil e l aying ou t the di agram

r .

it is also policy t o l ay out k etch es of various d et ails to be ret ained

S

as r ef erenc es Th ese v arious referenc es d etermine m any of the

.

d et ails th at require d ecision b efore writi ng sp eci fic ations for app ara
tus Som e of the connections hown on the di agram s may ap peal
. S

to the read er as b eing rath er u nusu al ; the fact th at t hey app ear so
is the d esired d em onstration of the v alu e of the di agram A fu ll .

compreh ension of the ent ire probl em is possibl e at a v ery early

st ag e by m aki ng a di agr am at the b egi nning of the w ork
,
D im en .

sio ns of app aratus as w ell as pip e l ines ,

an be det ermined in the ,
c

early st ag es of the work avoidi ng the di fli ul ties occ asi oned by

,
c

alt eri ng sp eci fi c at ions aft er the work is l et I t m att ers not how .

sm all the u nd ert aki ng may be the di agr am will s ave time in m any ,

w ays I f it be at all possibl e all li nes hould be on the one di agram

.
,
S .

A v ery pr actic al m ethod is t o use a h eavy p ap er th at will stand

consid er abl e erasing and l ay out the di fferent lines m achines et
, , ,
c.
,

free h and m aki ng the di agram on al arge sh eet say 4 X 36 in

-

,
2 .

so th at pl enty of room will be afford ed for notes dimensions et , ,

c .

Wh enever any ch anges a e fou nd nec ess ary in pl acing orders forr

app ar atus the di agr am h ould be ch ang ed and brought up to d at e

,
S .

Thi s p ap er drawing is virtu ally a study and after d et ails a e ,

r

m ad e and the m achinery pip ing et h ave b een contr acted fo a , ,

c
.
,
r,

sm all er and neat er di agram should be m ad e from it one suit abl e ,

fo p erm anent st at ion use T he pri nts furnish ed the st ation would
r .

be b ett er if th ey w ere whit e pri nt s so as to p ermit m arki ng ch ang es

on th em i n c as e ch ang es a e m ad e i n the st ation sy st em r The .

exhibitio n of di agr ams i s not custom ary but if th ey w ere pr ep ared ,

and pu t on exhi bition m any d esigni ng engi neers would actu ally be
,

ash am ed of the co nglom eratio n of pip e work th at t h ey had d esigned

withou t em ployi ng even the slightest s embl anc e of syst em .

I t i s but just th at the purch as er should k now wh at his g ener al

st ation syst em is to be and he hould d emand a di agram and ,
S

l earn wh at he is rec eiving I f the system is not provid ed for at .

the e v inc ept ion of the work t h er e isbu

v r t l i ttl eCha nc e t o provid e a
IO STE A M P O WE R P LA N T P I P I NG S YSTE MS .

( D R A M ?

FI G . 1 . i r i t Sy t mP lant
D ag am of U n se .
PI PI NG D I A GR A M S
. II
 12 ST A E M P O WER P L A N T P IP IN G S YST EMS .

st at ion of say six u nits may be divid ed i nto three di st inc t p arts
, , ,

each op er ativ e throughou t and whol ly ind ep end ent of the oth ers .

Th is system costs much l ess th an N o and requires bu t t wo auxi l . I

i a i es of each kind for the entire pl ant

r This system is suit abl e .

only for such i nstall ations as a e work ed on l ess th an fu ll load for

r

su ffi ci ent time t o m ak e any nec ess ary rep airs to the m ains A .

pl ant th at has h alf of its i nstall at i on idl e say for i hours a day , Sx ,

c an be divid ed i nto t wo sectio ns i nst ead of i as show n and the S x, ,

nec ess ary rep ai s t o m ai ns be m ad e at t im es of light l oad by

r

using one h alf of the pl ant I f the pl ant requires two t hirds of
-
.
-

its inst all ation for its light est lo ad s th en it would be nec es sary to
,

divid e the st ation int o three sections The m achinery should be .

ord ered to suit th es e conditions ; ins tead of using four engi nes and
eight boil ers th ere hould be th ee engines and nine b oil ers
,
S r
,

allow ing the boil ers to be of r el ativ ely l arg er c ap acity th an the
eng i nes so th at whil e working u nd er ordinary co nditions one
, ,

boil er an be off and the oth ers h andl e al l the engi nes E ach
c .

h eat er feed pump et should be abl e to h andl e the req uirements

, ,
c
.
,

of the entire pl ant even though it be nec ess ary t o slightly crowd
,

it if the pl ant is in full op eration I n c ase of hutti ng 6 a middl e

. S 0

s ection both ends would be s ep arat ely op erat ed This syst em is .

suit abl e for inst all ations th at will p ermit rep airs to be made to
the m ai ns dur ing the tim e of ligh t lo ad I f the m ains be extr em ely .

h eavy or require much time for rep airs to be m ad e system N o , . 1

i s imp er ativ e for wi th th at syst em the m ai ns may be out of s ervic e

,

for w eeks at a time and not necess arily int erfere with o dinary r

s ervic e
.

Th ere is anoth er syst em which an be employed nec essit ating c ,

the use of much mor e pipi ng and r esulting in increas ed co st of

i nst all at ion op erat ion and m aintenanc e This is shown in Fig 3
,
. . .

P rop erty co nditio ns may d em and such a l ayout Thi ssystem isthe .

loop system and it will p ermit shutting 3 any portion of the m ains 0

and o nly nec essit at es hutti ng down one third of the pl ant
S This -
.

syst em requires about four tim es the l ength of st eam m ai n required

for sys tem N o The iz e of the m ai ns must also be if anythi ng
. 1 . S , ,

S lightly l arger I n system N o th ere is no point in the steam

. . 1

m ain wh ere one h alf the output of pl ant will p ass I n sy st em N o 3

-
. .

eith er sid e of the loop m ay be com pell ed to c arry two thirds of the -

output of st atio n in c as e a portion of the m ai n i s hu t d own This S .

syst em has m any obj ec t ions bu t i t is far preferabl e t o a doubl e

,
 P I P I NG DIA GRA MS .
13

main sys tem as shown in Fig 4 T he doubl e m ain sys tem ne essi
. .
c

t at es tying from each pi ece of app aratus t o two di fferent m ains ,

and due to the f ac t th at one m ain woul d be exp and ed and the oth er
,

contrac t ed s ev ere s t rains a e t hrown on joint s u nl ess bo t h m ains

,
r

FIG 3 . . i r
D ag amof Loop Sys emP an t l t .

be k ep t a su ffi ci ent dis t anc e aw ay from t h eir connec t ions E ach .

m ain would of nec essity be comp ell ed t o c arry not l ess t h an t wo

thirds the outpu t of the pl ant if arranged as in Fig 4
,
. .

Fig 5 showssuch a crud e m et hod of piping a pl ant t h at i t is

.

h ardly wor thy of b eing c all ed a sys t em I n c ase of r ep airs t o the

.

FI G 4
. . i r l
D ag amof Doub e M a n Sys em P an i t l t .

m ains the pl ant mus t be compl et ely hu t down whil e t h ey a e S r

bei ng m ad e G ener ally di ffi culti es an be anticip at ed i n a f aili ng

.
,
c

li ne and rep airs arr anged b efore a shutdown b ecom es necess ary
,
.

I f i t is imp er at iv e t h at t h er e be no shu t dow ns duri ng the r egul ar

run the co nnec t ions as how n in Fig 5 hould not be consid ered
, S . S .

T o a oid this sys t em and at the s am e t im e not be comp ell ed t o

v

m ak e a big i nves t m ent in pipi ng the pl ant hould be l aid out so

,
S
I4 STE A M PO W ER P LA N T P I P I N G SYST E MS .

syst em N o may be us ed this system giving by fa the great es t

. 2 ,
r

prot ection for the l east money Unfortu nat ely we will find syst em .
,

N o 5 p art i all y u sed in the s am e st ati ons th at a e using som e

. r

of the oth er sys t ems Th er e is no r easonabl e excus e for l aying

.

out m ai n st eam lines according to system s N o 3 or 4 and on . 2, c

ne ting up boil er feeds or oth er Vit al l ines on syst em N o 5

c . .

FI G l t
.
5 . i r
D ag amof Sys emess P an t l .

A piping l ay ou t c anno t be c all ed a syst em atic arr ang em ent if it

l acks consist ency I t is purely a w aste of m oney to gu ard h eavy
.

s t eam and exh aust m ains ag ainst almost any conting ency and th en
use Sy st em N o 5 to supply engines with oil et
. T he st ation is ,
c .

not correc tly l aid ou t if all the absolut ely ess enti al l ines a e not r

l aid out on s am e or a simil ar b asi s For ex ampl e if it is l aid out .

,

on syst em N o the op er at or sh ould find it po ssibl e to shu t 6 any

. 2 0

pi ec e of piping or u nd ergrou nd work and m ake rep airs and not ,

shut down m ore t h an one ixth of the pl ant ; if on system N o 3 -

S .
,

he should not shu t do wn more th an one fourth of the pl ant using -

four u nits F eed m ains bl ow ofl lines pump suctions oil drips

.
,
-
~

, , ,

etc . should al l be compri sed in the syst em

, T he c ond ens er .
,

h eater and ec onomizer connections an be look ed upon as s econd c

ari es and the co nnecti ons to th em may be on syst em N o ev en . 2 ,

though the m ai n li nes a e on syst em N o r . 1 .

The obj ect of st atio n syst em is to i nsur e co nti nuous op er atio n .

T he co nd ens er h eat er and eco nomiz er a e not absolut ely ess enti al
,
r ,

and the s am e amou nt of refinem ent is not nec ess ary with th ese
d evices which a e Virtu ally st ation economi es not operating
,
r ,

nec essiti es How ev er th eir importanc e mus t not be und er

.
,

estim at ed and f air prot ectio n hould be giv en th em by the sys t ems
, S

according to which th ey a e c onnect ed To op erate withou t r .

th ese au ili ari es is possibl e bu t very u nd esir abl e One cond enser
x , .
 P I P I NG D I AGR A MS .
15

doi ng the work of t wo and giving bu t or 5 i nch es vacuum is 10 1

fa prefer abl e t o exhaus t i ng to the atmosph er e with the at t end ant

r

engi ne diffi cul t i es One h eat er d oi ng the work of two and d eliv eri ng
.

w ater t o the boil ers at bu t 5 F is fa preferabl e t o feedi ng cold

12
°
. r

w at er Th es e consid er ations a e covered by system N o

. r T he . 2 .

cond ensers h eat ers economiz ers and pumps would be sui t abl e
, ,

for four u nits and c ap abl e of supplying all six u nd er reduc ed

eco nomy This enabl es rep airs at any t ime of any auxili ary
.

withou t i nterfering with the op eration of the pl ant T he m ain .

st eam h ead er and feed m ains a e divid ed into six s ections pe r

,
r

mitti ng the use of fi e sixths of the ent ire pl ant at all t im es

v .

I n formul ati ng the pl ans for a s t ation it i s w ell to b ear n mm d l

the p at h of flow of s t eam and exh aus t T he boil er an be onsid . c c

er ed the s t arti ng poi nt of the loop and the engi ne the t ermi nal T he .

pumps h eat ers c ond ensers and pip e lines l ie b etw een To
, , .

simplify the piping pl ans i t is v ery essent i al t h at the auxili ari es

be l oc at ed in clos e proximi t y t o the m ai n u ni t s T he di agrams .

sh ow th em at consid er abl e dis t anc es ap art bu t t his is merely ,

t o m ak e the sys t em readily u nd ers tood and t o l eave ampl e

room t o m ak e alterat ions on the di agram if fou nd nec ess ary .

I n addition t o the pl an di agrams t h er e should be an el ev atio n ,

di agram l aid out t o sc al e for el evation only as shown in Fig 6

, ,
. .

This el ev at ion di agram is a port ion of the s tation sys t em and

should be d et ermi ned if pipi ng is to be figured on from the di agrams
and buildi ng dr awi ng s I t shows the v arious el ev ations of li nes
.
,

lifts of pumps drai ns for st eam exh au st and oil li nes and oth er
, ,

point s th at must not be los t sigh t of in the d esigni ng of pip e d et ails .

For ex ampl e it shows th at auxili ary exh aust m ai n mu st not be

,
-

l owered very much or i t will not drain t o the h eater I t also .

shows how much fall is given the pump suction from the h eat er
and o t h er d et ails th at should be co nsid ered and l aid out by the
engi neer i n ord er t o loc at e the app arat us corr ectly I t is not .

nec ess ary to show al l the b oil er s o br anch es but simply the li nes r ,

t h at must be loc ated in som e fixed rel ati on t o each oth er T he .

loc ation of li nes should be l ef t to the d et ail er and only i nterferenc es

should be shown or noted .

D i agr ams pr ep ar ed as h er e show n a e exc ell ent m eans of study r

ing st atio n w ork T he di ff er ent l ines an be s ep ar at ely l aid out

. c

and th ey m ak e go od studi es T ak e fo ex ampl e Fig 7 This dia

.
,
r ,
. .

gram shows a boil er feed sy st em which is a loop sy stem as reg ards ,

16 STE A M P O WE R P LA N T P I P I N G S YSTE MS
.
18 ST AE M P O W ER P LA N T P I P I NG S YST E MS .

boil er feeding bu t in ac t u al servic e the loops a e divid ed p art

,
r ,

b eing us ed for a s econd ary servic e such as a hydra ulic line for t ub e ,

cl eani ng or low pressure general w ater s ervice for the st ation I n .

c as e it b ecomes nec ess ary to shu t do wn the l eft h and p orti on of the
regul ar feed l ine from v alves A to B th en it becom es nec ess ary to
, ,

use the right h and portio n and d eliv er w at er to N o feed pump . 2 .

I f fou nd d esir abl e v alve C may be shu t and pump an t ak e Wat er

,
c

direct from the int ak e through v alve D Und er all ordinary .

condi t ions the hose li ne in fro nt of the boil ers would be u nd er low
pressure about 5 l b bu t if v alves E and F must be cl osed the
,
0 .
,

hos e li ne may be used as p art of the feed system to supply boil ers
N o and . I 2 . s G H S and K may
I n c as e of fi e the by p ass v alv e r ,
—
, ,

be op ened and L and M clos ed thus putting the entire l ow pressur e ,

syst em u nd er high pr essure This di agram shows a rath er u nusu al

.

m ethod of feedi ng boil ers W at er is t ak en from the hot well by .

means of motor driven c entrifug al pump s and disch arged und er

say 5 lb pres sure through the clos ed h eat er and ec onomizer to
0 .

the suctio n of the f eed pump s T he f eed pumps would be on . c

t roll ed by h and o autom atic ally to supply the boil ers the sucti on
r ,

b eing m aintai ned u nd er 5 lb pr essure by the c entrifug al pum ps

0 . .

I f at any tim e both c entrifug al pump s a e ou t of s ervic e th en the r ,

feed pumps w ould t ak e th eir suction direc t from the int ak e T he .

adv ant age of this sys t em li es i n the f ac t th at the h eat er and eco n
om i e s a e nev er su bj ect ed to hi gh pr essur e such as b oil ers would
z r r

be I nst ead of the eco nomiz ers b ei ng a const ant sourc e of trou bl e
.
,

t h ey will operat e in th eir ol d tim e reli abl e and s atisfact ory m anner -
,

on extrem ely low pres sure as comp ared with th ose eco no m i z ers
which a e pl ac ed b etw een boil ers and pumps and su bj ected to c are
r

l ess abu se of fi rem en such as closi ng all feed valv es and allowing
,

feed pumps to pou nd away on th em T he c entrifug al pumps .

would m aint ain a u niform pressure and not require a reli ef other
th an a sm all one th at would reli ev e the pressure in c as e the v alves
a e shu t both sid es of the economiz ers and the ris e in t emper ature
r

of the w at er in the economiz ers should c aus e increase of pressu e r .

T he pr essur e in eco nomiz ers must be suff ci ent to avoid g ener atio n i

of st eam Th ere a e how ev er m any l ow pressure i ns t all ations

. r , ,

usi ng economiz ers and the aimshoul d be to use as low a pressure

,

as i s fou nd pr actic abl e I t would also be advi sabl e topl aceeco n

.

om i e s suffi ci ently ab ov e the feed pumps to p ermit the suctio n to

z r

flow by gr avity to the pump s .

 PI P I N G D I AGR A M S .
19

T he chi ef obj ect in showi ng this u nusu al system is t o c all to the

at t ention of the read er how r eadily the compl ex probl ems of st atio n
d esign an be l aid ou t and m ad e p erfec tly cl ear withou t resorting
c

t o sc ale dr awi ngs N o station work an be l aid ou t even in a

. c
“

preliminary way u nt il the system of connecting up is d etermi ned .

I t is v ery much t o be r egretted t h at the p eriodic als show g ener al

vi ews of the new power pl ant s and fail t o show the system th at
d etermi ned the arrangem ent of the pl ant N ot o nly should the
.

pipi ng syst em be shown but smoke flues st acks co al and ash

,
°

, ,

sys tems T he obj ec t t o at t ai n is the use of as li ttl e m achi nery and

.

pipi ng as possibl e and at the s am e t im e t o p ermi t shu tt ing down

,

any port ion of the di ffer ent app aratus and pipi ng wi t hou t i nt er
fe ing with the s er ic e for which the st at ion is intend ed To
t v .

accomplish this it is nec ess ary t o l ay out the sys t em fi rst t h en

, ,

build the pl ant arou nd it E ach of the v arious d et ails mus t be

.

sep ar atel y consid ered and a c areful d et ermi nat ion m ad e of i ts

sui t abili t y for the purpos e for which i t is int end ed .
 C HAP T E R III .

P I P I NG SYSTE M S .

IN this ch ap t er we consid er the di fferent sys tems of connecti ng

up m achinery and the various sys t ems a e sep arately shown by r

di agrams t hi s m et hod b eing the most conv eni ent one fo s t udying
, r

and d et ermi ning the r equirem ent s for each cl ass of s ervic e The .

form in which t h es e diff erent syst ems a e sho wn would ordi narily
” r

be the form us ed for s t udi es pr evious t o l ayi ng ou t the compl et e

“

s t at ion di agram The s ep arate di agrams would be somewh at more

.

dis t inc t t h an a g eneral di agram of all the lines but the former ,

would not s erve t o c all t o the at t ention of the pip e w ork d esigner
and erec t or such o t h er li nes as com e in clos e proximity and for ,

which provision mus t be m ad e T he g ener al di agram of all the

.

lines on the s am e sh eet each in approxim ately its c orrec t position

, ,

acts as a c ons t ant r emind er and greatly r educ es the l abor of

l aying out lines as w ell as the p ossi bility of ov erlook ing som e of
th em This is the ki nd of drawing t h at should be furni sh ed to the
.

pipi ng contrac t or showi ng the d esired results but p ermitting him to

,

l ay out the d et ails so as t o accomplish th es e r esults in the simpl es t

and mos t eco nomic al m anner .

I n c as e the co nt r actor should fail to provid e for any lines sho wn

on t his di agram he wou l d nec ess arily be oblig ed t o m ak e ch anges
so th at the work would c onform to the di agram and as such ,

ch anges would be due t o an ov ersight on his p art he could m ak e no

ch arg e for t h em T he common prac t ic e how ever is t o d et ail a
.
, ,

portion of the work l eaving the u nc ert ain and i nd efinit e features
,

to be covered by som e general cl aus e in the cont ract which pro tec t s
nei t h er the purch as er no the co nt r ac t or bu t which m erely l eav es a
r ,

loop hol e for the engineer t o shift the responsi bility upon the
purch aser or the cont rac t or Cont rac tors how ever an pro tec t
.
, ,
c

t h ems elves by adding the followi ng cl au se to all quot ations

“
This proposal covers only such m at eri als as a e d efini t ely shown
”
r

or listed on drawi ngs or in sp eci fi c at ions .

Contrac tors a e not at the m ercy of engineers wh en i t comes to

r

20
 P IP I NG SYSTE MS . 2 1

m aki ng bids Wh en an engi neer has c ert ai n work t o do he is

.

comp ell ed t o pl ac e an ord er for it I f he c anno t pl ac e the ord er

.

on his own t erms he mus t acc ep t the cont rac t or s t erms

’
I f he .

ignores all of the contrac t ors who use this cl ause in th eir bids t h ey
can no t ify the purch as er t o t his eff ec t and as the purch as er is ,

inv ari ably a business man he will readily appreci at e the f airness
,

of such a cl aus e T he resul t would be t h at the engineer would

.

be c areful t o m ak e a s t udy of the r equir em ent s i nst ead of sp endi ng

his t ime in the s t udy of pip e work d et ails He would l ay ou t a .

di agram of every line and sys t em required m ak e the contrac t or ,

famili ar wi t h the si t u ation and m ak e him responsibl e for the

01
i v.

E C 8 t t
. . ivi i n P l ant
Sys em, S eam and F eed, O ne D so .

d esign d et ails loc at ion and the support of all lines The on
, ,
. c

t rac tor would look aft er his cl earances and would t ak e no thing for
gr ant ed as he would h ave t o do if the engineer furnish ed the
worki ng drawings .

T he v arious sys t ems a e d escrib ed in a g ener al way and l at er on

r

the p ar t s of each sys t em a e co nsid ered in d et ail

r Fig 8 shows the . .

pl an of a s t ation h avi ng three generat ors and fi e boil ers at one end v

of the s t at ion and the exci ters and pumps at the o th er end The .

do tted li nes i ndic at e fu t ure ex t ensions This pl an will not app eal
.

t o the read er as u nusu al for he prob ably has in mi nd s ev eral

s tat ions simil arly arr anged Generally i t may be assum ed th at
.

the pipi ng and m achi nery should be l aid ou t asshown but i ns t ead ,

of using the pipi ng arrang em ent giv en in Fig 8 i t may be d esirabl e .

t o employ some sys tem ; t h at is some arrangem ent t h at will pro

,

vid e for cont i nuous op erat ion of the pl ant and by m eans of which
at l eas t t wo t hirds of the pl ant may rem ai n in op er at io n duri ng the
-
 22 S TE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

time th at rep airs a e bei ng m ad e F ig 9 sh ows the pip ework of

r . .

thi s st ation red esigned so as to conform to such a syst em I t may .

be no t ed th at two g ener at ors out of the three thr ee boil ers out of ,

the fi e als o one f eed pump and one excit er engi ne c an be us ed

v ,

at any tim e thus p ermitti ng the shutti ng do wn of any portion of

,

the st eam m ai n which may need r ep ai s The v alu e of l ayi ng out r .

-
fi

FI G .
9 . t
Sys em, F ig 8 M odi . fid
e l ti l
to M u p e D ivi i
s on l t
P an .

a di agram b efore ord eri ng the m achi nery shows itself cl early wh en
c onsid ering wh eth er a b etter syst em c ould be l aid ou t Fig . . IO

sh ows a b ett er b al anc ed sy st em in which th ere a e no dou bl e l i nes r

of pipi ng and this arr ang em ent allo ws the use of two boil ers for
,

each of the t wo engi nes i n c as e r ep airs a e bei ng m ad e r .

T o l ay ou t a st atio n sy st em r equir es full co nsi der ati on of a gr eat

m any d et ails b esid es pi ping but th es e d et ail s mu st be c onsid ered
,

as only a p art of the sy st em and not hi ng pert ai ni ng to the st ati on

should be ord ered or even consid ered as final u ntil all of the
d et ail sof the syst em h av ebeen th oroughly digested and d eterm
, ,

i ned .

I t i s v ery easy to r efer to the di agram i n F ig 8 and say th at it .

should h ave been arranged as in F ig although the conditi ons . I O,

may h av e b een such th at the arrangement shown in F ig 9 might .

be the b es t s olutio n with pos si bly a c hange in the number o f b oil er

u nits N o pl an or system c an b e styl ed a p i o i the best for
.
'
r r
“
,

th at one is the best in each c ase which b est compli es with all of
the c onditio ns N ev erth el ess a fi x ed pl an fo s ecuri ng the m ost
. r

s ati sfactory results an be follo wed and no m att er wh at the sur

c

rou nding co nditi ons a e som e syst em an be employed r ,

c .

T he fu nd am ent al requirem ents of st at ion sys t ems are reli abili t y ,

 P I P I N G SYSTE MS .
2 3

acc essi bility durability The requirem ent s of the s t at ion mus t
and .

be fi rs t d et ermi ned and som e sy st em ad opt ed th at will m eet th es e

requirem ents I f the requirem ents a e th at the s t ation sh ould run
. r

as m any h ours a day as is c onv eni ent for the s t ati on op er ators the ,

syst em for such a conditi on need s practic ally no v alves noreserve

c ap aci t y no any em
,

ergency provisions
r How ev er this cl as s of .
,

st atio n work do es not c om e i nto the h ands of an eng i neer t o l ay

out He is eng ag ed to d esig n st ations th at will never require a
.

shu tdown of the entire sys t em I t is the conditions of servic e th at

“
.

FIG . 10 . Samp l e t t
ivi i n P l nt
Sys em; S eam and Wa e tr , 3 to 4 D so a .

mus t d et ermine the sys t em I f the servic e is t wenty hours a day

.

the s t ation should be l aid ou t with t his in Vi ew I f it mu st un . r

t went y four hours a day ru nni ng fo eigh t hours at h alf lo ad

-
,
r

o nly t h en the sys t em should provid e for rep airs b eing m ad e and at
,

the s am e t im e m ai nt ai ni ng the c ap acity

-
.

The m et hod of d et ermi ni ng the mo st sui t abl e siz e of u nits for

a s t at io n will not be co nsid ered in d et ail as the qu esti on is qui t e
foreign t o piping and pipi ng syst ems exc ep t in so fa as the numb er r

of u nits is conc erned ; if the s t at ion is required t o g enerat e at all

times t wo t hirds of i t s t ot al c ap acity the pl ant should not h ave l ess
-

th an three u ni t s all of the s am e siz e N o u ni t should be so l arg e .

th at the st ation c anno t be op erat ed withou t it by ov erlo adi ng the

oth er m achi nery t o the p ermi ssibl e limi t T he practic al ad an . v

t ages in h avi ng u ni t s of the s ame size and p at tern a e t oo great r

to be ab andoned on accou nt of the p et ty e onomies t h at may be c

secured u nd er c ert ai n co nditio ns by usi ng one l arg e u ni t As an .

illus t ration of thi s the followi ng c ase of a breakdown is inst u r c

t ive Three u nits w ere i ns t all ed all of the s ame ki nd siz e a

.
,
nd ,
24 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

p att ern One u nit was out of s ervi c e the crank pin box es h aving
.
,

b een removed for rebabbitting fi tting et T wo engines were , ,

c .

required t o c arry the load and whil e this eng ine was ou t of s ervic e
, ,

a v alv e ecc entric od brok e which nec essit at ed ru nning one engine
r ,

wi th almos t a doubl e lo ad T he v alve rod was imm edi at ely t ak en.

from the engine ou t of s ervic e and fi tt ed to the engine th at brok e

down so th at in a short t im e the l at t er was in s ervic e ag ain T he
,
.

si ngl e engine c ould not h av e c arri ed this overlo ad exc ep t for a

v ery short tim e and h avi ng all the engines of the s am e pat tern
,

avoid ed a shu t down I f the engines had not b een all simi l ar the
.

pl ant would h ave had t o be shu t down at l eas t a day in ord er t o

finish the r ep airs .

I n any c as e the origi nal i ns t all atio n should be for a two divisio n -
,

t hr ee divi sion or four division pl ant wi th provi sion fo future

- -
r

divi sions I f the pl ant is to be a two division pl ant it may be buil t

.
-

with t wo u ni ts each of a c ap acity slightly l arger th an the minimum

,

lo ad conditions d em and and the future u nit may be m ad e twic e the

,

c ap acity of th ese sm all er u nits Thi s arr angement of u ni ts would .

be p ermissibl e in a pl ant which ordi naril y d eliv ers o nl y h alf of the

power c all ed for on Su nd ays holid ays et and this condition is , ,
c.
,

quit e an unusu al one in po wer stations I t has b een fo und ordi .

m aril y th at a t hr ee division pl ant is more suit abl e for p ermitti ng

-

rep airs to be m ad e and also requires l ess investm ent for res erve
c ap acity I f the pl ant is t o be a three divi sion pl ant the boil ers
.
-
,

should be in three divisions say six nine or twelv e in numb er , , .

The auxili ari es should be in p airs not nec ess ari ly tog eth er bu t , ,

each suffi ci ent for the entire pl ant and th ey should be co nnec t ed ,

to the di fferent divisions so th at wh en one divi sion is out of se r

v ic e the oth er auxili a y will be on an op erat ing division

r .

I n ord er t o more fully expl ai n the f eatur es to be d et ermi ned by

di agrams as w ell as the l aying out of the di agram the requirement
of a s ampl e st ation will be consid ered and the m ethod of sel ec t
ing m achinery et foll ow ed up I t will also be sho wn th at by
,
c
.
,
.

this m et h od an be d et ermined much of the st ati on l ayout and

c

the auxili ari es required at the s am e t im e the pipi ng sys t em is

d ev elop ed .

L et i t be assum ed th at the st ation will now r equir e three u nits

for an outpu t of two third s of the tot al c ap acity of the u ni ts and
-

l at er wil l require an additional u nit such as shown in the di agram

Fig . IO .Th ere is bu t one solu t ion of the pro bl em u nd er th es e
26 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI NG SYSTE MS
.
 P IP I NG SYSTE MS .
27

be required t o h eat the feed w ater the i nst all at ion an be simpli fied
, c

by using motor driven circul ati ng pumps inst ead of engine driven
_ .

I n c as e the lift be slight engi ne driv en circul ati ng pump s may be

,

used and the exh aus t c arri ed to the h eat er but the engines ordi ,

m arily us ed for this s ervic e a e so u neco nomic al in st eam on

r c

sumptio n th at t og et h er with the oth er auxili ari es th ey w ould

d eliver more exh aus t steam th an the h eater c ould c ond ens e T he .

di fferenc e in economy b etween engi nes exh au sting p art of th eir

st eam to the at mosph ere and el ectric ally driv en pu mp s is so sligh t
t h at the b ett er pr actice is to adop t th at which requires the l east
l abor to op erat e which is u nqu estionably the motor drive One
, .
,

two thr ee or four circul ati ng pumps an be us ed fo the two on

,
c r c

dense s and o nly such as a e r equir ed t o d eliv er the nec es sary

r r

cooling w ater be op erat ed I t may be assum ed for the present

.

th at three circul ating pumps will be used each su ffici ent for one ,

cond ens er alth ough wh en the circul ati ng w ater is ex t rem ely ho t
,

al l thr ee pumps may be r equired for the t wo co nd ens er s .

The r equir em ent s to be met by the dry v acuum pump a e so r

v ari abl e due to ch ang es in the t emp erature of the w at er amou nt

, ,

of v eg et abl e m att er it co nt ai ns and the ai l eaks in the pi pe li ne r ,

th at it may be nec essary to run the ai pump at a v ery high speed r

some d ays and p ossi bly i t an be un v ery sl owly a w eek l ater

,
c r .

Any mo t or driv e is v ery u ns ati sf act ory for the ai pump so i t will r ,

be co nsid er ed th at this will be of the st eam driv en fl y wh eel typ e -

.

I t i s po ssibl e to v ary the sp eed of the dry v acuum pump ov er a

wid e range and as it is import ant to mi nimize the l bor fo att end
, :
. r

anc e one dry v acuum pum p for both c ond ens ers will be cho sen
, .

I n r egard to the boil ers th ey will be t ak en t o be of the w at er

,

t ub e type set t wo in each b attery and in ord er to i nclud e more ,

piping d et ails in the pl an it will be as sumed th at u nd erfeed stok ers

a e t o be u sed and also i nduc ed fan dr aft
r As previou sly s t at ed .
,

eco nomiz ers will al so be us ed .

I n ord er to m ak e the st atio n op er at i on s ecure ag ai ns t al l on c

ti ngen ies it m
c ay be arr ang ed t o h av e each b at t ery of boil ers dis
t i nc t by itself E ach b att ery will h ave its own economiz er i ts
.
,

own by p ass flue st ack and fan engi ne the s am e engi ne drivi ng
-
, ,

both the bl ast fan and st ack fan with a cutti ng in arrangem ent
-

b oth for the ai bl ast and the m ain fl ue as shown in F ig

r By,
. I I .

speedi ng up th es e engi nes two of th em sh ould h ave su ffi ci ent c ap ac

i t y for three b atteri es of boil ers Aft er a c areful consid eration i t
.
2 8 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS
.
 PIP I NG SYSTE MS . 29

may be d ecid ed t o pl an shown in Fig

use the m aki ng the fan . 12,

engi nes c ap abl e of t aki ng c ar e of three b att eri es of boil ers each by
sp eeding th em up This would m ak e som ewh at l ess m achinery
.

t o c are for and would al low eith er fan engine to be shu t down and
would m ak e i t possibl e t o un all of the pres ent ins t all at ion or t hree
r

qu art ers of the fu t ure i ns tall ation This would nec essit ate the .

use of a s econd fan engi ne and st ack in ord er t o insure cont i nuous
op eration of the pres ent t hree u ni t i ns t all ation -
.

B y pl acing ec onomiz ers in s ep ar at e groups as show n it b ecom es

a v ery simpl e op er atio n t o cl ean th em as this an be done wh en , c

the b att ery of boil ers is ou t of use and af t er the brickwork has
cool ed down I t is wholly us el ess t o i nves t money in eco nomiz ers
.

and not t o m ak e mos t li ber al provisio n fo cl eani ng th em Th ey r .

a e som et im es allow ed t o fil l up with d eposi t s i nsid e and outsid e

r

so th at th ey will not raise the t emp erat ure of the w at er more th an

20 t o 3 d egrees whil e if t h ey a e cl eaned bo t h insid e and out th ey
0 ,
r

c an as proved i n pr ac t ic e rais e the t emp er at ure of the w at er from

, ,

50 t o 7 2 d e
0 gr e es a t o t
,
al of d egr ees I n ord er to cool the
220 .

economiz ers su ffi ci ent ly to p ermi t c areful and thorough cl eani ng

no g ases should be allow ed t o p ass on the outsid e of any of the
eco nomiz er w alls whil e the c ooli ng and cl eani ng is in progr ess It .

may occur t o the engineer th at he an s av e in sp ac e and in fi rst c

cos t of i ns t all at ion by pl aci ng the m ain fl ue to the st ack b etw een
the boil er and buildi ng w all and pl ac e the eco nomiz er on top of
this boxed in so t o sp eak withou t any possibl e ch anc e t o cool
, ,

th emofi Wh ere els e in the pl ant an he s ave from t o 5 pe

‘
. c 10 1 r

c ent in the cos t of fu el by doi ng b etter engineering ? The s aving

i n t his d et ail alo ne will in fi e y ears pay the entir e cos t for engi
v

neeri ng of the pow er s t at ion The cross co nnecti ng fl ue an be of

. c

light iron and l eft u ncovered as it is required only in c ases of

,

em erg ency wh en one of the fan engi nes is out of s ervic e

,
T he .

radi at ion of h eat would be confined t o the fan c asi ng and the
s tack Th ere a e m any int eres t i ng d et ails in co nnection with the
. r

boil er and economiz er s etti ngs smok e flu es air pip es et bu t as

, , ,
c
.
,

t h ey a e somewh at foreign t o the piping sys t em t h ese d et ails will

r

not be furt h er discuss ed .

As sum e th at the arr angem ent show n i n Fig has b een adopt ed . 12

for the st ation in qu estion Th ere a e the t wo fan engi nes to pro
. r

vid e for and the pipi ng syst em and al so the stok er rams T he .

nex t q u es ti on t h at aris es is Wh at sh all be done for boil er feed

,
30 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I N G SYSTE MS .

pumps ? E l ectric ally driven feed pump s a e not satisfactory exc ep t r

wh en the m ot ors an be un wit hin a v ery limit ed r ange of sp eed

c r .

I f the st ati on w er e v ery l arge four el ectric ally driv en pump s to

g eth er with a st eam pump could be u sed the l att er b ei ng us ed ,

with any o all of the el ectric ally driven pump s to t ak e c are of

r

any d em and l ess th an the c ap acity of one motor driv en pump ; one
of the el ectric ally driven pump s c ould be shu t down wh en the
slowing do wn of the st eam pump sti ll gave more w ater th an was
required F o a pl ant of the si e in qu estion how ev er the addi
. r z , ,

ti onal m ai nt enanc e of u sing el ectric all y driv en f eed pump s i s not

justi fied There is also need ed a line of pip e to which the w ater
.

tub e cl eaner turbi ne may be att ach ed and thi s mu st be sup pli ed ,

from s om e oth er th an the feed pump Thi s is imp erative fo w ater .

,
r

must not be drawn from the feed m ai n fo any purpo se wh at ever r

exc ept to f eed such boil ers as a e u nder pr essur e Thi s require r .

ment must nev er be lo st sight of in l aying out a s tation syst em

h aving an economiz er o cl osed liv e st eam h eat er b etw een the
r

pumps and the boil ers N ot only should all oth er s ervic e be k ep t
.

off the feed m ai n but the l att er should at all tim es be u nd er full
,

pressure T he m om ent th at a hose l ine or a c onnecti on into an

.

em p ty boil er i s op ened fr om the f eed li ne the pr essur e imm edi at ely

drop s in proporti on to the siz e of the opening po ssi bly or 5 lb ,
10 1 .

The t emp er atur e of the w at er in a liv e st eam h eat er or an eco n

omi e is su ffi ci entl y high to g ener at e st eam wh en the pr essur e is
z r

l owered and thi s c au ses a s eri ous w ater h amm er in the ec onomizer
, ,

h eat er or pi pe li nes For the s ame reason the blow ofi from an

.
-
’

eco nomiz er sh ould be h andl ed accordi ng to a n est abli sh ed m ethod

which will be menti oned l ater B rok en ec onomiz er secti ons and .

l eaky j oi nt s a e often the results of mi streatm ent

r .

I n arr angi ng fo feed pump s two wi l l be required in any c as e

r ,

and whil e one is us ed for boil er f eeding the oth er an be u sed for , c

fi lli ng in boil ers ru nning turb i nes et

, I n additio n to th es e two ,
c .

l i nes of w at er s ervic e it will be nec ess ary to h ave a low pressure

syst em op erati ng say on 5 lb pressure which an be u sed for
, 2 .
,
c

cool ing engine journal s w etti ng d own ashes for the plum bing
, ,

fi xtures w ashi ng floors fo the m ak e up w at er to the op en h eat er

”
, ,
r -

and oth er simil ar s ervic es I n additi on to this house s ervic e “

.

th ere shoul d be a fi e servic e sy stem the pump for which sh oul d be

r ,

abl e to m ai nt ain l b pr essure ru nni ng full speed

1 00 . T hese four .

servic es must be av ail able at all tim es alth ough it is not nec ess ary ,
 P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

31

d ir bl to k eep the fi e servic e pres sure on all the tim e The

nor es a e r .

hous e s ervic e or low pressure li nes may be t ak en off the fi e syst em r ,

u si ng reduci ng v alv es and reli efs and even if th ere be a reduci ng

,

v alve in the line no loss in economy of op erat i ons will be eff ect ed
as lo ng as the fi e sy st em is u nd er the s am e pr essur e say 5 lb
r , 2 .

Whenever the fi e syst em pressure is raised the pres sure reducing

r

v alv e and reli ef will prot ect the li ne ag ai nst any c arel ess m anipul a
tion of v alv es .

Th ere a e th en v arious combi nati ons of co nditi ons all of which

r ,

should be fully met by the system employed The followi ng a e . r

the di ff erent c onditi ons :

1( ) F eed m ai n on ,

Tub e cl eaner m ai n on high pressure ,

H ou se s ervic e and fi e m ai n on l ow s ervic e

r ,

With pump on each li ne .

Feed m ai n on ,

Hous e s ervic e l ow pressure; c old w at er ,

Fire m ai n hi gh er pres sure for out si de sprinkl ing , .

(3 ) F eed m ai n on ,

H ous e s ervic e on ,

Two pumps in servic e .

F eed m ai n on,

Hous e servic e on through r educi ng v alv es ,

Fire m ai n on for fi e r ,

With three pumps on two for pumpi ng i nto fi e m ain

, r .

F eed m ai n on
,

Hous e s ervic e on through r educi ng v alv e ,

Any one of the three pumps in servic e .

t hird co ndition would be the regul ar op erat i ng one l eavi ng ,

one pump i n reserv e at all tim es T he b oil er is so imp ort ant t h at

.

with three pump s in the pl ant it would be p olicy to arrange all of

th em so th ey c ould feed boil ers m aking it po ssibl e to op erate u nd er
,

c onditio n fi e I t is po ssibl e th at two of the three pumps may be

v .

ou t of co nditi on at the s ame time The t wo boil er feed pump s .

would be of the s ame p attern and size with c om pou nd cyli nd ers
suit abl e for boil er feedi ng and th ey sh ould be outsid e p ack ed
,
.

The fi e pump should be of sp eci al p at t er n t o fill i ts v ari ous

r
32 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

duti es. rob bly

P a g allon pump would h ave ampl e c ap aci t y
a 500 -

for fi e prot ectio

r owi ng to i ts high sp eed it would nec ess arily
n, and
be of the r egul ar pi sto n typ e The cyli nd er r atios should be such
.

t h at the regul ar fi e pump an be us ed as a feed pump to d eliver

r c

a sm all amou nt of w at er such as would be need ed for boil er

feedi ng This pump would be regul arly us ed as a 5 lb pressure
. 2 -
.

pump and in ord er to ec onomiz e st eam it w ould be nec ess ary

to c ompou nd it po ssibly six to one and use it as a compou nd
, ,

pump fo the low pressure work only B y op erati ng the port

r .

ch angi ng slid e v alve the pump would be imm edi at ely ch anged to
t wo high pressure cyli nd ers fo fi e s ervic e o boil er feedi ng
r r r .

I n m any w ays the gr avity st or age t ank i s v ery d esirabl e as it pro ,

vid es a s t orag e fo w at er whil e ch angi ng over the pum ps and i t

r

al so h elps t o m ai nt ai n a st eady pr essur e of w at er I f gr avity .

t ank w at er is to be us ed for cooling engine journals it will ne es , c

sit ate the use of a much l arg er amou nt of w at er th an o t h er wis e

due to the t ank b ecomi ng h eat ed I f the t ank be of m et al and
.

loc ated near the roof much t roubl e will be exp eri enc ed from its
,

sweating and in ord er t o avoid dripping it will be nec ess ary t o

, ,

use a w at er tight pan u nd er i t

-
I n ord er to m ai nt ai n a s t eady
.

pressure wi t h a sm all amou nt of stor age it would be preferabl e ,

t o use a sm all closed exp ansion t ank in the b as em ent .

T he t hr ee pumps would ordi narily use di ffer ent w at er for the

suctions the b oil er feed pump u sing hot w at er from the h eat er and
,

the oth er pumps u si ng cold w at er T he pumps mu st th erefore h av e

.

t h eir suctions so pip ed th at any one of the three an use the h eater c

w at er or i nt ak e w at er .

B efore l ayi ng out the pipi ng for thi s pumpi ng sys t em it is

nec ess ary to co nsid er wh at to do in r egard to the h eat er Sh all .

one or two h eat ers be us ed B efor e att empti ng to d et ermi ne this

qu estion it is nec es sary to consid er how essenti al the h eat er is
,

i n s ecuri ng cont i nuous op er atio n Th ere a e cond ensi ng pl a

. nts r

using economiz ers and el ectric ally driv en auxili ari es th at t ak e wat er
from the hot w ell and feed directly into the ec onomiz ers with out
h aving any h eat er at all N ow if the ec onomiz ers an op erate
. c

continuously without a h eat er why must we provid e a res erve

,

h eat er for the t wo hours o so th at i t t ak es to cl ean th em out ?

r

T he only dir ec t ly appreci abl e loss is the h eat di sch ar ged from
the exh aus t pip e whil e cl eani ng ; this i s a v ery i nsigni fi c ant lo ss
consid eri ng the l ong i nt erv al s b etw een cl eanings Another qu es .
34 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

t o s ave the 3 pe c ent of h eat even though it b ecom es necess ary

r ,

t o use another pump bu t this is obj ectionabl e asit m ak es anoth er

, ,

m achi ne to c are for w at ch and regul ate ,

.

A si mpl e s olu t io n of t his qu estion is to att ach the pi stons of

the low pr essure h eat er supply pu m p to the pl un g ers of the f eed
pump in such away th at th ey an readily be d et ach ed Thead an
,
c . v

t age of this arr ang em ent i s th at b etter economy is s ecured th ere is ,

one l ess s t eamend to look aft er and th ere is no li abili t y of shor t ag e

no w ast e of h eat er w at er
r T he am ou nt of w at er d eliv ered t o the
.

h eat er will be the s ame as th at t ak en from it Th erefore it is .

d ecid ed to use a doubl e w ater end feed pump arr anged so th at the
h eater supply pump an be quickly disconnec ted in c as e of acci
c

d ent and duri ng a rep air w at er would be t ak en from the house

,

s ervice line by m eans of the fi e pump r .

FI G . 1 3. t
Sys em; F eed Wa e t r M t r Si mpl P lan
ee ,
e .

Ne xt comes the w at er m et er This should be so arranged wi t h .

resp ect to the pipi ng th at the t ot al w at er fed to any or al l of the

b oil ers an be m easured wh eth er fed through the economizers or
c ,
’

with the economizers cut out The m eter sh ould al so be arranged .

with a by p ass so t h at it an ordi narily be ou t of s ervic e Fig 3

-
c . . 1

shows one sys temof feed w at er pip es with m eter the hydraulic tu be ,

cl eaner li ne b ei ng al so in t his c ase an auxili a y feed m ain This

, ,
r .

sys t em is esp eci ally suited to pl ans t h at h av e one economizer to

s erve one sid e of the pl ant I t wi ll be not ed th at the feed w ater
.

c an be run t hrough the ec onomiz ers and any one or more of the
boil ers fed t hrough the m et er the boil ers not on the meter b ei ng ,

fed through the r egul ar feed m ain The only conditio n th at could .

be improv ed is in the c as e of feed ing with the eco nomiz er cut

out I t will be no t ed th at wh en met eri ng c old feed wat er ev en if
.
,

only for one boil er al l the o t h er boil ers would h av e t o t ak e cold

,
 P IP I NG SYSTE MS 35

feed w ater also T he sy st em shown in Fig 3 requires no ex t ra

. . 1

piping for the m et er oth er th an the m eter connecti ons th emselves .

When cl eani ng the boil er t ub es the met er is shut off as well as all
feeds to the boil ers and the regul ar feed m ain is used for boil er
,

FI G t
. 14 Wat r M t r mor F l i bl P l an
. Sys em, F eed e ee ,
e ex e .

feeding T he tes t usu ally m ad e with ec onomiz ers is to m eter the

.

wat er for all b oil ers fi rs t with the ec onomiz ers on and b efore
,

cl eaning th em s econd wi t h the ec onomizers off and third with the

,

economiz ers on af t er cl eani ng t h em This tes t is to d etermine how .

FI G . 15 tr
. rvic t
Sys em, F ig . 1 4, it
w h M e e out of Se e .

much an be s av ed by reason of cl eaning th em or in oth er word s

c , , ,

t o d etermi ne how often i t p ays t o cl ean economiz ers how w ell to ,

cl ean t h em et ,
c .

Ano t h er arr ang em ent n p p ng an be m ad e as sho wn in Fig 1 1 1 c ,

.

1 4 which will provid e fo all co nditions and which will p ermit

, r

m eteri ng cold water fed t o one boil er and feeding through the
eco nomiz ers for al l the oth er boil ers Fig 5 sh ows the regul ar . . 1

method of op eration wi t h the m eter ou t of servic e and the hose

m ai n ready for use T he feed sys t em in t his illustrat ion is shown
.

in full li nes and the cl eaner sys t em isdotted

,
.

Fig 6 shows the m eter in use with all boil ers usi ng ho t w ater
. 1 .

By op eni ng v alv e a and closing b cold w at er would be fed ,

36 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I N G SYSTE MS .

through the meter to the boil er T he do t ted lines indic ate the .

portion of the sys t em ou t of s ervic e t hough this por t ion may be ,

u nd er pressure The arrangement shown in Fig 6 would p erm i t

. . 1

the w at er m et er t o be pl ac ed on the floor nex t t o the pumps ,

the lines d and e b eing the ris ers from the l att er
6, Af ter .

-P -
r

FI G . 16 . t r i n S rvic
Sys em,
t
Fig . 1 4, it
w h M ee e e
.

the sys t em is d et ermi ned the pip e d et ail s an be co nsid er ably

,
c

simpli fied by ch ang ing the rel at ive loc at ion of li nes et and at ,
c .
,

the s am e t im e m ai nt ain the s am e syst em For ex ampl e Fig 7 .

,
. 1

shows a rearr angem ent which p ermi t s the m eter and pum p connec
t ions to be m ad e comp ac t and
acc essibl e from the fl oor I t may .

be fou nd t h at the pumps c anno t bo th

be of the s am e p at t ern as sho wn .

T he dis t anc e f may requi e the r

pumps to be right and l eft h and ed

with th eir s t eam cylind ers togeth er ,

in ord er to l eav e room for the e r

quired connec t ions The pumps

7 Sy t m; D v l pi ng
.

F
IG . 1

D t ail f
.

e
se
F ig 4or
mus t not d et ermine the p iping bu t
e eo
1 ,

the pipi ng should d et erm ine the

. .

minor d etails such as t hose just m entioned

,
.

T he early di agr ams m ad e for a st ati on should be co nsid ered as

s t udi es and after the pip e work hasb een d et ail ed in accord anc e with
th ese di agrams the b es t pl an would th en be to ch ange the di e r c

tion of the lines on the final di agram so th at th ey will correspond

closely wi th the li nes as t h ey a e t o be buil t This will enabl e r .

the m en in the st at i on to r ead the di agr am much more r eadily and

wi th l ess li ab ili t y of m aki ng an error in the op eration of the valves .

T he v alv es should be sh own i n approxim at ely t h eir c orr ec t loc atio n .

For ins tanc e wh en Fig 7 has b een l aid ou t in d et ail th ese d ata
,
. 1
 PIP I NG SYSTE MS .

37

should used for correcti ng the di agram as illus t rated in Fig 4

be . 1

and the final r esult be shown as in Fig 8 At fi rs t gl anc e the . 1 .

sys t em shown in Fig 8 app ears to be a di fferent one th an t h at

. 1

shown in Fig 4 bu t in reality i t is ex ac t ly the s am e The obj ec t

. 1 , .

i n correcting the final di agram is to av oid this d ec eptiv e app ear anc e .

Fig . shows the general arrang em ent which will be used in

12

d esigni ng the probl em pl ant Th ere a e four groups of e ono . r c

mizers shown which will ordi narily be fed from one pump I f the .

bo il er pl ant w ere divid ed into h alves and each h alf provid ed wi t h

FIG . 18 . t rr
Sys em; R ea ang emen of Fig t . 14 to sui t D t il ea .

i ts own conomiz ers th en the pumps could be pl ac ed at the

e ,

dividing li ne b etween the t wo h alves and with p ossibly a few ,

modi fic at ions in reg ard to the v alves Fig 4 c ould be u sed Af ter . 1 .

add i ng the connec t io n li nes b et ween the t wo h alv es the arrang e

m ent wou ld be as shown by Fig 8 . 1 .

Having d ecid ed upon the g eneral arr ang em ent of the economiz ers
and boil ers the pipi ng should now be l aid ou t in a d et ail ed sys t em
, .

This syst em should be m ad e as reli abl e and as fl exibl e as th at

shown in Fig 4 and by tr aci ng out Fig 9 i t will be s een th at
. 1 . 1

the follo wi ng condi t io ns a e r eadily s ecured r

1 . R egul ar op er atio n of N o pump on fi e line and hous e . 1 r

s ervic e; N o pump on auxil i ary m ain for t ub e cl eani ng ; N o 3

. 2 .

pump on feed m ains .

2 . T he m et er an be us ed with eith er pump N o

c or N o 3 or . 2 .

with both ; the disch arg e from the m et er an be fed to the feed m ain c ,

auxili ary m ai n or to both at the s am e t im e; the m et er an d eliv er c

through one or mor e eco nomiz ers with eith er h eat er w at er or cold
w at er ; i t an also feed direc t t o the boil ers by p assi ng one or more
c

eco nomiz ers .

3 . A ny one pump m ay be shu t dow n withou t i nt erf er ing with

regul ar op erat ion; any t wo pumps maybe shu t dow n and s t ill m ai n
38 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P I PI NG S YSTE MS .

t ai n pressure on the feed m ai n and the h ou se servic e using cold ,

w ater o w at er from the hot well in the ec onomiz ers

r .

4 Wh en an ec onomiz er is shut off the b oil ers which regul arly

.

feed throu gh it an get feed w ater from the economiz er in the next
c

b att ery of boil ers .

5 T.h e en tir e f eed m ai n m ay be shut o ff an d w at er t h en be fed

throu gh the au ili ary m ai n or vic e vers a
x .

6 T heauxili ary m ain may feed through the economiz er or

.

direc tly to the boil ers .

7 D.uri ng th e wi n t er w arm w at er m ay be ,
k ep t on the fi e and r

hous e servic e sys t em by usi ng the hot w ell as a supply .

Thi s syst em nec essit at es the m etering of the w ater u sed in t wo of

the boil ers in each b att ery T he adv ant ag es which migh t be g ained
.

by s eparat ely m eteri ng the wat er for each boil er would not ju st ify
the additi on of the pipi ng co nnecti ons nec ess ary to accomplish t his
d et ail I f it is fou nd nec ess ary to m ak e as ep ar ate t est on one b oil er
.

t his an be d one wh en the oth er boil er isshu t down or if it is mec es

c ,

s ary to tes t two boil ers which di sch arge i nto the s ame ec onomizer ,

the m et er r eading wh en divid ed by two would hol d b ec au se the ,

boil er which burned thegreat er amou nt of co al would be h eating the

feed wat er for the oth er boil er .

T he chi ef r equir em ent s fo a boil er feed syst em a e w ell c ared

r r

for in Fig 9 Th ey a e as foll ows

. 1 . r :

1 . Any p art of the feed syst em may be shut off with ou t r edu e
ing the c ap acity more th an one fourth fo four u nits —

,
r .

2 . T he hot w ell w at er may be fed to the eco nom iz ers wh en the

-

h eater is off .

3 . T he boil e rs with eco nomiz ers o f

f m a t ak e th e ir f eed from v

any oth er eco nomiz ers which a e in oper ati on r .

4 . An abu nd anc e of feed r eserv e i s provi ded fo r .

Th ere a e v ari ous oth er syst ems of m eteri ng which migh t be

r

empl oy ed such as a sep ar at e m et er fo each boil er o as sh own in r ,

r

Fig 9 a sep arat e m et er with a by pass mi ght be u sed fo each

. 1 -
r

eco nomiz er if pl ac ed at the poi nt s in the f eed syst em m ark ed a .

B y u sing four sm all er m et ers t hey c ould be op er at ed at near er th eir

norm al c ap acity th an c ould one of su ffi ci ent siz e to c ar e for the
entire pl ant thu s the r eading s would be more accur at e but simpl er
, ,

and more acc essi bl e d et ail s an be o bt ained by using one l arg ec

met er at the pump s Thi s will al so al low the m et er to be read

.

from the pump room floor T he rel at ive p erformanc e of the boil er
.
P IP I NG SYSTE MS
.
39
40 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS
.
42 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT PIPI NG SYSTE MS .

to the fi e m ains should be readily acc essibl e so t h at in c as e of fi e

r r

th ey may be closed quickly Any l awn spri nkl ers fed from the
.

fi e li nes should be fully abl e t o st and the fi e pr essur e and should

r r

be fro st proof .

B efor e m aki ng a final d ecisio n on the d esign of the buildi ng or

pipi ng i t would be w ell to t ak e up all the d et ails of fi e pro tection r

with the bo ard of u nd e writers b ec au se some d etails which an engi

r

neer w ould c onsid er to be of mi nor import anc e must be us ed in ord er

th at the u nd erwrit ers rul es and regul ations be ob eyed To secure
’
.

the low est i nsur anc e r at es i t will be nec ess ary t o i nst all such d etail s

F IG . 22 . l
r circul ti ng Wat r
t
Samp e Sys em; Condense a e .

as th ey require and ev en though th ey admit th at som e of th eir

,

d em and s a e at times u nreasonabl e th ey a e withou t au thority to

r r

modify them .

T he subj ec t of ar t esi an w ells is not alw ays a nec ess ary p ar t of

pow er st ation work but in the c as e of m any factory pl ant s th ey
,

c anno t very readily be avoid ed and w ill be expl ained l ater by means
of d i agram s.

L et i t be assum ed th at the pl ant in qu estio n is loc at ed alo ngsid e

of a s t ream of w at er suit abl e for boil er feedi ng T he i nt ak es dis .
,

ch arges and c onnections to circul ating pumps and cond ensers of

such a pl ant a e sho wn in Fig
r As in oth er li nes the chi ef
. 22 .
,

requirem ent in this syst em is th at it be possi bl e t o shu t off any p art

of thesys t emand yet allow t hr ee fourt hs of the pl ant t o beop erated
-
.
 P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

43

The w at erw ay A is alw ays an i nt ak e the w at erw ay C is alw ays a

,

di sch arge the w at erw ay B may be eith er Any one of th ese three
,
.

wat erw ays may be shut off at any tim e E ith er of the li nes from
.

the i nt ak e o ho t w ell t o the pum ps m

r ay be shut dow n and op er ati on
c onti nu ed with the oth er Any porti on of the disch arge m ai n from
.

the circul ati ng pumps m ay be shut d own and the op erati on of one
cond ens er still p ermitt ed Any one of the three circul ating pump s
.

c an supply w at er t o eith er of the co nd ens ers Al l li nes a e so on . r c

ne ted th at r ep airs an be easily m ad e

c c .

At fi rst though t it would possibly s eem t h at t oo m any v alv es a e r

us ed to m ak e this syst em reli abl e O n noti ng the suction and dis

.

ch arge of the circul ating pumps i t will be s een th at th ere a e s ev en r

v al ves on the suction sid e and s even on the disch arge B y dis e . r

g ardi ng the m aking of pip e work at all tim es acc essibl e a shut off -

valve would still be required for each m achine each cond ens er and ,

each sourc e of supply such as i nt ak es B and C and if the f actor of ,

readily m ad e rep airs t o the lines is also disreg ard ed it will be fou nd
th at ou t of a t o t al of 8 v al ves bu t 4 an be s av ed ; t hus it is s een
1 c

th at with an increas e of ab ou t 5 per c ent in the cos t of pip e work

the li ne m ay be m ad e entir ely acc essibl e The pipi ng cost is .

ordi narily about 5 to 7 pe c ent of the tot al s t ation cost for such a
r

pl ant as is b eing outlined so the differenc e in the c ost of a st at ion

,

h aving an i nacc essibl e syst em and one h aving a readily acc essibl e
syst em would be abou t one fourth of one pe c ent of the total st ation
-
r

cost or abou t 5 c ent s pe kilow at t i ncreased c os t for v alves and if

2 r ,

10 c ents be allow ed for ex t ra l ab or fi tti ng et the to t al add ed

, ,
c
.
,

cost would be but 3 5 c ent s pe kilow at t or one t hird of one pe c ent

r -
r

of the tot al cos t of the st ation T he cos t should not be c onsid ered
. .

T he only factor should be the t im e and study nec ess ary to p erfect
the l ayout and provid e the s t atio n with a fl exibl e and r eli abl e
syst em .

I n c as e t hree w at er ways a e us ed i nst ead of two th er e would be

r ,

a slight additio nal exp ens e i n the fi rst c ost but the exp ens e of op er a
,

ti on would be l essened bec au se one screen house could be shut

down and cl eaned of any s edim ent or obstructi on whil e the oth er
t wo fed the pl ant and duri ng the wi nt er mo nths the w at erways B
,

and C may be u sed and the li ability fo i nt erfer enc e from i e be r c

l es sened by the w arm w ater disch arging clo se to the int ak e D uri ng .

the w arm er mo nth s of the y ear w at erw ay s A and C could be u sed

s ince th ey a e pl ac ed at a consid erabl e di st anc e from each oth er
r .
 C HAP T E R IV .

CO N D E N SE R S AN D HE ATE R S .

B E F OR E t aking up any of the oth er sys t ems for the s tat ion in
qu estion th ere will be consid ered the requirements for a cond ensing
pl ant h aving an art esi an w ell and using cool ing towers and a surfac e
cond enser T he mos t diffi cult feat ure to c ontend wi th in connec
.

t ion wi t h using cool ed w ater is th at arising from the use of oil in

engine cylind ers This t yp e of cond ensing pl ant retains all the
.

FIG 23 Comp l ex t
Sys em; A rt i
es an tr
Wa e Chem a T ic l r atm nt
e e li r
Coo ng T owe ,
r
. .
, ,

and Condense s .

solids and the obj ectional m att er cont ained in the w ater b ec ause
the v apo i at io n due to cooling the w at er c arri es aw ay only the pure
rz

w ater v apor Th ere is an opp ortu nity for much study inregard
.

to a sys tem and app aratus t o be used in such a cond ensing pl ant .

The el ev at ed jet typ e of cond ens er in which the circul at ing w ater
is not us ed for boil er feeding is shown in Fig 3 Artesi an w ell . 2 .

w ater ordinarily cont ai ns l arge qu anti t i es of l ime and m agnesia ,

44
 CO ND E NSE R S AN D HE A TE RS .
45

m aki ng i t necess ary t o remove t h ese b efore feeding this w ater t o the
boil ers The amou nt of w ater in the form of vapor which would
.

be lo st whil e b ei ng cool ed would be r epl ac ed chi efly by co nd ens a

t ion add ed in the cond enser and st ill more w at er would be add ed
through a line from the d eep well b asin t o the circul at ing pump .

T he los s in circul at i ng w at er is gr eat er th an t h at r equir ed for the

boil ers so the feed which requires the l eas t addition will be t reat ed
, .

B y treat ing the boil er feed direc t from the w ell al l diffi culti es from
cyli nd er oil et a e avoid ed
,
c .
,
r .

To ret ain the h eat which would ordinarily be s av ed by using ho t

w ell water a v acuum exh aus t h eat er A and an op en at mosph eric e x

h aus t h eat er B for addi t ional h eat i ng would be used Sinc e thefeed .

w ater t emp erature would be as low with t hi s sys tem as with any
o ther cond ensing arrangem ent the using of economiz ers though not ,

shown in Fig 3 should be consid ered The sys tem h ere shown is
. 2 , .

practic al bu t v ery exp ensive bo t h t o ins tall and op erat e T he addi .

tiona l exp ens e of ins t all at ion of the sys t em show n in Fig 3 would . 2

be
1 . Cos t of sinking w ell d eep w ell m achinery building et
, , ,
c
.

2 . Cos t of ch emic al treat ing pl ant building pump et , , ,

c .

3 . Cos t of cooli ng t ow er f an s and mo t ors pump ,

and mo t or a nd ,

building for the t ow er ins t all ation .

4 . Cos t of v acuum exh aus t h eater by p asses etc ,

—
, .

T he addi t io nal op erat i ng exp ens es would be

1 . R aisi ng d eep w ell w at er t o i t s b asin .

2 . R aisi ng w at er t o ch emic al t anks .

3 . R ai sing w at er t o t op of cooli ng t ow er .

4 . P ow er t o op er at e cooling f ans .

5 . Cos t of ch emic als for t reating .

6 . I ncr eas ed l abor t o op er at eand m ai nt ai n addi t ional app ar at us .

The arr ang em ent show n in Fig 3 may be simpli fi ed by usi ng a . 2

surfac e ins tead of ajet cond enser and omi t ting the use of the ch em
ic al treat ing pl ant This will nec essi tate the i ns tall ation of an extra
.

l arge grease ex t rac tor in the exh aust m ain and a l arge fil t er bed in
the h eat er . Fig 4 shows such a system l aid ou t so th at rep airs
. 2

may be easily m ad e I t will be notic ed t h at the l arge w ater b asi n

.

may be compl et ely shu t o ff by l osing v alv es A B and C thus al low c , ,

ing w at er t o r ais e in the cooli ng t ow er b asin and flow b ack i nt o the

cold w ater b asin D uring the time wh en the cold w at er b asi n is
.

used as a supply for the co nd ensers the house s ervic e including the ,
46 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE M S .

FI G . 24 . t
Sys em; A rt i
es an tr
Wa e ,
r c
Su fa e r li r
Condense s, and Coo ng T owe .
 CON D E NSE RS AN D HE A TE RS .
47

dri nki ng and journal cooling w at er would be t ak en from the ci t y

w at er connec t ion D uri ng regul ar s erv c e the d eep well pump
. i

would disch arge into the c old w ater b asi n and the overflow would
r un into the c ooli ng t ow er b as in The ai t r ap s at the w at er dis
. r

ch arges of the co oli ng t ow ers a e not sh own with the di agrams

r

b ec au se no at t emp t is b eing m ad e t o sh ow d et ail in connections .

N o te will als o be t ak en t h at the h eat er and h eat er suc t io n may be

shu t off and the wet v acuum pumps h ave anot h er connec t ion
t hrough which t o disch arge cond ensation t o the pump suc t ion
oth er t h an by way of the h eater Any portion of the piping sh own
.

or any d evice may be shu t off from s ervic e and one cond ens er still
be run .

Pa rt icul ar no te will also be t ak en in reg ard t o cross connec t ions

from one m achi ne to another for ins t anc e if N o cond enser cir
, . 1 ,

c ul ating pump and wet v acuum pump be ru nni ng and eith er of the
pumps nec essit at es shu t ting d own i t is th en p ossibl e to pu t N o
,
. 2

m achine into op eration s erving N o cond enser and not shu t d own . I ,

the N o . m achine u ntil N o is in op erat i on and supplyi ng N o

1 . 2 . I

cond ens er Wh en one cond ens er is ou t of s ervic e the oth er an be

. c

readily run and t wo circul at ing pumps us ed on i t This syst em .

enabl es p erf ec t op er at ion ev en t hough th ere be a circul ati ng pump

of one u nit and a cond enser of the oth er u ni t ou t of servic e
,
.

I n a pipi ng sy st em t h er e should be no m achi ne pip ed dir ec t t o

ano t h er withou t cro ss co nnec t io ns so t h at the shutt ing dow n of one
'

would require the shu t ting d own of the oth er Th ere should be .

t wo s ep arat e sources of su pply and two w ays of disch arge with one ,

machi ne on eith er end and the cross connections so arr anged t h at

eith er or both m achi nes could use eith er supply or disch arg e This .

is ab solu tely ess ent i al b ec au se i t allows fo rep airi ng the pip e li ne r

or m achi nes T he sys tem shown in Fig 4 is about the m ost s atis
. . 2

facto y arrangement which an be l aid out for an artesi an w ell cool

r c ,

ing t ow er and co nd ensi ng app ar atus T he boil ers would be fed.

with cond ens ed steam and only t h at w ater l os t by l eak age at the
joints exh aust drip s et would need to be repl ac ed I n a surf ace
, ,
c
.
,
.

cond ensing pl ant the s team for the feed pumps would be somewh at
differently arr anged th an in a jet cond ensi ng pl ant T he m ethod .

of supplyi ng w at er t o the h eat er and steam pumps would be the

s ame for a jet cond enser pl ant as for a non cond ensi ng s t ation - .

This d et ail will be t ak en up l at er .

In the h eat er and pump arr ang em ent fo a surf ac e co nd ensi ng r

48 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE M S .

pl ant as in Fig 5 the cond ensed st eam from the cond ens er is free
. 2 ,

to be di sch arged into the h eater and the sp eed of the pump is
g overned by the w ater l evel in the h eater T he only h and control .

is a v al ve in the m ak e up w ater li ne This l ine repl ac es the w at er

-
.

which has been l ost by l eak ag e drips et ; the l oss is a st eady

, ,
c
.
,

i nvari abl e qu antity therefore the valve requires but littl e att ention
,

wh en slight v ari ations in the rel ati e wat er l ev el of two boil ers may
v

be co nt ro l l ed by the boil er feed v alv es I f duri ng the day the fi e . r

FIG . 2 5 . t t r lli
Sys em; Con o ng F eed P ump, O pen H ea e , and Surfa tr c e Condense r .

man ob serves t h at tot al w at er in all boil e s is b ec oming low or

the r

high he sli ghtly adjus ts the m ak e up w at er v alv e T he adv ant age

-
.

of this styl e of gov erni ng is th at regul ati on is required fo an al most r

constant dem and c au sed by l eak age drip s et I t is not practi al , ,

c. c

with this styl e of c ondenser to l eav e the pump c ontr ol to a fi em an r

wh en he has no c ontrol of the i ncoming cond ensation I f so .

,

it is fair to presume th at fully one third of the return c ond ens ati on—

would go to the s ewer T he obj ect in u si ng a surfac e c ond enser

.

i s to be abl e to sav e all the co nd ensatio n for the boil ers thus u si ng ,

v ery littl e new w at er T hi s an be accompli sh ed only by c onnecting

. c

the flo at v alv e to the pump st eam co nnectio n and if it is desired ,

at any tim e to skim off the top of the h eat er wat er this an r eadily c

be d one by shutti ng st eam off the pum p fo a mi nut e o so r r .

The h eat er m anuf actur er w ill p ossi bly op po se this styl e of

governing cl aimi ng th at it is not the regul ar method For all
, .
o
s STE AM P O WE R P L ANT P I P I N G SYSTE MS .

run slow er t h an is nec ess a y t o remov e the inco ing w ater fro m
r m
the h eat er For the st ation i n qu es t ion sinc e we a e usi ng jet
. r

cond ens ers we will use the system shown in Fig 6 t h at is the
, . 2 , ,

line A will be the di sch arge from the h eat er pumps and the flo at
op erat ed v al ve will be on a branch from the house s ervic e line .

T he flo at op er at ed v alv e will be ou t of s ervic e fo the great er r

p ar t of the tim e during regul ar op eration of the h eat er pumps be ,

c aus e th es e pumps will d eliver t o theh eat er thes am eamou nt of w at er

as the feed pumps would t ak e aw ay I n c as e the h eat er pumps .

a e not b ei ng u sed the h eat er supply i s to be co ntroll ed wholly

r ,

by the flo at op erat ed valve .

R eferri ng to Figs 3 and 4 it will be no t ed th at the dry

. 22 ,
2 ,
2

v acuum pumps a e not shown T he dry v acuum system would be

r .
‘

the sam e for eith er styl e of co nd ens er but if a surf ac e cond ens er
were us ed t h ere should be two of th es e pumps to insure continuous
op eration A surfac e on . c

d enser accumul at es ai un r

til thev acuum is los t bu t an

el ev at ed jet co nd ens er wi l l
disch arg e a l a ge portion r

of the ai due to the great r

qu antity of do wnw ard flow

ing cooli ng w at er b ei ng
mingl ed with the ai An r
.

el ev at ed jet co nd enser will

ordinarily drop its v acuum
ab out 4 in wh en ru nni ng .

without the dry v acuum

pump in f ac t the syphon ,

typ e el ev at ed jet cond enser

is i nst all ed without an ai r
7 Sy t m Ai fr m E l v at d j
pump ope ati ng atasl ightly
F IG 2 se ; r o e e et
C nd n r D y Vac uum P ump
.

r
o e se to r s

low er v acuum F ig 7
.

. . 2

sh ow s the two cond ensers pip ed t o an ai pump and h aving the r

v alves pl ac ed as clo sely as possibl e to the pump in ord er th at the

num ber of jo int s and fi tti ngs b etw een the shut off v alv es and -

the pump m ay be r educ ed To m ak e rep airs b etween the v alves

.

and pump nec essit at es shu t ti ng down the pump but any o th er
rep airs an be m ad e and one cond enser still be in op eration
c .

The air cool er dr ai ns back i nt o the t ail pip e or hot w el l the in -

,
 CO ND E NSE R S AN D H E A TE R S .
51

jection w at er p assi ng through the cool er on i ts way to the co nd ens er .

T he ai pump is show n disch arging ov er the hot w ell bu t m

r ay dis
ch arge ov er a s ew er c at ch b asi n as th ere is no appreci abl e v apor .

Ano t h er m et hod is t o disch arge the ai i nt o the t ail pip e show n by r -

the dott ed li nes T he adv ant ag e of this arr angem ent is t h at ai

. r

showi ng say 6 in v acuum is t ak en from the cond ens er bowl and

, 2 .
,

disch arged i nto the t ail pip e wh ere i t would show bu t in of—
20 .

v acuum ; t hus i nst ead of compressi ng 7 cu ft t o cu f t as would . . I . .

be the c as e if exh aus t i ng to at mosph eric pr essur e i t is nec ess ary to ,

compress bu t } cu ft t o cu f t This arrangem ent would not

2 7 . . 1 . .

p ermit raisi ng the v acuum on the cond ens er wh en s t art i ng and the
at mosph eric v ent would h av e t o be us ed u nt il the v acuum was on
the co nd ens er and the w at er flowi ng t hrough the i nj ec t or sh ap ed
ai disch arg e in the t ail pip e
r T he ai cool er show n is us ed on jet
-
. r

F IG . 28 . t vi
Sys em; R emo ng Ai r f om Coun e Cu en Su fa r t r rr t r c e Condense s r .

cond ensers only the surfac e cond ens ers admi t the cooli ng w at er
,

to the cond ensi ng tub es in cont ac t wi t h the outgoing ai I n addi r

.

tion to cooling the ai i t is also nec ess ary to cool the ai cyli nd ers
r r

of the dry vacuum pump o t h erwis e the high temp erat ure due to ,

compressio n will prevent prop er lubric ation .

D ifferent m et hods a e us ed for r em ovi ng the ai from surfac e

r r

cond ens ers Fig 8 shows the cou nt er current system T he

. . 2 .

exh aus t s t eam ent ers b eneath the cooli ng tub es and the ai is with r

drawn from the t op of the cond enser T he cond ens ation m ak es .

its l as t p ass ov er the ho t test tub es and th erefore through high es t

t emper ature in the cond enser T he ai which is remov ed from the . r

upp er port ion of the cond ens er by the acti on of an ai pump is in r

co nt ac t wi t h the t ub es whi ch cont ai n the cold i ncomi ng circul ati ng

 52 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

w ater E vid ently the ai must be in a continu al st at e of u nres t due

. r

to the cou nt er current action T he w ei ght of s aturat ed ai at the

. r

t emp er ature in a cond ens er is about lb and st eam ab out .

lb pe cu ft
.
,
I f it were not for the exh au st st eam ent eri ng the
r . .

low er p art of the cond ens er and being d efl ect ed ov er the entire b ase
it would be possi bl e for ai to s ettl e to the b as e of the c ond ens er
r ,

but inst ead it an drop only into the current of incoming steam and
c

t h erefore be const antly c arri ed up ward Ai c annot rem ain in . r

pock ets at the upp er portion of the sh ell bec aus e it is h eavi er th an
st eam and will th erefore drop and be c aught in the steam current .

FIG . 29 . t vi
Sys em; R emo ng Ai r f om D r ir ct Curr t Surf c
e en a e Condense s r .

T he a f ct th at thi s t yp e of cond enser has sho wn its elf to be very

eff ectiv e is su ffi ci ent proof of the m erits of this most u nu su al m ethod
for remov ing ai from a c ond ensing ch amber
r .

A m or e u su al typ e of co nd ens er i s show n in Fig 9 ; the e h aus t . 2 x

ent ers the top and to geth er with ai p ass es to wards the bott om of r

the co nd enser the a dropp ing to the b ase of the ondehse and
” ,
ir c r

flowing aw ay with the c ond ensation I t not the intenti on h ere

”
“
. 18

t o giv e the s ell ing poi nts of different typ es of appar atus but th ese
two styl es of co nd ens ers diff er so greatly i n th eir syst em for e r

movi ng ai th at th ey h ave b een d escrib ed I n fact the el ev ated jet

r .
,

typ e of cond ens ers is also m ad e in th es e two styl es I n the c ou nter .

current typ e the st eam ent ers b elow the water spray and fl ow s
,

upw ard ret arding inst ead of acc el erati ng the fall of the i nj ector
w at er after l eavi ng the spray pan The ai is t ak en from the up per . r

p ortion of the ch amber inst ead of the lo wer as the steam ent ering
the low er portio n pr ev ent s the ai from precipit ati ng This m eth od
r .

of removing ai mu st be m ore effectiv e fo bot h jet and surfac e

r r

type cond enser j ud gi ng bythe exc ell ent resul ts ob t ained fro mthem .
 CO ND E NSE R S AN D HE A TE R S .
53

In er mov ing ai from eith er an op en or clo sed exh au st h eat er

r

h avi ng an i nsu ffi ci ent sup ply of st eam the ai should be l ed off at ,

r

the w at er line and not at the t op of the s t eamch am ber I n c ases .

wh ere all o a l arg e portion of the st eam from a non co ndensi ng

r -

pl ant p ass es through the h eater air will be remov ed by the r apid
,

t r rl rr
F I G 3 0 Sys em; I mp ope y A anged r rl F I G 3 1 Sys em; P ope y t
vi r cti rr v
. . . .

for R emo ng A i r f om an I ndu on A anged to R emo e Ai r

tr
O pen H ea e of I nsuffi en S eam ci t t tr i n O pen H ea e of I nsuf
l
Supp y . t l fi ci ent S eamSupp y .

flow of the steam provid ed the op eni ngs in the h eater a e prop erly
,
r

arr anged Fig 3 show s an ordi nary h eat er c onnection which is

. . 0

radic ally wrong the sm all ai vent A b ei ng wrongly pl ac ed so th at

,
r ,

the fl ow through the sid e and t op co nnectio n is v ery sligh t ; i n f ac t ,

too sligh t to c arry ou t ai by the v el oci t y flow through the h eat er

r .

The corr ec t m ethod is show n in Fig 3 . 1,

which may app ear wro ng u ntil more

fully consid ered T he exh aus t ent ers
.

the t op and c au si ng no eddy current s

will drop to the w at er li ne and if the
v alve B is op en will p ass aw ay t o a
poi nt of l ow er pressure .

Heat ers an al so be styl ed direc t and

c

cou nt er curr ent the s am e as jet o sur

,
r

fac e cond ensers o op en spray o clos ed

,
r r

t ube typ e of h eat er Figs 3 and 33 F 3 Sy t m P a i g E tir

2 1G 2 se ; ss n n e
St m h
. . . .

show the cou nt er current typ e the ai ,

g h Op n
r
ea t rO U e

being const antly in a st at e of u nrest

and due to the l arg e volum e of surplus exh au st p assi ng to the
at mosph ere the ai will drop i nt o the curr ent of the st eam and be
r
54 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

c arri ed ou t of the h eat er Thi s t yp e of connection would show

.

b etter effi ci ency th an Fig 3 5 b ec ause as in cou nt er current su

. r

face cond ensers ai would not be c arri ed t o a p oi nt wh ere it w ould

r

rem ain st agnant and thus i nsul at e any h eat c onducti ng surfac e .

T he h eat ers shown in Figs 3 and 34 are sp eci al ly suit ed for use
. 1

F I G 33 Sys e ; P ass ngtm i tm i

FI G 34 Sys e ; P ass ng FI G i
Sys em; P ass ng
35 t
tir l t m ll l t tir t i r rl
. .

E n e S eam mp ope y
. . .

E n e V o ume S ea Sma V o ume S eam

tr l
h ough C osed H ea e tr . it l tr
n o C osed H ea e . tr l tr
h ough C osed H ea e .

in cond ens ing pl ant s wh ere the amou nt of e h aus t st eam suppli ed x

the h eat er is too sligh t to c aus e enough upw ard flow t o c arry ai r

with i t The v al ve B shown in Fig 3 and Fig 34 should be of

.
,
. 1 .
,

a gl ob e or g at e typ e and not a b ack pressure v alv e as it is v ery

nec ess ary t o prev ent a v acuum on the h eat er u nl ess the app ar atus
is sp eci ally arranged t o st and such pressure The h eat ers sh own .

in Figs 3 and 33 a e sp eci ally suit ed for use wh ere t h er e is

. 2 r

su ffi ci ent e h aus t to m aint ain pr essur e in h eat er abov e t h at of the

x

at mosph er e .
 C HAP T E R V .

LI VE STE AM D R IP S .

TH E sys t em for supplying live s t eam will nex t be consid ered

and wi t h t his t opic liv e s t eam drips will be d escrib ed A g ener al .

arr ang em ent which will s erv e th es e purpos es i s illu str at ed in

a prelimi nary way by Fig . the diff er ent li nes b ei ng subj ec t
1 0,

t o revision upon more c areful consid erat ion T he general d et ail .

FI G 3 6
. . t
Sys em; G a r vi ty R turn
e t
of S ea m D ri ps .

of the loc at ion of the drips will now be considered even b efore ,

d eterm n ng the m ain s team connec t ions

i i .

I n Fig 36 is illus t r at ed a gr avity drip r et urn sys t em

. The .

branch es of the piping sys t em which c arry liv e s t eam from the
boil ers drain int o the h ead er and t his in t urn drai ns i nto the
s ep arat ors which a e pl ac ed in the engi ne branch es The s t eam
r .

us ed in the low pressure reh eat er rec eiv er is led off a shor t dis t ance
5 6 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

a bov e the bottom of the s ep arators and as shown in Fig 36 the ,

.
,

sep arat or drip s a e run t o an accumul ator each pip e h a ing a

r , v

r egul ati ng v alv e in it I f by accid ent the drain l eading 6 from

. 0

the bott om of the s ep ar at or be clos ed too much t o t ak e away the

drip t h en a p ass age will s t ill be op en by way of the pip e to the
,

reh eater rec eiv er and th enc e to the accumul ator T he el ev at ed .

drip s ep ar ator is pl ac ed at a su ffi ci ent h eigh t to insure th at the

drip will flow i nto the boil ers .

For p art or all of the auxili ari es steam is t ak en from the upp er
portion of the rec eiver and the sm all amou nt of co nd ens at ion which
may be in the auxili ary m ai n is l ed to the h eat er by m eans of a
bl eed er or t r ap .

I n op er ating t his sys t em wh ere t h er e a e say connecti ons into r , ,

10

the accumul ator two for each of the four g enerating u ni ts and
,

one for each of the excit er u nits it is nec ess ary th at each dr ain ,

be suffi ci ently op en t o p ermit dr aining the line to which it is at

ta hed bu t su ffi ci ently clos ed t o offer a notic eabl e r esi st anc e to the
c ,

fl ow t hus al l owi ng the auxili ari es t o be u nd er a slightly l ess pres

,

sure th an the m ain st eam line The di sch a ge from the drip s ep a
. r

rator is c arri ed to a drip m ain havi ng branch es to each of the

boil ers and stop and ch eck v alves in each branch I n such a .

syst em the di fferenc e in the pressures in s ep arator and steam

”
h ead er is great est just b efore a slug of w ater is c arri ed up the
“

st andpip e into the drip s ep arator th en as s oon as the w at er is out

,

of the way the di fferenc e in the t wo pressures is only th at due to

friction T he chi ef advant age of such a syst em is th at neith er
.

fl oat s no autom atic d evic es a e required for its operati on in fac t

r r ,

th ere is no m ech anism employ ed To start the system the bl eed er .

to the h eat er is op ened in ord er t o cl ear the lines to the point of

rec eiv ing steam th en the auxi li ary is st art ed and as long as there
,

a e auxili ari es ru nning this sy st em will r em ain op en

r .

Anoth er m ethod of returning drips t o the boil ers illustr at ed in ,

F ig 3 7 is by using a drip r ec eiv er in which is pl ac ed a flo at so

.
,

c onnect ed th at it regul at es the sp eed of the pump This syst em .

has the adv ant ag e th at it is easily u nd ers t ood and t h erefore w i l l

be mor e lik ely to be op er at ed prop erly th an the syst em show n in
F i g 3 6 which r equires s om eo ne to instruct the att endants wh at to
.
,

do and see th at th es e i ns t ructi ons a e prop erly ob ey ed C areful

r .

w atch mus t be k ept over the system sh own in F ig 36 if the drip .

is to be returned to the boil ers and not be wasted into the sew er .
58 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI NG S YSTE MS .

mus t alw ays be greater th an the suction ev en though i t be c aus ed ,

by only a short column of w ater additional The disch arge line .

from the au tom atic pump should h av e a reli ef v al ve pl ac ed

b et ween the pump and any v al e th at may be pl ac ed in thi s l ine
v ,

and the disch arg e should th en be pip ed to a c atch b as in wh er e the

end of the pip e is op en so t h at any disch arg e which i s t aking
pl ac e may be s een This reli ef v alve is v ery essenti al in ord er
.

that the pump and pip e line may be prot ec ted in c as e all disch arge
v alves should be clos ed I t is possibl e fo the autom at ic pump
. r ,

which rec eiv es its suction u nd er boil er pressure t o more th an ,

d oubl e the st eam pressure on a disch arge the st eam end of the
pump ordinarily has twic e the area of the w at er end and therefore
wh en the s t eam pressure is but 7 5 lb pe sq in a pressure of 1 . r . .

from 3 5 t o 4 lb pe sq in an easily be ob t ained in c as e the

0 00 . r . . c

disch arge pip e is closed Unl ess the lines and pumps be buil t for
.

such pressures breakdowns mus t occur b ec ause wh en shutti ng ,

down the boil er it is quite a simpl e oversight for an op erator to

clos e the au tom atic pump disch arge and not notic e th at there is no
oth er way of disch arge .

Ano th er m ethod of r et urning drips t o the boil ers is ill u str at ed

in Fig 3 9
. This arrangem ent an be us ed only in connection with
. c

singl e acting pumps and in systems wh ere th ere is but one pump
on the line and the h ead er is not l ess th an

5 ft abov e the w at er.lin e of the boil ers Th e .

op eration of this syst em is m ad e possibl e by

the puls ating pr essure which is pres ent during
the op er at i on of singl e acting pumps I f such .

pumps c arri ed a u niform pressure thi s sys tem

would not be feasibl e A singl e acting pump .

disch arges a cyli nd er fu l l of water t h en stop s at ,

FI G-39 Sy m; R u n the end of the s t rok e and the inerti a of the

ste et r

w at er is only ov ercome by m eeting the boil er

,

w ater which has a high er pressure; whil e the

di sch arge from the pump i s b eing brough t t o a s tate of rest and
the pressure in the p art of the syst em nex t to the pump i s low er
th an the boil er pres sure the drip line whi h is at boil er pressure
'

,
c

fl ows i nt o t his p art of the sys t em and b efore the returning s trok e
of the pump the pressure in the disch arge is ag ain returned t o
,

boil er pressure For a sm all ins tal l ati on this m ethod of drain
.

ing the s t eam m ain would appeal t o an engineer on accou nt of

 LI VE STE AM DR I P S .
59

its e x trem e simplicity bu t for a l arge pl ant i t migh t be fou nd

,

di ffi cul t t o m aint ain the ent ire arr ang em ent as shown This .

pou nding ac t ion in the feed m ains would not be consid ered very
favorably in l arge s t at ion work and wi t h ou t the p ou ndi ng t his
,

syst em would nec ess arily be i nop erat iv e Thi s syst em al so has a .

bad feat ure b ec aus e i t disch arges i nt o the feed m ai n and not i nt o
the b oil er dir ec t .

For the s t ation b eing studi ed Fig 36 may be used as the drip
,
.

sys tem and wh en t his figure is arrang ed in a fl exibl e form i t app ears
,

as show n in Fig 4 .I t will be not ed t h at any or al l of the auxil

0 .

i a ies an be suppli ed with st eam through thi s drip sys t em

r c .

O rdi narily s t eam required for one or t wo of th esem achi nes should
be t ak en from the drip sy st em t o avoid reduci ng the pressure in
,

the drip s ep ar at or t o such a poi nt t h at the drips will not flow b ack
to the boil er I n event th at no auxili ary is t aki ng s t eam from the
.

circul ation pip e A it would be nec ess ary t o blow st eam int o
the h eat er or to the atmosph er e and u nl ess this op er atio n is prop
,

erly c arri ed ou t the s t eam thus blown through the sy st em would be

more th an th at required to run a por t ion of the auxili ari es I n .

ris er B pressure is required t o el evat e the drips as is a pressure ,

al so nec ess ary in the drip s ep ar at or to ret urn the drips to the
bo il er T he pressure in the s ep arator how ev er is bu t very few
.
, ,

p ou nds l ess t h an boil er pres sure and so withi n the m aximum and
,

minimum limits of the all ow abl e flow of line B the ret urn of drips
is p ossibl e .

I n c as e the s t eam fo one fan engi ne is fou nd suffi ci ent t o h andl e

r

the drips v alv e C m

, ay be clos ed ; in c ase the fan engi ne r equires
more steam t h an an p ass through lines B and A and at the s am e
c ,

t im e m ai nt ai n su ffi ci ent pressure in the drip s ep ar at or t o dis ~

ch arge w ater t o the bo il ers i t would be po ssibl e to m ak e C a

,

reducing v alve al lowi ng say 3 lb di fferenc e on the t wo sid es of the

, ,
.

v alve thus furnishing a portion of the s t eam for the fan engine
,

direc t from the auxili ary s team h ead er This reducing v alve may .

be pl ac ed at D in the br anch es from the m ai n h ead er t h ereby ,

k eeping the ent ire auxili ary st eamm ai n at abou t 3 lb low er pres .

sure th an the m ai n st eam h ead er Such a reducing v alv e may be a.

h eavy cushion ch eck v alve and if the port has a di am et er of 4 in .

,

the v alv e would w eigh abou t 4 l b or the v alv e could be spri ng

0 .
,

lo ad ed the s am e as a s afet y v alve Wi t h reduci ng v alv es at the

,
.

p o in t s m ark ed D the sys ,

t em would at all t i mes be r eady for op era
60 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT PI P I NG SYSTE MS
.
 LI VE STE AM DR IP S . 61

t ion E ven aft er shu t ting down in c ase th ere should be one pump
.
,

runni ng v ery slowly this pump would be abl e t o t ak e st eam through

,

the drip syst em and if the fi e pump should at any t im e be pu t i nto

,
r

full s ervic e the t wo reli ef v alves would op en and supply the auxil
i a y m ai n
r B y pl aci ng the r educi ng v alv es at D th er e is no
.

d anger of th eir b eing op ened and the pressure un up on the drip r

syst em .

T he ch ar ac t eristic f eat ures of this sys t em a e a liv e st eam m ai n r

w ell drai ned t o a low down drip m ain an auxili ary s team m ain in ,

d epend ently drained t o the h eater an overh ead rec eiver into which
,

drip s disch arge a connec t i on from the drip rec eiver to the auxili ary
,

st eam m ai ns and a connection from the m ai n h ead er through a

,

resist anc e t o the auxili ary st eam m ain t his resist anc e prev enti ng ,

steam from flowi ng exc ep t wh en the auxili ary m ain pressure and
the rec eiv er pressure a e enough low er th an the boil er pr essur e to
r

ov ercom e the r esist anc e and allow w at er t o be r eturned to the boil

es
r . I n Fig 4 a e show n the r ec eiv er drip pumps and the low
. 1 r

down auxili ary st eam m ai n which m ain is l arge and s erv es for both
,

the drip and st eam m ai ns This system is w ell drai ned and has the
.

ch aract eristic t h at b efore any d am age could be done to the high

sp eed or l arge u nits troubl e will m ak e its elf k nown by a cracki ng
,

nois e of w at er i n the st eam pumps and pipi ng but without any ,

li ability of injuring th em .

T he m ai n point t o co nsid er in the dispos al of s t eam drips is t o

k eep th em aw ay from the l arg e u nits and any sys t em th at will do ,

thi s u nd er all circumst anc es even thou gh i t c aus es stok er engines

, ,

pumps and o th er auxili ari es t o s t op duri ng the floodi ng is fa m ore ,

r

preferabl e t h an a syst em which would flood the m ai n u ni t s in c as e

the r emo val of the drips be obstruc t ed .

The syst em as show n in Fig 4 would co nsi st prim arily of the

. 1

m ain st eam h ead er and the auxili ary h ead er the auxili ary h ead er ,

b ei ng suppli ed with steam through the drip op eni ngs in the m ai n

engine r ec eiv ers T he st eam br anch es to the auxili ari es a e t ak en
. r

off the top of the auxili ary s t eam m ai n and dr ai ns a e l ed from the r

bottom of the auxili ary st eam m ai n t o the rec eiv er of the drip
pumps E merg ency connections should be m ad ef om the auxili ary
. r

m ain t o the h eat er and t o the blow off m ai n so t h at t h ey an be -

c

used in c as e the li nes b ecome flood ed This s t yl e of dr ai nag e has .

the great adv ant ag e th at by m eans of the cr acki ng noi se the auxil
i a ies a e posi t iv e indic at ors of the op er at ion of the drip sys t em
r r .
62 STE AM P O WE R PL AN T Y
P I P I N G S STE M S
.
 LI VE STE AM DR I P S . 63

The a uxili ary m ain shown in Fig 4 would nec ess arily be pl ac ed
. 1

b el ow the reh eater drain .

T he r eh eat er as ordinarily pl ac ed b et w een the high and low

pressure cyli nd ers brings int o the s t at ion l ayou t a v ery troubl esome
d etail An ordi nary form of reh eat er cons t ruc t ion is a copp er pip e
.

coil wi th the i nl et and ou tl et of the s am e siz e as the op ening in

the pip e and by usi ng a sm all siz e t ub e for t his coil of a v ery long
l ength a m arked drop in the pressure as m easured at the t wo ends
,

FI G .
42
_
. t
Sys em; Co e ll cti ng St am D ri p
e s of s lightly Varyi ng P r r
essu es.

of the coil is ob tai ned To drai n prop erly such a reh eater i t is
.

nec ess ary to pl ac e the drip m ai n far enough b elow the h eat er t o
provid e a gravity colu mn which will m ak e up for the pressure los t
i n the r eh eat er I f the r eh eat er us ed w ere of a p at t ern simil ar t o
.

the b ent U sh ap ed tub e clos ed h eat er t h ere would be an ampl e

-
,

area for s t eam flow and th erefore no appreci abl e drop in the pres
sure The rec eiv er should be pl ac ed horizont ally and as high as
.

possibl e so th at the drips an be prop erly t ak en c are of I f an au to

c .

m atic rec eiver pump as illustrat ed in Fig 4 is t o be us ed the int er . 1 ,

m edi at e engine rec eiv er must be k ep t clos e to the u nd ersid e of the

floor as shown in Fig 4 Thi s is nec ess ary for t wo reasons to
. 2 .
64 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

giv e ampl e h ead room b et w een the b as ement floor and the reh eater
drip outl et and t o provid e a suffi ci ent g avity l eg A to ov ercom e
, r , ,

the pres sure l oss in the reh eat er I n c as e the boil er room floor line .

i s but a foot o so abov e the b as em ent floor it w oul d th en be m

r ec es
s ary t o pl ac e the aut om atic pump s in a pi t ins t ead of on the b ase ,

m ent floor as sho wn in Fig 4 . 2 .

Unfortunat ely engine build ers a e not skill ed pip e fi tters or t h ey r

would use b etter d esigned connecti ons bet ween th eir hi gh and low
pressure cyl ind ers and also pl ac e th eir reh eat ers at a rel atively
,

high er l ev el The reh eat er connection shown in Fig 43 is a v ery

. .

FIG 43 t
Sys em; Suppo rt i ng E ngi R ne tr
ehea e s to g iv e Suf fici nt H
e ead
D ri p F l
. .

f or ow .

simpl e arr angem ent which has the advantage th at it an be v ari ed c

about i in eit her way b et ween the c ent ers of the cylind er co nnec
.

tions This v ari ati on is obt ai ned in the b olt h ol es at j oints b

. 0, , c,

and d; if a i s ev en thr ee qu art er i nch es hig her or low er th an d the

-
,

rec eiv er an be k ept l ev el by sliding the joints on th eir fac es at b

c ,

c, e j g and h
, ,
The b olt hol es should be one eig hth i nch l arg er
,
.
-

th an the bolts I t is advis abl e for the engineer to arrange this

.

d et ail wh en the engi ne is ord ered b ec au se it is very diffi cult to

m ak e a s atisf actory dr ainage syst em if a v ertic al rec eiver in the
bas em ent mu st be us ed o if for any oth er r easo n the rec eivers
,
r

should h ave th eir drain o peni ngs cl ose to the floor .

T he low do wn auxili ary st eam and drip m ain an be us ed with c

the gr avity r eturn as well as w ith the r ec eiv er pump F ig 4 4 . .

sho ws such a m ai n with a reducing v alv e at A T he pipe lines .

fo the dr ain sy st em as sho wn need be o nly of su ffi ci ent siz e to

r

h andl e the dr ains b ec aus e when the pl ant is running one fan
,
66 A
STE M P O WE R P L N T P I P I A NG SYSTE MS .

en gi ne mus t also run and this will t ak e c are of the drips Wh en .

the fan engi ne is shu t dow n the co ndens atio n i n the ri ser pip e will
drop b ack i nto the auxili ary m ai n I n st arti ng up the pl ant w at er
.
,

c an be run ou t of this m ai n i nt o the h eat er through the by p ass and —

any s ectio n of the auxili ary m ain o dr ai n syst em may be shut down
r ,

and the drips be un through the bl eed ers eith er t o the h eat er or
r

the blow off m ai n

-
. The st eam c onnections l eadi ng from the auxil
i a y m ai n should be l ong r adius fi tti ngs and the m ai n should be
r

l arg e enough to avoid the lifti ng of the cond ens ation lying at the
bottom of the li ne T he ch aracteri stic features of this system a e
. r ,

m ai n steam h ead er au il ia st eam h ead ers suppli ed through drip

,
x rv

op eni ngs of the m ai n h ead er au ili ary br anch es t ak en off the top
,
x

of the auxili ary m ai n connecti on un from drip po k et on the

,
r c

u nd er sid e of auxili ary m ai n to overh ead s ep arator st eam t ak en ,

from t his s ep arator to a c onst antly us ed auxili ary and anoth er line ,

ru n to this auxili ary which will supply i t wh en the pressur e drops

b elow the set am ou nt nec ess ary t o return drips to the boil ers .

T he syst em show n in Fig 44 is quit e simpl e in f act mor e so th an

.
, ,

th at shown in eith er Fig 4 or 4 The only appli anc e which mus t

. 0 1 .

c ons t antly be w at ch ed and k ept in good ord er is the reducing v alve

and the op er atio n of this v alv e an easily be ch eck ed by h avi ng
c

g ages on both sid es of the v alv e so th at the di fferenc e in pressures

c an be ob serv ed . I n c ase the r eturn syst em f ail s to op er at e prop
erly the drips will giv e w arni ng i n the pump cyli nd ers or stok er

engi nes. This is a v ery v alu abl e ch aracteristic and the sys tem
should be so l aid ou t th at the st ati on will not be d ep end ent upo n

st eam traps bl eed ers o autom atic d evic es fo t his s ervic e With
,
r r .

th es e things in vi ew l et it be assumed th at Fig 44 illu st rat es the .

drip sys tem for the propo sed s t ation .

 C HAP T E R VI .

B LO W -O F F AN D E XH A U ST P IP I NG .

B o l w Off P i pi ng A blow off syst em is the nex t t o be s t udi ed

- .
-
,

and al t hough t his m ay s eem bu t a mi nor m att er if it is not prop erly ,

l aid ou t i t will be a m ajor t orm ent A blow off syst em is prim arily
.
-

arr ang ed for the purpos e of r emovi ng the w at er and precipi t ati on
fro mthe low er p art s of the boil ers economizers and simil ar p ar ts
,

FI G .
45 . Samp l e t
Sys em; H gh Pi r r l
essu e B ow-off i
L nes .

of the general system T he di ffi cul t i es t o be ov ercome in a blow

.

off sys t em a e the sudd en ch ang es in t emp er ature with t h eir at t en

r

d ant exp ansion and c ontraction s t ress es the providing of a m eans ,

fo lib er ati ng the v apors and reduci ng the t emp er at ur e of the blow
r

off w at er b efore i t r each es the s ew er and fi nally the providi ng for

,

the r ep airi ng of u nd ergrou nd work which mus t be l ef t fr ee t o

exp and and co nt r ac t Fig 45 shows a blow off sys t em for the
. .
-

propos ed s t at ion T he blow off cis t erns should be loc ated abou t
.
-
68 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

fi fty feet from the buildi ng and the sys t em should be op erative with
the use of one b asi n o nly b ec aus e the oth er m ay be us ed for an
,

int ak e as shown in Fig . 22 .

The u nd ersid e of the p a titio n and the bottom of the c is t ern r

should be about six i nch es and four feet resp ectiv ely b elow the , , ,

b ot t om of the w at er way with the blo w off pip e pointed tow ards
,
-

bu t not c a ri ed into the w ater way The di fferent blow ofi lines

r .
-

should be free to move longi tudinally o t ransvers ely and the ends r ,

at the cist ern should be p as sed through a m et al sl eev e which will

p ermit free exp ansion I t is safe to say th at a blow off line k eeps
.
-

moving continu al ly I f trou bl e is to be av ert ed the br anch es to

.

the boil ers must be long Th ere is l ess troubl e from w at er h ammer
.
-

in pip es if the disch arge end is abov e the w at er li ne; oth erwis e
the w at er at boil er t emp er atur e exp and s to st eam which driv es the
w ater out of the li ne th en as soo n as the v alve is shut this st eam
,

cond ens es and draws the w ater b ack i nto the pip e in slugs
,
” ,
“
.

Wh en th es e slugs strik e the b ends in the pip e line the sid es of the
fi t t ings a e oft en brok en The str ai ns produc ed by wat er h amm er
‘

r .
-

a e wholly distinct and foreign to the pr essure c arri ed i n the pip e

r ,

i n fact a li ne op en t o at mosph ere an be d am aged gr eatly by wat er

,
c

h amm er The writ er has knowl ed ge of a 4 in e h aust elbo w

. 1 -
. x ,

abou t fi e eigh t hs inch t hick ness of m et al which had its entire

v -
,

sid e brok en ou t by w at er h amm er the strai n b eing much the s am e

-
,

as t hough a man had struck the fi tting wi t h a sl edg e of the s am e

weight and moving at the s ame v elocity as the w ater .

I f it is nec ess ary to pl ac e the end of the blow off disch arge be -

low the w at er th en ch eck v alves m ark ed A in Fig 4 5 should be

, ,
.
,

pl ac ed in the l ine to break the v acuum formed Th es e ch ecks .

should be pl ac ed abov e the m ai n Ai cushions could be used t o . r

prevent the h amm eri ng but u nl ess th ey w ere pl ac ed at every po int

wh ere the directio n of fl ow is ch ang ed th ey would be us el ess This .

m ethod would be quit e impractic al with such a syst em as is sho wn

i n Fig 3 4 bec aus e the directio n of fl ow would be gr eatly ch ang ed
.
,

wh en shifti ng the di sch arge outl et from one ci st ern to the oth er .

Check v alves a e i nexp ensive and reduc e the b ack w at er flow very
r

m ateri al ly by fi lli ng the m ain with ai thus c ausi ng an ai cushi on r, r ,

and it is a good pl an to pl ac e ch eck v al v es on the l ine ev en t hough ,

the m ain di sch arg es a e ab ov e the w at er but such v alv es m

r ay be ,

of som ewh at sm all er siz e .

Whil e w ashing a boil er t hrough the blow off v alve th is v alve -

,
 BLO W O F F AN D E XI I A UST P I P I N G
-
. 69

mus t nec ess arily be l eft op en For this reason t wo blow off valves
.
,
-

for each boil er a e shown in Fig 4 5 and with this arrangement

r .
,

the v alv e f ar t h est from the boil er an be us ed t o shu t off the m ai n c

wh en the boil er is b ei ng cl eaned The c enter pi ec e of the v alve .

clos e t o the boil er m eanwhil e an be remov ed t hus allowi ng the

c ,

w ash w at er t o flow t o the s ewer i nst ead of to the blow off m ain
- -
.

This arrang em ent avoids the possibility of afi eman sblowing off r

’

his boil er and thus sc aldi ng a boil er cl eaner who at the s am e t im e

may be worki ng on the o t h er boil er and i t has the add ed ad an , v

t age t h at by k eeping the w ash w at er ou t of the blow off line th ere

- -

is l ess li ability of this line b ecom ing blocked with sc al e I n c ase .

the ou t er op er at i ng v alv e l eaks the inner v alv e m ay be clos ed and

,

the ou t er v alv e r ep aired whil e the pr es sur e is on D et ails of v alv es .

arrang ed for w ashou t and also d et ails of the blow off cis t ern will -

be giv en l at er .

T he br anch es from the blow off m ai n t o the boil er mus t h av e

-

ampl e l ength of pip e in th em t o allow for exp ansio n and co nt rae

tion T he blow off for the probl em st ation would be abou t 7 5 f t
.
-
1 .

l ong and at extreme temp eratures would differ in l ength ab ou t 4 in .

bu t by anchori ng this m ai n at the c enter eith er end would trav el ,

only abou t in I t is a v ery common prac t ic e to run short sti ff

2 .
,

boil er co nnections t o the blow off m ain This is oft en a sourc e of

-
.

t roubl e b ec ause in of mov em ent at theend of the m ain requires at

2 .

l eas t f t of % in pip e for the boil er branch in ord er t o provid e

12 . 2 -
.

a s af e swi ng .

I t may be d esir ed t o run the w at er colum n dr ai ns i nt o a l arg e

fu nnel and pip e the fu nnel t o the boil er blow off branch t appi ng in -
,

b et ween the blow off v alves and blow off m ain I n ord er t o prev ent
- —
.

the blow off from b acki ng through the fu nnel th ere should be a
-

ch eck v alve in the pip e l eading aw ay from the fu nnel If the .

fu nnels a e pl ac ed at each boil er it will not be nec ess ary t o

r ,

provid e v acuum breaking ch ecks in the m ai n b ec aus e the eigh t

fu nnel drai n ch ecks will s erve the s am e purpose .

I n blowi ng off the eco nomiz er c are sh ould be t ak en th at the ,

v alves a e op erat ed t o sui t the control of the fee

r d pump b ec aus e
if the pump is co ntroll ed by feed pressure time should be given i t ,

t o i ncreas e in sp eed and so by op ening the v alve slowly m ai n

, ,

t ai n the pressure on the economiz er L oc ated withi n sight of the .

op erator of the economiz er blow off th ere should be a g age wi t h a -

three way cock one pressure pip e ru nning t o the h ead er and the
-
,
70 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

o t h er to the t op of the economiz er T he operator an no te the . c

s t eam pressure th en throw the cock to the economiz er pressure and

, ,

whil e blowing not allow the pressure t o drop b elow a point which
,

will c ause the economiz er to generat e steam which pressure an be , c

d etermined by obs erv ing the t emp erature of the w ater This is .

one of the mos t d elic at e f eatures of eco nomiz er op er atio n T he .

feed pump c annot ordinarily supply w ater as fast as it an be c

blown off so wh en closing the blow off the op erator should note the
,
-
,

pressure and by clos ing the v alve slowly give the pump t im e t o ,

slow do wn u nd er i ts own control Closing the blow off quickl y .

-

whil e the pump is working at high sp eed will throw exc essive pres
sures and s t rains on the economiz er .

T he m ethod of blo wing off an eco nomiz er should be w ell u nd er

s t ood and c arefully follow ed t o avoid s erious l oss es due to breaking
eco nomiz er t ub es or h ead ers For i nst anc e let i t be assumed th at
.
,

the pl ant has b een work ed h ard and the feed to the eco nomizer is
t ak en from the ho t w ell or sm all h eat er the gas t emp erature being ,

high and the economiz er very w arm N ow if the economiz er is .

,

blown off u nd er th es e conditions th ere w ill be a very sudd en ch ange

,

of pressure and a great possibility of cracki ng the economizer t ub es .

T he corr ec t m ethod of op er ati on is t o go d own the line of boil ers

and blow t h em off one by one all o w ing the pump t o un at a high
,
r

sp eed and by the t im e the boil ers a e fill ed ag ain the economiz er
,
r

will be cool ed t o such an ext ent th at the incoming wat er will not
subj ec t i t t o v ery s ev ere str ains and asthe temp erature is down the , ,

blow off an now be op ened allowing the economizer pressure to

-
c ,

drop to a low p oint withou t m aki ng st eam I f st eam is gener ated .

,

the co nd ensat io n of this st eam c au ses w at er h amm er which is -

al w ays productiv e of t roubl e wh erev er it occurs An ec onomiz er .

c an giv e v ery good or bad r esults b eing d ep end ent entir ely upo n ,

its d esign sys t em of i nst all ation and op er ation

,
.

The blow off ci st erns should h av e a l arge op en gr ati ng at the

-

top t o allow the esc ap e of st eam and if thi s cist ern be clos e to o in
,
r

the buil ding it should be suppli ed w ith a v ery l arg e pip e to c arry
,

off the s t eam The s ew er co nnectio n should h av e a d eep w at er seal

.

to prevent st eam from blowing into the s ew er Water l eav ing the .

boil ers at 6 lb pressure will v aporiz e lb ou t of every

1 0- . lb 1 . .

blo wn off This m ak es cu ft of s t eam for each pou nd of blow

. . .

off w at er or, 9 tim es as m uch volum e of s t eam p assing ou t of

2 1

the top of the blow off cis t ern as t h ere is w at er p assing t hrou gh the
-
 B L O W— O F F AN D E XH A UST P IP I NG .
7 I

s ew er D uri ng a bl ow off p eri od th ere will not ordi narily be blown

.
—

off mor e th an 7 5 lb of w at er pe s ec ond and . lb of this will be r 10 .

in the form of st eam T he at mosph eric exh aus t s for engi nes a e
. r

generally arranged with a c ap acity of ab ou t 4 lb pe s econd pe . r r

squ are foot of sectional area This requires a vent pip e h aving not .

l es s t h an sq ft cross s ec t ional area for an engine but sinc e t his

. .
,

fl ow is st eady we an m ak e the pip e of abou t

,
c sq f t cross se . . c

ti onal area or the di am et er of the v ent pip e would be approxim at ely

,

1 6 in . I n c ase the blow off ci st ern is v ery l arg e the w at er i n i t

-
,

may th en h av e t ime t o cool and so th ere will not be as much v apor

as jus t st at ed This how ev er would h elp m at ters only a portion
.
, ,

of the tim e b ec aus e wh en a s econd boil er is b ei ng blown off

, , ,

immedi ately followi ng the fi rs t the blow off will m eet w ater which ,
-

is of such a t emp erature th at i t will not t ak e up any h eat wi thout

v aporizi ng and th en the full amou nt of v apor will be form ed The .

chi ef obj ec t in ret ai ni ng the w at er in the cis t ern is to break up the

forc e of the di sch arge and t hus avoid cu t ti ng a hol e in the cistern
by the dis integrat i ng action of the w at er of high temp er at ure b ei ng
directed at one poi nt .

I t may be fou nd d esir abl e t o provid e for t aki ng c ar e of s t ill oth er

drai ns in preferenc e to disch arging th em i nt o the sew er such as the ,

high temp erature low pressure drips from exh aus t lines i nt er -
,

m edi ate rec eiver dri ps h eat er overfl ow washout fo oil t anks et
, ,
r ,
c .

Si nc e th es e dr ai ns a e loc at ed at low l ev el it would h ardly be

r ,

possibl e to k eep th em above the fl oor withou t th eir b ecoming an

obs t ruc t ion in the engine room Th ese lines should be m ad e of .

heavy c ast iro n soil pip e wi t h the joi nts w ell c alk ed and l aid in and
fi ll ed arou nd with s and so t h at exp ansio n and co nt r acti on may
t ake pl ace freely withou t d am agi ng the c alk ed j oint s .

A mix ed sy st em fo t aki ng c are of th ese oth er drips is sh ow n

r

in Fig 46 ; li ne A t ak es r ec eiv er drip s also exh austs drips and

.
,

oil w ashout N o c atch b asi ns a e connec ted t o t his li ne bec ause

. r

the qu estio n of exp ansi on and co nt r actio n would be difli ul t to c

arr ange for wh er e the li nes ent er the b asi ns T he li ne and br anch es .

a e of iro n pip e c alk ed and si nc e th ere would be co nsid er abl e

r , ,

v apor if any connections were l eft op en the entire li ne is m ad e ,

tigh t and the disch arge is dropp ed i nto a sump at the b ottom of
the w ast e w at er way T he el bows of this li ne should be arr ang ed
.

asshow n i n Fig 4 6 so th at th ey m
. ay e p and withou t t roubl e at the
, x

joi nt s or at the flo or L i ne B is a regul ar floor drai n and may be

.
72 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

of s ewer t il e and arr anged to disch arge i nto the wast e w at er way .

L i ne C is of c ast iron pi pe but as it i s not su bj ect ed to v ery high

,

t emp eratures about 7 degrees at the most the c atch b asin and
,
1 0 ,

drai n c onnections a e m ad e into thi s line Very littl e oil p asses

r .

through thi s l ine and a l oose joint is not a serious m att er Th ere .

is no ess ent i al reason for duplic ating or cross connec ting

FIG 46. . Samp l e t r r l

Sys em; L ow P essu e B ow-off L nes i .

of m ains not b ec au se th ey a e u nimport ant bu t b ec aus e th ey

,
r ,

not u nder pressure and so an be disch arg ed directly on the engi ne

c

room fl oor u ntil any nec essary rep air is m ad e Wh erever possi bl e .
,

an op en gutt er should be un alongsid e of the w all b ec aus e such

r ,

drains an easily be cl eaned with out interfering in the l eas t with

c

op eration The d et ail s of such a gutt er will be shown l ater

. .

E hau st P i p i ng
x T he next divi si on of the su bj ect which will
.

be t ak en up is th at d escri bi ng the m ain engi ne exh aust lines In .

Fig . is shown the general arr angem ent of the proposed s tation
10 .

T he arr ang em ent of the co nd ens ers i s illustrat ed by Fig The . 22 .

probl emnow in h and is the c arrying aw ay of the exhaus t s t eam

74 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

was af e f c ted How ev er as the id ea from the fi s t has b een t h at a

.
, r

st ation should be d esigned so t h at any porti on of it migh t be shu t

do wn for s ev eral d ays if nec es sary and the res t of the m achinery
, ,

c are fo the regul ar op erat ion let t hi s id ea still rem ain foremos t
r , .

Th en Fig 48 is the b est pipi ng sys t em for the exh aus t m ains and
.
,

if d esired the cond ens ers may be loc at ed in the c ent er of the s t at ion
as sho wn in thi s fi gur e T he g ener al pipi ng sy st em illu st r at ed in
.

Figs 4 7 and 48 is the s am e th ese figures differi ng only in the loc a

.
,

tion of the li nes T he curv ed pipi ng as shown in Fig 48 should

. .

FIG 48 Samp l e t i t
Sys em; E ng ne E x haus to Condense s and E x haus M a n W h r t i it
ir l t
. .

U ndes ab e F ea ures .

nev er be u sed if th ere is the l eas t possibili t y of additions ev er bei ng

m ad e to the st ation A b etter method would be to finish the ends
.

of all lines ru nning l ength wise of the pl ant with T s h aving blind ’

fl anges ready for future addi t ions Such a modi fi c ation is shown .

by the dott ed li nes in Fig 48 . .

The next subj ect to be co nsid er ed is the exhaus t pip ing for the
auxili ary m achinery I t i s not u nusu al to find the auxi li ari es piped
.

with doubl e c onnections so th at th ey may be un eith er cond ensing,

r

or non cond ensing and exciter engines a e also arranged so t h at

-
,
r

th ey may be connec t ed to the h eat er Such syst ems a e nev er . r

fl exibl e or economic al Consid er for i nst anc e the proposed .

, ,

s t ation T he auxili ari es in thi s st ati on a e the s team pumps two

: r ,

of which a e required to do quit e light w ork an ai pump which

r ,
r

us es s t eam economic ally and the compou nd fan engines which a e , , r

 BLO W OF F AN D E XH
—
A UST P IP I NG .
75

as l o economic al m achines The h eaters t aki ng st eam from t h ese

.

auxili ari es will by t aki ng w at er from the hot w ell at about 9 5 d egr ees
, ,

rai se i ts temp erature to 7 or 8 d egrees I n this st ation in addi

1 0 1 0 .
,

ti on to exciti ng the m ai n generators the excit er u nit would be c all ed ,

upon to furnish current for all the el ec t ric al requirem ents of the
s t atio n such as lighting syst em circul ati ng pump motors ai
, , , ,
r

compressor bl ast fan for transform ers crane co al h andli ng m achi n

, , ,

ery and for mo t or driv en tools in the adj ac ent shop Thus i t i s .

seen th at the exciter engine would c arry more lo ad and so d eliv er

more exh aus t st eam th an the h eater c ould cond ens e which would ,

allow much of the st eam t o w ast e t o at mosph ere This pl ant will .

use economiz ers and so t h ere will not be much adv ant ag e in
,

d eliveri ng high temp erature w ater from the h eaters to the e ono c

miz ers b ec ause the economiz ers will rai se w ater more d egrees in
,

temp erature wh en rec eiving low t emp erat ure w at er th an wh en

rec eiving w ater of high t emp erat ure I n ot h er words the c ap acity .
,

and utili t y of an eco nomiz er dimi nish es as the t emp er at ure of its
feed w ater is increased and the great er amou nt of work ask ed for
,

from the economiz er the b et ter p aying i nvestm ent i t will be An .

active circul atio n i s not provid ed for i n the g ener al d esign of

eco nomiz ers on accou nt of pr ac t ic al di ffi culti es and asactu al e pe i ,
x r

m ent has d emons t rated t h at t wic e as much h eat is d elivered to

w at er circul ati ng at the r ate of 3 f t pe s econd as is d elivered to i t . r

withou t circul at ion i t may be s een t h at the comm erci al v alu e of

,

an economiz er would be i ncreas ed gr eat ly if the adv ant ag es of free

circul ation were provid ed for .

I f the pl ant w ere suppli ed wi t h eco nomiz ers i t would be an

economic al pl an t o d eliv er a l l the s t eam t o the h eat er th at i t would
cond ense e h austi ng such m achi nes as a e economic al in the use
,
x r

of steam i nt o the cond ensers and such m achi nes as a e w as t eful r

into the h eat er A sys tem for connec t i ng c er t ai n m achi nes and
.

allowi ng th em t o be un i n eith er of the w ays ju st m entioned is

r

shown in Fig 49 This syst em is fl exibl e only in reg ard to op era

. .

tion and should not be used for any li nes which a e at all times r

ess enti al for the co nti nu ed op er at io n of the st atio n A portio n of .

the li ne m ark ed A is indisp ens abl e and l at e at night wh en the , ,

pumps maybe shu t down the exciter engines would be ru nni ng non
,

cond ensi ng and t his p ar t of the li ne would then be used by the

,

exci t er engi nes .

Anoth er poi nt t o co nsid er which m ay be s t at ed as one of the

,
76 STE AM P O WE R A
PL N T PI P I NG SYSTE M S .

more import ant d et ails in l aying ou t s t at ion sys t ems is the ability ,

to be abl e to t ak e ap art any v al ve in the st ation not only for rep airs ,

need ing imm edi at e at t entio n but for g ener al r ep airs wh en the lo ad
,

i s li gh t and not ov er one h alf the st atio n c ap acity is c all ed fo

—
r
.

To be abl e t o shut off one s ection of the pipi ng is only a p arti al

soluti on of the probl em of d esigning a
correct syst em ; it mu st be possibl e to
shut 5 the shut off its elf Figure 48
0 -
.

shows num erou s Valves any one of ,

which an be t ak en out of the line or

c

h ave rep airs m ad e on it and the on c

tinued op er atio n of the oth er h alf of the

st ation be possibl e .

R eferri ng to Fig 4 7 it is s een th at .

th ere a e two atmosph eric v alves open

r

i ng i nto one pip e and if one v alv e is ,

b eing rep aired th ere is a cons tant dan

ge of los ing the v acuum and exh aust
r

from the oth er engine reach ing the

v alve This is not a good syst em be
9 5 Ym
.
,
m E ha fm? c au se each atmosph eric branch should
X
H 4 1 5 i X ‘1 5 t “
u ha I mp op rl y L ai d
r1es r e
un nd ep end ently t o the at mosph er e
x1 ,

Ou
t. r i ,

or h ave a v alv e in it .

Th ere is nothing u nu su al in the app earanc e of the conne t ion c

shown in Fig 49 such an arrangement b eing very o dinary T he

.
, r .

d esigner of a pip ing syst em mu st not be cont ented with l aying out
a syst em which l ooks al l right but he should anal yz e ev ery r equir e
,

m ent and see th at his d esign conforms with an est ablished pl an .

R eferri ng to Fig 4 9 it may be s een th at in ord er to do any

.

work at al l upon the v alv e shutting off the m ain from the br anch es ,

it wi ll be nec essary to shut down the entire auxili ary exh au st m ain .

Such a d esign is not a syst em but is the v ery limit of crud eness
,
.

The auxili ary exh au st m ai n should t her efore be next l aid out
with a vi ew to m aking rep airs to the pip e li ne po ssibl e and still
al low the op er ati on of t hr ee fourt hs of the entire pl ant or permit
-
,

any v alv e to be r em ov ed and al lo w the op er atio n of one h alf the -

pl ant .

I t should be u nd er stood th at if a v alv e bl ow s a g ask et or spri ngs

a bad l eak b etw een the bonnet and the body it is yet p ossi bl e ,

t o close the v alve and op erate three fourths of the c ap acity of the
-
 BL O W O F F —
AN D E XH A UST P IP I NG .
77

pl ant u nt il such t ime as the lo ad an be c arri ed by h alf the c

m achi nes and the rep airs be m ad e .

A li st of the m achi nery which mus t be pip ed t o the h eat er and

at mosph ere compris es t wo dry v acuum pumps t wo feed pumps , ,

FI G .
50 . t t r
Sys em; E x haus f om Aux ili ri r rl
a es, P ope y L a d O ut i .

one fi re pump and t wo fan engines Th es e m achi nes a e shown . r

in Fig 5 . togeth er with the prop erly loc at ed b ack pressure

0,

v alv es and atmo sph eric st and

pip es at the ends of the
exh aus t m ai n I n c as e of .

accid ent s t o v alv es a and b ,

rep airs would be fou nd diffi

cul t b ec ause i t would be
,

nec ess ary t o op er at e with bu t

one pump This how ev er is
.
, ,

possibl e and as t h ere is low

,

du t y on the shut off v alv es -

,

furt h er protection is not

jus t ifi ed I t is nec ess ary th at
.

the exh aust m ai n should be

pitch ed tow ard the h eater so
t m Sam a 5 M di fi d
th at all cond ens atio n will F 5 Sy
P i t i n f P art
IG . 1 . se ;
os o o
e s
s
0, o e

flow in t h at direction and i t

.

will th en be possibl e t o run the st eam drip bl eed ers i nto the
exh aus t m ai n t hus s avi ng both the distill ed w at er and the h eat
,

u ni ts .
78 STE AM P OWE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

T he lines may be loc at ed in v ariou s po siti ons and yet preserve

the sy st em sh ow n in F ig 5 F o i nst anc e F ig 5 shows a dif
. 1 . r ,
. 0

fe ent arr ang em ent of the m achi nes v al es et

r but the g ener al
,
v ,
c .

system is u nch anged I n F ig 5 the atmo sph eric v alves a e

. . 0 r

loc at ed near the h eat er so th at the ai vent of the h eat er may easily
r

be run int o th es e pip es T he g ener al arr ang em ent of the pip e li nes
.

FIG .
52 . Samp l e t t r
Sys em; E x haus f om Aux ili ari es to H ea e tr .

mus t nec ess arily ad apt its elf to loc al conditions but the lines sh ould ,

be so un th at the ori gi nal syst em will be pr eserv ed

r .

The g ener al r earr angem ent of the auxili ary st eam and exh aus t
m ains wh en l aid out on the loop pl an is shown in Fig 5 This . 2 .

pl an p ermits the shutti ng d own of the h eat er atmosph eric pip e , ,

or any portion of the lines and yet t hree fourth s of the pl ant
,
-

remains in op erat i on .
 C HAP T E R VI I .

AI R AN D O ILI NG SYSTE M S .

Comp ressed Ai Syst em Compress ed ai is now co nsid ered

r . r

es senti al in the op er ati on of m od ern p ow er st atio ns and is chi efl y

used for cl eaning el ectric al m achinery and app aratus ; it is al so
us ed for oth er purpos es in the pl ant b ec au se it is av ail abl e .

Compressed ai servic e for cl eani ng purposes is not vit al in the

r

op er ati on of the st atio n and th erefore an be l aid out on a si ngl e

,
c

main syst eml ess pl an but of course wh en the ai syst em is so

, ,
r

d esigned th ere sh ould be no vit al sys t em d ep end ent upon ai

,
r

pressure for its op eration u nl ess such syst em has anoth er m eans
of supply .

O rdinarily i t is not nec ess ary t o use a l arg e ai c ompr essor no r r

l arge lines but in ord er to i nsure an even pres sure the system
,

sh ould h av e a storag e ai t ank of f airly l arge c ap acity from which

r ,

wh en need ed a rel atively l arg e volum e of ai an be drawn for a

,
r c

short time The gener al arrangem ent of such a sys tem is shown
.

in Fig 5 3. .

T he pipi ng sh ould be arr ang ed so th at the compr essor a mam ,

ir

and br anch es will dr ai n i nt o the ai t ank Thi s t ank sh ould ber .

provid ed with a blow off through which c ond ens ati on an be dis
-
c

pos ed of The compressor controll er g age reli ef and stop v alve

.
, , ,

sh ould be loc at ed on the engi ne room floor and the t ank on the ,

b as ement fl oor with the ai supply m ai n l ed off from the top Hose
r .

v alves sh ould be pl ac ed at the diff erent g ener ators mot ors trans , ,

formers switchbo ard s oil switch es et so th at 5 ft of hose will

, , ,
c .
,
2 .

reach any pi ec e of el ectric al app aratus I f th ere is an oil room .

wh ere infl amm able stock is k ep t it is d esir abl e to co nnect the ai r

m ain to a an of dry fi e exti ngui shi ng powd er in such a m anner

c r

th at by op ening an ai v alve the pressure from the m ai n will

r

blo w this po wd er forci bly i nto the room .

Cyl i nder L u br i at i on I n d esig ni ng an oili ng sy st em f aciliti es

c .
,

mu st fi rst be provid ed for rec eivi ng the oil in barrel s emptyi ng ,

the b arr els and dispo si ng of th em I f compou nd engi nes a e u sed

. r
80 STE AM
‘

P OWE R A
PL N T P I P I NG SYSTE M S .

in the st at ion the cyli nd er lubric at ion will require two kinds of
,

oi l .Th ere will also be need ed a different cylind er oil for the
dry v acuum pump and the ai compressor E ngine or journal oil r .

is usu ally the s ame for the ent ire pl ant the pl an b eing t o fil ter this ,

oil and use i t r ep eat edly G reas e will also be r equired for som e
.

FI G .
53 . l t r
Samp e Sys em; Comp essed Ai r .

of b earings pi ns et Th ere are som e speci fi c req uirement s

the , ,
c .

in the h andli ng of th es e m at eri als t h at t o a co nsid er abl e ext ent

d et ermine the l o ationiof the di ff erent p arts of an oiling syst em
c :

1 T he oil b arr els mus t be s t ored in a cool and prefer ably d amp
.

pl ac e t o avoid l eak age .

2 The oil and greas e stocks mus t be s ep ar at ed from o t h er

.

portions of the building in a fi e proof m anner and arrangem ents r —

m ad e so th at a fi e in the oil room an be subdu ed and not end an

r c

ge the st atio n
r .

3 Th
. e oil room mus t b e a cc essibl e from the outsid e i n ord er ,

th at the b arrels may be rec eived and disch arged .

4 All the drip li nes and the drip rec eiving t ank mus t be loc at ed
.

in a w arm pl ac e so th at the drips will fl ow freely .

5 Gravity t anks should be l oc at ed in a pl ac e which will be cool

.

in the summ er but warm in the w int er ; and w arm er i n w i nt er th an

in the summ er so t h at at all tim es the oil will be of a t emp er at ur e
,

th at will i nsure fr ee flowi ng and rend er i t easily h andl ed .

82 STE AM P O WE R P L A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

The mos t s erious obj ec t ion t o it is t h at the pipi ng is arrang ed wi th

ou t reg ard to any d efini t e sy stem .

Wh en this sys t em (Fig 54 ) is arranged so t h at rep airs may be

.

m ad e withou t shu tt i ng down the entire oiling system it assum es ,

the form show n i n Fig 55 For such sm all i nexp ensive lines asgo
. .
,

t o m ake up an oili ng sys tem it is g ood policy to m ak e ev en great er

provisio n for rep airs th an in the l arg er and more exp ensive lines .

FI G .
55 . t
Sys em; As shown 54, App li d Sy t m tic lly i
e se a a l t
n a P an .

If li ne v alves a e pl ac ed at the point s m ark ed a in Fig 5 5 on

r .
, c

tinued op er at io n is mor e r eadily i nsur ed T he cost of such v alv es .

would be sli ght .

Wh en the styl e of lu bric ation shown in Fig 5 5 is to be used with .

high pr es sur e cylind ers it would be a good pl an to use it on the

,

l ow pr essure cyli nd ers also but the pr essur e should not be as

,

high on the low pr essure cyli nd er oil supply I f city w at er at abou t .

40 l b pr
. es sur e is av ail abl e thi s an be us ed i nst
,
ead of the on c c

d ensati on c olumns sh own in Fig 5 5 Ai pressure could also be . . r

used but si nc e the compres sed ai system has not b een d esigned
,
r

with a Vi ew fo continuous o per ation its use with the oili ng system
r ,

would be u ns afe u nl ess two ai compressors a e in use and arranged

r r

i nd ep end ently to m aint ai n the r equired pressure A low pressure .

cyli nd er oili ng sys tem which an easily be r ep aired is illus tr at ed

c
 AI R AN D O I LI NG SYSTE M S . 83

in Fig 56 I n this fi gure the air compressors a e shown co nnec t ed

. . r

in a s af e m anner .

There a e various pip e sys t ems fo feedi ng cyli nd er oil bu t the

r r ,

g ener al propo si t io n is subj ect to m any obj ections r eg ardl ess of the ,

equipm ent u sed .

Th ere a e two styl es of feed ers used to d eliver oil to an engine

r
'

T he old er m ethod is to use a sight feed gl ass fil l ed with w at er and —

allow the drop s of oil t o f eed up through the w at er A drop of .

F IG .
56 . t
Sys em; O ili ng J urnal
o s by i k
Us ng T an s and Comp essed Ai r r .

oil may s eem sm all in its elf bu t i t is an ex t rem ely l arg e qu anti t y
,

wh en co nsid ered from a lubric ation s t andpoi nt An engi ne th at is .

rec eiving one drop a minu te would m ak e in the c ase of s t ok er or ,

simil ar engines possibly 5 or 3 revol u t ions withou t oil t o one

,
2 0 00

with oil T he size of the drop is not co ntro ll abl e by the op er at or

. .

B ut if such a drop could be divid ed i nto or more sm all drops 10

it would be possibl e to obt ai n more economic al results in lub i at rc

ing with sight f eed lubric at ors Thi s th en is the weak poi nt of .
, ,

all drop sigh t feed lubric at ors th at th ey seemt o be feedi ng too littl e
,

or not at all wh en in reali t y th ey a e feedi ng too much r .

T he b es t syst em for h andli ng cyli nd er oil is u nqu estio nably one

which will give the great es t amou nt of lubric ation fo the l eas t r

cost and in co nsid eri ng cost both l abor and oil must be i nclud ed
,
.

Syst ems for feedi ng cyli nd er oil h av e so r educ ed the l abor cos t of
h andli ng the oil t h at t h ey h ave m ad e it possibl e and to a consid
84 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

erabl e e xt ent excus abl e to w ast e oil E ach operator in his sh ift is .

reli ev ed of abou t ten c ents wort h of l ab or and enabl ed to w ast e

’

one doll ar s worth of oil Such bei ng the c ase i nst ead of sp end i ng
’
.
,

money to m ak e such inst all ati ons it would be better to sp end money ,

t o avoid th eir use; ho wever some p eopl e thi nk a pl ant mu st be

,

aut om atic to be mod ern .

Anoth er m ethod of supplyi ng cyli nd er oil to sigh t f eed lubric at ors

is illustrat ed in Fig 57 Thi s sy stem uses a pump to forc e oil i nto
. .

FIG .
57 . t
Sys em; O ili ng J urn l
o i m
a s by U s ng P u p and G o e no vr r .

the pressure li ne and controls thi s pressure with the pump gov ernor ,

the stor ag e t ank bei ng pl ac ed hi gh er th an the pump so th at the oil

will flow by gravity from the t anks to the pump suction M uch .

di ffi culty i s exp eri enc ed in lifti ng cyli nd er oil in a pump sucti on ,

and i n f act no suctio n for any servic e should be arr anged exc ept by
the gr avity m eth od if the m achi nery is sl ow ru nni ng The sy st em .

sho wn in Fig 5 7 to be compl ete mu st be l aid out on the loop pl an

.

with duplic ate set s of pump s di stribution lines and st orage t anks
,
.

O rdi narily thi s loop could be easily arr ang ed by ru nni ng one li ne
t hrough the engi ne room to supply all the st eam m achi nes th ere ,

and the oth er li ne through the boil er room to supply all i ts

m achinery .

T he f act mus t be r em emb ered th at the pipi ng sys t em al one will

not insure s ati sf actory op er atio n I t i s the ent ire sy st em or m ethod
.

th at d et ermines the d egree of success F o i nst ance Fi gs 5 5 and . r ,

.

a re both ood pi pe syst ems bu t each has ob j ectio nal f eat ures
57 g , ,
86 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I N G S Y ST E M S .

T he forc e feed lubric at ors a e ordi narily suppli ed with oil by

-
r

h and ; in fact this method has b een d emonstrat ed to be the more

,

ec onomic al and the l abor of fil ling pump s i s too sli ght to be c

side ed s eriou sly
r An im port ant c onsid er atio n is the s avi ng in
.

the qu antity of oil us ed ; as kill ed oper at or an more th an s av e the c

differenc e b et ween his w ages and th at of an i nferi or man by the

differenc e in the amou nt of oil used alone .

I t is due t o thi s f act th at the pow er st ati on should be provid ed

wit h a m eans fo c arefully recording the am ou nt s of oil used by
r

the different shifts The sy st ems shown i n Fig 55 and Fig 5 7 a e

. . . r

not d esi gned for this purp ose .

I f a r ecord is to be k ept it may be f ou nd nec essary to giv e out

oil to each of two men in a shift one p art to be u sed in the boil er ,

room the oth er p art in the engine room The pump supply on
,
.

each p art of the forc e f eed oili ng sy st em should be m ark ed with a

-

line d esignat ing the point on the reservoir to which each shift mu st
fi l l and the oil u sed in this fil ling should be t ak en from a supply
,

c an ch arg ed to the pr op er shift A gr eat d eal of oil is wast ed in

.

the lu bric at ion of the auxili ary m achi nery which should require ,

but v ery littl e cyli nd er oil .

I f i t is fou nd d esir abl e to pump oil from a stor ag e r eserv oir to

the forc e f eed pumps on the u nit s which a e t o be lubric at ed thi s
-
r ,

c ould be d one with the pipi ng system sh own in Fig 58 With this . .

arrang em ent it is not nec essar th at duplic at e r ec eivi ng t anks be

y

used The ai line may h ave i ts pressure m aint ained by a singl e

. r

c om pressor b ec aus e the use of this supply arrangem ent would not be
es senti al fo the op er atio n of the e
r ngi ne sinc e the pumps could be ,

fi ll ed at opp ortu ne tim es and each shift would h av e record ed ag ai nst

it the m et er readi ngs sh owing the amou nt of oil drawn at the start
and fini sh of its un I f a sep ar at e r ecord is to be k ept of the
r .

amou nt of oil u sed in the boil er room thi s an be dr awn from a ,

c

sup ply an whose c ont ent s h av e been ch arged to th at p art of the

c

s t at i on wh en withdrawn from the rec eivi ng tank in the stock room .

I n Fig 5 8 the tap A is add ed for fi l li ng h and oil ers et

. With ,
c
.

this system th ere would be two compl ete pipi ng arrangem ents one ,

for supplying oil t o the hi gh pressure and one to the low pressure
cylind ers T he adv ant ages to be gained by using two kind s of
.

cylind er oils w ith compou nd engines a e too w ell known bo th by r

the oi l m anuf acturers and the op er at ors t o require givin a ny

g
s peci al reasons for their use ,
 AI R AN D O I LI NG SYSTE MS . 87

i s t ll t ion of a met er in the oil supply line as show n in

The n a a
Fig 58 allows a possibility of this m ethod b ei ng m anipul at ed by
.

the op er at ors T he oil pumps on the engi ne a e not ordi narily

. r

arr ang ed to be put u nd er pr essur e and with the syst em in Fig 5 8 .

the prop er m et hod of op er ati on w ould be to op en the supply v alv e

and fi ll the pump supply to the limiti ng p oi nt which was earli er
d escrib ed and t h en close the shut off v alve ti ghtly B ut in all
,
-
.

prob ability a dishones t op erat or would soon l earn t h at by l eavi ng

FI G . t
58 . ri il ti li r
Sys em; M easu ng D a y Consump on of Cy nde O i l .

the fi ll er v alv es sli ghtly op en the pump s would s t ill be k ep t fi ll ed

by a sligh t l eak ag e which would be so sm all in amou nt t h at the
m eter would not record i t This would resul t in the sho wi ng of
” .

“
good p erform anc e purely by t rick ery b ec au se the dish onest op er ,

ato s could reduc e the app ar ent readi ng of the m et er as much as

r

th ey fel t sure would not arous e suspicio n .

I f oil is t o be m easured and pip ed a b ett er m et hod is afford ed

by the use of g age gl asses and gradu at ion on the t ank thus dis ,

p e n s in g ith the m et er
w A t ank 3 in in di am et er holds 3 g allo ns
. 0 .

fo each add ed i nch in h eigh t and as the error of readi ng should be

r

withi n the limits of one eight h of a g allon which with a 3 in t ank

-
,
0- .

m eans a difference of 5 ; in on the sc al e this would seem too clo se

1
7 .
,

readi ng t o be g aged accurat ely The readi ng should not be finer .

th an abou t 1 2 in t o the pi nt This fi xes the di am eter of the

1
. .

t ank at in and with such a di am et er and a l ength of 4 in i ts

22 . 0 .

c ap acity would be equ al to one b arrel This t ank would hold .

1
1 ;
1 g a llo ns pe i n ch of i t
r s h eigh t ,
88 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

I n the probl em pl ant which is b eing l aid ou t it will be fou nd best

t o use the pip ing syst em shown in Fig 58 with the in stock . 22— .

t ank gage gl ass es gradu ated sc ale et omitting the met er as

, , ,
c .
,

shown T wo k inds of cylind er oil may be us ed C are will be

. .

t ak en th at the pipe li nes be loc at ed in w arm pl aces so th at the flow

of oil will not be sluggish in cold w eath er I t will be notic ed th at .

a co nnection is l ed off from the bo tt om of the t ank so th at in c as e

the pressure for any r easo n is l acking in the supply li nes oil fo ,
r

h and filli ng may th en be withd awn and the entire piping arrange r

m ent as sho wn in Fig 58 be shu t down for rep airs This feature
. .

is the mos t v alu abl e one of this system ; this supply system is
m erely a conveni enc e and l abor s aving d evic e and not nec ess ary for-

op eration T he pip ing syst em jus t d escribed an be used in on

. c c

ne tion with the r egul ar sigh t f eed lubric ators ; the pipe line would
c —

furnish oil t o the lubric ators by shutting off the st eam pressure ,

op ening the bo t tom dr ain fi ll ing the lubric at or closing the oil
, ,

v alve and op ening the lubric ator into the steam l ine ag ain Such .

a m et hod of op er atio n would be mor e r eli abl e th an th at shown

in Fig 5 5 b ec aus e each lubric ator would be compl et e in its elf
.

and in t im e of disord er t o the g ener a l sys t em could be h and

fi ll ed .

J ou nal L ub i at i on
r rc T he subj ec t of h andl ing eng ine or j ournal
.

oil will next be consid ered Thi s is a subj ec t th at affords much

.

oppor tu nity for s t udy The great v ari ety of oil h andl ing systems
.

now in use s eems to illu str at e a l ack of knowl edg e of this subj ec t
b ec au se of the wid ely different t yp es of app arat us employed for
the sam e s ervic e .

A few g ener al ch ar act eristics of oils should be borne in mi nd

wh en consid eri ng thi s subj ect :

E ngi ne oil nev er w ears ou t I ts v alu e as a lubric ant i m

“
1 . .

prov es by w ear if i t is k ep t free from al l foreign m at eri als

,
.

2 .O il wi l l i nc orpor at e with w at er u nd er c ert ai n op er ating on c

di ti ons and the wat er so i ncorpor at ed will not precipit at e .

3 .O i l co nt ain i ng a n im al f ats and w a t e r w ill b e c om e fr oth e d by

agit at io n Thi s qu ality an be d eterm ined by sh aking a h alf
. c

fil l ed bo t tl e .

4 .T he b ett er the lubric ative qu al iti es of oil the more r eadily ,

w i ll w at er incorporat e with it .

5 .P r e cipit atio n w i ll r emov e impuriti e s which c a nno t b e fil t er ed

ou t of u sed oil .
 90 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

sm all wris t p ins v alve gears et an be w ell and economic all y

, ,
c
.
,
c

lubric at ed by u sing greas e in compression cups Sponge gr eas e is .

quite succ essfully u sed on v alv e g ears of ext em ely high t emp era r

t ure Th ose b earings not provid ed with oil gu ards or greas e cups
.

should h av e an ampl e numb er of oil hol es suit abl e for lubric ation
from a h and oil er .

A return oiling sys t em should s erv e the foll owi ng engi ne b ear
i ngs M ain b earings cr ank and crosshead pins cro ss h ead guid es
: , , ,

ecc ent rics and st atio nary r ock er pins of Corliss eng ines which h av e
drip p ans u nd er th em I t should be sp eci fied that the v acuum
.

pump be provid ed with oil gu ards and drains for th es e s am e b ea r

ings M uch trou bl e is occ asi oned by the l ack of forethought wh en

.

ord ering m achinery b ec aus e it is usel ess to m ak e provision fo

, r

flooding a jou nal with oil if th ere is no provision mad e for c aring
r

for the w ast e oil and th ereby allo wi ng it to disch arg e onto the floor .

T he only m eth od l eft in a c as e of this ki nd is to use ex trem ely hi gh

grad e oil fill the cups by h and and end eavor to h av e no drips In
, .

this c as e the practic al m ethod of l earning wh en to ch eck the oil

supply is t o notic e wh eth er the oil has un d own onto the floor on r

accou nt of too gr eat a supply o wh eth er too littl e oil has c aus ed
r

a hot b earing Such a m ethod of feedi ng oil is ex tr em ely e pen

. x

sive not only on accou nt of the oil wast ed but bec ause of the
, ,

injuri es occ asi onally c au sed by hot b earings and the ex tra l abor
need ed in const antly watchi ng the oil f eed s As st at ed b efore the .
,

m achinery mu st be fi tted fo an oil ing syst em in ord er th at the

r

use of such a d evic e may be ju sti fi ed The ru nning of a lot of pip es .

t o an equ al num ber of oil cups signi fies nothing more th an th at it

t ak es the pl ac e of a man c a rying the oil T he economy of an
r .

oil ing syst em do es not m ak e itself appreci abl e wh en the journals

h ave not been provid ed with a m eans for c arryi ng aw ay the drips
and r eusing th em .

I t may seem al l righ t t o say We will t ak e up the m atter of

”
'

the oil i ng syst em wh en we com e to it T he f act of the m atter .

i s th at an engi neer has com e to it wi th every syst em to be

“

inst all ed the mom ent he st arts writi ng the sp eci fi c ations for app a
ratus He sh ould by all m eans l ay out all the di agr ams for the
.

entir e pl ant b efor e ord ering anything .

V ari ous syst ems are in use fo d eliv ering oil to engine beari ngs
r

and returni ng drips t o drip t anks O ne syst em i s the s am e as th at

.

show n in F ig 5 7 for cyl ind er oil

. The t ank s pum ps pum p gov er
.
, ,
 AI R AN D O I LI NG S YSTE MS .
91

n ors and dis t ribution m ai n al so the m ethod of t aki ng s t eam from

,

t wo s ections of the m ai n h ead er a e the s am e; the only di ff erenc e

,
r

is t h at the pressure us ed is not as high as th at in a high pressure

cylind er oil piping sys t em The s am e obj ecti ons ari se in h andling
.

engi ne oil as h av e b een s t at ed reg ardi ng the use of cyli nd er oil ;

th at is the pressure v ari es to such an ext ent th at i t ch ang es the
,

qu ant ity of oil fed to the journal s .

T he syst em shown in Fig 5 6 is als o appli ed in usi ng engi ne oil

.
,

the ability to m ai nt ai n a co nst ant pres sur e i sg aged by the s ensitiv e

ness of the ai compressor co ntr oll er
r Suc h a sy st em nec ess arily
.

gives a p erc eptibl e v ari at ion in the oil disch arg e whenever the ai r

lines a e used for o t h er s ervic e b esid es supplyi ng the oil t ank I t

r .

is quit e u nnec ess ary t o m easure the qu antity of engine oil us ed in

a r eturn sys t em b ec aus e it is di ffi cul t to eff ect any p erc eptibl e s avi ng
,

wh en drips are returned An op erat or may un ten b arrels through

. r

the sys t em duri ng his shif t and the shri nk ag e on this amou nt dur
ing its circul atio n may not exc eed one gallo n A v ery compli .

c ated syst em would be r equired if it w ere nec ess ary t o h av e such a

l arge stor age c ap acity and c are for such volum es of oil and th en
be c all ed upo n to m easure the loss of but one g allon I n pr ac t ic e .

this has not b een consid ered at all ess enti al T he chi ef require .

m ent for an engine oili ng syst em as b efore m entioned is th at it may

be throw n ou t of s ervic e on a mom ent s notic e and som e h and
’

sys t em substitut ed withou t nec essit ati ng the st opping of the engine
or in any way end angering the journal s The system should be .

m erely a conv eni enc e readily disp ensed with wh en nec ess ary
,
.

Th ere a e m any styl es of oil cups or feeders used to cont rol

r

the amou nt of oil fed to an engi ne The styl e mos t commo nly
.

us ed due possibly to the fac t th at it was ori gi nally used in h and

,

oiling and was furnish ed with the engi ne is the regul ar p at t ern ,

sight feed gl ass oil cup with the hol e drill ed in the top for a pip e
-

nippl e t o att ach the oil pipi ng to the cup A v alv e i s pl ac ed in the
.

line to the cup for regul ating the flow to the cup the s am e as the
regul at ed flow fro m the cup t o the b earing T he nec essity of .

w atchi ng the cup s in this s t yl e of feed is its mos t obj ectionabl e

feat ure b ec aus e it requires v ery frequ ent r egul ati on of the v alve ,

and if not clos ely w atch ed the oil will spill ov er the top or the
cup will run emp t y The l at t er condition would be shown v ery
.

conspicuously This s t yl e of cup requires const ant w at ching of the

.

feed and much m anipul at ion of the v alves .

9 2 STE AM P O WE R P LA NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

s co d s tyl e is th at of the clos ed gl ass body pressure up wi t h

A e n - -
c

one h and r egul at ing v al v e This cup requires l ess at t ent ion t h an
.

the fi s t s t yl e and it has onl y one h a

r l f as m any v alv es t o shut 6 -
0

wh en closing down the syst em The gl ass how ever is u nd er .

, ,

pressure and a sligh t crack in i t will c aus e a bad l eak and for the ,

s am e reason the joints at the ends of the gl ass mus t be s ecurely

m ad e Th es e cups an be fi ll ed by h and by closing the v alve in
. c

the pip e supply and r emoving the plug .

T he third styl e is m er ely a r egul ating v alv e th ere b eing t wo ,

forms h and clo sing and s elf closing T he h and cl os ing v al ve an

,
. c

be set for the d esired f eed so t h at wh en shutting down the m achine

,

and t urni ng ov er the am or o t h er d evic e this clos es off the oil

c

flow but ret ains the set for feedi ng This s tyl e of v alve is m ad e .

by one m anuf acturer in conju nction wi th a regul ar gl ass sight

feed cup m aking a s ep arate d evic e of each up t o the drop sigh t
,

gl ass Au t om atic or s elf closi ng feed er v alv es a e eith er of the

. r

di aphr agm or the pist on form An obj ection t o the di aph agm . r

form is th at i t r equires a v ery high pressure on the oil l ines to

op erat e usu ally about 6 to 8 lb wh en the copper di aphragm i s
,
0 0 .

old and h ard ened T he piston form with a l eak port to the journal
.

works on as low as a 5 ft h ead m aking this typ e very s at isfactory

1 -
.
,

for use with gravity syst ems .

Self closing v alv es a e arr ang ed t o disch arg e oil to the b earings
r

by op ening the one oil m ain v alve thus al lowing the pressure to ,

op en the autom atic v al ves to the set position D i aph agm auto . r

m at ic v alv es a e not us ed exc ept with high pressure oil ing systems
r .

This is due t o the pressure required for op ening th em and the ,

succ ess of the op er ation of the m achinery is c ontingent upon the

succ essful op erat ion of the oiling sys t em In oth er w ords an oil ing .
,

syst em of this t yp e mus t alw ays be in effective op erat ion for on c

t inned ru nni ng and th erefore is not m erely a conv eni ence .

T he r equir em ents a e v ery s atisf act orily met by the pisto n typ e
r

autom ati v alv e with h and arr ang em ent for feeding and r egul ating
c ,

wh en oil is fed by h and This styl e all ows the use of gravity oil
.

ing sys t ems i s s elf cl osing free from gl ass p arts and an be used
, ,
c

with a sm al l res ervoir at each engine as sho wn in Fig 59 and al low .

the shutting off of the m ain parts of the oili ng syst em or it an be ,

c

used ind ep end ent of all piping as a s ep arate h and fed cup An —
.

engine oiling sys t em of this typ e would h av e asone of its d et ail s an

em erg ency t ank pl ac ed just abov e the high es t cup and arr ang ed
94 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT YSTE JI S .

th at th ey will p ermi t of thorough cl eaning whil e the sys t em is in

op er ation .

5 . D rip lines should be so d esigned th at any br anch or s ec t ion

can be cl eaned out withou t t aking the pip e work ap art .

6 . The syst em should be so arr ang ed th at it will op er at e on c

tinuousl y and not requir e const ant w atching to see th at one t ank
wi ll not ov erfl ow anoth er un empty et ,
r ,
c
.

Som e of the syst ems for supply ing oil do not s atisfy th es e requir e
m ents ; for i nst anc e eng ine oil suppli ed to the m ain by a pump
,

and g ov ernor as in Fig 5 7 requir es the c ontinu ed o per ation of the

.

FIG . 60 . t
Sys em; O i l D ri p R tur e n, F ilt r e s,
and r
Ai r P ressu e O i l T an s k .

pump . system shown in Fig 56 requires the ai compressor

T he . r

to be in op er ati on co nti nu ou sly u nl ess the st or ag e ai t ank i s of r

su ffi ci ent c ap acity to all ow ai to exp and say from lb do wn r , ,

20 .

to 10 lb in di sch argi ng oil for h which di sch arge may be

. 2 r .
,

4 bbl . A t ank of about 6 bbl c ap acity or cu ft would be

1 . 1 00 . .

required to un such a system for h but ordinarily the ai

'

r 2 r .
,
r

t ank s would not h av e over or 3 bbl c ap acity which would 2 .

,

be su ffi ci ent for only min un Anoth er obj ectio n to the ai

20 . r . r

s st em is the inability to prop erly cl ean the t anks sinc e th ey are

y ,

cl osed in from vi ew so th at th eir co nditi on c annot be noted

P rob ably as s ati sf actory an ai sy st em as an be l aid ou t is r c

sh own in Fig 6 I t wi l l be not ed th at the t anks and ai

. 0 . om r c

pressors a e in duplic ate T he filt ers a e also in duplic ate and

r . r
 AI R AN D OI L I NG S YSTE MS .
95

rr g d so th at both an be work ed in p ar all el not in s eri es

a an e c , ,

bec au se the work do ne in a fil t er d ep end s up on the v el ocity of the

fl ow thr ough the filtr at e T he sm all op en t ank A i s a r ec eiv er
.
,

d esigned to t ak e the disch arge from the filt ers duri ng the time of
ch anging ov er from t ank B to t ank C Wh en t ank B is t aking .

drips from the fil ter t ank C is u nd er pressure Wh en the oil

,
.

becom es low in the t ank C the drip from t ank A is clos ed and ai
,
r

pres sure is pu t on t ank B ; wh en t ank B is u nd er pressure the v alve

t o the oil li ne is op ened and t ank B put onto the sys t em Th en .

the oil v alv e at the bottom of t ank C is clo sed ai v ent is op ened ,
r

and the v alv e b et w een t anks A and C is op ened thus allowi ng the ,

fi l t er ed oil t o r epl eni sh the supply in t ank C I f th es e t anks h av e .

a c ap acity of 8 o r 10 bbl thi s arr ang em ent of v alv es need not be

.
,

di sturb ed fo 4 or 5 h s The t ank s B and C accumul ate much

r r .

impurity Unl ess t ank A has su ffi ci ent c ap acity to store the

.

drips whil e t anks B o C a e b eing cl eaned it may be fou nd

r r ,

nec ess ary t o do this aft er shutti ng d ow n the m achi nery at nigh t .

The d evic e D must be a dividi ng arr ang em ent which will allow
one h alf the drip s t o flow each way and thi s i s r ath er a di ffi cul t ,

d et ail t o provid e if i t is wish ed t h at the divi sion be ev en fairly

accur at e Although not show n in the fi gur e all t anks w ould r equir e
.
,

s ew er connections as ou t l et s for w at er refus e et , ,

c .

This system Fig 6 f ails t o provid e the nec essary previou sly
,
. 0,

s t at ed requirem ent s 4 and 6 and u nl ess the ai t anks a e l arge

,
2 , ,
r r

i t will f ail to provid e for requirem ent 1 .

I nst ead of u si ng ai as a pr essur e supply for the oil the s am e

r ,

sys t em as th at shown in Fig 6 an h av e its pressure supply by

. 0 c

w at er I n this c ase the oil would be t ak en from the top of the

.

t ank inst ead of the bo t tom and the w at er would be admi t ted at
the bo tt om . T he use of w at er i n oili ng syst ems should be elim
inated as much as po ssibl e not only in t anks B and C bu t in the
, ,

filt ers b ec aus e enough troubl e i s c aus ed by w at er i ncorpor ating

,

with the oil ev en though ev ery prec au t i on is t ak en t o avoid it I n

,
.

one p articul ar c as e the syst em sh ow n in Fig 6 was originally . 0

equipp ed for w at er pr essur e and was op er at ed thus u ntil the on c

dition of the oil required the ch ange to ai pressure; abou t 3 pe r 0 r

c ent of t h at which was suppos ed to be oil was w at er p erm anently

c arri ed in susp ension .

This di fficulty do es not app ear in cyli nd er oil feedi ng sys t ems
which use a w at er cond ens ation colum n to c arr y oil i nto a steam
96 STE A M A
P O WER P L N T P I P I NG SYSTE MS
.

pip e b ec ause cylind er oil is much h eavi er and ev en though i t

, ,

would t ak e up w at er the f ac t would never d emons t rate i ts elf s inc e

,

the oil do es not r eturn t o afi o d the ch anc e to ag ain t ak e up more

r

w ater and t hus by rep eat ed cont act combine into a so apy
fro th and fo am th at will neith er flow in drain pip es no r

the needl e v al v es of oil cups .

98 STE AM P OWE R P L A N T P I P I NG S YSTE MS
.

impuri t i es it an and the oth ers will flow ov er the sid es wi th the
c

oil and be pick ed out at som e oth er tim e .

T he doubtful v alu e of an oil fi lt eri ng syst em an be d emon .

c

st ated by a simpl e t est

r T ak e two sampl e bottl es of oil one
.
,

drawn i mm edi at ely aft er it has p assed through the filt er and ,

the oth er t ak en b efore b ei ng filt ered the l att er fi rst h aving b een
”
p assed through a fine milk strai ner wire si eve t o r emove foreign
“
,

bodi es such as lint sc al e et

,
and let th ese bottl es st and u ndis
, ,
c .
,

tu bed for a mo nth s tim e E x ami ne th em clos ely and no t e the

’
r .

m ark ed amou nt of cl arifyi ng th at has t ak en pl ac e as ar esult of p e r

c i pi tation T he ob serv er need not be s urpris ed if he c anno t t ell

.

which of the two s ampl es of oil is the cl earer He should note .

c arefully the result s of precipit ati on obs erving the l arg e amou nt of ,

sep ar ati on th at has t ak en pl ac e whil e he has b een tryi ng to get

equ al r esults from the fi lt er I f a bottl e of oil an in this m anner

. c , ,

be so thoroughly puri fi ed why not subj ect al l the lubric ati ng oil
,

to this s ame treatment ?

To accompli sh this succ essfully it will be nec es sary to t ak e p art
of the oil out of circul ati on and allow it to r em ai n qui et whil e
precipit ating M eans must be provid ed for dr awing off the cl ear
.

oil for use i n the syst em and for l eadi ng i nto an empty b arr el the
h eavy f atty oil lyi ng b et ween the cl ear oil and the w at er T he
,
.

pipi ng should be arr anged so t h at the w at er an be run from the c

precipit ation t ank to the s ew er and the t ank t horoughly cl eaned .

Aft er cl eani ng the t ank an be fill ed with cl ear oil and the v alv es
,

” c

clo sed Th en the batch of oil th at has in the m eantim e b een

.
“

s erving the m achinery an be su bj ected to the sam e proc ess of

c

precipit ati on with lik e result s T he h eavy f atty oil which forms in
.
,

a l ay er in the preci p it ati ng t ank is wh olly u nfi t for pip ed oili ng

syst ems but an be m ad e use of el sewh ere O rdi narily much
, c .

of this h eavy fatty oil is lost in cl eani ng out the clo sed t ank
,
.

An oil supply sy st em u si ng precipit ati ng t anks i ssho wn in Fig 6 . 1 .

The two preci pit ati ng t ank s a e alt ernat ely us ed one as a gr avityr ,

t ank and the oth er as a pr ecipit ating t ank From the p ans
, .

u nd er the engi nes the drip s a e sep arat ely c arri ed to drip pots r .

T he low er p art of thi s typ eof drip pot is h eld ag ai nst the upp er
portion by a stud bol t p assing through the c ent er of the top T he .

joi nt s b etween the t wo sections should be grou nd and no g ask ets

us ed T he purpo se of th ese drip pots is to c atch such h eavy p e
. r

c ipi tati on as would lod ge and chok e the pip es Th es e po t s also .

 O I L AN D A TE R
W P UR I F Y I NG SYSTE MS .
99

tak e the pl ace of T s and the angl es a e t urned with b ends in pl ac e

’
r

of L s With this c onstruc t ion there a e no corners or edg es

’
. r

arou nd which the drips m us t p ass on t h eir way t o the po t and

t h erefore littl e ch anc e fo cl ogging T he common prac t ice of
r .

using cross es and plugs also increas es the li ability for clogging .

The b ent pip e avoids t h es e obs t ructi ng edg es and corners and
furnish es a pip e line th at an readily be cl eaned with a wire from
c ,

the i nl et al l the way t hrough t o the drip po t .

Th ere a e t wo disch arg es int o the rec eiving t ank ; A is the regu
r

l a i nl et and B the sp eci al co nnec t ion to be us ed wh en the

r

au t om atic w at er disch arg e is b eing cl eaned The oil drips a e . r

conducted to a poi nt low down in the w at er s ep arator and the

cross disch arge pip e is p erforat ed with the op enings looking d own
, .

T he w at er ov erflow is loc at ed i n low er th an the oil ov erflow

2 . .

This allows i n of oil ov er the w at er in the s ep ar ator

20 . T he .

t hree upp er t rays shown in Fig 6 a e provid ed with screen wire

. 1 r

bo tt oms T he low er screen t ray has a brass wire g auz e of v ery

.

fine m esh Th ese t rays a e arr anged with the screens grad ed fro m
. r

co ars e at the t op t o the v ery fine m esh at the bo tt om so th at each ,

removes i ts p art icul ar siz e of impuriti es I f the t op one b ecom es .

blo k ed the oil will t h en un ov er the edg es and be s t rained in a

c r

low er one T he bottom t ray hasbu t one op eni ng This is loc ated
. .

ov er the fu nnel l eading to the oil pump sucti on The t ank in .

which t h es e trays a e pl ac ed should be provid ed with doors in its

r

sid es t o facilit ate the r emov al of the trays for cl eaning I n this .

way the tr ays an be cl eaned one at a tim e duri ng r egul ar op er a

c , ,

tion T he trays should be set back sufli iently fa from the cl ean
. c r

ing door to enabl e an op er at or to i nsp ect the bottom of the t ank

without di sturbi ng the positi on of the trays To aid i nsp ection an .

el ec t ric l amp should be plac ed i nsid e the t ank as sho wn in the

figure T he edg e of the w at er ov erflow mu st be lo ng say 8 in
"

.
, 1 .

or more t o avoid buildi ng up a head on this edg e wh en disch arging

,

a l arg e volum e of w at er as would be the c as e wh en the drips w er e

b eing flush ed wi t h hot w at er To c are for a flow of three or four
.

b arrels of oi l an hour the ov erflow edge between the s ep arator

,

and the t ank should be not l ess th an in lo ng 12 . .

A sm al l pump i s show n with its dir ec t co nnect ed mo t or of the

slow sp eed typ e pl ac ed abov e the pump on the engine room floor .

Th is pump should be of the sl ow sp eed rot ary typ e so t h at i t will

c ause the l eas t amou nt of agit ation and fro thing of the oil T ell .
I OO STE AM P O WE R PL A NT PIPI NG SYSTE MS .

t al es a e sho wn connected to the t anks ov erh ead and in vi ew from

r

the engi ne room T he el ev at ed t anks should h av e light l oos e

.
,

covers the fu l l siz e of the top of the t ank wi t h sui t abl e op enings in

FI G 6 1
. . t
Sys em; G a r vity P r essu e r l it r ci pit ti
O i l Supp y, w h P e a on T an s k .

t h ese cov ers for the remov al of the t ellt al e flo at s duri ng th at t im e

wh en the t anks a e b ei ng cl eaned Arou nd the top s of th es e tanks
r .
,

on the insid e t h er e should be ov erflow ri ngs with the ov erflow

,

l ev els abou t 4 in b elow the upp er edges of the t ank sh ells I n the
. .

figure t ank C is sh ow nin use as a gr avi t y t ank and D as a p e ipi

,
r c
 02 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE IM S.

fi ell d only to one h eight At th is l ev el the oil will overflow int o

.

t ank E Wh en the l att er t ank is fill ed it will ov erflow and the

.

exc ess oil be r eturned to the r ec eiving t ank Th ere should be no .

v al v es in the return overflow .

This system cov ers the requirem ents v ery t horoughly ; the only
additional pr ec aution t h at might be advis abl e would be to pl ac e a
sm al l st eam pump o anoth er duplic ate motor driv en pump in this
r

syst em . T he additional pump w ould s erv e as a r es erv e and p ermit

rep airs to the regul ar m ot or driven pump whil e the oiling system
was in r egul ar op er ation T he pr ecipit ati ng t anks would be of
.

suffi ci ent siz e to hold enough oil to run the pl ant possibly three or
four hours .

I n Fig 6 a mor e d et ail ed syst em is shown for the arr ang em ent
. 2

of lines ess enti al to c ontinu ed op er ation I t wi ll be no t ed th at two .

pumps a e shown I n fac t it is not possibl e to l ay ou t a sys tem atic

r .

pl an for continuous op er ation h aving but one m achine for any pa r

ti ul ar s ervic e
c O ne of th ese pump s c ould be st eam driv en and
.

answ er al l d em ands exc ep t c onv eni enc e of op er atio n; a sm all

s t eam pump is g enerally a nuisanc e as the cyli nd ers bec om e fill ed
with cond ensation the p ackings at the rods a e const antly l eak ing
,
r ,

and due t o the f act th at the pum ps sh ould be pl ac ed b elow the

receiving t ank this ordinarily loc at es the littl e pump in the d ark ,

ou t of the way pl ac e so th at it g ets littl e insp ecti on and thus a

close w at ch must be k ept of the t ell t al e to be sure th at the pump is
ru nning prop erly With a rot ary pump in the b as ement at the
.

t ank and the motor on the engine room floor it is v ery evid ent
wh at the pump is doing .

Fig 6 shows the drips of each u nit coll ect ed and un s ep ar at ely
. 2 ,
r

t o a fu nnel on the rec eiving t ank This is the most reli abl e m ethod
.

as i t is thus quit e possibl e to cl ean all the pip es of an eng ine whil e
ou t of s ervic e or to t ak e down any one of th em with out inte fe r r

ing with the op er ation of the oth er drip s T he loop sy st em for .

drips is not pr actic al sinc e the drips require a fall to aid in k eep
ing the pip es cl ean An oili ng syst em is a cl ass of servic e th at is
.

di ffi cult t o system atiz e and it is a s ervic e th at may block up and

giv e troubl e at alm ost any tim e T he lines should all be as free .

from v alv es and fi ttings as is possibl e .

P erh aps a b ett er d et ail for a long drip m ai n could be m ad e by

using a h eavy g alv aniz ed iron op en top gutt er w ell support ed and
covered with sec t i onal lipp ed c ov ers This gutt er could be cl eaned .
 O I L AN D W A TE R P UR I F Y I NG SYSTE MS . 103

ou t readily whil e the pl ant was in op er ation and by h aving s ep arate

connec t io ns to the t anks it would be po ssibl e quickly t o throw out

the t ank in use and use the pr ecipit at i ng t ank p os sibly dr awi ng ,

off the pr ecipit at ed w at er b efor e doi ng so There is no s erious

.

62 . Sampl e t
Sys em Shown i n F ig 6 1 and A
. rr ti rvic
anged for Con nuous Se e
.

obj ec t ion on a score of co nti nu ed o peration to the using of but one

, ,

rec eiving t ank b ec aus e t here a e two s ep arat e com partm ents in
,
r

the t ank with s ep ar at e disch arg es i nto each and s ep ar at e suctio ns .

With the system shown in F ig 6 it is possibl e whil e ch angi ng

. 2

over the precipit ati ng t ank to un one pump on the bottom tray
r ,

d elivering back t o the t ank t h at has b een in use and use the oth er ,
10 4 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE M S .

pump to rais e cl ear oil from the rec eivi ng t ank b ack into the cl ean
gravi t y t ank bo t h pumps b eing run during this p eriod In fact
, .
,

th ere a e t oo m any adv ant ag es in the use of two oil pumps to

r

end eavor to un bu t one and the cos t is too slight t o c al l for a dif
r ,

fe ent mod e of op er at io n
r I f i t i s fou nd nec ess ary at any tim e to
.

stop the pumps for a consid erabl e p eri od this condi t ion may find ,

the pl ant ru nning short h and ed and c aus e much disorg aniz atio n
among the op er ators This is one of the chi ef obj ects to k eep in
.

mi nd in d esigning syst em at ic s t ation l ayouts t h at is to arrange ,

the d et ails so t h at it will be possibl e t o m ak e r ep airs at any tim e

and not int erf er e with the r egul ar work and hours of l abor as
as sig ned t o the st ati on h elp .

W ater Treat i ng P l ant s Th ere is anoth er cl ass of s t ation piping

.

systems t h at as yet has not b een consid ered ; this is the sys t em of
w at er t reati ng pl ants Th ere a e virt ually t hree styl es of w at er
. r

tr eat ing sys t ems the inte mi t tent op en the cont inuous op en and
: r , ,

the clos ed co nt inu ous sys t em Th ese sys tems will not be dis
.

cuss ed in d et ail exc ep t in reg ard t o t h eir piping T he op en sys tems .

are v ery l arg e and a e cus t om a ily pl ac ed ou tsid e of the pow er

r r

pl ant prop er The pressure sys t em is ordinarily pl ac ed indoors

.

and co nv eni ently clos e t o pumps h eat er et The op en syst ems

, ,
c
.

a e op er at ed with cold or w arm w at er ; the high er the t emper ature

r

of the w ater the more quickly will the ch emic al reaction t ak e pl ac e .

The advoc at es of cold w at er feeding sys t ems argu e t h at a s t at io n

may not at all t im es be abl e t o furnish w arm w at er th erefore the ,

t reat m ent pl an should m eet t his condition And also if a pl ant .

,

has c ap acity for p ar t of the t im e with cold w at er i t an al way s be ,

c

op erat ed at t his or a greater c ap acity ; h enc e i t is not nec ess ary to

h eat w ater any of the time .

The op en syst ems r equire el ev ati ng w at er to the up per mixing

t anks wh ence it flows by gravity t hrough the di fferent st ages u ntil
,

it reach es the s et tl ing t ank I n all the w at er t reat ment sys tems
.

the boil er f eed is dr awn ofi clos e t o the upp er surf ac e s inc e the ,

lower w ater is in the p at h of the d esc ending precipit ates .

T he build ers of w at er t reat i ng pl ants a e will ing t o use st eam r

from a s team pump t h at h andl es the w ater for treati ng servic e be

c aus e st eam is alw ays av ail abl e from this sourc e wh il e the treat ing
pl ant is in op erat ion I n c as e c ond ens er disch arge w at er i s us
. c

toma il y us ed and the si e of the tr eati ng pl ant has b een d et ermined

r z

with regard t o the t emp er at ur e of thi s w at er if at any t im e the ,

1 06 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI NG SYSTE MS .

the en tire m ass and p erf ect precipitation T he continuous treat

,
.

m ent requires const ant m easuring of ch emic als and w ater and al so
a co nst ant flow of w at er duri ng the tim e pr ecipit ation is t aking
pl ac e I t will be noted in F ig 63 th at the exh aust from the steam
. .

pump is run to a cl os ed h eat er and a liv e st eam connection is also

,

p rovid e d which
,
m ay b e us ed i n c as e of an incr eased d em and for
w at er but it should be r ememb ered th at too sm all a pl ant will
,

i ncrease the operating exp ens es both fo ch emic als and s team r .

I f grou nd sp ac e is ex trem ely v alu abl e the high typ e of cont inuous

FI G . 64 . ml tm
Sa p e Sys e ; for Wa e t r T r ati ng P l ant e .

sys t em will be a more suit abl e arr angem ent Should th ere be .

no sp ac e av ai l abl e outsid e of the pl ant t h en the pr ess ur e sys tem ,

wil l show to an adv ant age .

T he piping pl an for the int ermi tt en op en sys t ems should be t

simil ar to t hat show n in Fig 6 4 in c as e i t is to be appli ed t o the

.

pow er st ation pl ans previ ously consid ered and shown in Fig 9 ,
. 1 .

I f an int ermitt ent op en syst em is us ed it would be advis abl e t o ,

i nst all the op en h eat er as shown in Fig 64 . .

As in the c as e of co nti nuous syst ems if the w at er w er e ru nning ,

cons t antly throu gh the treating pl ant the exh aust h eater could be
di ff erently pl ac ed as shown in Fig 6 5 ; th en all the atmosph eric
,
.

steam would be u sed to h eat the wat er say to 6 or 7 d egrees 1 0 1 0

b efore p assi ng the w ater through the ch emic al treatment By t h is .

arr ang em ent the l ow pr essure pump att ach ed to the f eed pump
would d eliv er w at er i nto the h eater and the heater woul d over
fl ow i nt o the tr eati ng pl ant The boil er f eed pump would th en
.

t ak e the treat ed water b suction Thi s arrangement of piping

v .

suppli es a by p ass arou nd the h eat er and anoth er around the

-

tr eat ing pl ant T he treating pl ant piping should be as simple

.
 OI L AN D W TE R P U R I F A Y I NG S YSTE MS . 10 7

as po ssible; t his pl ant is m erely to improv e the effi ci ency of the

st ati on and in c ase of rep air m
, ay be shut dow n at any tim e .

T he mix er sh own is op er at ed g ener ally by the flow or w eight of

the i ncomi ng w at er ; it op er at es on the pl an th at lb of w at er 10 .

will pump o oth erwi se disch arge i nto the i nc omi ng wat er o
r 1 z .

of liquid ch emic al or such oth er volum e as the d evic e is set fo

,
r .

FI G . 65 . t ti
Sys em; Con nuous Wa e T t r r ati ng P l ant
e .

pressure ch emic al t reati ng pl ant s a e evid ently all d esigned

T he
”
r

with the singl e id eaof comp act ness and si nc e this is th eir excus e
“
,

for exis t enc e i t may also be c all ed th eir adv ant age
, .

Fig 66 shows a closed syst em T he op en h eat er A is arranged

. .
, ,

with the precipi t ati ng ch amb er a p ar t of and b eneath it B and C .

a e the fi l t ers
r D is the pump with a d oubl e w at er end one ylin
.
, c

de g arr ang ed t o pump w at er up i nto the h eat er the oth er cyli nd er

r ,

1 d esigned to pump through the fil t ers t o the boil ers

1, T he t ank E .

is for dilu t ed ch emic als which a e pump ed by the ch emic al pump F

r .

I nst ead of drivi ng the cyli nd er of pump F by an ordi nary st eam

cyli nd er the cylind er is arr anged with no v alv e but h avi ng a hol e
, ,

u nd er each end and a pip e un from each h ol e to the prop er end of

r

the boil er f eed pump cyli nd ers Thus the littl e ch emic al pump is
.

op erated by and in u niso n with the feed pump feedi ng one cyli nd er ,

of ch emic al compou nd to one of feed w at er .

T he r egul ar op er ation of the fi lt ers is to feed through the top of

the t anks and di sch arg e from the b ott om to the feed m ai n T he .

filt ers may be run in s eri es or i n p ar all el Wh en cl eani ng a filter.

,
 10 8 A
STE M P owE R P L A NT Y
P I P I NG S STE M S .

f d m ai n connection is clos ed as a e the h eat er or sm all pump

the ee ,
r

connections ; the blow o ff s a e to exhaust across the top of the filt er

-
r

bed u nd erneath and up through the filt er bed

, ,
F ilt ers a e used for . r

this sys tem b ec au se t anks of th eir siz e would be too sm all t o all ow
w at er t o come t o a s tat e of res t and p ermi t the impuri t i es to p e r

R C 66 t. r r t r r ti l t
. Sys em; P essu e Wa e T ea ng P an .

c ipi tate For t his s am e reaso n fil t ers a e also nec ess ary for an op en
. r ,

int ermittent or cont inuous sys t em if ampl e time for precipit at ion is
,

not t o be had .

There a e som e int eres t i ng d et ails in connec t ion with the different
r

systems pr eviously shown Th ese will be consid ered in the s ame

.

ord er as the di agrams Th ere a e v ariou s minor systems th at will

. r

not be fur t h er consid ered exc ep t in co nnec t ion with l at er d et ail

work I t would be usel ess to end eavor to pl an di agrams th at could
.

be us ed as mod el l ayou t s and suit abl e for duplic ation in r egul ar

work N o t wo engineers h av e ev en simil ar id eas in reg ard to a
.

g eneral l ayou t of station requirem ents; in f act no engi neer would ,

duplic at e his own previous work I t is only by pl anning and e e

. x

euti ng th at which is not ri ght th at we l earn wh at to ev ad e on oth er

work and each ev asion of previous diffi culti es o nly brings us in
,

cont ac t with new ones T he chief obj ect in showing thes e v arious
.

syst ems and di agrams has b een to illustr ate wh at not to do rath er
th an wh at t o do Th ere is a great l axity in the m ethods employed
.

in l ayi ng out st ati on work in g ener al and if th es e di agr ams sugg es t

,

a m et hod of s ecuring a mor e p erf ect sys t em this public at io n will

h av e accomplish ed all t h at is ant icip at ed for i t .
 IO STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

h w n in the foll owi ng p ag es a e cl assi fied acc ordi ng t o the sys t em

s o r

to which th ey pert ai n; fo ex am pl e cl ass A will i nclud e liv e st eam

r , ,

cl ass B exh au st st eam et T he number affi xed to the cl ass l ett er

, ,
c .

repres ent s a sub divi si on of t hat cl ass; for ex ampl e A repres ents
”
-
, 1

liv e st eam h ead ers o m ai ns ; A repres ents live s t eam engine

”
“ “
,
r 2 ,

br anch es T he di fferent d et ails of the s am e sub cl asses a e

.
-
r

numb er ed s eri ally as A and A ,

et I t would be w ell for
I— I 1- 2 ,
c.

the d esig ner to construct acc ordi ng to thi s sy st em an i nd ex of

, ,

d et ails cont ai ni ng al l the di ff erent cl asses and sub cl asses

,
—

This ind ex will be fou nd sp eci ally u seful in l ayi ng ou t di agr ams ,

as i t will be a r emi nd er of the great multitud e of li nes and on c

ne ti ons th at ent er i nto a pipi ng sy st em ; and it will dr aw to the

c

att ention of the pip e work d esigner the many littl e li nes and on c

ne ti ons th at a e easily ov erlook ed in pr ep ari ng dr awi ngs and sp eci

”
c r

fi ati ons Th ese ov ersi ght s oft en m ak e pi pe work extr as a v ery

“
c .

l arge it em in st ati on buildi ng and anyone who has had exp eri enc e,

in l etti ng c ontr acts k nows th at m any c ontr act ors off er bids which
p ermit of but v ery sligh t pro fi t d ep ending up on extras t o m ak e” ,
“

the job a d esir abl e c ontr ac t T he i nd ex will aid v ery m at eri ally i n
.

el im inati ng th es e extr as which not o nly r esult i n a v ery exp ensiv e

,

m ethod of doi ng the w ork bu t which refl ect on an engi neer s ability
,
’

to prop erly pr ep are sp eci fi c atio ns .

Anoth e r adv ant age in u si ng such an i nd ex is th at it avoids the

nec essity of b eari ng in mi nd ev ery li ne and co nnectio n r equir ed ,

which m eans much tim e s av ed ; a li ne l aid out with a connecti on

ov erlook ed may require much tim e and study in ord er t o pl ac e the
missing connection at som e poi nt wh ere no provi sion fo it has b een r

m ad e Sp ac e should be l eft after each cl as s in the i nd ex to enabl e

.

the d esi gner t o add lines or c onnections which m ay l at er be fo und

nec ess ary .
 C HAP T E R X .

LI VE STE AM D E TAI LS .

Cl ass A I v t m H eade o M ai n Det ail A

Li e S ea Fig 67 r r . I— I , .
,

shows the mos t common m eth od of construc t ing s team m ains and
h ead ers using wrought iro n pip e with fl ang es att ach ed t o it and
,
-
,

c ast iro n fi ttings I n fact th ere is no oth er styl e of co nstruction

-
.
,

th at the l arg e m anufacturi ng comp ani es will gu ar ant ee T he .

fi t t i ngs an be fini sh ed so as to h av e p arall el and righ t angl ed f ac es

c -

and the fl anges on the pip e an

,

be f ac ed aft er t h ey a e s ecur ed t o
c r

the pip e i nsuring a p erfectly s t r aigh t pip e line wh en ass embl ed

, .

FIG 6 7
. .
( AI Fro 68 . .
( Ar

t il
De a A 1 Fig 68 shows an old m et hod of m aking h ead ers
—
2, .
,

th at has b een ab ando ned due t o the gr eat diffi cul t y of k eepi ng
,

rivet ed work t igh t R iveted work should be compl etely avoid ed

.

for any lines or branch es t h at a e subj ect ed to s t rains of e p ansion r x

and co nt r ac t io n Ano t h er obj ectio n t o t his s t yl e of h ead er is the

.

inaccuracy of the jo int fac es T he nozzl es are li abl e t o h ave fl ange

.

fac es on any conc eiv abl e pl ane exc ep t the correc t one and the
“

fl anges at the ends of the pip es which a e set by h and a e sure to ,

r ,
r

be ou t of t ru e in som e directio n the amou nt of i naccur acy d ep end ,

ing upo n the c ar e t ak en by the workm en in ass embli ng the work .

Hand l abor is a v ery u nc er t ai n m ethod for s ecuring accurat e work .

If the co nditio ns a e such as t o d em and the use of nozzl es riv et ed

r

t o the pip e the rivet s should be t hread ed s t ay bol t s screw ed ti gh t ,

into t app ed hol es and riv eted ov er each end to avoid l eak age p ast
the riv ets T he fl ang e should be a s t eel c as t i ng so t h at i t an be
.
,
c

c alk ed I ns tead of usi ng say t wo t ees in the h ead er for t wo

.

boil ers and ano t h er tee for the engi ne i t is oft entim es more e o
, ,
c

nomi al t o co ns t ruc t one c as t ing lik e d et ail A 3 Fig 69 and h av e

c I —
,
.
,

fewer joint s to c ar e for .

I l 2 STE AM P OWE R P L A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

I t may occur to the pip e work d esigner th at he would be d ep art

i ng from the m anuf actur er s s t and ards to c all fo a m anifold of
’
r

this styl e; th at such a d et ail would require sp eci al p att ern work
and sp eci al arr ang em ent of t ools at the f actory m aki ng it much ,

more exp ensive to build th an two st and ard t ees and across L arge ,
.

high pressure fi ttings a e not c arri ed in stock by the m anuf acturers

r ,

th erefore th ey a e sp eci als in the m achine shop ev en th ough th ey

r
“

may be m ad e from st and ard p att erns To comp are the co st of thi s .

m anifold with a m anifold m ad e from three s ep ar at e fi ttings we must

consid er the cost of p atterns ag ains t t h at of four fac ed fl ang es -
,

FI G . 69 (A 1 FI G .
70 (A 1

drill ed wi th bolts and g ask et s and the l abor for m aking the joi nts
,
.

T he m anifold m ad e in one pi ec e will i nv ari ably cost the l east and ,

if th ere should be no saving in c ost this d et ail is d ecid edly prefer abl e
from an op erating st andp oint on accou nt of its easi er m ai nt enanc e .

I n ord er to l ay ou t the d esir ed syst em it may be fou nd nec ess ary

t o un long connections say from the b oil er in ord er to pl ac e the
r , ,

h ead er v alves acc ord ing to the di agr am previou sly d et ermined upon .

Such a c as e is sho wn in det ail A 4 Fig 7 1— ,

. 0 .

T he syst em should nev er be s acri fi c ed for any notional id ea of

symmetry of connecti ons To pres erve the d esired syst em it may
.

be fou nd nec ess ary to i ncr ease the l ength of a boil er connecti on say
IO or 5 ft a feature which is neith er exp ensive to construct no
1 .
,
r

to op erat e as it would not ordinarily require any additional fi ttings

,

or v alves I n c ase the h ead er is not ov er

. ft long it will not 2 00 .

r equire any oth er provi si on fo exp ansion th an the branch es to r

boil ers and engines which sh oul d be equ al to afull l ength of pipe in
,

each c as e B y anchoring the h ead er at the c ent er the exp ansion

.
,

would amou nt to abou t t wo inch es at the end of the line and thi s ,
I I4
'

STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

A v ery el as t ic d esig n of h ead er is shown in d et ail A 6 Fig 7 2 1- , .

,

in which the h ead er consti t ut es m er ely an equ aliz er from one m ani
fold t o the nex t The siz es shown a e such as ordinarily would be
. r

us ed for a kw u nit T he m anifolds should be anchored t o

-
. .

t h eir suppor t s and t hrow all exp ansion s t rains ont o the connecting
,

lines Wh atever the d esign for the h ead er and connections may be
.

'
,

i t should be so arranged th at the el as t icity of the pip e will be suf

fi i ent t o t ak e c are of exp ansion and co ntr actio n Thi s is the o nly
c .

m eans acknowl edged as b eing p erm anent and effi ci ent Th ere a e . r

v arious sp eci al d evic es for c aring for exp ans on but t h eir use is i ,

B ou t /PS

no .
72 ( Ar

confined t o em erg ency c as es only or c ases which will not p ermi t the ,

use of su ffi ci ent l ength of pip e to s ecure the d esir ed fl exibility .

Supports for st eam m ai ns sh ould be l aid ou t t o all ow for both

exp ansion and the sid e mov em ent of the line as illus t rat ed in d et ail ,

A 5 Fig 7
I -
,
T he poi nts in the pip e l ine th at would be the c ent er
. 1 .

of the exp ansive forc es should be anchored to avoid vibration of

the li nes E xp ansio n and vibr atio n a e t wo co nditio ns t h at must be
. r

provid ed for and neith er mus t be p ermit ted to i nterfere with the
oth er .

T he fi tti ngs ordi narily u sed for l arg e s t eam pip es a e m ad e of r

c ast iron and a e ex t rem ely h eavy A much more d esirabl e fi t t ing
r .

could be m ad e of sof t s t eel pl at e s tamp ed and l ap w eld ed as ,

—
,

shown in d et ail A 7 Fig 73 1— ,

. .

The fl ang es could be of roll ed st eel m aki ng an al l s t eel fitt i ng ,

-
,

li ght and som ewh at el astic I f the m anufacturer had his f ac tory
.

equipp ed wi t h prop er m achi nery for m aki ng such a line of fi tt ings

 LI VE STE AM DE T A I LS . 115

he could wi thou t doub t produc e th em fo abou t s ame shop c ost as r

c ast iron fi t tings Th ere is no qu estion but t h at the eng ineers would
-
.

be univ ers all y in f av or of usi ng the st eel pl at e fi t ti ng and ev en if ,

th eir cos t w ere 5 pe c ent more l arge siz ed fi t t i ngs would in

0 r ,

v ari ably be sp eci fied of this m ak e A d emonstr at ion of the general

.

d esire for som ething more reli abl e th an c ast iron

is evid enc ed by the v ery extensive and in fac t , ,

almos t u niv ers al use of roll ed s t eel fl ang es in pl ac e

-

of c as t iron ones which w ere form erly used for

-
,

high grad e high pressure work M anufacturers

,

a e usi ng wh at t h ey t erm
r
”
semi s t eel for high F “
.

73 ( A IG r
pressure v alv es and fi ttings and for no o t h er
.

purpos e th an t o m ak e t h em more reli abl e Valves c anno t be .

m ad e ligh t w eight and of ex t rem ely strong m ateri al as i t is ,

nec ess a y t o use suffi ci ent m et al in th em to pr ev ent any possibl e

r

spri nging or dis tort i on t h at would prevent the v alve fac es from
closing tigh t Fi tt ings how ever do not h ave t o be s t i ff and free
.
, ,

from dis tor t ion and in fac t the ,

more el astic the body of the

fi tt i ng the l ess s t r ain th ere ,

would be on t h e connec t ing ,

lines .

Cl ass A2 Li v e St eam;
E ng i ne B ranches . The con

shown in d et ail A nection 2-1,

Fig 74 is qui t e frequ ently .

,

used as i t allows a swing on ,

the joi nt fac es a and the top

of the t hro ttl e The engi ne .

thro tt l e is pl aced at the lower

end of the br anch allowing ,

F A th e co nd ens at io n to accumul at e
( IG . 2

ov er it wh en closed a on -
c

dition th at would be very obj ectionabl e for a b oil er branch bu t not ,

with the engine connec t ion Wh en w at er is t hro wn out of a boil er

.

branch it is c arri ed to the engine whil e u nd er full sp eed and in

servic e An engine branch if not provid ed with a dr ai n will
.
, ,

imm edi ately disch arge i t s w at er into the cyli nd er and the engi ne
whil e slowly st arting will disch arge the w at er i nt o the exh aus t
i e and ou t of the way T he dr ai n i s ener ally the warmi n pi e
pp .

g g p ,
1 16 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

and be forethe engineisst art ed the cond ens ation is c arri ed off This .

styl e of connection should be used where the h ead er is l arge and it ,

ac ts as a s ep ar ator and is provid ed with dr ai ns T he dott ed lines . .

show a connecti on to a side ~

op eni ng th ottl e which has a r

tripl e sw ing connection the -

,

s ame as shown in solid l ines .

A t ripl e sw ing c onnecti on t o -

,

be such mu st h av e a h ori ,

ontal and two v ertic al joint

z

fac es at one end of the on c

ne tion and the joint f ac e at

c ,

the oth er end i s pl ac ed so th at

the axi al line p assing through
its c ent er w ill not coincid e
with the axi al c enter li ne of
any of the t h ee jo int f ac es at r

(“ l fi
the oth er end of the on c

ne tion To s ecure the best

c .

resul ts possibl e in s team pip e connections i t is nec essary to use

the tripl e s w ing
-
” connection .
,

D et ail A 2— 2,Fig 75 shows a very usu al bu t neverth el ess

.
, ,

improp er co nnection T he header is sm al l and provid ed wi th

.

drains and the receiver als o i s sm al l and provid ed with drain .

I nst ead of s ep ar at ing at one poi nt it is d esi gned to sep ar at e at two : .

High pressure drips a e t rou bl esom e to t ak e c ar e of and the fewer

r ,

poi nt s t here a e to dr ai n the simpl er will be the syst em I t is a

r .

v ery common practic e to use a l arge header ab out t hree tim es

the area of the engine c onnecti on and dep end upo n the pitch
of the h ead er t o remov e the w at er c arri ed o er w ith the st eam v .

Thi s m ak es a v ery simpl e arr angement fo c aring fo drips as one r r ,

drip line will c are for the entire syst em The obj ectionabl e feature .

of the connection sho wn in Fig 7 5 is th at it is nec es sary to drain

.

at two di fferent points inst ead of one .

D et ail A 3 Fig 7 6 sh ows a well dr ained sys t em

2 —
,
.
,
T he h ead er .

is of just su ffi ci ent siz e to conv ey the st eam possibly the same

siz e as the eng ine connection T he s ep ar ator is say tw elv e ti m
. es

the ar ea of thi s pip e which gr eatly ret ard s the v elocity and provid es
, ,

a l arg e volum e of st eam cl ose to the engi ne This rec eiv er .

sep ar at or would be too h eavy to pl ac e on an engine t hro tt l e and , ,

 1 18 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

1 4— in h ead er How ev er the l arge s ep arat or h ead er should not

. .
,
-

be consid ered any t hi ng bu t a m eans of p art i al s ep ar atio n as the ,

di amet er is t oo sm all even though i t be in and would c au se 20 .

the v eloci t y of the s t eam flow to be abou t four tim es t h at through

a r egul ar s ep ar at or .

Cl assA3 Li v e St eamB oil e B an hes T he co nnection sho wn r r c .

in d et ail A3 Fig 78 is one of the m os t approved forms of boiler

—
1, .
,

connection; i t has the t ripl e swing the s am e as the engine connec ,

t ion d et ail A I t is quit e di ffi cul t and in fac t impr actic al to

2 —
1 .
, ,

set a boil er or o t h er pip ed d evic e by the fac e of i t s pip e co nnectio n ,

and the resul t is t h at in m aki ng the co nnec t io n b etw een a h ead er

and a m achi ne t h ere are sligh t inaccur aci es in ev ery direc t io n; and

FIG .
78 ( A3 FI G .
79 (A3

wh en pip e work is rec eiv ed and assembl ed addi t ional inaccuraci es

b ecome app arent T he t ripl e swing connec t ion provid es m eans
.
-

of t aking up t h es e v ari at ions by rolli ng the different p art s on th eir

fac es I n c ase the elbow w ere turned up and st eam entered the
.

head er at the bo tt om th ere would be swings provid ed the s ame as

,

shown T he connec t ion shown in d et ail A3 has t wo v al ves a

.
—
I ,

gat e v alve nex t t o h ead er and an au tom at ic stop v alve b etw een the
g ate and boil er bo t h v alves b eing loc ated at the high es t portion of
,

the br anch i nsuri ng a dry br anch at al l t im es

, .

T he co nnec t ion sho wn in d et ail A3 Fig 79 has a doubl e —

2, .
,

swing o the three fl anges a and the fl ang e b Th ere is no

—
h .

horizont al fac e t o swing on and if the boil er fl ange w ere not ,

p arall el wi t h the fac e of the h ead er tee i t would be nec ess ary t o
m ak e a b end in the pip e connec t ion or spring i t by pulling up ,
“

on the co nnec t ion bol t s Th ere is no o th er d et ail in pip e work

.

erection t h at will c aus e as much t roubl e from joi nt s giving out as

“ ”
spru ng connec t ions or in o t h er words forcing t wo fl anges
, ,
 L I VE STE AM DE T A I LS . 1 19

toget h er t h at do not set p arall el by drawi ng up h ard on the bolts,

and comp elling the pip e work to spri ng in ord er to m ak e a joi nt .

The co nnecti on in d et ail A3 3 Fig 8 th ough quit e commo n is

—
,
. 0, ,

fa from good co nstructi on I t has but the two sw ings at j oint s a

r .

and b and th ere a e t wo w at er pock et s o

,
r ne at each l eg of the U , .

I n ord er t o op er at e such a co nnection i t is nec es sary to pl ac e a

drain in each leg and cons t ant attention mu st be given to draining
,

the co nnectio n b efore op eni ng i t into the h ead er I f the U is m ad e .

of consid erabl e h eigh t t o provid e for exp ansion it is very possibl e ,

th at the upp er portio n would vibrate t o such an extent as to require

anchori ng due t o the f ac t t h at the co nnec t io n proj ects a consid er
,

abl e dis t anc e fro mi t s suppor t s T he amou nt of mo t io n t h at any

.

F I G 80
.
( A3 FI G 8 1 A3
.

connec t ion will p ermi t wi thou t end anger ing its joi nt s is d et ermined
almos t wholly by i t s l ength and not so much by its form .

Connec t ion A3 4 Fig 8 t hough a poor d et ail has fewer f aul t y

—
,
. 1, ,

features t h an A3 3 B y h aving the v alve next to the h ead er i t

—
.

would not be a v ery serious m at t er t o op en the lower v alve wi t hout

draining the branch providing it was op ened b efore op eni ng v alve
,

next t o h ead er ; t his how ev er is no appreci abl e adv ant ag e as

“ ” , ,

regul ar op erat io n sometimes means doi ng the wrong thi ng u ntil

,

some serious d am age is c aused Th ere a e o nl y t wo swings in t his

. r

connectio n at a and b .

Connec t ion A3 5 Fig 8 has the s ame sw ings and general on

—
,
. 2, c

s t ruction as d et ail A3 This co nnec t ion is shown entering the

—
2 .

bottom of the h ead er a d et ail which is op en to some critici sm .

Th ere a e m any who b eli eve th at drips fro mthe h ead er will retu rn
r

to the boiler t hrou gh this connec t ion This b eli ef is sh ared mos tly .
12 0 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI NG S YSTE MS .

by the op erating engineer who argu es We get rid of the d ips

, r ,

wh ere else an th ey go
c I t is h ardly corr ect to pr esum e th at the
current of s t eam which bec ause of its high v elocity c arri ed wat er
into the h ead er would l ater on permit it t o return against this flow .

N o is i t pos sibl e t h at dndensation will accumul at e in the h ead er

r c

u nd er a rapid s team flow through the boiler branch es and th en ,

return wh en the vel ocity b ecomes l ess ; the drips c annot a umu cc

l at e in such a h ead er no an th ey flow along the h ead er to some

,
r c

boil er which is not being work ed h ard as the d i ps must th en flow

,
r

into and through the rapidly flowing steam .

Sinc e w at er of c ond ens atio n c annot accumul at e in the h ead er

wi thout flowing wi th the incoming steam th ere is but one p ath for,

P ro 8 2
.
( A3 Fro 83
.
( A3

drips t o t ak e and th at is the p ath of the st eam entering the h eader

,

and flowing to the eng ine The m er e fact th at the h ead er is dry
.

d oes not indic ate th at c ond ens ati on has been returned to the boil ers ;
it m erely prov es th at drip sdo not st ay in the h ead er in pock ets ” “
,

but k eep moving and this mov em ent is to ward the engines I f
,
.

this is to be the m ethod of disch arging drip s it would be quite as ,

s afe to t ak e engine branch es out of the bo t tom of the h eader and

k eep the l atter const antly drained through the engine O in oth er . r

words do not try t o s ep arat e the w ater from the steam a course
,

which is too obj ecti onabl e t o be consid ered ; obj ectionabl e not only
i n r eg ard to st eam economy but bec aus e it m ak es it impossi bl e
,

prop erly or economic ally to lubric at e the pi stons u nd er such

conditions .

The co nnection shown in d et ail A3 6 Fig 83 is obj ectio nabl e

—
,
.
, ,

due t o the locat io n of v alv e at a which is pl ac ed at a co nsid er

,
12 2 ST E AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

s ecured ag ains t vibration; the long branch from the boil er t o the
valv e sh ould h av e a gradu al pi t ch from the boil er up t o the v alve .

D etail A3 8 Fig 8 5 shows an almost perf ec t arr ang em ent for

—
,
.
,

bo il er v al ves the t wo b eing l oc ated next to the h ead er on the high es t

,

portion of the branch T he v al ve is . (1

the shu t off g at e v al v e v alv e b is the -

,

au t om atic s t op v al v e and v al v e is -
, 6

the drain The au t om at ic v alv e an . c

be tak en ap art wh en the h ead er is in

op erat ion B efore do ing so the l eak age .

p as t the g ate v alve an be readily as e c c r

tained t hrough v a l ve and if i t is t oo 6,

gr eat to p ermit work ing on the au t om atic

F IG 8 5 ( A3
v alv e much unnec ess ary t oubl e an
.

,
r -
c

be av ert ed T he v alv e
. an be ret ained as the t igh t v alv e
0 c

by usi ng two v alv es and b and i t should be op ened or

, 61 ,

clos ed only wh en the pressure is abou t the s ame on bot h sid es of it .

The dr ain would remove any cond ens at ion lying between the
6

v alves bu t to av oid troubl e in c as e

,

the op er ator should negl ect to open

the dr ain the v alv es should be
,

pl ac ed as near togeth er as possibl e

to reduce the pock et to sm all es t
ossibl e amou nt T he m ere f ac t
p .

t h at th ere is a v al v e at each end of

the pock et do es not pr ev ent i ts
fi l ling w ith w at er as i t is next t o ,

impossibl e to m aint ain v alves abso

l utel y t ight T he l eak ag e cont inu es
.

t o cond ens e u nt il the sp ace is fill ed

with w ater T he drain should
.
( A3
c .

disch arge into an op en funnel so

th at the oper ator an see and h ear i t wh en it is open This drain
c .

c is extrem ely u seful wh en cl eaning a boil er as i t disch arges all ,

cond ens ation out of the bran h instead of permitting i t to un c r

down the branch ont o the boil er cl eaner in c as e he is working ,

und er a steam op ening .

T he co nnec t ion sho wn in d et ail A3 9 Fig 86 is such as would —

,
.
,

be us ed in c as e the h eader w ere l oc at ed below the opening of the

bo e il.r Th er e w ul b h
o d e t e sa m e n umbe r of j oin ts bet w een th e
 LI VE STE AM D E T I LS A . 12 3

v al vesand the h ead er using the b end shown aswould beused with
, ,

an elbow as shown in d et ail A3

,
The only difi eren e is t h at
—
1 . c

more radi at ing surfac e is exposed wh en the boil er is out of servic e .

I t is pr efer abl e t o sust ai n t his loss r ath er th an t o un any ch anc es r

of d am aging the s team m achinery by w at er I f the connection .

from the h ead er t o the v alves an be m ad e with one l eng t h of pip e

c

the radi at io n loss will be quit e sligh t .

T he co nnec t io n shown in d et ail A3 Fig 8 7 is ex t rem ely long

—
10, .
, ,

and inst ead of m aki ng i t as show n by the do t t ed li nes th ere would

be l ess t roubl e fro mvibrat io n if i t w ere co ns t ruc t ed as show n by the
full lines i t s w eigh t b eing k ep t close t o a line drawn t hrough the
,

FI G 8 7 .
( A3 F I G 88 .
( 3 I
A —
I ) .

support s The fa pro j ec t i ng b end is almos t i nv ari ably a b adly

. r-

vibrat i ng d et ail T he principl es of d et ail A3 may be c arri ed

.
—
10

ou t with g at e v alves also .

The co nnectio n shown in d et ail A3 Fig 88 is sp eci ally sui ted

—
1 1, .
,

for the sys tems shown in the previous ch apter in which the m ains ,

or h ead ers a e m erely by pass es from one group of u nits t o ano th er

r -
.

I t is possibl e with t his sys t em t o isol at e one or all of the u nits t o ,

ru n N o 3 engine u ni t wi t h N o
. boiler u ni t or un all as one sys
. 1 ,
r

tem the h ead er b ei ng an equ aliz er and o nly a sm all portion of the
, ,

to t al s team p assing t hrough i t I t is a v ery simpl e u nd ert aking t o

.

rep air such a h ead er at any t im e the only loss b eing th at due t o
,

ru nning each u ni t s ep arately T es t s an be m ad e with p erfec t ase

. c c

on any u ni t by isol at i ng i t from all o t h ers

,
B ut one extra v alv e is .

required for each group of u ni t s I f for any reason one s team .

mach ine can be work ed t o b ett er adv ant age wi t h low er s team pres
12 4 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

sure thi s conditi on an be quit e readily met With t his arr ange
,
c .

m ent one u ni t an be pu t int o op eration withou t m aking use of any

c

p art of the h ead er .

Cl ass A i 1 4
r— Li v e St eam Aux il i ary M ai n and B an hes to r c

P um ps and E ng i nes T he g ener a

l featur es of the auxili ary m ai n
.

d eal more with syst em d et ails th an with construction The auxil .

i a y m ai n should be k ep t suffi ci ently fa from the st eam h ead er

r r

to allow for exp ansion and contrac t ion in the c as e of one b eing
cold and the oth er ho t T he m ai n should be pitch ed in the s am e
.

direction as the fl ow of st eam and provision should be m ad e for ,

draini ng it .

Fig 89 (A4 to 4 ) shows the auxili ary m ain with an opening

. 1 —
1

at the top and the gov ernor v alv es and by p as s so arr ang ed th at
, , ,
-

th eir w eigh t will be easily c arri ed by the m ai n This c onnec t ion .

FIG . 89 (A4 FIG .

90 ( A4

would be v ery sui t abl e for fl anged work By t ak ing s teamou t .

of the top of the m ain and k eeping the m ain drained any auxili ary ,

c an be imm edi at ely s t art ed and it will not be li abl e to stopp ag e

,

or dropp ing off in sp eed due to the pump fil l ing with cond ens ation:
Any pump or eng i ne usi ng a st eam g ov ernor should h av e a v alv e
on each sid e of the gov ernor and one in the by p ass al so a throt tl e -
,

v alv e at the pump A v al ve on each sid e of the gov ernor is ne es

. c

s ary in ord er to t ak e the gov ernor ap art and t o be abl e t o use the
pump whil e doi ng so T he i nd ep end ent thro t tl e is nec ess ary t o
.
12 6 A
STE M P O WE R P L A NT P IPI NG SYSTE MS .

t o the fac t th at a pump t ak es about the s am e amou nt of s t eam

practic ally all the tim e I t is good pr ac t ic e to m ak e the governor
.

fl anged and in c as e of a pl ant using two or more engi nes to h ave

, ,

an extr a gov ernor co ns t antly on h and and in good ord er so th at ,

i ns tead of rep airi ng the gov ernor in position i t may be t ak en ou t

and r epl ac ed by the gov ernor which is in good ord er P ump .

g o v ernors a e almos t
r u niv ers ally i ns tall ed in aby p ass T he m anu -
.

facturer could improv e this feat ure v ery m ateri ally if he would

FI G 93
.
(A4 5) —
FIG .
( 4 6)
A —

m ak e the d esign one compl et e comp ac t u nit as shown in Fig 94

, ,
.

( A 4 to 4 1with a s t r ai ner s t op v alv es by p

, ass and fl ang e ,
-
,

c onnectio ns .

B y c omp ari ng with Figs 89 ( A4 t o 4 ) and 93 ( A4 t o 1 1

—
.

1 4 i t will be s een how comp act and neat such a d evic e an be c

m ad e Th ere a e v arious typ es of steam gov ernors u sed for pump s

. r ,

draft fan engines et each h aving i t s us es merits and faul t s T he

,
c
.
, ,
.

typ e ordinarily used on pumps is simil ar to Fig 95 (A4 t o 4 . 1

t hi s Vi ew shows a s elf cont ained by p ass as p art of the gov ernor

- -
.

This styl e of gov ernor s erv es t o m ai nt ai n the w at er pres sure

const ant reg ardl ess of s team pressure the st eam v alv e b ei ng prae
, ,

tic ally b al anc ed The w ater pressure and spring a e b al anc ed at

. r

the norm al pr essur e This is the typ e of governor ordinarily us ed

.

fo fi e pumps
r r I t is not sui t abl e for feed pumps as bu t one pres
.

sure is m ai nt ai ned .

Fig 96 (A4 t o 4 8 ) shows the b oil er feed pump governor

. 1 —
.
 LI VE STE AM DE T A I LS . 12 7

T he w at er mus t in t his c ase h ave sufli ient pressure in exc ess of thec

steam t o clos e the valve the weight increasing thi s resist anc e as
,

much as d esired ; the area of the steam v alve and the w ater pi st on
a e practic ally the s am e
r This t yp e of governor will m aint ain the
.

pressure of the feed w ater say

8 lb abov e s t eam pr essure
.
,

reg ardl ess of wh et h er the s t eam

pressure is 6 0, or 8 lb
1 20, 1 0 .

This is very ess ent i al fo boil er r

feedi ng as no feed v alve will

,

st and such s ervice as 8 lb 1 0 .

of w at er feedi ng boil ers whos e

steam has dropp ed say t o 1 00

lh ; the w at er pr essure should

.

drop with s t eam pressure the ,

exc ess pressure b ei ng only

suffi ci ent t o ov ercom e friction F 9 5 ( A4 7 ) IG .
—

i pip es and enabli ng the feed

h

v alves to be l eft fairly w ell op en T he governor shown in Fig 97

. .

A
( 4 to 4 9)
1 is—
of t ent im es us ed a s a pump gov e r nor b ei ng i n ,

reali ty a pressure reduci ng v alve and m aint ains a cons t ant fi x ed ,

pressure of s t eam in the cylind er .

FIG .
96 ( A4 FI G .
97 ( A4

Wh en usi ng this styl e of governor a g age should be pl aced on

the s t eam br anch b elow the gov ernor also one i n the pump dis ,
128 STE AM P O WE R PL AN T P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

ch arge I t may require say3 lb of steam t o give 8 lb of w ater

. 0 . 0 .

pres sure u nd er c ert ain conditio ns of the pu mp and by rep acking ,

or ti ght eni ng the p acki ng it may require 5 lb of steam to b al anc e 0 .

8 lb of w at er
0 . Thi s ch ange however is not frequ ently m ad e
.
, , ,

and wh enev er it is the g ov ernor mu st be r es et

,
Thi s governor .

has the adv ant ag e of h avi ng no pi sto ns and stuffi ng box es which ,

soon c au se a governor t o stick and b ecome v ery i ns ensitive I n .

ot h er words the av er ag e op er atio n of this ty pe is m or e s ati sf act ory

,

t h an the piston or stu ffi ng box typ e T he s am e gov ernor .

,

A4 to 4 9 is us ed on dr aft fan engi nes the st eam flo wi ng i n the

1 -
, ,

rev ers e direc t ion t o t h at sho wn T he pressure of steam is in .

this c as e b al anc ed by the spri ng and ,

if the pressure ris es the draft fans ,

a e un slo wer ; if the pressure f al ls

r r ,

the spri ng op ens the valve and the

draft fan engi ne ru ns at higher speed .

This typ e of gov ernor is id eal for a

draft fan engi ne v ery simpl e and —

easily r egul at ed T he gov ernor A4 .

,

to an be modi fied so as to c

elimi nat e the stuffi ng box and

piston .

D et ail A4 t o 4 Fig 98 shows 1 —

1 0, .
,

the g ov ernor with by p ass arr ang e -

m ent T he s t eam v al ve is b al anc ed

.

and wh en w at er and st eam pressure

a e the s am e the di aphr agm
r is ,

b al anc ed The lo adi ng of the spring .

mu st be overcome by the additional

pressure of w at er ov er th at of steam .

Th ere is a stu ffi ng bo at the h and x

F 98
IG
wh eel st em but t her e is no mov e ,

m ent at this poi nt exc ept wh en the

.

t ension of the spri ng is b ei ng set The by p as s sh own in thi s .

-

fi gur e is much pref er abl e t o d et ail A4 to 4 6 as it p ermit s the 1 —

governor to be readily di sc onnec ted whil e the pump is ru nni ng ,

and at the s am e t im e l eav es the pip e work p erf ectly support ed ,

which is not the c ase with d et ail A4 to 4 5 The by p ass sh own 1 —

.
-

in d et ail A4 to 4 i ndic ated by the l etter a is virtu ally three

1 —
1 0, ,

v alv es att ach ed t o the one v alve body T he di aphragm and t ension .
1 30 STE AM P O WE R AN T
PL P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

is the high est v acuum the pump will be k ept in motion This is .

absolut ely nec essary in ord er to m ai nt ai n the v acuum I t will be .

observ ed th at this d evic e would nec essit ate low initi al pressure in ,

F I G 99 .
( A4 FI G . 1 00 ( A4

fact low er t h an would be nec ess ary t o run non cond ensing u nl ess -
,

an extr a l arg e st eam cylind er is us ed .

T he regul ator shown i n Fig (A4 t o 4 ) an be us ed

. 1 00 1 —
12 c

for this s ervic e and it all ows the st eam pressure to the pump to be
,

wh at it will This regul ator bri ngs in the obj ectionabl e feature of
.

the pisto n the s t em p assi ng from the v acuum ch amb er t o the st eam
,

ch amb er I t is a grou nd j oi nt and as cl ose a fi t as an be m ad e

. c

and mov e freely Th ere a e m any regu . r

l ators m ad e on thi s pl an and the cl aim ,

for th em is th at the l eak age is small and

does not c ause an outsid e drip T he .

spri ng in thi s regul ator is lo ad ed in t ension ,

so th at prop er sp eed will be obtained

wh en c a ry ing full v acuum As the r .

v acuum drops o the pressure rises u nd er r

the di aphrag m the spri ng dr aws the v alv e ,

from its seat .

This s ame styl e of v alve Fig is us ed ,

. 1 00 ,

as a gov e nor to m ai nt ai n a co nst ant pr es

r

F or . 1 01 sure higher th an atmosph eric pressure .

T he spri ng th en is in compressio n and

the v alv es clos e in the rev erse dir ectio n from th at show n In .

oth er word s the i ncr eas e of pr essur e u nd er the di aphr agm c aus es
,

the v a l v e to clos e The i nd ep end ent cr ank and fl y wh eel dry

.
-

v acuum pump is ordinarily suppli ed with a fly b all centrifug al -

 L I VE STE AM DE T A I LS . 13 1

governor and a sm all ai cyli nd er and pi st on th at a t upon the

r c

governor v alve in conju nc t ion with sp eed c ontrol as shown in ,

Fig . 101 (A4

This s am e styl e of gov ernor is also u sed for ai compressors r

worki ng abov e atmosph eric pressure This styl e of regul ation .

is quite s atisfac tory the ai cyli nd er comprisi ng only a p art i al

,
r

co nt rol .

Cl ass A I 5 Li v e St eam to St oke

—
Cont roll er and R ams r .

Th ere is ano t h er feature of gov erni ng th at will require consid era

t ion in c ase s t ack fans and force draft fans a e us ed An i nstall a-
r .

t ion of this d escrip t ion bri ngs int o consid eration num erous d et ails
th at should be d eal t with as a whol e and not sep arately F o . r

ins t anc e i t may be d esir abl e t o i ns t all an induc ed dr af t and

,
-

fan engine forc ed dr af t for s t ok ers with a s ep ar at e engi ne and

, ,

co al feeding m ech anism I t has b een cus tom ary to pl ac e i nd e

.

p end ent gov ernors on each of th ese three drives and allow any
one of t h em t o i ncreas e or d ecr eas e in sp eed as d et ermi ned by its
own gov ernor Th at is the fan engine may sl ow down b efore the
.
,

co al feed or ai bl as t engine and c ause furnac es t o disch arge g as es

r

ou t of the fire doors et Ag ain the co al feed may sp eed up b efore

, c.

the ai bl as t c ausi ng a w as t e of the g as es ; or the ai bl as t m

r , ay r

sp eed up withou t co al c ausi ng loss of h eat units in h eating

,

us el ess ai r
.

Th es e thr ee el em ent s should h av e a b etter sys t em of control

th an a sep arate governor for each Wh en one is increas ed t h ey .

should all three be i ncreas ed and vic e v ersa The gov ernor should
,
.

cont rol all three One s t eam governor t o i ncrease or d ecreas e

.

the pressur e fo the t hr ee would be wh olly us el ess

r This is a .

p eculi ar condition t o co ntend with fo the reason th at no present r

form of governi ng will prop erly m eet this c ondition and i t is a on c

di t ion th at very m ateri ally affec t s the effi ci ency of the pl ant .

Assum e t h at the pr essure i s v ery hi gh and t h at the three s ervic es a e r

runni ng at th eir ex t rem e low sp eed N ow u nd ert ak e to adjus t the .

fan gov ernor to run the eng ine at such a sp eed th at it will jus t
allow the pr essur e ov er the grat es t o be at mosph eric pr essure or say ,

one t ent h i nch of w at er by the dr aft g ag e

- N o t e the qu ant ity of ai r .

and adjus t the co al f eed er accordingly ; th ere a e th en the t hree r

el em ents worki ng in a mos t eco nomic al m anner L eav e the gov er .

nors as adjus t ed and allow the pl ant t o un up t o full c ap acity r

and t h en no t e the co nditions agai n I t m ay be fou nd that the .

132 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

s t eam pressure is about l b low er th an u su al the bl as t fan is run

10 .
,

ni ng at a fri ghtful sp eed stok ers a e ru nni ng at a good sp eed and ,

r ,

the st ack fan hasnot i ncr eas ed as much propor t io nat ely asthe oth er
t wo The op erati ng conditions a e wretch ed showing poor econ
. r ,

om y furnac es smoki ng bl ast engi ne f airly pou ndi ng it self to

,

pi ec es and for all the gov ernors a e worki ng p erfec tl y ; the

,
,
” r
“

f ault li es in the syst em of gov erni ng .

I t is u nreaso nabl e to exp ect thr ee gov ernors po ssibly of differ ,

ent siz e or m ak e and fo thr ee entirely di ff erent s ervic es to m eas

“

” ,
r ,

u e ou t the requisit e st eam

r To d ay wh en ru nning one qu arter .
,
-

c ap acity the fan engi ne may w ant 5 lb of steam pe hour to

,
0 . r

m aint ain the prop er sp eed to disch arge the gas es correspo ndi ng
to one qu arter c ap acity T he bl ast engi ne may w ant 65 lb and
-
. .

stok er driv e lb For one h alf l oad the requisites may be 7

20 .
-
0,

90, an d 3 lb r es
0p ectiv ely
. and f o full lo ad 8 5 5 an d 4 5 lb
,
A n y r ,
11 .

of the three requirem ent s would be v ari ed by t igh teni ng the p ack
ing or m aki ng any oth er adju stm ents
, .

The ordinary g ov ernors a e adjust abl e so th at a c ert ai n d eliv ery r ,

of s t eam will be obt ained at the p articul ar pressure set For any .

o t h er pressure the st eam disch arge may be almost any am ou nt ,

and wh at ev er i t is the op er at or c annot co ntrol it in any way T he

, .

governor to be suit able for such ,

servic e should be so c onstructed ,

th at it will p ermit a flow of a e c r

t ain numb er of pou nds of steam

p e m in ut e at l ow e st pr essur e a n d r ,

should be adju st abl e also fo a r

cert ai n volum e at the high er pres

sure Such a governor is not on .

the m ark et Without it no three .

m achines or even t wo m ach i nes

F m A
( 5
. 1 02 an b
I e work e d ec o no mic a lly exc ept c

at one p articul ar r at e of co al on c

sump t ion Th ere a e two m ethod s of arranging t hi s s t yl e of

. r

g ov erni ng O ne is to arr ange the gov ernors so th at th eir rang e

.

as w ell as th eir norm al pr es sure an be adjust ed Thi s d et ail is c .

shown in Fig (A 5 . 1 02 1

O rdi narily the spri ng a would be the spri ng to b al anc e the

d esired st eam pressure B y h aving a counteracting spri ng b the .
,

mov em ent of the v alve st em t hrough the rang e of pr es sures can

1 34 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS

FI G . 1 03 (A 1 5

FI G 1 04 (A 1 5 FI G
.
. 1 05 ( A1 5
 LI VE STE AM DE T A I LS . 1 35

at a high er or low er sp eed and at the s am e t ime the fixed regul a

.

t ion is not alt ered .

T he st eam li nes t o an u nd erfed t yp e of s t ok er should nev er be

buri ed but may be pl ac ed in a trench as shown in Fig 5
, , . 10

A
( 5 1 which a rr ang em ent is s at isf a ctory if the t r ench is w ell
drained I f the drainage is poor any w ater such as w as t e from
.

w etting down ash es will coll ect in the t rench and be ev ap or at ed on

contact with the live steam pip es the s team t hus formed interfering
,

with the w ork of the attend ants

. .

T he s t eam pip es for the s t ok ers should not be cov er ed in any

way and the suppor t s sh ould be such as will p ermi t of free e pan x

sion and co ntrac t ion Wi t h the t rench as shown in the figure a

.

set of cov er pl at es as also show n sh ould be us ed T he dr awi ng .

shows the c as t iron cover pl at e supported on angl e irons I f t h ere

-
.

is a b as em ent u nd er the boil er room the s tok er s t eam m ains an c

easily be support ed u nd er the floor .

To obtai n the b est resul t s wi t h st eam st ok ers it is adv ant age

ous to arr ange the pipi ng so th at th ere will be a downw ard flow
from the feed m ains t o the pis ton cylind ers and t hrough the
exh aus t This d et ail nec essi tat es the pl acing of the st eam
.

controlling v alve above the s t eam line t o the s t ok er rams and the ,

exh aus t m ai n b elow the cyli nd ers I f the .

s ame m ain is used for steam and exhau st

al t ernat ely i t should be pl ac ed b elow the
cylind ers wi t h the s t eam c ontrolling v alve
-

above and the e h au st controlli ng v alve

x -

below To avoid w at er h amm er in the

.

pip e line the drips should at all t imes h ave

,

a downw ard flow and t hos e dri ps coll ect ed

in the low down m ai n should be dis
ch arged at the l ow poi nt even t hough the ,

exh aus t i s m ad e from a high er l ev el .

Cl ass A 16 L i v e St eam to Tank P um p .

I n feedi ng st eam t o the cyli nd ers of t ank

p umps i t is oft en possibl e to us e th e typ e

of pump cont roll er shown in Fig 6 F 6 (A 6

. 10

(A 6
1 which is more s ati sfactory th an IG . 10 1

a pr essur e op er at ed gov ernor

-
B y r eferri ng t o the illustr ation i t
.

wil l be s een th at this t yp e of co ntroll er co nsi sts of a needl e v alve ,

op er ated by a c abl e connec ted wi t h a flo at in the el evated t ank .

1 36 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

The nee dl e valve used should be of the slow op ening t yp e of —

glob e v alve I n ord er to provid e for op eration of the pump

.

i nd ep end ent of the flo at i t is d esir abl e to un a by p ass arou nd the r -

controll er v alve .

T he arr ang em ent o g ov ernor construction jus t d escrib ed pe

r r

mits the pump to be un at sp eeds v arying directly with the qu antity

r

of w at er or oil in the t ank I t also furni sh es the d esir abl e feature

.

of k eepi ng the pump in op er at ion at nearly all tim es t hus pr ev ent ,

i ng i nt errupti ons from cond ens ati on T he t ell t al e sho ws the .

l evel of the fluid in the t ank even th ough the op erat ion of the v alve
,

and its c ou nt erw eights i s i nt errupt ed For i nst all ati ons wh ere .

the st or ag e t ank is loc at ed at s om e dist anc e from the pump or ,

wh ere the pump is required to d eliver w at er fo oth er purpos es and r

at diff er ent pr essur es it m ay be fou nd advis abl e to pl ac e a flo at

,

valve at the t ank t o shut off the supply and use a pressure regul ator
to control the steam to the pump .

Cl ass A I 7 L i v e Steam to Sm oke Consumer o O i l B urne

—
r r.

T he pipi ng fo st eam to smok e consum ers or oil burners would

r

com e u nd er cl ass A 7 but th ese d etails will not be consid ered

-
1 ,

h ere; a smok e consum er by reason of the d estructive effects on

,

boil ers should be us ed o nly in exc eptional c as es ; oil burners a e

,
r

inst all ed by th eir m anuf acturers and the pip ing l aid ou t mor e
accordi ng to build er s d et ails th an gener al pipi ng d esigns
’
.

Class A I S L i v e St eam to Soot B l ower s

—
I n arr angi ng the .

piping for soot bl ow ers the steam should be t ak en from a sep arat e
m ain and not from the boil er The i nd ep endent supply is quit e .

nec ess a y i n ord er to enabl e the r

cl earing of the tub es of a boil er

wh en it is out of servic e O p en .

ings for soot blow ers should be

provid ed at the sid es of the boil ers .

T he d et ail d esign and arr ang em ent

of the soot blower piping a e r

shown in Fig 7 (A S T he . 10 I

F
br anch m ai n for the st eam supply
IG 7 (A S
to the blow er should be stro ngly
. 10 I

support ed so th at it may withstand the hard pulls and j erks

of the op erator A quick closi ng v alve loc at ed as shown in
.
-
,

F ig. 107 will p arti ally r eli eve the ho se of the pr essur e whil e blow
,

i ng and entirely cu t off the st eam wh en the blow er is b ei ng m oved

138 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

usu al pr ac t ic e I n oth er words wh en the b ack pressure tends to

.
,

rise the eng ine should be allow ed t o exh aust t o the at mosph ere
,

and be reli ev ed of all b ack pr essure and the pressure on the h eater ,

should be al low ed to drop b efore the engine exh aus t is ag ain dis
ch arged int o the h eater sys tem Thus the amount of steamused .

from the eng ine would be reduc ed .

I n Fig . 8 (A 9 ) is shown a v alv e arr ang ed t o performth ese

10 1 —
1

du t i es Wh en the v alve is op en to the at mosph ere the weigh t

.

ex er t s a pressure per squ ar e inch

of say lb agains t the h eater 2 .

pressure and wh en the v alve is

down i t exert s a pressure of 4 lb .

ag ains t the port t o theat mosph er e .

This range may be increased say

from 6 lb b ack pressure t o lb . 1 .

h eater pressure by posi t ioning

the l ev er on the v alv e s t em and
by v arying the loc at io n of the
F 108 (A 9 l
10 w eigh t on the l ev er Such a
1 -
I .

v alve enabl es theeng inet o exhaus t

t o the at mosph ere all the s t eam th at a h eat er or h eating sys tem
does not cond ense T he val ve is now on the m ark et being used
.
,

as an at mosph eric v alv e in connection wi th a cond enser the on , c

d enser t aking the pl ac e of the h eater as sho wn The l ev er should .

roll on a rock sh aft simil ar to th at shown so th at the w eigh t will ,

neith er p ass no s t and ov er the c ent er of this sh af t

r I f this v al v e .

is adjusted so th at it closes against atmosph eric pressure at 3 l b .

,

t h en the liv e s team by p ass should be set t o be open onl y on pres

-

sure b elow lb This w ill avoid blo wing liv e s team into the
2 .

h eat er whil e the engine is exh au st ing t o the at mosph ere .

Class A2 O Li v e St eamto W hi stl e Whistl e connec t ions c ause .

consid er abl e annoy anc e due t o cond ens ation accumul at ing in the
pipes b efore the whistl e is used T he connection sho wn in .

Fig 9 (A
. 10 ) wil l allow cond ens ation to accumul ate at the
2 O— 1

t op of the v al v e and requ ires blowing through the whi s tl e before

the to ne is righ t .

T he connection shown i n Fig 9 (A ) nec essi t at es a hol e

. 10 2O— 2

through the roof for the whi stl e cord and al lows consid erabl e on c

d ens ation of st eam in the pip e which is esp eci ally und esir abl e if
,

the pi pe is lo ng .
 LI VE STE AM A
D E T I LS . 1 39

The al tt er s t yl e of whistl e onne t on s qu ck er t o op erate and

c c 1 i i

produc es the correc t t one as soon as op ened but for a long run of
,

p1 p e th e d et ail show n in Fig

. 10 9 (A 2O 3 ) will be fou nd m or e
—

s atisfac t ory as it allows the whis tl e v alve t o be pl ac ed low down and ,

the upp er pip e t o be w ell drained u nt il the s t eamv alve is op ened .

The dr ain clos es simul t aneously wi t h the op eni ng of the s t eam

v al ve
.

Class A2 I Li v e Steam to E je to V a uum T ap s The s t eam

c r c r .

branch t o an ej ec t or v acuum t rap is for the purpose of breaking the

v acuum and disch arging the cond ens at ion Th ere is consid erabl e
.

m ech anism in t h ese d evic es b ec ause t h ey cont ai n autom atic

feat ures which p ermi t the s team t o blow ou t cond ens at ion imm e
diatel y followi ng the closi ng of the v acuum drip line to the tr ap .

The pipi ng d et ails of ej ec t or v acuum t r aps h av e no sp eci al pipi ng

features .

Cl ass A2 2 Li v e St eam to H eat ing Syst em T he s t eam .

required for ah eat i ng sys tem would not ordi narily be v ery ext ensive
in a pow er st atio n bu t in c as e h eat is to be pr ovid ed fo a shops
,
rc r

and neighbori ng buildi ngs som e sp eci al arr ang em ent in st atio n
piping syst em and m achinery may be m ad e so t h at e h aust steam x
140 STE AM P O WE R PL ANT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

will be av ail abl e and an be u sed for h eati ng This will be tak en
c .

up u nd er the d et ails to be l ater consid ered in Cl ass C .

L ive st eam h eating should be avoid ed wh erev er po ssibl e The .

high pressure of the steam c auses l eak s at stu ffi ng box es joi nts and ,

simil ar co nnectio ns th at will giv e no troubl e at low pressur es .

T o st and high pressur es the h eat ers must be in the sh ape of pip e
coils and if steam at 6 or 7 lb be used it i s li abl e to injure
,
1 0 1 0 .

wh at ev er it com es i n co nt act with How ev er fo a co nd ensi ng.

,
r

pl ant t here is no o ther system suit abl e if there a e bu t one o two r r

rooms to be h eated E xh au st st eam from auxili ari es wh en piped

.
,

to a heater is not su ffi ci ent in amou nt to m ai nt ain a pressure which

,

will all ow the dis tri bution pip es to be of any consid erabl e l ength .

The rooms t o be h eat ed a e g ener ally the chi ef engineer s o ffi c e

’
r ,

l avato y s t ock room and an oil room The use of el ec t ric h eat ers
r ,
.

would not be justi fied b ec aus e the cost of th eir i nst al l atio n would
equ al s t eam h eat ers and the cost pe B t u of r adi atio n would be r . . .

possibly 5 times th at of st eam h eating

0 .

I f th ere a e but thr ee or four room s to be h eat ed th ere is pr ae

r

tic ally no bet t er m ethod in a cond ensing pl ant th an to use live

st eam The temp erature an be regul ated as sho wn in Fig
. c , . 1 10

(A22 by all owing more or l ess ai t o rem ain in the h eat er r .

The ai will l i e b elow the st eam and jus t ab ov e the c ond ens atio n
r .

The drips from the h eat ing coils should disch arge to the atmos
p he i
rc exh aust line This disch
. a rg e will s av e the w a t er of high
temp erature togeth er wi th any l eak age of steam p assing the trap
, ,

and avoid diffi culti es att end ant u po n e h austing drips to a sew er x ,

which practic e not only injures the s ewer but c auses st eam to
l eak from the c atch b asins .

The co ils should be l aid ou t so th at the pipes wil l run into a

corner and return al lowing free exp ansion and c ont racti on Such
,
.

exp a nsion is v ery s ev er e in a sti ffi y co nnect ed liv e st eam h eat er .

The corners should be m ad e of pipe b ends but b end s for co nnect ,

ing purpo ses will nec essit at e u nio ns at eith er end of each pipe .

A simpl er m ethod is to use elbow s and right and l eft th ead on r c

ne ti ons in the short r eturn

c .

Anoth er m ethod of r egul ati ng the t emp erature of a liv e st eam

h eat er is as shown in Fig (A I n this arr ang em ent
. 1 10 22

the st eam v alv e is a h and co ntroll ed t hrottl e; the d i p v alv e has a r

very sm all hol e drill ed through the di sk Whil e in op erat i on the .

dri p v alve is k ept clos ed the disch arge of drips being through the
,
14 2 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

portion of the h andl e should be of pip e with its low er end

forg ed solid .

Class A2 4 Li v e St eam f om H eader to Atm osphe e

—
r I t is r .

not custom ary to i nst all a st eam blow off from a h ead er t o the -

atmosph er e For this reason it oft en is nec ess ary to reduc e the
.

pressure on the h ead er by blowing off through some engine I f .

the h ead er is divid ed i nt o three s ectio ns each s ecti on should ,

h av e a blow off not l ess th an in in di am eter run through the

-
.

FIG . 111 (A 2 3 FI G . 112 (A2 3

roof R ep airs to the st eam m ain an be m ad e much more

. c

readily if t h ere is a m eans of q uickly reli eving the pressure on a

d am aged s ection .

Cl ass A 2 5 Li v e St eam to D am pe R eg u l at or
—
T he st eam r .

li ne which feeds a damp er regul at or is ordinarily d esigned to

t ransmit the pressure in the m ai n to the weighing d evic e of the
regul ator This line should be t apped from a d i p pock et or
. r

the bottom of the h ead er so th at cond ensed w at er will be

,

d elivered to the regul ar pip e inst ead of steam I f the v alve .

at the r egul ator were l eak ing b adly at a stu ffi ng box the sm al l ,

pip e would th en not be abl e to cond ense fast enou gh to supply

w at er t o the l eak T hi s would al l ow live steam to come in on
. c

t ac t with and i njure the ru bb er di aphragm Such damper regul a .

tor di aphragms a e m ad e t o st and the boil er pressure bu t th ey

r ,

will not st and the t em per ature of st eam at b oil er pressure .

Cl ass A 2 6 Li v e St eam to O i l F il t e St eam is oft en fed to a r.

filt er so th at more r apid w ork an be do ne by a fil t er which is of

c

too sm all c ap acity I t is oft en fou nd th at oil is very stifl wh en

.

cool and requires h eating in ord er to enabl e i t t o p ass through

the fil t er. The oil wh en in t his co ndi t ion is
”
t oo fat and has “
,
 LI VE STE AM DE T A I LS . 14 3

b een m ad e so by the addition of consid er abl e cylind er oil

returning with the drips The correct rem edy fo such a on
. r c

diti on is t o remov e the exc ess fats by all owi ng the oil to st and ,

wh en the impuriti es will precipit at e I f the filt ering arr ange .

ment is amply l arg e and the oil is in good condition better ,

results a e obt ai ned by k eepi ng the oil as c ool as it an be freely

r c

h andl ed in the pip e lines The b etter m ethod is to pl ac e the

.

fil t er i n a w arm pl ac e and not t o use a st eam h eat er i n the

fi l t er
. T he room wh er e the fi lt er is to be pl ac ed sh ould h av e a
temp er ature of 7 F and °
0

the fi lt er bed should be of

ampl e di mensi ons for oil t o
p ass through without forcing .

A simpl e h eat er as us ed for ,

filt ers i s as show n in Fig

, 3 . 11

(A 6
2 This vi ew shows
v alves at bo t h the inl et and
the outl et bu t it is s om ewh at
,

s afer to use a valve as a F o 3 (A 6 r . 11 2

t hrott le at the inl et sid e only ,

l eaving the o th er end free t o drip i nto the s ew er T he coil .

wh en pl ac ed is pitch ed slightly downw ard h aving the outl et ,

abou t low er th an the inl et Such a coil an readily be

'

i 2 h . . c

removed and i s w ell support ed .

Cl ass A 2 7 Li v e St eam to B l ow out O i l D ri p M ai n

—
A st eam .

branch is led to the oil drip m ain fo the purpos e of cl eani ng it r

and an be arr ang ed as show n i n Fig

c 4 (A 7 The st eam . 11 2

FI G . 1 14 ( A2 7

li ne should connec t wi t h the drip m ain through a syphon tee

with a w ater connection b el ow The s t eam and the w ater should .

each be co ntroll ed by s ep ar at e v alv es with the syph on tee loc at ed

som ewh at high er th an the drip m ai n T he m ain should h av e .

two di sch arg e v alv es one t o a filt er and one to the out sid e of the
,

buildi ng E ach engi ne branch should connec t wit h the drip

.
144 STE AM P O WE R P L A N T P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

m ain t hrough a v al ve The drip s t eam and w at er branch es

.
,

should be su ffici ently el astic t o allow for free exp ansion and on c

t raction of the drip m ain The end proj ect ing b eyond the build
.

ing should be t hr ead ed so th at the line an be ext end ed wh en i t c

is t o be blown out The drip line should blow to the at mosph ere
.

so t h at the st eam may esc ap e and thus avoid blowing the greas e
and gum into the dr ainag e sys t em B lowing the drip m ain t o the
.

at mosph er e also furnish es a m eans for obs erving the condi t ion
of the w ash w at er .

Class A 2 S Li v e St eam to W at e Col um n and Col um n Con

r

ne ti ons The s t eam co nnection t o a w at er column is oft en m ad e

c .

with bends and elbows thus ,

provid ing no fac iliti es for in

spe tion E v en t hough the
c .

st eam connec t ion is not li abl e

t o sc al e or be ome block ed c ,

i t is c ert ainly s afer and more

in line wi th good oper at ing
pr ac t ic e t o be abl e to know
positively t h at the steam
branch is cl ear The on . c

ne tion sho wn in Fig c 5 . 11

(A 8 ) has the s t eam and 2 -

1

w at er connec t ions m ad e with

cross and plugs The plugs .

should be long t hread ed and

m ad e of solid brass T he .

column shown is fa ed for c

fl anged connec t ions and for at

t aching a support ing brack et .

T he column m anuf ac turer

will furnish the w at er col
F o
r 5 (A 8
11 2
u m n f ac ed for fl ang es and
provid ed with a brack et
.

sui t abl e for att aching t o the boil er front For high pressure .

work a fl anged connec t ion is the only s atisfactory way of attach

ing the w at er c olumn B y supporti ng each colu m
. n free from
the pip e work a b et t er line is k ept the piping is more s ecure and
, ,

pip e an be disconnec ted wi t hou t dis t urbi ng the columns or t hei r

c

connections .
 14 6 STE AM P O WE R PL ANT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

travel i t is easily s een by the p osi t ion of the h and wh eel wh eth er
,

or not the v al ve is op en T he v al ve bonnets shoul d be squ a e

. r

ins t ead of h exagonal t o facili t ate removing th em from the v al ve

body .

I f the boil er fro nts are qui t e hi gh the l ev el of the w at er i n

the column m ay c onv eni ently be indic at ed by a low down m ercury
g age simil ar t o th at shown in Fig 8 (A 8 . 11 2

I n c alcul ating the prop ortio ns for t his ex t ensio n d evic e l et the
di st anc e a+ b be in wh en th ere w ill be
.
,
lb pressure at .

the low er end of the column A colu mn of m ercury about

. in 1 .

high would b al anc e this pressure I f the dis t anc e a from the .

FI G . 117 ( A2 S FIG . 1 18 (A2 8

t op of the w at er in the column t o the upp er outl et is one h alf -

the h eight of the column in the diff erenc e in pressure at the

,
.
,

bo tt om of the two lo ng pip es will be l b and as the w at er .

,

s t ands at h alf the h eight of the colu mn the m ercury sh oul d also
st and at the mi dpoi nt of the gl ass T he proportions a e 0
. r

a r ang ed so th at wh en the m ercu y has ju st l eft the gl ass th ere

r r

will be a column at d in high b al anci ng the w ater column

1 .

a b If has G in incline in its l ength th en 5 in l eng t h

—
. . .
,

wise of t ub e d should h ave the s am e cont ents as the ent ire tube
6 . The w ater columns b elo w b a e b al anc ed and th eir l ength r

d oes not vary the effect on the t ubes and d This g age an be 6 . c

pl ac ed four or fi e feet abov e the floor line and wil l be in pl ain

v

vi ew of the op erat or the m ercury vibrati ng in the gl ass in the

,

s am e m anner as w ater would in a w at er gl ass .

 L I VE STE AM DE T A I LS
. 147

An o t h er m ethod of showi ng the w at er l ev el conspicuou sly is by

the use of a l amp in an encl osed m et a l c as ing pl ac ed as sh own ,

Fig 9 (A 8. 11 the c asi ng h avi ng a slit in li ne with the gl as s

2 .

With thi s arrangement the w at er is well illumi nat ed and the l amp
is out of sigh t t hus doi ng aw ay wi t h the bli nding effec t of a nak ed
,

l amp alongsid e of the g age gl ass The .

enclo sing c ase ordi narily is m ad e of

h eavy tin with the outsid e p aint ed and
the i nsid e l eft bright to s erv e as a e r

fl e to
c T he top of the c ase should
r.

be l eft op en fo v ent il at io n and cl ean

r

ing . Thi s d evic e an be m ad e by any c

t insmith the wat er gage b ei ng st and ard

,

wi t h a close nippl e and coupling

at t ach ed b et w een the gl ass and the
c olumn to set the gl ass aw ay from the
column a sufli ient dis t anc e to a c c

commod at e the l amp in its case .

M uch t hough t and s t udy h ave

b een given tow ard d ev elopi ng a d evic e
t h at will clo se the v alv es of a w ater
column wh en the g age gl ass breaks .

T he pri ncip al feat ure of nearly al l

t h es e d evices is a ch eck th at fall s
aw ay fro m its s eat wh en the v alv e F o 9 (A 8 r . 11 2

is clos ed bu t is free t o reach the

seat wh en the v alve is op en This d et ail is shown in Fig . .

120 ( A2 8
T he difli cul ty wi t h this check for the g age is occ asioned by the
b all shu t ting off the g age gl ass after blowing ou t t hrough the
blow off l ettered a in Fig 9 ( A 8
-
T he troubl e nec ess ary
. 11 2

i n closi ng and op eni ng such a v alv e and droppi ng the b all off ,

the s eat is a s t ro ng argum ent in d ecidi ng ag ai nst t h eir use .

Anoth er t yp e of s elf closi ng w at er g ag e is as show n in Fig

-
.

12 1 ( A 8 This
2 shu t off d evic e is n ot op
- e r at ed by t he

steam flow through the v alves and the gl ass may th erefore be ,

blown out as viol ently and often as d esired without d anger of

closing the v alves to the b oil er As the w at er gl ass is practic ally
.

the o nly m eans us ed for asc ert ai ni ng the am ou nt of w at er in the

boil er an op er at or should be free t o blow i t out as oft en as m ec es

14 8 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

s ary t o s at i sfy hims elf th at the l evel of the boil er w ater is shown
correc tly in the column T he g age v alves shown in Fig. ae . 12 1 r

of simil ar const ruction t o the one shown in Fig bu t with the . 1 20,

b all omi tt ed T he v alves h av e eith er a .

v ery co ars e or a mul t ipl e t hread on the

s tems and h av e l evers at t ach ed t o the
s tems ins tead of h and wh eel s T he l evers .

a e co nnect ed t og eth er and st and in t h ei r

r

upp er position wh en the v al v es a e open r .

A sm all wire a is run arou nd the gl ass

F o
r .
(A 8
120 2 and at t ach ed t o the end of the l ev er as
sh own This wire support s the w eight b .

which will close the v alves should the g age gl ass break The .

spring is to reli ev e the v al ves of any s erious s trains wh en the

6

s t ern cl oses on its seat The v alves on t his g age an be closed

. c

at any tim e by d et aching the wire from the

hook ed l ever The sm all wire do es not o ffer
.

any obs t ructio n t o the vi ew bu t sho uld be ,

of suffi ci ent siz e to d enote the d esired w ater

l ev el which is to be m aint ained .

W ater columns a e often lo ad ed wi t h t oo

r

m any att achments such as au tom atic high

and low al arm boil er feed regul ator s elf
, ,

g ag e closing arrangem ent and op erati ng chains

-
,

gage cocks with ch ains column v alves with ,

ch ains cou nt erw eights et E ach of such

, ,
c .

d evic es has poi nt s of sligh t m eri t bu t th ere

is a d anger in using t oo m any s afet y d evic es .

To ev ad e the use of t oo m any at t achments

the column v alv es could be simil ar t o t h at
shown in Fig and be provid ed with a
. 1 2 0,

proj ec t ing pin at the end of the l ever ; w ater

g ages and gage cocks al so could h av e simil ar
pins arr anged for op eration as shown in
Fig . 122( A S 8 an
2 d —
T h e rod with F ( A S 7) I G- 1 2 1 2
—

which the v alves would be op erated should

h ave a long h andl e simil ar to a window s t ick I f the w ater .

column to be t end ed is 6 ft abov e the floor the rod should 1 .

,

be abou t ft long With a l ong rod the op er ator an k eep

12 . . c

out of the way of s t eam and w at er and the use of au t om at ic ,

d evic es and ban ch ains is done aw ay with .

1 50 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

does not justify h avi ng ch ains const antly d angling from the
colu mns .

Th ere a e num erous m ak es of high and low w at er al arms on

r

the m ark et the m aj ority u sed b ei ng fl oat o per at ed

, O n high pres .

sur es say ab ov e 4
,
l b much di ffi culty i s exp eri enc ed with the
1 0 .
,

c oll apsi ng of flo ats and the screechi ng of whistl es is al so v ery

,

obj ectio nabl e I t i s h owev er good pr actic e to gi e warni ng s with

.
, ,
v

an al arm column Such al arms an be giv en i n high pressure

. c

pl ants by the apparatus sho wn in Fig 3 (A 8 the . 12 2

essenti al p arts of which i nclu de the high and l ow el ectric al arm

c olumn u si ng a l amp at each boil er a b ell al arm in the boil er room
and a buzz er
,
“ ” in the chi ef engi neer s offi c e
,
’
.

O ne al arm bell will serv e for the entir e pl ant and by h aving a ,

signal l amp at each column the p articul ar boil er or boil ers h aving
high or low w ater will readily be observ ed T he flo at a i s m ad e .

of aluminum and cou nter b al anc ed with the -

w eight b T he porc el ain insul ator haspack

. c

ing abov e and bel ow wh ere it is cl am ped

to the column and al so at the end s wh ere
the c ont actor d ru ns through the insul ator .

The pin in the c ou nt er weight mov es free -

of the cont act s egment d and so compl etes

the circuit only at high and low w at er The .

only friction th at thi s d evice must ov er

c om e is at the pins and f which a e l oosely 6 ,
r

fi t t ed and m ad e of br as s Th ere a e no . r

drip ping o l eaking p arts to thi s c olumn al l

r ,

b eing seal ed and tigh t An op en low .

,

potenti al circuit would be us ed with a

g rou nd r eturn th e co nt actors in colu m ns ,

s erving to grou nd the circuit .

The c olumn sho wn in Fig 4 (A 8 ) . 12 2

—
11

is the simpl est form of flo at gol umn now

on the m ark et Thi s d evice has one l ev er .

F10 (A 8 )
1 24
which
2 —11
op ens a whi stl e v alv e for hi gh o r

low w ater by pressing either up ward or

.

downw ard on the end of the v alve st em T he rod slid es . 0

lo osely through the l arge eye in the end of the l ev er Th ere a e . r

but few m oving p arts and as l ong as the flo at flo ats satisfa “

,
c

t ory op eration and a l oud noi se an be expected fro mth is d evice

,

c .
 L I VE STE AM DE T A I LS . 151

Class A2 9 v —
m to St eam Gag es The connection to
Li e Stea .

steam g ages should be m ad e so th at th ere will be asufli ient l eng th c

of pip e to offer cond ensi ng surfac e which will m aint ai n water clo se
t o the gage and thus c are for any ordinary l eak at a cock u nion ,

or oth er joint near the g age For thi s and oth er reasons gages .

a e oft en pl ac ed
r ft or m ore b elow the l evel of the steam li ne
12 .
.

This arrangement is prop er but g ages so pl ac ed should be d esigned,

to t ak e into accou nt the ft of w at er in the pip e which would 12 .

,

ordinarily add 5 lb to the st eam pressure I n oth er words the

. .
,

pointer should ei th er be set b ack 5 lb or the di al .

should be gradu at ed and m ark ed whil e th ere is

5 lb more pressure on the g age t h an r eadi ngs
.

would show .

I n ord eri ng g ag es if a v ari ation in r eadings is

,

to be avoid ed the cond ens ation column should

,

be giv en fo each g ag e I n ordinary s t at i on on

r . c

struc t ion t his w at er pressure v ari at ion is oft en as

high as lb and l eads t o confusion and mis
10 .

u nd ers t and ing of wh at the pl ant is doing .

Ap par ent ly th er e may be a l arg e li ne l oss b et w een

h ead er and throttl e v alve as shown by an i ndic a
tor t es t whil e in reality the di fferenc e in pressure
,

is al mos t ent irely traceabl e to the cond ens ation F 5 (A 9 I G -1 2 :

column T he s t eam g age should giv e steam

.

pressure only not p art s t eam and p ar t w at er c olumn This

,
.

error in g ag es is of t en ov erl ook ed wi t h the r esul t t h at s ev er al ,

pressures a e indic ated in a pl ant and the g ages a e often sup

r r

posed t o be wrong .

T he ordinary t yp e of cock furnish ed wi t h the g ag e is of t en

l eaky and a c ause of much annoyanc e .

T he sm all needl e v alv e sho wn in Fig 5 ( A 9 ) has a . 12 2 —

1

u nion on the g age sid e This p ermits the removal of the gage .

wi thout di sturbi ng the v alv e T he stufling box wi t h this typ e of

.

needl e v alv e an be m ad e tigh t and k ep t so which is diffi cult to do

c ,

w ith the sm all plug cocks oft en us ed and the needl e v alv e may ,

be had for a sm all additio nal cost .

Singl e t ub e g ag es should be s el ec t ed for pow er pl ant use

-
,

as in such s ervic e a g ag e i s quit e fr ee from exc essiv e vibr a

t i on For l ocomotives wh ere the vibration is severe a si ngl e
.

tub e gage wi th i ts high er d egree of s ensitiv eness is not av ail abl e

1 52 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SY STE MS .

b ec ause of the injurious resul ts of the vibrat ion of a lOng singl e

tub e .

For such pl ant s as a e buil t purely on a co mm erci al b asi s and r

wh ere exp endi tures are not t o be m ad e for d ecorative features the ,

iron b ack gages wi t h a nick el pl at ed brass rim a e fou nd quit e -

r

s at isfac tory M arbl e g age bo ards a e now ou t of d ate For all

. r .

prac t ic al and art istic purpos es the p aint ed pl ate iron g ag e bo ard
has m any adv ant ag es The g ag es may be easily att ach ed t o an
.

iron bo ard h eat and w ater w ill not d am age it and if i t should
, ,

accid ent ally be d am ag ed the iro n g ag e bo ard an be s tr aigh t ened c

and pu t b ack in ord er I f i ts surfac e b ecom es b adl y m ark ed an

.
,

iron bo ard an be rep ainted by s tat ion h elp Th ere is bu t li t tl e

c .

ch anc e t o improve the app earanc e of an old or d am aged m arbl e

bo ard .

Such a s teel bo ard is shown in Fig 6 (A 9 Th ere . 12 2

should be a slit in the floor b ack of the bo ard through which the
pip es coul d p ass and b ack of some or al l of the gages should be a
,

6 in hol e in the pl at e to f acilit at e m aking the piping connec t ions

-
. .

The t ools an be support ed by clips at t ach ed t o the pl at e by sm al l

c

m achine screws The bo ard should h av e abou t 6 in of sp ac e

. .

b ehind i t and should be m ad e of abou t fg i pl ate with corner i -

h .

angl es of by in angl e iron The sh elf should be abou t 3 ft

2 2- . . .

high and in wid e with the angl e iron proj ec t ing abov e the sh elf
10 .
, .

I n the sh elf should be a in hol e through which dirt coul d be 2- .

brush ed R ou nd h ead rivets with the h eads p erfec t on the outsid e

.

should be used T he bo ard could be p ainted and v arnish ed in

.

h armony with the nearby engines I t would al so be a good pl an .

to m ak e the t op remov abl e for insp ection or rep airs and t o enabl e a
ligh t b eing dropp ed insid e .

The g ag e bo ard an be illuminat ed in three di ff erent w ays B y

c :

illuminated di al g ages by l amp brack ets att ach ed t o the g age ,

bo ard or by a sm all h eadl amp set b ack from the bo a d and

,
r

direct ed t ow ard the g ag es The il luminat ed di al g age bri ngs .

into the d esign m any d etails such as wires b eh ind the bo ard ,

a l amp switch et ,
for each g age and a much more d elic at e and
,
c
.
, ,

exp ensiv e t yp e of g ag e I t is diffi cul t t o pl ac e l amp br ack et s

.

so as prop erly to il lum inate the bo ard and not obstruct the vi ew
of the g ages The use of a singl e sm al l h eadligh t is by fa the
. r

simpl est arrangem ent to construct op erat e and m aint ain and the , ,

illu m inat i onwill befou nd t o beb etter th an can be secured wi th sid e

1 54 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

p ai nting should be done by the s am e contractor who p aint s the

m achinery .

Class A 3O v t m f om Safety Val ves t hroug h R oof I n

Li e S ea r .

pipi ng s afety v alv es the m os t s atisfactory m ethod is to un the

, r

pip e for each v alve through the roof Wh en there a e a l arge . r

numb er of bo il ers each h avi ng t wo v alv es this will r equire on , c

siderabl e cutting of the roof bu t as a rul e it is ch eap er to , un r

each pip e t o the atmosph ere T he i ncreas ed exp ense woul d in all
.

prob abil ity be justi fied b ec aus e with the sep arate pipes the op erator
,

c an by going up on the roof r eadily t ell which v alv e blo ws fi st

, , r ,

which is l eak ing the amou nt of l eak et I f on the oth er h and

, ,
c .
, ,

the pip es a e t i ed tog eth er in one m ain it b ecom es difli ul t to d et er

r ,
c

mine which v alve is blowing o l eaking M any pl ants use a r .

short stub and allow the st eam to esc ap e into the b oil er room
wh enev er the v alves bl ow off This is wrong as the fi rem en h ave .
,

enough h ardships w ithout h aving any mor e put up on th em u nd er

the pl ea th at if th ey look aft er the pr essure it will not blo w .

Th er e a e tim es wh en the pr essure an be controll ed but more

r c ,

oft en thi s is not the c as e B y allo wing the s t eam to esc ape into
.

the b oil er ro om the op er ator w ill lo se mo ney for no one w ill st ay ,

i n the room full of st eam if he an by any excus e get out and if he c , , ,

do es s t ay he will do nothing u ntil the di sturb anc e c eases

,
.

I n mos t c ases one v alv e w ill op en b efor e the oth ers and may
continu e t o blow by itself fo 5 min This may be one of r .

t wo v alv es on a 5 h p boil er di sch argi ng say pe c ent of the

2 0— . .
,
10 r

output of the boil er T he boil er might possi bly be usi ng

. lb .

of co al pe hour h enc e a pe c ent blow off would wast e lb

r ,
10 r -
1 00 .

of fu el o a l oss of
r c ents pe hour for co al I f for any reas on
10 r .

three empl oy é s l eave the room during the blow ofl period the -
,

employ er w il l lo se at the r at e of not l ess th an 6 c ent s pe hour 0 .

r .

Thus if he desires th at the i nsid e bl ow off arrang em ent be profi t abl e —

he must reduc e the numb er of bl ow offs to l ess th an one sixth of - -

wh at it would be if pip ed through the roof Thi s is impossibl e . .

Fig 8 (A3 ) sho ws an ind ep end ent pip e from the s afety
. 12 O— 1

v al ve p assing up through the roof Wh ere th ere a e a number of . r

such pip es the use of c ast iron roof coll ars is ju sti fied T hese col .

l ars sh ould be ab ou t t hree eigh ths inch thick with the exc eption
—
,

of the thread ed hub of the umbrell a which should be about fi e ,

v

eighths i nch thick T he upp er portio n of the umbrel l a i s us ed as

.

a coupling for the t wo l engths of pip e per m i tt ing u pper portion ,

 LI VE STE AM DE T A I LS
. 1 55

of pip e to be cu t at the sh op T he low er s ection or roof .

,

sl eev e should be provid ed with s ev eral proj ecti ons which will
,

ju st allow the sl eeve to sli p over the pip e and at the s am e t ime
st eady it T his roof sl eeve should
.

be set aft er the pip es a e in po sition r .

T he roo fing f elts should be cl eared

of gr av el and co at ed with a ho t
c em ent in which the sl eev e should be
fi rmly b edd ed and tightly bolt ed
through the roof b oard s The joint s .

and the tops of the fl ang es should

also be w ell co at ed with this c em ent .

T he sl eev e sh ould not be l ess th an

4 in in h eight and th ere should be
.
,

at l eas t one h alf i nch cl ear anc e b etw een

-

the sl eev e and the umbr ell a G alv a .

ni ed sh eet iro n is g ener ally us ed i n

z

this work bu t thi s i s fr ail and easily

,

d am ag ed Wh enev er the s afety v alv es

.

a e t ak en off for r ep air

r the ligh t ,

g alv aniz ed iron work usu ally becom es

so b adly i njured th at it is u nfi t for F 8 ( A3 IG 12
furth er use I f the sl eev e and
. O
.

umbrell a be m ad e of c ast iron th ey will s t and abuse and

furth ermore will be i nexpensiv e .

Att ent io n sh ould be giv en to the s af et y v alv e dr ai n This op en .

i ng should be free to the atm osph ere at all t im es as much d am ag e ,

results if w at er o c ond ens ati on is allo wed to rem ain in the v alv e
r

and c aus e w at er h amm er wh en the st eam is esc api ng A rul e .

should be observed th at only the di sch arge from s afety v alves on

boil ers t h at a e commonly shut down at the s am e time sh ould be
r

t i ed into a comm on pip e line I t is quit e imperative th at t his rul e

.

be obs erv ed as boil er i nsur anc e comp ani es will not allo w g at e
,

v alves in s afety v alve branch es and withou t g ate v alves in the

,

s afet y v alve br anch c onnect ed to more th an one w orki ng boil er ,

the op er ator would be li abl e t o s er o ns njury wh en m aki ng r ep airs

r i .

I f bu t one boil er at a t im e is shu t down for cl eani ng t h en bu t the ,

t wo or t hree v alves on t h at boil er should be t i ed i nto the one line to

the at mosph er e I f the pl ant has a numb er of boil ers which a e
. r

shu t down in b atteri es of t wo t hen the s afet y v al v es on th ese boil ers

,
1 56 STE AM P O WE R P L A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

may be disch arged int o a common m ain mos t c as es i t is better . In

to tie in only the disch arge pipes from the one bo il er and if the roof ,

is not ov er ft above the s afety v alve i t will be found l ess e pen

20 .
, x

sive t o run s ep ar at e pip es The tie should be m ad e far enough

.

aw ay fro m the s af et y v alv e t o allow for exp ansion and the sid e ,

ou tl et foo t tee should be provid ed with

a d ain as shown in Fig r 9 ( A3 . 12 0

The foo t tee sh ould h av e a subs t anti al

support t o enabl e i t t o c arry the w eight
of the st andpi pe and i ts branch es so
th at a v al ve an be removed wi thou t c

c aus ing any s ev ere str ain .

The arr ang em ent shown in ful l line

in Fig 3 ( A3 3 ) is n o
. t co n
1 sid0er ed O—

good practic e The s afety v al ves .

should not be t aken off of any boil er

st eam branch or from th at port ion
of the boil er wh ere s t eam is on i ts
way t o the pipe m ain Th ey shoul d .

be pl ac ed wh er e t h ere is the l arges t

volume of steam T he st eam flowing .

F IG 9 ( A3
12
through
O
the pipe line does not fl ow
with a u niform v elocity T he v ari a
.

t ion in pressure at the boil er connection may be as much

as fi e pou nds wh en st eam is bei ng d eliv ered t o a l arg e low
v

sp eed engine This fluctu ation of pressure exis ts in all the

.

st eam lines as w ell as in the bo il er but sinc e th ere is such a l arge

,

st eam volume in the boil er the pressure th ere is not notic eably
,

afl e ted
c .I n the pipe l ine this v ari at ion is v ery perc eptibl e and its ,

amou nt m ay be d et er m i ned by pl acing an engine indic ator on the

lines and moving the dru mslowly all owing the puls ations to indi ,

c ate a di agram which will resembl e the t eeth of a saw Wh en the .

s afety v al ves a e subj ec t ed t o this pul s ating pressure t h ey will

r

ch atter if the pressure is close t o the blow off point I f the s afety - .

v alves are set for a drop in pressure of 3 lb the puls ating pressu e .
,
r

due to the engine cu t ofl is su ffi ci ent t o run the pressure up t o the

'
-

bl ow off point after which i t drops almos t ins t antly t o the closing
-
,

point so th at by synchronous puls at ion wi t h the engine the v al ve

,

wil l m ak e from 5 to beats per minute or twic e for each

1 0 2 00

engine revolu t io n O ne mi nu t e s w ear occ asio ned by this beating

’
.
1 58 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

troll ed by m eans of the t h ermos t at t ub e T he t h ermom et er I

6 . I

sho ws the t emp er atur e of the w at er which an be alt er ed by

,
c

ch anging the set of the v alv e st em at the sl eeve This sl eeve is 8 .

simil ar to a turn buckl e h aving -

,

lock nu t s as shown The po st f .

is m ad e of a s olid ba which r

assis t s in h oldi ng the v alv e s ecur e

l y and pr ev ents sp ri ngi ng W ater .

is fed in at g and p as ses ou t at h .

T he l ow er end of the coil is op en ,

which allows the s t eam drips to

F o 3 (A 3
r . 1 1) 1
—
disch arg e i nto the w arm w at er
r .
-

rec eiver 7 I n c as e an u nu su ally

.

l arge temporary d em and is m ad e on the h eat er the st eam will flow ,

through the coil and i nt o the w at er direct I n regul ar op erat ion .

the c oil should be p ar tl y fil l ed wi t h w at er .

FIG 132 ( A3 1 FIG . 1 33 ( A3 2

l
C ass A 3 2 v t mto p event F ee i ng of R 1 Condu to s
Li e S ea r r z 00 c r .

Wh erev er p ossibl e the conduc tors should be so arr anged th at th ey

,

will not be exposed t o low er t emp eratures th an th at of the roof .

I f it is nec ess ary to loc at e c onductors ou t sid e of the buildi ng this

 LI VE STE AM DE T A I LS . 1 59

c anno t be effec ted and the only thi ng to do is to supply the c ondu e
,

tors with eith er exh au st o liv e st eam I f the pl ant is o perated

r .

cond ensi ng it is quit e prob abl e th at all the exh aus t st eam from the
,

auxili ari es w ill be co nd ens ed in the h eat er The op enings i nto .

conductors should be quit e sm all F o this purpos e about a three . r

eighths i nch pip e with the v alv e i nsid e the w all shoul d be us ed and
it should be drained i nto the conductor as shown in Fig 33 . 1

(A3 2 The low er s ecti on should be of c ast iron T he upp er

(I .

portion of the conductor may be m ad e of g alv aniz ed iron and the

s ew er of til e T he sm all pip e should p ass through a 5 in pip e
. 1 .
-
.

sl eeve built in the w all Thi s is a som ewh at extrav ag ant use of
.

st eam , but i t is l ess exp ensiv e th an the fr equ ent renewi ng of on c

du to s I n g ener al the roofs of po wer s t atio ns a e quit e fl at and

c r . r

a e not exp os ed t o any ext ent to the wind

r For this reason th ey .

a e usu al ly v ery w arm ev en in the cold es t w eath er but co nductors

r ,

pl ac ed on the outsid e of buil di ngs will usu ally freez e u nl ess h eat
be admitt ed to th em Som e s avi ng may be eff ect ed by the use of
.

high t emp er at ure drains A syst em th at will di sch arg e v apors

.

i nto s ew ers so th at the v apors will p ass t hrough the conductors

will usu ally c aus e as much d am age by rusti ng ou t the conductors
as would be occ asio ned by fr eezi ng T he b es t arr ang em ent th at .

c an be m ad e w ith out sid e c onduct ors is to use liv e st eam o nly

wh en need ed .

Cl ass A3 3 Li v e St eam to Low p ressur e Cyli nder I n m any - .

c as es a live st eam c onnection to the low pres sure cyli nd ers is -

furni sh ed by the engi ne build er Thi s connec t ion may be eith er .

a w armi ng pip e o a st eam li ne to the l ow pressure sid e to be

r -

u sed wh en the low pressure sid e is un i nd ep end ent of the high

-
r

pressure sid e Th ere a e c ases where i t is good p olicy t o arr ang e

. r

a cro ss comp ou nd engi ne so t h at the l ow pressur e sid e an be

- -
c

r un w ith out the hig h pressure sid e O rdi narily thi s d et ail i s
-
.

fou nd nec ess ary wh en the pl ant has b een arranged with but one
or two l arge engi nes I n such c ases th ere is no reserve provid ed
.
,

and in ord er to enabl e the pl ant to op er at e it is nec ess ary to use

the h alf of the engi ne th at i s in ord er Th ere a e al so c ert ai n . r

ins t anc es wh ere it is good pr actic e to l ay ou t a pl ant with bu t

one or two engi nes This w ould be the c ase wh en the origi nal
.

i nst all ation is to be i ncreased withi n a sh ort time by the additi on

of engmes of the s ame size as by thi s m eans the use of sm all and
,

l arge engi nes in the sam e pl ant is avoid ed .

1 60 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS
.

A sui t abl e arrangement of pipi ng is shown in Fig 34 . 1

(A33 ) wh ereby the high pressure sid e an be e h aust ed to the

—
1 -
c x

cond ens er or t o the atmosph ere or the low pressure sid e an ,

-
c

t ak e steam through the reducing v al ve and be prot ect ed by (1

the reli ef v alv e b set at abou t ,5 lb The sm al l v alve is 2 . 6

the by p ass for w arming up the low pr essur e sid e

-
T he -
.

1 34 A
( SS
—
I )

which shu ts 5 the cond enser should be mo t or operat ed if i t is

0 ,

l arger t h an in T he atmosph eric v alve is shown at e and the

20 .

m ain s team th ot tl e at f The h orizontal v al ves are used only

r .

wh en ch anging over th ese connections and shoul d not be fi tted

with operating st ands on the eng ine room floor as th ey are not -

u sed often enough to w arrant the additional expense o the extra r

floor sp ac e which th ey t ak e up T he high pressure th ottle f .

-
r ,

the low pressure throttl e g the by p ass

-
and the el ec tric bu t to ns
,
-
c,

for the v al ve d are the only operat ing d evic es whi ch are nec essary
,

on the eng ine room floor

-
.
 16 2 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

the pis t on This is possibl e with any engine h aving a rel ease
.

connecti on at the end of the v alv e rod s and a l ever for rolli ng the
v alv es by h and Wh en a warming pip e is us ed the steam is dis
.

ch arged i nto the i nt erm edi at e rec eiv er or one of the pip e connec
tions through a sm all pip e say a in pip e for a ,
hp eng i ne
2 -
.
-
.
,

with the valv e st em un through the floor and fitt ed with a st and
r .

I f the v alv e g ear i s not provid ed w ith a r el easi ng d evic e it is ad is ,

v

abl e to un a warmi ng li ne to the i nt erm edi at e co nnecti on b etw een

r

the high and l ow pres sure si des so th at the l ow pressure side

—

,
-

will h av e st eam wh en the engi ne st arts to roll ov er I n c ase .

st eam is t ak en from the h eader abo e the engi ne h avi ng a br a nchv

t o the throttle ov er the high pressure cylind er the l ow pressure

-
,
-

live steam connecti on sh oul d be a s ep arate branch from the

h ead er This w ill simplify the pi ping arrangement
. .

Cl ass A34 Li v e Steam to E ngi ne Cyl i nder J a k et s

—
St eam c .

connections to engine cylind er j ack ets a e not ord inaril y required r ,

the g ener al practic e bei ng to furni sh the engi nes w it hout j ack ets .

W ere the j ackets a e furnish ed the st eam to and the drip s from
h r ,

the j ack ets a e u nd er full bo il er pr essure and the drip s a e

r r

returned to the boil er through a return syst em simil ar to th at

u sed for the oth er drip s in the pl ant I n order to di sch arge these .

drips t ogether with oth er drips of b oil er pressure the j a kets u sed c

must be of ampl e siz e to avoid any p erc eptibl e pressure loss due
to the sm al l siz e of the pip e co nnecti o ns .

Class A3 5 Li v e Steam to Li v e St eam P u i fi e Th ere is but r r.

one import ant requi sit e i n the st eam co nnecti on to the liv e st eam
puri fier which is to d eliv er steam to the puri fier at a pressure
su ffi ci ent to p ermit w at er to flow by gravity to the boil ers I f the .

puri fier is mou nted at a sufli ient h eight above the boil ers to c

allow a loss in st eam p r essure b efore deliv ery to the puri fier the ,

st eam br anch may be un from the h ead er A g ood m ethod of

r .

piping wh en the puri fier is pl ac ed but a few feet above the boil ers
i s shown in Fig 3 6 ( 35
A . 1 I f three or four boil ers a e r

suppli ed by the puri fier the branch es an be un into a m ain

,
c r

which has a si ngl e connection to the puri fier or the three or four
branch es may be sepa atel un to the puri fier with a v alv e in
r v r

each br anch T he w at er c olu m

. n i ndic ates the h ead at which (1

w ater is to be d eliv ered to the boil er This h ead must be greater .

th an the combined losses of the steam flowi ng through its

branch es t o the puri fier the loss in the head of the w ater flowing
,
 L I VE STE AM DE T A I LS . 16 3

from the puri fier to the boil er the l oss in the h ead of the w at er
,

p assing throu gh the check v alve and the l oss in the h ead in the
,

m ai n steam h ead er as measured at the di fferent boil er branch es .

Th es e losses could sc arc ely be m easured on a g age reading to 65 1

lb of steam but wh en co nsi dered in c onnecti on with the h ead a

.
, ,

t h at pressure may be su ffi ci ent to prevent a flow to the b oil er .

Wh en a is 4 to 6 f t t h ere an be bu t v ery sligh t losses I n

. c .

FIG . 1 36 ( A3 5

the combined losses previously m ent ioned would be l ess

3 lb.
pe squ
r ar e inch Th es.e loss es should b e al u c c

l ated for not l ess th an three tim es as much w ater and s t eam
flowing as the boil er rati ng would indic ate in ord er to p ermit ,

bringing the water up t o its prop er line whil e the boil er is b eing
crowd ed .

Cl ass A36 L i ve Steam to O t he B ui l di ng sr An inexp ensive .

and s at isfactory m ethod of ru nni ng supply li nes t o o t h er build

ings for drivi ng m achi nery h eat i ng et is shown in Fig 3 7
, ,
c .
,
. 1
164 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

( A36 T he piping is un through t il e and if a s t raigh t run

r

c anno t be m ad e from the one bu ildi ng to the o th er a w ell is pl aced ,

at the i nt ersecti on t o enabl e a li ne th at is out of ord er to be discon

ne ted
c . T he li nes sh ould be loc at ed so th at th ey an be dr awn c

b ack into the room at l east the l ength of the pip e enabling the ,

removal of the entire li ne without disturbing the ground I f the .

building a Will not p ermit dr awing the pip e into it the line from ,

FI G . 1 37 ( A36

the build ing a t o the build ing b may be drawn through into the
build ing b T he s team s ep arators and d a e so pl aced th at th ey
. c r

will t ak e c are of the c ond ensation T he pip es in the til e should be

.

l eft b are and the ai sp ac e closed by a m anhol e cov er with the end
r

op eni ngs at the w alls plugg ed with asb es t os T he til e should be .

c emented at the j oints and if conveni ent the w ell should h ave a
, ,
1 66 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

st eam sep arat or from a drip pock et in the m ai n h ead er Th ese

01 .

dr ain d et ails will be t ak en up more fully u nd er the subj ect of

D rips
” .

Cl ass A 3S Li v e Steam B ran hes to and fr om Su perheat e s

c r .

The sup erh eat er wh en pl ac ed i n a boil er s etting b ec om es a p art of

the boil er and no provisio n should be m ad e for a by p ass arou nd it -
,

si nc e its loc ation in the furnac e is such th at u nl ess steam is flowing

throu gh the sup erh eat er it will soon be d am aged .

T he pri ncip al differenc e in pip e lines for sup erh eat ed and s at u
rated st eam is the reduc ed siz e of the former This reduction is .

favored by the m anuf acturers of sup erh eat ers si nc e th ey h ave proven
by d emonstration th at it is more economic al to increase friction
losses and reduce the loss by radi ation th an it is to increase the loss
by r adi ati on and d ecreas e the friction loss es This radi ati on loss
.

may also be r educ ed in the use of saturat ed st eam .

The subj ect of r adi ati on from extr em ely l arg e pip es rec eiv ers , ,

etc . i s not su ffi ci ently co nsid er ed in co nnectio n with the use of s atu

,

rat ed s t eam The boil er m anufacturer will gu arant ee a certain

.

qu antity and qu ality of st eam as it l eaves the boil er and the eng ine
m anufacturer will gu arant ee to p erform a sp eci fied amou nt of work
with a c ert ai n qu antity and qu ality of steam d elivered at the
th ottl e Until the sup erh eat er m anufacturer c ame into the
r .

m ark et no one had int erested himself suffi ci ently to gu arantee a

,

minimum loss b et ween the boil er and the eng ine T he m anu .

f acturer of the sup erh eat er has to assume this lo ss in c onnecti on

with his app aratus sinc e the succ ess of his bu siness virtu ally
d ep end s up on reduci ng thi s l oss to a minimum and in seeing th at
the sup erh eat er rec eiv es the credit for the savi ng .

T he use of sm al l r adi ati ng surf ac es for sup erh eat ed st eam is

ess enti al on accou nt of the high t emp er ature and r apid r adi ati on .

The entire v olum e of sup erh eat ed st eam in a pip e is not all of the
s am e d egree of temp erature and this poi nt should not be over
,

look ed in m aki ng pip ing arrangem ent s fo sup erh eat ed st eam r .

Thi s fact is well und erstood by m anufacturers of su perh eat ers and ,

to insure a u niform amou nt of sup erh eat a number of method s a e r

resorted to for bring ing all or as much of the steam as possibl e to

the heati ng surf ac e .

O ne m ethod of doi ng thi s by r emov ing the core in a super

,

heat er tu be is sh own i F ig 3 9 (A38

,
h . 1 The st eam in the
sp ac e a is out of the circul ati on of the flowing st eam b eing on ,
c
 L I VE S TE AM DE T A I LS . 16 7

fine d i nsid e the tub e T he st eam in sp ace b is th at which is

6 .

fl owing and t aki ng up the heat d elivered by the ou ter t ub e d I f .

the tub e w er e not pl ac ed in the po siti on sh ow n the st eam would

6 ,

t rav el through the sp ace a and due to the frictional resist ance of
, ,

the tub e d the st eam nex t to this t ub e would mov e slow er t h an

,

that at the center Si nc e this steam at the c ent er will t ak e up

.

sup erh eat slowly it will c au se the tube d to be rai sed to a very
,

high temp erature and t hu s reduc e i ts c onductivity and c ap aci t y .

Wh en p assi ng through sup ply li nes the sup erh eated s t eam flow s
through the c ent er of the pip e T he st eam lyi ng nex t t o the pip e .

i s d eprived of its sup erh eat and co nd enses T he amou nt of s t eam .

th at will be thus cond ensed is d etermined by the

r adi ating surfac e of all the li nes b et ween the boil er
and the m achi ne u si ng the s t eam I f the li nes .

throughou t t h eir ent ire l ength a e sm all very short r , ,

and the st eam flows t hrough th em at a r at e of

ft pe mi nut e littl e or no cond ens ation F o 39 (A3S )
. r , r . 1 —
r .

will t ak e pl ac e and the loss es by radi at ion

,

will be shown by the l oss of sup erh eat L arge h ead ers steam .
,

rec eivers et should be avoid ed wh en sup erh eat ed steam is u sed

,
c .
,
.

Cond ensat ion may not show in the li nes whil e ru nni ng but i t is ,

nec ess ary t o provid e as ampl e m eans for removi ng the cond ens a
t i on as would be u sed in piping fo s aturat ed st eam L arge drip r .

pock ets et should be avoi ded and in ev ery d et ail radi ation
,
c
.
, ,

sh ould be reduc ed to the l east p ossibl e am ou nt I t may be pos sibl e .

to loc at e the st eam m ai n and its br anch es in a p ortio n of the build

i ng wh ere ai an be co nfined and the r adi ati on loss es reduc ed
r c .

The pri ncip al adv ant ag e to be g ai ned by the use of sup erh eat ed
s team isthe savi ng in co nd ensatio n l osses
-
.

Wh at ever prec autions a e t ak en t oward reduci ng the cond ens a

r

tio n l oss es b et ween the b oil ers and the st eam driv en m achi nes a e r

s avings wheth er the st eam used be sat urat ed or sup erh eat ed A
,
.

slight pressure drop in the use of sup erh eat ed steam may be
all ow ed inord er to s av e h eat u ni t s but the m ai nt enanc e of the boil e ,
r

pressure as fa as the engi ne t hrottl e wh en u si ng s at ur at ed st eam

r

is open to argum ent .

Th ere is a c ert ai n siz e of li ne which will give the l eas t tot al loss
for every requirement With a giv en li ne a sli ght s avi ng in the one
.

cl ass of lo ss is accomp ani ed by a c orrespo ndi ngly greater l oss in the

ot h er cl ass The t end ency seems t o be t ow ard the use of l arg e
.
16 8 STE AM P O WE R P L A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

h ead ers and pip es t hus increasing the h eat u ni t losses I n m any
, .

si tu at ions the present pip e lines could be consid er ably reduc ed in

size and if c arefully pl anned would not c ause any increas e in
the pressur e drop from the boil er t o the s t eam driv en m achi ne -
.

Fig 4 ( A38 ) shows a sys tem of piping sui t abl e for sup er
. 1 0 —
2

h eat ed s team The h ead er is sm all and more in the nat ure of an
.

equ aliz er or em ergency line b eing possibly the siz e of the eng ine
,

FI G . 1 40 ( A38

connec t ion For regul ar s ervic e the s team would p ass from the
.

boil er direc tly t o the engine wi t hou t any abrup t turns T he .

sm all amou nt of s t eam p ass ing t hrough the h ead er from one u ni t
t o ano t h er would bring abou t the only no t iceabl e h eat loss I f i t is .

fou nd t o be d esirabl e the h ead er may be shu t off and each uni t
used sep arat ely .

Class A 3 9 Li v e St eam B an h to Turbines T he g ener al

r c .

d esign of s t eam br anch es t o t urbi nes should be much the s ame

as t hos e for engi nes embodyi ng in addi t ion the sp eci al feat ures
,

p ert ai ning t o sup erheated steam O ne sp eci al feat ure in regard .

to t h ese connections is the size of pip e required An engine .

which cu t s off at one qu art er of its s t rok e and hasa pip e branch
-

in which the ul t im at e st eam v elocity does not exceed ft pe . r

minute would require a branch which would h ave four t im es the

cross sectional area of the t urbine branch in which the s team is
-

flowi ng ontinousl y A reciproc at i ng engine not only requires a

c .

full amou nt of s t eam at short p eriods bu t al so m ak es nec essary the

al t ernat e acc el er at ion and r et ard at io n of the volum e of st eam flow
i ng t hrough the st eam c onnec t io n T he pressure i n a l arge st eam
.

m ain will show a very p erc ep t ibl e ch ange on accou nt of the cu t off -

of the engi ne t his ch ang e b eing c aus ed bo t h by the sudd en with

,

d awal of the s t eam t o the engi ne and i t s cons equ ent exp ansion
r ,

and also on accou nt of the i ner t i aof thes team at thehi gh vel oci t y
 C HAP T E R XI .

V A CU U M E XH AU ST P I P IN G .

l
C ass B 1 and 2 u m E haust Pi ping M ai n and B an h to
Vac u x r c

E ng ines T he v acuum li nes a e i n mos t c as es the l arg est pipe

. r

li nes in the pl ant and sp eci al c are should be t ak en in th eir d esign

,

in ord er to reduc e the loss of h ead in the fl ow through th em T he .

lo ss of but one h alf a pou nd in the pip e line m eans in l ess

—
1 .

v acuum at the eng ine th an at the cond enser A loss th at would .

sc arc ely be m easur abl e in a steam line would be t oo great to be

all o wed in a v acuum l ine O rd inarily w ith 6 in of v acuum
.
,
2 .
,

there would be 7 cu ft of s team p assing th ough the v acuum line

0 . . r

fo each cubic foot p assing through the liv e st eam li ne and

r cu ft ,
10 . .

of atm osph eric exh aus t to cu ft of live steam An engine 1 . . .

h aving a in st eam line will ord inarily h av e a 4 n exh aus t

12 —
. 2 -
1 . .

Assumi ng th at the co ntinuous flow of a 6 in line is equiv al ent -

.

to the flow of a in li ne wh en st eam is cut off at one q u art er of

12 -
.
-

the strok e or in one qu art er of the t im e th ere is a di am etric al r at io

-
,

betw een the 4 in exh au st and the 6 in st eam m ain of 4 to and

2 —
.
-
. r

an area r ati o of 6 to The v olum e of v acuum exh aust being

g

1 1 .

sev enty tim es th at of st eam it is th en tru e th at steam in v acuum

,

li nes must h ave a v el ocity about four and one h alf tim es th at of
the st eam i n the liv e st eam connectio n .

I t is due to thi s high er v elocity bad b ends in the li ne and ot her ,

friction losses th at the v acuum at the engine is in m any c as es so

much l ess th an at the c ond enser I n st eam t urbi ne practic e wh ere .

an ex t rem ely hi gh acuum i s m aint ai ned

v cu ft of boil er steam , 1 . .

w il l exp and to a olum e of about 3 cu ft in 8 in of v acuum

v 1 0 . . 2 . .

Th erefore the di ameter of the exh au st sh ould be el even tim es th at

in the st eam li nes to m ai nt ai n the sam e v elo ity as th at of the boil er c

st eam I f it were p ossi bl e to reduc e the vel ocity of the v acuum

.

s t eam by u sing l arger lines th en it would also be possibl e t o use a

,

longer pip e line with the c ond enser l oc ated in a more adv antageous
positi on B y wayof illu strati on a in st eam l ine u nd er the stat ed
. 10— .

conditions woul d require a v acuum exhau st l ine 9 ft in di ameter . .

 A
V CU U M E XH A UST P I P I NG . 1 71

I t has b een fou nd prac t ic al to pip e only the sm all er turbi nes i nt o
a high v acuu m m ai n
-
T he e onomi s of the di fferent vacuum s
. c c

h ave b een d et ermi ned by actu al test s and the engi neer is th erefore ,

abl e to d et erm ine how much y early lo ss he w ill t hi nk justi fi abl e in

ord er to effect any d esired pipi ng syst em F o l arge u nits u si ng . r

high er v acuums the typ e of c onstructi on aff ordi ng the high est
v acuum and the l east resi st anc e to the fl ow of steam is the one mo st
d esirabl e N ot o nly should the c onnecti ons be short and of a
.

l arge di amet er but the sh ap e of the mouth and disch arge op eni ngs
should also be prop erly d esig ned as the lo ss b etw een the t urbi ne ,

and co nd enser an oft en be r educ ed one t hird by so d oi ng

c T he .

loss of in in v acuum on a compou nd engi ne c aus es an i ncrease

1 .

in the st eam co nsumptio n of l ess t h an pe c ent but the 1 r ,

loss of in from 8 to 7 in of v acuum on a steam t urbine

1 . 2 2 .

increases the s t eam c onsumption about 6 pe c ent I t would r .

th erefore be possibl e to d esign a v acuum m ain for engi ne work

th at would be quite imprac t ic abl e fo use with turbi nes r .

T he fric t io n lo ss es should also be r educ ed as much as po ssibl e in

the v acuum li nes A kw u nit will i n m ost c ases g ener at e
.
-
.

about kw h pe y ear the g ener ati ng cos t fo l abor and

-
r
. r ,
r

fu el b ei ng about pe y ear This would m ean a y early l oss

r .

of $6 for each inch of v acuum lost by frictio n This sum w ould

00 .

pay the i nt eres t and d epr eci atio n on an additio nal i nv estm ent of
t o cover the nec ess ary cos t of l arger piping which would ,

reduc e the l oss in The increas ed cost to reduc e this fric t ion
1 .

l oss would in most c ases be comp arat ively slight bei ng p ossibly ,

the exp ens e of more c ar eful s t udy in l ayi ng out the origi nal syst em .

B ut littl e u seful d at a i s av ail abl e to d et ermi ne the am ou nt of the

losses throu gh the fi tti ngs v alves et required in the different pip e
, ,
c
.
,

li nes T he branch from the v acuum m ain should be short to avoid

.

li ne lo ss; t o c arefor exp ansion this connection should be lo ng as in ,

the c as e wh er e bu t two pi ec es of app ar atus a e ti ed to the m ai n To r .

c omply wi t h th es e conflicting d em and s a compromise is nec es sary .

The amou nt of s t r ai n t h at an be s afely pl ac ed on pip e work has c

not b een su ffi ci ently d et ermi ned to be us eful in m aki ng c alcul atio ns .

T he d et ails us ed i n providi ng for exp ansio n oth er th an th at of

the pip e its elf a e i nv ari ably som e form of el astic j oi nt o pip e
r r .

Fig 4 (B ) shows a di aphragm j oi nt m ad e of st eel pl ate

. 1 1 r 1
—
,

rivet ed and c alk ed Thi s joi nt has b een fou nd v ery s ati sfactory
.

for use on l arge rivet ed m ai ns Such riv et ed work is used exten

,
.
17 2 STE AM P O WER P L A NT P I P I N G S STE Y MS .

si vel y for l arge exh aus t and v acuum pip es I t is not the rivet ed .

work th at is esp eci ally w anted bu t the increased size of the m ai ns

, .

Fig 4 ( B ) shows one of a v ari ety of forms of di aphragm

. 1 2 1— 2

joi nt s used on w eld ed pip e and m ad e in the pip e shop s T he form .

shown in Fig 4 is a d esign which mus t be m ad e in the pip e shop

. 1 2

and should be ass embl ed by the pip e fi tt er T he form illus t r at ed .

141 (B 1 F IG . 1 42 (B r

in Fig 4 should be m ad e in the boil er shop and assembl ed by the

. 1 1

boil er m ak er I f the l arge m ains a e m ad e in the boil er shop i t

. r

w ill be fou nd advant ageous t o h ave the boil er m ak ers assembl e

and erec t t h em The pr ac t ic e of riv et i ng h eavy fl ang es t o the
.

shell of the pip e is not consid ered good d et ail work wh et h er the ,

fl anges be m ad e of c as t iron or s t eel T he b es t boil er shop prae

.

t ice is t o rivet t oget h er sh eet s of lik e thickness and allow the rivet ed
joi nt s to be as fl exibl e as possibl e T he form shown in Fig 4
. . 1 1

is consid ered good boil er shop prac t ic e si nc e i t aff ords an oppo r

tuni ty for applyi ng the riv et s and for drivi ng and c alki ng the
j oi nt s all the rivet s b ei ng short
, .

To avoid such a d esign as is shown in Fig 43 (B wh ere . 1 1

the pip e li nes co nnec t t o the fl ang ed f ac es of the m achi nes the on ,
c

ne tion as illustr at ed by Fig

c 44 ( B 4) should be us ed
. 1 r— T he .

por t ion should be m ad e of st eel pl ate abou t in wid e and wi t h

(I 12 .

ou t a straigh t s eam The l ap edges of the pl at e should be weld ed

.

b efore the fl ange is t urned over T he hol es should be pu nch ed in

.

the circul ar s eam b for the pl at e a o nly The end of the sec t io n
. 1:

should be l eft long and the rivet s in d omit t ed for a dist anc e of
17 4 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I N G S YSTE MS .

ing on a 3 6 in e The a
-
. pip
r diu
s of the. pip i
e be ng 1 8 in and the .

s i i g cti
w ng n se on 96 i n lo g
n the m vm t
o e en at the
.
,
joi t will
n b be
18 —

96 i n ofc m r i
o p e
.s i m mu t
s on on one s de and the sa e a o n of ten

sion on the oth er t here being no mov em ent at the top and bottom
,

FIG . 1 46 ( B 1 —
6)

of the di aphr agm The m ovem ent at the j oi nt b w ould be { 5 in

.
5
.

or 3 i on each of the di aphr agm pl at es Unl ess some such pro

3
2 h . .

vi sion as is h ere sh own be m ad e fo the ex pansion strain much r ,

troubl e will be c aused by l eaks throughout the rivet ed work .

FIG . 147 (B 1

c s li
I n a e the ne be a e m d of regul ar w eld ed pipe with fl anged '

t t i gs
fi n the str i
a n can be s imil arly t ak en c are of with corrugated
copp er connections as is sh own in Fig 4 7 ( B T he fl ang e . 1 r d

should be m ad e of wrought iron steel or a st eel c asting bec ause ,

co rrug at ed copp er exp ansion jo int s a e quit e expensive and i t be r

 A
V CU U M E XH A UST P I P I NG . 17 5

Co mes v ery di ffi cul t to m ak e rep airs in c ase of the breaki ng of the

c ast iron fl ang e I f the joi nt s a e to be ord ered it should be sp eci
-
. r

fi ed t h at th ey be m ad e of st eel as it is cust om ary to furnish such ,

j oint s with c ast iron fl anges T he j oi nt fac es of fi tti ngs and fl anges
-
.

should be m ad e with an adh esiv e gum p acki ng which should be

preferably free from graphit e so th at in c ase th e pressure on the ,

g ask et is rel eased th ere will be no d anger of a port ion of the

,

g ask et b ei ng suck ed i nto the pip e by the v acuum .

A simpl e m ethod of prev enti ng the g ask et from b ei ng dr aw n i nto

the pip e i s to m ak e the ed ge of the r ai sed joi nt f ac e as is shown in
Fig 48 ( B 8 ) and l et the out sid e di am et er of the g ask et be the
. 1 r—

di amet er i nsid e of the bolts T he g ask et will h ave a thick edge on .

FI G . 1 48 (B r FI G . 1 49 (B r

the ou t sid e of the joi nt shown at a due t o i t s compression on the

, ,

joi nt f ac es only The should er on the g ask et should be formed

.

gradu ally withou t any p erc ep t ibl e angl e and not as shown in Fig .

1 49 ( B which practic e c aus es aw eak poi nt in the g ask et wh ere

1

the b ead and the compr ess ed portio n joi n This w eak ness may not .

show for a consid erabl e time prob ably not u nt il the g ask et b ecomes ,

h ard and brit t l e fro m the h eat of the s team or soft and gummy
from the effects of the cyli nd er oil Cloth i nsertion or rubb er .

p acki ng is not as suit abl e for gask et s on a v acuum line as some

adh esive t yp e of p acki ng .

T he v alv es for v acuum li nes a e i nv ari ably of the g at e p att ern r ,

and in ord er t o giv e s at isf actory s ervic e t h ey should be wh at is

commonly styl ed the lb pressure v alve The so c all ed light
1 00 - . .
-

p a ttem e xh aus t v alv es a e not rigid enough t o m ai nt ai nrth eir pe r

feet form u nd er exc essive exp ansion strai ns and do not p ermit of
t heir b ei ng clos ed ai tigh t I n the general arr angem ent di agrams
r- . ,

Figs 47 and 48 the v acuum li nes a e shown and each engine is

.
,
r

provid ed wi t h a shu t off v alve Wh en the lo ad drops from the

-
.

engi ne i t is advis abl e t o provid e som e m eans of quickly op eni ng or

closi ng t his shu t off v alv e t o prevent the engine from ru nning abov e
-

norm al sp eed The op er at i ng d evic e sh ould be pl ac ed clos e t o

.

the st eam thro t tl e A w att m et er should be provid ed for each

.
1 76 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

g enerati ng u nit l oc at ed on the gage bo ard or at a pl ac e wh ere i t

,

an be cl early seen from the op er at or s po siti on whil e at the engi ne

’
c

throttl e The exh au st v al ve may be op erated by a sm al l motor

.

o r by a hydr aulic ally d riv en pi sto n The w att m et er show s

-
.

inst antly wh en the lo ad is thro wn on the m achine and wh eth er the

lo ad i s bei ng i ncreas ed or dimini sh ed th ereby enabli ng the opera ,

tor t o regul ate the s t eam and v acuum v al ves accordingly .

T he v alu e of a w attm et er at the engi ne has been so f ull y d emo n

st ated th at wh ere it has b een inst all ed the att end ant is oft en
r ,

guid ed m ore by it th an by the st eam or v acuum g ag e He k eeps .

a co nst ant w atch on the w attm et er and i nt erm edi at e g ge and t

raises the int erm edi ate pressure wh en he s ees th at the lo ad on the
engi ne is i ncreasi ng T he w attm et er at the engi ne has nothi ng to
.

do with switchbo ard work or with the el ectric al co ntrol I t m erely .

shows the att end ant wh at work the engine must do and m ak es
his duty more d efinite .

Wh ere th ere a e two or three l arg e engi nes on a cond enser and
r

the lo ad i s li abl e to drop off inst antly th er e is al ways a pos si

bil i ty th at the engines wil l run aw ay To avoid this i t is quite .

nec ess ary to break the v acuum as soo n as possibl e O n accou nt .

of the l arg e volum e of s t eam at a rath er hi gh pres sure in the low

pressure interm edi at e rec eiver it is not sufli ient to cl ose the c

st eam thro t tl e E ven though the m ain th ottl e be ins tantl y

. r

closed wh en the lo ad fal ls off the eng ine it wil l be som e time
b efore the pressure in the int erm edi ate rec eiver is lowered throu gh
the low pressure cyl ind er
—
The autom atic stop v al v es furnish ed
.

by engi ne build ers a e not as a rul e sufli ient to s av e the engine

r c

kw u nit might be in p ar all el with oth er m achines un

.

A -
. r

ning co nd ensi ng and d ev elopi ng 5 kw with the autom atic 00 .

butterfly v alve closed Thi s enti e l oad would be c arri ed by

. r

the low pres sure sid e alo ne

-
B y obs erv ing the w attm et er and
.

t achometer on an engi ne it will be noted th at the high est engine

sp eeds occur wh en v ery light l oads fo l l ow the h eavy lo ad s This .

situ ation occur s i n i ts most s ev ere form wh en an engine has been

very much ov erlo ad ed th ereby throwing the break er and los ing
,

i ts entire lo ad in l ess th an one revolutio n T he att end ant should .

be abl e t o at o nc e throw a s w itch on the engines and cl ose the

vacuum v alv e .

For two reasons it is quite ou t of the qu esti on to operat e l arge

v acuum v alv es by h and First b ec ause it t ak es so long to oper
.
,
17 8 STE AM P O WE R P L A NT P IP I NG SYSTE M S .

the horizont al t yp e T he op ening a is for the sm all w ater on

. c ‘

ne ti on whil e the op eni ng b is for the ov erflow

c , The fl ang e is . 1:

provid ed t o ret ain w at er over the v alve fac e The h and wh eel and .

screw shown at d a e used t o rais e the v alve from its seat as would
r

be requir ed if i t w er e ru nning non co nd ensing for a consid er abl e -

FIG . 1 51 (B 1

t ime . v lv shown in Fig 5 should h ave a sid e pl ate

T he a e . 1 0

c an be remov ed i n c as e i t is nec ess ary to r egri nd the v alv e t o i t s

s eat The v alve shown in Fig 5 an be readily regrou nd by
. . 1 1 c

removing the top ap T he guid e an be h eld in pl ac e by using

c . c

blocks u nd er the h ead s of the screws .

Atmo sph eric v alv es a e subj ect ed t o rat h er extrem e d em ands

r ,

the r equirem ent b ei ng a t ight v alv e with bu t littl e pressure on the

s eat fac e Th ese v alves an be grou nd in and m ad e tight in the
. c

shop but in mo st c ases after th ey h av e b een pu t into s ervic e they

,

will soo n show bad l eaks This condition is quite u navoid abl e and
.

c an h ardly be c all ed a d efec t The b ody of the v alv e is a h eavy

.

c asti ng in which the moldi ng strai ns a e reli eved by subj ec t ing i t r

to the st eam t emp erature At the end of a week s run the v alve
.
’

may l eak b adly and after grinding it may be p erfectly t igh t Th en

,
.

at the end of a m onth s un it m ay agai n show som e l eak and

’
r

r equire regrindi ng I t may not then show any p erceptibl e l eak

.

fo a y ear or more The t end ency of a c as t ing is t o reli ev e i ts elf

r .
 V A CU U M E X H A UST P IPIN G . 1 79

of the molding s t rain and each time the v alve is regrou nd it is in

,

b ett er sh ap e t h an b efore Th ere do es not seem t o be any prac t ic al

.

way of ov ercomi ng t his difli ul ty c .

Th ere is ano t h er t yp e of at mosph eric v alve illustrated in Fig , .

1 5 2 ( B1 which is fr equ ent ly furnish ed by the engi ne build ers .

This val ve is intend ed t o be posi t ively op erat ed by h and ins tead of

FI G . 1 52 ( B 1 —
1 2)

a u tomat ic in closi ng T he v alve mus t be h eld in posi t ion

.

on its s eat u nt i l v acuum has b een i ntroduc ed on the li ne aft er ,

which the v alv e will be h eld shu t by reas on of the di fferenc e in

pressure due to the v acuum I n c ase the v acuum v alve is mot or
.

op erated i t an be t hrown in and the atmosph eric v alve p arti ally

c

clos ed with the h and l ev er The op erat or will th en be abl e t o

.

asc ert ain by feeli ng wh en the v acuum is i ncreasi ng in the li ne and

, , ,

can forc e the v alv e t o its s eat and he l d it clo sed .

Wi t h t his v alv e the ob j ec t ionabl e f eat ure of ch att eri ng an be

,
c
1 80 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

prac t ic ally eliminated Th ere is nothing th at i njures the v alve .

f ac es of an at mosph eric v alve as much as this continuou s ch at

t ering O n v alves of in di amet er and ov er the ch attering
. 2 0— .
,

becom es p ar t icul arly s ev ere A in v alv e will h av e an ar ea of . 2 0- .

31 4 sq i an d if
. the
h tr
. av
, el of the v alv e is 5 i n and th at of the .

h and l ev er 3 in i t would be p ossibl e t o hold the v alve ag ainst a

0 .
,

1- l b b ack pr essur e or
. in of v acuum by ex ert ing a pressure of 2 .

5 lb on the l ev er
0 . Th ere are som e obj ections to this v al ve one
.
,

b eing th at it is a di ffi cul t v alve t o regrind and k eep in p erfect

al ignm ent w ith its f ac e Thi s is a fault common t o all b eat v alves
.

which lie on th eir sid es Anoth er obj ec t ion is t h at a w ater s eal .

c annot be us ed to shut off any l eaks which may occur .

Th ere a e c ert ain ess enti al features th at an at mosph eric v alve

r

should poss ess t o m eet the requirem ents in the most effi cient
m anner T he v alve should be of the b eat form ; the v al ve face
:

should be pl ac ed in a horizont al position; a w ater s eal should be

provid ed for the v al ve s eat ; a ap pl ate which may eas ily be c ,

removed should be provid ed t o facilit at e insp ecti on or regrind

,

ing ; the v alv e should be rot at abl e with r esp ect to its oper ating
l ever or guid es so th at the s am e d evic e th at is used to r ais e the
,

v al ve from its s eat will be an aid in regr inding ; wh en the ap c

pl ate is remov ed al l the v alve guid es should be in pl ac e to allo w

a prop er regrindi ng ; the d ash po t sho u l d be of such a form and so
loc ated th at it an readily be insp ected and k ept in good ord er
c ,

and som e m eans should be provid ed for h oldi ng the v alv e off i ts
seat wh en the eng ine is to be un non cond ensing r -
.

The siz es of an atmosph eric v alv e and pip e may be on c

side abl y l ess th an th os e of simil ar p art s on a v acuum li ne

r

b ec ause of the differenc e in the volumes of steam at atmosph eric

pressure and u nd er v acuum The volume of a given amou nt of .

s team at 6 in of v acuum is seven times t h at of the s ame steam

2 .

at at mosph eric pr essure I t is thus s een th at the area of the .

atmosph eric connec t ions an be m ad e one s ev enth the siz e of c -

t hose for the v acuum line and still m aint ain the sam e v elocity of
fl ow .Th ere would how ev er be bu t a slight lo ss in c as e the
, ,

v elocity flows v ari ed s inc e the atmosph eric c onnecti on is in use

,

but a sm all p ortion of the tim e .

For fi xing the rel ative dimensions of the di fferent engi ne on c

ne tions of a compound engine so th at the flow will be the s am e

c ,

at all part s the followi n ar um ent should be c ons id ered:

g g,
182 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

Following t his argument if the s t eam line is in in di am et er

,
10 .
,

the exh aus t to the r ec eiv er will be } n in di am et er and the

i 12 .

st eam line to the low pressure cyli nd er w ill be 4 in in di am et er

-
2 . .

T he at mosph eric exhau st w ill be 6 i n in di am et er T he 1 . .

v acuum exh aus t is usu all y m ad e by the engine build ers t wic e the
si e of the liv e st eam l ine giving the exh aust steam a vel ocity four
z -
,

t imes t h at of the liv e s team i nstead of 4 in and the s ame v elo ity
,
2 . c .

The t end ency in engi ne build ing is t o m ak e the co nnections to

the high pr essur e sid e of an engine l arg er and to the low pressure
- -

sid e small er t h an is nec ess a y In rec eiving bids for engines the
r .
,

engine build er shoul d be r equir ed t o st at e the siz e of the port

openings as the efli ien y of an engine is considerably affec ted
,
c c

by the fric t ional losses in the restrict ed area of the low pressure -

ports The at mosph eric connec t ion an consistently be m ad e

. c

thr ee eigh ths of the di am et er of the v acuum exh aus t and stil l
-

m aintain the s ame v elocity of flow in the atmosph eric connec t ion
as in the v acuum co nnec t io n I n o t h er words a 9 in atmos .
,
-
.

phe i pip e could be us ed in co nnectio n wi th a 4 i

rc v acuum 2 h
-
.

line This rat io is rath er ex treme in prac t ic e and it is not used

. .

The low pressure port op eni ng in the exh au st v alv e of a com

-

pound engine h aving a in liv e steam connec t ion w ill h ave an

1 2- .
-

area of 5 by 64 in or 3 sq in Thi s is
. 20tim es the area of
. .

the st eam pipe and correspo nds t o a di am et er of wh en the

di amet er of the live s t eam port is I t will be not ed th at thi s
-
1 .

area is bu t sligh tly great er th an t h at r equ i r ed t o e h aus t t o the x

atmosph ere and m aint ain the s am e v eloci t y for the e h aus t as x

for the live s team I f the port w ays in the low pressure cylind er
.
- -

are m ad e l arg er the cos t of the l ow pressur e cylind er will be

,
-

m ateri ally increas ed .

Cl ass B 3 Va uum E haust to Condense

c xWith an el evated r.

jet cond ens er ins t all at ion it is a r at h er general prac t ic e to pl ac e an

entrainer at the low er end of the ri ser to the co nd enser as sho wn
in Fig 53 ( B3
. 1 T he principl e of the entr ainer is th at
i ns t ead of the w at er of co nd ens ation lying at the bo tt om of the
entir e v acuum m ain the cond ens ati on flo ws i nt o the trap sh aped
,
-

fi tt ing and cong es ts the p ass ag ew ay for the st eam to such an ext ent
th at the s t eam will pick up the w at er and c arry i t up and into the
cond ens er B ut v ery lit tl e cond ens at ion will be h eld in the tr ap
.

b efore it fills up to a point wh ere the s team wil l c arry i t I nst ead .

of allowing a long m ain t o becom e parti all yfill ed wi th c ond ensati on

 A
V CU U M E XH A UST P IP I NG . 183

on ligh t lo ads which c ond ens ation is l at er pick ed up on heavy

,

lo ads and t hrown ag ainst the elbows of the m ain the entr ainer ,

allows bu t littl e w at er to l ie in any p art of the li ne I t is of cours e .

nec ess ary t h at the m ai n be giv en a pitch tow ard the ent r ai ner .

This method of removi ng cond ens ation has b een fou nd very
s atisfac t ory .

Ano t h er m et hod of r emoving the drips from a v acuum m ai n is

by m eans of a v acuum t rap A v acuum t rap is qui te int eres t ing
.

FI G . 1 53 (B3 FIG . 1 54 (B4

in its i nt ric aci es of s team drip and disch arg e connec t ions and also
, , ,

i n its au t om at ic arr ang em ent for op eni ng and shu t ti ng th es e on c

ne tions at the prop er t im e bu t as a pow er s t at ion appli anc e a

c ,

v acuum t rap is co nsid ered a t roubl esome d evic e; usu ally som e
m eans o t h er th an the use of such t raps an be d evis ed t o drain
c

the li nes if the id ea is k ep t in mi nd whil e l ayi ng ou t the v acuum

sys t em I f oth er disposi t ion of c ond ens ation has not b een pro
.

vided for a v acuum t r ap should be us ed as a l ast r esor t

, I t is the .
184 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI NG SYSTE MS .

e limi nation of such d evic es th at shows c areful and compet ent

st ation engi neering .

Cl ass B 4 Va uum E xhaust ; G ease E t ra tor

c T he usu al r x c .

typ e of greas e extrac tor has the s am e form as a st eam s ep ar ator .

T he oil c arri ed with the st eam is in combi nati on with the co nd ens ed
v ap ors The principl e of op er ation of the s ep arator is to l essen
.

the v elocity of the st eam b efore ch angi ng its directi on of flow and
t hus all ow the h eavi er p art icl es of greas e to cont inu e in the s ame
direction as wh en enteri ng the s ep arator and be d eposit ed on a
”
b affi e which is out of the p ath of the st eam .

Fig 54 ( B 4 ) illustrat es the g eneral principl e of all greas e

. 1 —
1

extr actors with a few minor ch ang es in the loc ati on of the b affl es .

Th ere is no curr ent in the sp ac e i ndic at ed by sinc e the ribs on 0,

the b affl e pr ev ent any fl ow across its f ac e A w at er spr ay is i ntro .

du ed throu gh the pip e sho wn at b which furth er r educ es the tem

c ,

pe atu e of the mist on the b affl e and co nv eys it do wn to the dr ain

r r

pip e shown at T he lip d is provid ed to prev ent oil from creep

c
.
, ,

i ng on the i nner surf ac eof the s ep ar ator which might be due to ,

the fl ow of the impingi ng st eam and b eing c arri ed to the co nd ens er, .

T he w at er spr ay is also co nnect ed with thi s ring The sp ac es .

i ndic at ed by e and e a e the p ass ages for the st eam T he drain

’
r .
,
c,

is un to a v acuum t rap or an entr ai ner The drain is one th at

r .
, c,

should not be c arri ed t o the c ond enser and in ord er to ej ect w at er ,

the entr ai ner is quit e nec ess ary T he disch arg e from the entr ai ner
.

should go t o a s ew er or to a l arg e greas e tr ap I f a grease tr ap is .

u sed all drips cont aining any oil should be un i nto the sam e
,
r

syst em throughout the pl ant This syst em w ill be d escri b ed more

.

fully in a l at er ch apt er .

With surfac e cond ens ers the oil is removed from all the exh au st
steam sinc e all the c ond ens ation is returned to the boil ers How
, .

ev er i i jet co nd ens ers a e us ed it i s quit e di ffi cult to remov e the

,
r ,

oil from all of the exh aus t and quite usel ess sinc e only from three
to fi e pe c ent of the exh au st st eam is ret urned t o the boil er the
v r ,

rem ai nd er b ei ng disch arged with the t ail w at er from the cond enser
t o the st ream from which the w at er is t ak en I f a cooling pond or .

tower is u sed all e h au st st eam sh ould be run throu gh a v acuum

,
x

s ep arator Unl ess this is done the great er p orti on of the cyli nder
.
,

oil will be di sch arged i nto the c ooli ng pond o t ower T he int er r .

est on an i nv estm ent for greas e extract ors will be r ecov ered by the

l ess ening of boil er repairs and by the recl aiming of oil and grease .
1 86 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

may h av e air t ak en from i t t hrough r ul ar air m ain us ed for the eg

the m ain co nd ens ers The sm al l co nd ens er would h av e only the
.

feed w at er p assing t hrough it and the ho t w ell w ater woul d be ,

-

m aint ained at a high temp erat ure possibly d egrees high er th an ,

10

in the l arg e cond ens er The oil could be eliminat ed from this
.

cond enser by us ing the greas e extrac tor as shown in Fig 5 5 . 1

(B4
I f the pl ant is suppli ed wi th t wo 3 in cond ensers the sm all 0- .
,

cond enser should h ave an 8 in exh aus t connec t ion abou t a 4 in -

.
,
—
.

circul at ing w at er connec t ion and a 5 in t ail pip e The cos t of this
,
-
. .

cond ens er will be low and ordinarily the fu el s av ed wil l more t h an

cov er the increas ed cos t of ins t all at ion Should the sm al l on . c

d ens er not be us ed the boil er feed w ater would h av e t o be h andl ed

in the l arge cond ens ers t h er eby incr easing the c ap acity of the pl ant
,

in cond ens er c ap aci t y N o ex tr a pumps or m ach ines a e requi ed

. r r

t o operate the sm all cond enser The doubl e w ater end pump .
- -

would be required in any c ase I f the cond enser is not used the .
,

low pressure pump would be used as the heat er pump T he

-
.

by p ass c onnec t io n sho wn at a is us ed wh en the cond enser s not

—
, ,
1

in op er at ion D ue t o the flo at v alv e closing the disch arg e t o the

.

h eater the sm al l amou nt of surplus hot w ell w ater will disch arge
,
-

through the overflow To avoid the use of an entrainer the drips

.
,

from the grease ex trac tor may be run to the dry v acuum pump ,

sinc e th ere will be bu t one t hir t i et h p art of the s team flowing to the
-

sm all cond enser The dry v acuum pump will h andl e consid erabl e
.

moisture wi thou t c ausing any s erious diffi cul t y .

Cl ass B 5 V acuu mE xhaust to the H ig h -P ress re u Cyli nder . In

Fig . w ere shown the steam and exh aust lines t o the high
1 34

and low pr essur e cylind ers and also the lines t o the cond enser and
-

t o the at mosph ere The v alves f and g are the thro ttl es for the
.

high and low pressure sid es and should be provid ed wi th floor

-

stands and h and wh eels close t o the v al ve gear Thes e s tands .

should be so pl ac ed as not t o int erfere wi t h the remov al of the

val ves and pis t ons The v alve is a pressure reducing valv e
. 11 -
.

T he v al v es in the exh aus t from the high pr es sur e cylind er and also -

the one nex t to the low pr essur e cylind er a e only oper at ed wh en

-
r

one sid e of the engine is ou t of s ervic e and the oth er sid e is to be

ru n as a s ingl e cyli nd er engine O p er at ing d evic es for such v alv es
-
.
,

ru nning through the fl oor are nei ther nec ess ary nor d esir abl e
, .

The v alv e d sh oul d be ei ther m ot or or h ydr aulic al l y o per at ed .

 VACU UM E XH A UST P IP I NG . 18 7

The v alv is e 6 t mo ph ric s lf op ening and closi ng valve

the a s e e -
.

The v a l v e b is the r eli ef v alv e to pr ev ent the pressur e from run

ning t oo high on the r ec eiver .

I t will be no t ed th at the r ec eiv er is us ed wh en the low pr essur e -

cylind er is op erated wi th s t eam p ass ing through the reducing val ve ,

and also th at the reducing v alve disch arg es i nt o the r ec eiv er and
not int o the line t o the low pr essure cyli nd er -
Th es e t wo feat ures .

should not be overlook ed b ec ause o th erwis e money will be w asted

fo th es e low pr essure co nnectio ns and at the s am e t im e the r edu e
r -

ing v alv e could not be op er at ed .

R educi ng v alv es h av e b een co nnec t ed t o low pr essur e cyli nd ers -

wi thou t rec eivers and h ave fail ed compl etely in cont rolling the
pressure There mus t be a l arge volum e of s team bet w een the
.

reducing v alve and the cu t off valve of the engine in ord er to

—

avoid the cons t ant jumpi ng of the v al ve U su ally t his volum e .

should not be l ess t h an t h at of the cylind er T he pip e from the .

r ec eiver t o the low pressure cylind er will c ause a greater drop in

-

pressure during the flow of s t eam th an will the rec eiver I n ord er .

to produc e a mor e st eady flow through i t the r educing v alv e should ,

be disch arg ed dir ec t t o the r ec eiv er and not int o the br anch from
the r ec eiv er I f the engi ne has no rec eiv er the pr essur e r educi ng
.
,
-

v alve should be loc ated aw ay from the cylind er as far as would

be nec ess ary t o giv e an ar ea t o the pip e equ al t o the ar ea of the
low pressure cylind er I t will be no t ic ed in Fig 34 th at the high
-
. . 1

pressure cylind er an e h aus t eith er t o the cond enser t o the

c x 01

atmosph er e wh en the low pr essur e is off and t h at the low pressure ,

-

sid e will a t in the s am e m anner wh en the high pressure sid e

c -

is off .

Class B6 Va uum E x haust to Au i l i a i es

c I n mos t c as es a x r .

cond ens ing pl ant an be l aid ou t so th at only the pumps and

c

singl e v alve engines u sed for stok ers s t acks et will exh aus t int o
-
, ,
c .
,

the h eat er Th es e m achi nes would show only abou t a per c ent
. 10

increas e in power if t h ey w ere run cond ensing I n ord er t o be .

abl e to d et ermi ne how m any of the auxili ari es should be run t o the
h eater or t o the co nd enser the B t u losses u nd er v arious condi
,
. . .

t ions and wh en run cond ensing and t o the h eater should be on c

side ed as follows
r

1 . I f liv e s t eam at 6 lb pressur e is fed t o an auxi li ary th at

1 0 .

exh aus ts t o the at mosph er e i t wil l req uire ,

B t u per lb of . . . .

s team t aken as one uni t of work

,
.
1 88 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT PIPI NG SYSTE MS .

2 . live s t eam at 6 lb pressure is fed to an auxili ary using

If 1 0 .

9 p
0 e c en t
r of the st eam wh en run co nd ensi ng it would r equir e ,

B t u pe unit of work
. . . r .

3 .With th e s a m e co nditio n s a s i n N o but us i ng 8 p e c en t . 2, 0 r

of the st eam the au ili ary would require 956 B t u pe unit of work
,
x . . . r .

4 .With the s am e conditions as in N o but u sing 7 pe c ent . 2 , 0 r

of the steam the auxili ary would require 836 B t u pe u nit

,
. . . r

of work .

5 .I f liv e st ea m a t 6 lb pr e s sur e is fed t o th e

1 a uxili a ry 0 d e li .
,
v

er i ng 9 pe c ent in exh au st st eam a

0 r nd pe c ent i n co n d en s atio n 10 r

to the h eat er it w ould r equir e 46 B t u pe unit of w ork

,
1 . . . r .

6 .With the s ame conditions as in N o 5 but d elivering 5 pe .

, 0 r

c ent of the st eam to the h eater and 5 pe c ent to the atmosph ere 0 r ,

the auxil i ary would r equire 6 B t u pe unit of w ork 22 . . . r .

7 .With th e s am e co nditi on s a s i n N o 5 but d e liv erin g 3 p e .

,
0 r

c ent of the steam to the h eater the auxili ary would require 8 , 02

B t u pe unit of work
. . . r .

8 .With the s am e c onditions as in N o 5 bu t d elivering .

, 10

p e r c en t of t h e st ea m to th e h ea t e r th e a uxili ary would r equir e ,

B t u pe u nit of work
. . . r .

I t will be s een from the foregoing th at au ili ari es usi ng a l arg e x

amou nt of st eam pe hors epow er or in o th er words auxili ari es r , ,

th at show but a slight d ecreas e in st eam co nsumptio n wh en run

cond ensing a e mos t economic al wh en exhau sting to the h eater
,
r .

In N o fo inst anc e wh er e the auxil i ary ru ns co nd ens ing th er e

. 2 ,
r , ,

is required the consumption of as m any h eat u nits as u nd er the

conditi ons illustrat ed in N o 8 wh ere the pump u ses but one tenth .
,
-

of i ts st eam i n the h eat er the r em aind er b eing w ast ed to the ,

atmo sph ere I n N o 4 which illustr at es the ec onomy of a com

. .
,

pou nd cond ensing u nit the consumption of h eat u nits would be ,

l ess if as in N o 7 it w ere d elivering but 3 pe c ent of i ts steam

,
.
,
0 r

to the h eat er and w ere ru nning non cond ens ing -

.

I n the eff ort to s ecur e high eco nomy el ectric ally driv en auxili a ,

ri es a e frequ ently us ed the id ea b eing th at the economy of the au

r ,
x

il i a i es will be nearly th at of the l arg e m ain u nits

r For ex ampl e .
,

an el ectric al auxil i ary may r equir e through its m ain u nit bu t 6 lb 1 .

of st eam pe h ors epow er which at r B t u pe lb would be ,

. . . r .

a t ot al of B t u pe hour I f a st eam au ili ary run non

. . . r . x ,

c ond ensing is u sed all of the ex haust bei ng u sed in the h eat er
, , ,

as in N o 5 the co nsumptio n would be 46 B t u pe lb of

.
,
1 . . . r .
190 STE AM PO WE R A
P L N T P I P I N G S YST E MS .

from the exci t er engi ne c anno t be cond ens ed i n the heat er and ,

the s aving eff ec t ed by ru nni ng it at any tim e co nd ensi ng would be

very slight Assuming th at the l arg e unit us es 5 lb of steam per
. 1 .

h orsepower hour it costs not l ess t h an pe c ent of the whol e

-
,
1 r

power of a l arg e u nit t o op er ate the cond ensi ng app aratus .

Si nc e pump s and oth er auxili ary app aratus r equir e from six to
seven t imes this amou nt of s team pe horsepower hour i t would r -
,

require from 6 t o 7 pe c ent of the pump pow er t o op er ate

r

cond ensi ng m achinery t h at will effec t a gro ss s aving of pe 10 r

c ent l eavi ng a net s avi ng of but 3 to 4 pe c ent in the steam

,
r

c onsumption of the pump T he amou nt of s team av ail abl e in

.

the sh ap e of pumps st ok er engi nes et should be d etermined

, ,
c
.
,

and al so the possibl e d em ands in the sh ap e of exh aust st eam for

the h eati ng sys t em I t an th en be b ett er d et ermined wh et h er
. c

some of the sm all g enerating m achinery is to be arr anged t o un r

eith er co nd ensi ng or non co nd ensing -

.

Anoth er d et ail th at ent ers i nt o the c onsid er atio n of exh aus t

steam lines is the e h aus t h eating system I n Fig 56 (B 6 )
x . . 1 —
1

is shown a simpl e arr angement

of the exhaust h eating sys tem
from exciter engines T he .

v alve is closed wh en the h eat 0

i ng syst em is not in use and ,

the v alv e b is op en wh en the

excit er engi nesa erun co nd ens r

ing Wh en both a and b a e . r

F o 56 ( B 6
r . 1 closed the excit er engines will ,

exh aus t to the h eat er T he .

b ack pressure valves s erve both for at mosph eric rel i ef and for reli ef
-

in c as e the pr essure in the h eati ng m ain exc eed s the pres sur e as
set. All the m ai n u ni ts should be on the v acuum m ain and all
oth er auxili ari es should be on the h eat er m ai n I n l aying out the .

st ati on the m ach ines may be s el ec ted and arranged so th at th ey

will give only the amou nt of steam required for the different
cl ass es of servic e Thi s is ano t h er ins t anc e wh ere the nature of
.

the syst em mus t be fully d et ermi ned b efor e the m achinery is pur
ch ased or in any way d ecid ed up on T he id eal system is one .

which will d eliver to the h eat er all the st eam it will cond ens e and
at the sam e tim e not w ast e to the atmosph er e mor e th an one
h alf of the exh aust of the sm all es t m achine .
 A
V CUUM E XH A UST P I P I N G . 19 1

Class B 7 —
Vacuu m E xhau st
r R el i ef Val ves T he
to Cy i nde l .

cylind er reli efs on an engine a e frequ ently l ef t op en to the at mos

r

p h e e
r t o show wh en th ey a e s niftin g r T h e ac t u al worki ng .

s ervic e of this v al ve is quite i nsigni fic ant sinc e it is very sel ,

dom in op eration T he v alve is pl ac ed in such a position t h at

.

it will reli eve the cyli nd er of any exc essive pressure which
may be c aus ed by improp er v alv e s ett ing or by exc essiv e com
pression T he high pressure sid e may be l ef t op en t o the at mos
.
-

p h e e
r provid ed the engi ne and th e r eli ef v alv es a e prop erly se t r

FI G . 1 57 (B 7

and do show any l eak age th at may c aus e t roubl e Unl ess .

the low pr essure cyli nd er r eli ef v alv es a e k ep t absolu t ely t igh t

—
r
,

t h ey will c ause consid erabl e troubl e on accou nt of the ai which r

is li abl e t o l eak i nto the v acuum lines To avoid this diffi cul t y .
,

th es e v alves a e frequ ently pip ed t o the exh aus t fro m the low
r

pressure cylind er .

The co nnectio ns show n in Fig 5 7 ( B 7 ) will work up v ery 1

—
. 1

nic ely usi ng fl ang ed r eli ef v alv es c ast iro n bodi es pip e b ends
, ,
—
, ,

an op eni ng in the bed pl at e fo the pip e to p ass t hrough and

r ,

fl anged f ac es on the exh aus t elbow t o which a e att ach ed the r

reli ef pip es T he Corliss valves an be removed wi thou t int er

. c

fe ing with t h es e
r .

I f the high pr essur e sid e of the engi ne is t o h av e r eli efs pip ed

-

from it the pipi ng should be done in the m anner illus tr ated in

,
192 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE M S .

Fig 5 7 The reli efs should disch arge into the high pressure
. 1 .
-

exh aus t ,
in which c ase t h er e shoul d be u sed a fl ang ed sid e
op ening return b end as shown by the dott ed li nes t o which the
, ,

pipe bends may be att ach ed The pip ed reli ef is obj ectionabl e
.

bec aus e i t all ows the r eli ef t o be negl ect ed and to w ast e st eam in
the mos t exp ensiv e m anner E ngi ne build ers in g ener al pr efer to
.

h ave the v alve l eft op en th eir reason being th at if everything is

,

as i t should be the v al v e will not blow

,
I f t h ese co nnec t ions a e
. r

to be used the engine build er should be required to furnish th em

, .
 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

il lu stration an be att ach ed in the field and the light w eld ed

c -

pip e may h av e a m aximum di am et er of 3 in The end of the 0 .

pip e should proj ect slightly beyond the f ac e of the fl ang e in

ord er th at the j oi nt may be m ad e at the end of the pip e The .

fl ang e should be shru nk on and the pip e w ell p eened into the
fl ang e .

Th ere is anoth er styl e of connecti on sho wn in Fig 59 . 1

which m k v ry ti f ct ry fl g but ow g to
( C ) a
” i
I —
2 a es e sa s a o an e n ,

the gr eat amou nt of drawi ng out of the m et al used in mak

ing the fl ang e the connecti on sh ould be m ad e at the shop wh er e
,

F IG . 1 58 ( Cr —
)
r . FIG . 1 59 ( Cr

t h ere a e sp eci al f aciliti es for doing thi s work The fl anges

r .

used in this joint a e m ad e l arg e enough t o be loose on the pipe

r

and s erv e o nly t o draw the fl ang ed ends t og eth er I n Fig 59 . . 1

the fl ang es a e m ad e of c as t iron but fo peened w ork as in Fig

r ,
r .

fl g s should m rought iron roll ed steel o

_

1
5 8 the a n e b e ad e o f w , ,
r

st eel c asti ng For ligh t c asing pip e a ch eap er for m of on

. c

st uction is fou nd in the use of fine c asi ng thread ends and

r -

screwed fl anges .

At mosph eric exh aus t li nes up t o 4 i n i n di am et er should be 2 .

m ad e of m et al with a thick ness of not l ess t h an one one hundredth -

i n pe inch of di am et er
. r E xh au st li nes in i n di am et er h av e
. IO .

b een m ad e of N o galv aniz ed iron Si nc e the exh aust from an

. 20 .

engi ne is i nt ermitt ent and the pip e a co nd ensi ng body the ,

v acuum in such a light pip e will c ause it to c oll apse even thou gh
the end be op en to the atmo sph ere An atmosph eric li ne should .

be d esig ned as if it c arri ed ab ou t fi e i nch es of v acuum C ast v .

iron ells and t ees should be used on exhaust li nes of 3 in and 0 .

l ess but for l arger v acuum exh aust m ai ns the ell s and t ees an
, c

be m ad e of riv et ed pl at es with the fl ang es pl ac ed as shown in

Fig 59 A di am et er of 3 in is vi t u ally the dividing point
. 1 . 0 . r
 A TAI O SP H E R I C E X H A UST P IP I NG . 19 5

b et ween pip e sh op and boil er sh op work Vacuum exh au st

- -
.

m ains 3 in o l ess in di ameter an be mad f w el ded pip e with

0 . r c : c-

screwed fl anges and c ast fi t t ings I f the siz e is l arg er t h an 3 in . 0 .

the pip e t hic kness b ec om es su ffi ci ent to m ak e good c alk ed work

possibl e C ast iro n fi ttings fo a fi e foot li ne w ould be extrem ely
.
—
r v -

h eavy and short radius b ends would be u sed to reduc e the

-

w eigh t .

Fig 6 (C 3) shows a 5 X
. 1 0 4 ft tee m ad e up of pl at e
r— -
.

m et al and loose c as t iron fl anges as shown in Fig 59 wi th ten

-
. 1 ,

si on o compressio n po st s
r

( m ark ed a) t o strength en the

fl at f ac es Thi stee as shown
.

has t urns of l arg e r adius and

is of a siz e which would be
quite ou t of the qu es t ion fo ‘

Th ere a e T
r

a c as t fi tt i ng . r

abou t 12 sq ft of fl at fac e . .

on each sid e of the tee which

mus t resis t the at mosph eric
pressure at 5 lb pe sq in 1
F o
.
6
r
( C 3)
. .
r 1 0 1
1
This is atot al of abou t
. .

lb pressure or
. lb fo each of the seven p osts Th ese p ost s
, . r .

should be of pip e and h av e st eel fl ang es at the ends riv et ed t o

the sh ell .

As exh aus t li nes a e of a ligh t typ e of construc t io n i t is ne es

r c

s ary th at th ey be w ell prot ected ag ai nst w at er p ock et s and w at er

h amm er The drai ns should be in the s am e direc t ion as the flow
.

of the st eam and th er e sh ould be s om e s or t of a wat er s eal as

shown in Fig 6 (C I n Fig
. 6 the dist anc e a should
1 1 r . 1 1 , ,

be m ad e suffi ci ently great t o prev ent the puls ati ng pressure from
churning the w at er out of the s eal Whil e the g age may show .

bu t littl e b ack pressure the exh aus t may still be blo wi ng through,

if th ere is a short water s eal at a Twent y s ev en i nch es of s t ill .

-

w ater will provid e an effective seal against a b ack pressure of

one pou nd bu t in ac t u al pr ac t ic e such a sh ort s eal will not be
,

effectiv e if the engi ne is ru nn ng To h ave the s eal op erat ive i .

u nd er all worki ng co nditions the dis t anc e should not be l ess , ,

0,

t h an fi e or six feet T he casing pip e should not be l ess th an

v .

four inch es in di ameter and a loose ap should cover the top of ,

c

the w ell t o f acili t at e the r emov al of the dr ai n pip e T he dr ain t o .

 1 96 STE AM P O WE R P LAN T P I P I N G S YSTE MS .

s
the ewe s r hould be l eft op en so th at an op erator may by inspe , c

tio n know wh at is p assing aw ay through the drai n

, .

I f the exh aus t pip e is not l ess t h an t hr ee feet abov e the floor
the s eal m ay be m ad e of elbows and v alv es as sho wn in Fig 6 . 1 2

(C 1 I n c as e of a co nsid er abl e b ack pressure with t his arr ang e

m ent of piping the upp er portion of the lo op may be used T he .

closing of v alve a will m ak e the loop abou t fi e feet high if i t s t op v ,

FI G . 161 ( Cr FI G . 1 62 ( CI

is pl aced two feet ab ov e the bottom of the exh au st m ai n B y .

pl acing a ch eck v alv e at b the surging an be stopp ed and a

,
c

short er seal us ed .

Cl ass C3 At m osp he i E haust to A tm osph ere

r c xThe atmos .

p h e
rc i co nne ctio n fro m non c ond ensi ng en gi nes sh-
ould i n al l
c as es be provid ed with a seal ed drain and an exh aus t h ead shoul d
,

also be provid ed with a dr ai n and a short s eal F o c ond ensi ng . r

engi nes the atmosph eric pip e m ay be un to the atmo sph ere without
r

an e h aus t h ead
x A simpl e form of ex hau st h ead which will be
.

fou nd more s ervic eabl e th an one m ad e of g alvaniz ed iron is shown

in Fig 63 ( C3 )
. 1 -
This formis sui t abl e for use on condens ing
I .
1 98 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

sl eev e t o pro tec t i t ag ains t the weath er After the umbrell a has .

b een w ell secured to the pip e the joint 1 may be fil l ed with l ead ,
( ,

t o prev ent l eak age The thimbl e should fi t the pip e closely and
.
,
(I ,

wh at li ttl e l eak age occurs at the joi nt ordinarily wil l not c au se any
t roubl e I f necessary a coupling with the umbrell a sold ered to
.
,

i t may be pl ac ed immedi ately above the sl eeve as indic ated by the

do tted lines Stays such as a e shown at e should be att ach ed to
. r

the roof sh eathi ng t o prev ent the pip e from sw ayi ng sid ew ays and
d am aging the ligh t roof sl eev e or umbrell a Th ere should be .

no t hi ng to i nt erfere wi t h the free exp ansion of the pip es ru nni ng

through the roof and if the building is v ery high the umbrell a
,

should be m ad e with a d eep drop fl ange to sui t the amou nt of

t rav el c aused by exp ansion which for an exh aus t line v arying in ,

t emp erature from 3 d egr ees to d egrees would be abou t

2 2 12

I } in pe . ftr 100 .

Cl ass C4 A t mospheri —
E x haust ; A ux il iary M ai n I n a on
c . c

densing pl ant an auxili ary e h aust m ai n should be us ed for the x

auxili ary m achi nery O rdi narily t his m ai n would be d esigned to

.

t ak e c are of l ess t h an one sixt h of the tot al s team generated I ts

-
.

area would be abou t one sixth of t h at of al l the exhaus t s t eam -

op enings including those of the auxili ari es Such a m ain in a .

pl ant h aving four kw u nits would h av e an area equ al to th at

-
.

of four 4 in m ain exh austs and the auxili ari es This would be
2 -
. .

abou t sq in Si nc e one six t h of this area is 333 sq in a

. .
-
. .

2 0- in pip e would be required

. I f mos t of the l arg er auxili ari es .

a e el ectric ally driv en the exh aus t may be of such a sm all amou nt
r

t h at if the wate be t ak en from the hot w ell at d egrees the

'

r -
1 00

exh aus t w i ll not r ais e i t s t emp er at ure high er th an 7 d egrees 1 0 .

Wi t h mo t or driven auxili ari es bu t one fi fteenth of the st eam

— -

generated would be ret urned to the h eater and the cross sectional ,
-

ar ea of the pip e would need t o be bu t one fi fteenth of sq in -

. .
,

or 33 sq in Thus a pip e with not l ess th an a 4 in di amet er

1 . . 1 —
.

would be required Thi s siz e is more oft en used for such s ervic e
. .

Sinc e the auxili ary exhaus t is u sed in co nnectio n with auxili ary
m achines and will h av e sm all branch es i t may be fou nd more e o , c

nomi al to use s t and ard pip e scr ew ed fl ang es and c ast iro n fi tti ngs
c , ,
-

throughou t To avoid the sep ar at e h andli ng of drips the branch es

.
,

t o the auxili ari es should enter above the bo ttom of the m ain and the ,

m ain should h av e a sligh t pitch t ow ard s the heat er The pitch .

,

how ev er is not absolu t ely essent i al as the flow of s t eam t ow ard s

, ,
 A TMOSP H E R I C E X H A UST P IP I NG . [ 99

h t r will c arry the drips with i t I t is often di ffi cul t t o m ak e

the ea e .

sui tabl e provi si on for an auxili ary exh aust sys tem and t h erefore ,

it should be given c areful co nsid erat ion b efore floor l evel s and
simil ar d etail s a e d etermi ned upon C are should be t aken in
r .

d esigning so th at the exh aus t will drai n to the h eat er and the
l eate be pl ac ed su ffi ci ently high to enabl e the w at er t o flow t o
r

the f eed pump suc t ion by gravity .

Cl ass C5 At mospher i E hau st ; Aux il ia y M ai n to Atm os

c x r

phe e
r As it will be nec essary wh en cl eani ng the h eat er t o dis
.

ch arge all exh au st steam throu gh the at mosph eric connection the ,

atmosph eric c onnectio n from the auxili ary m ai n should h av e the

s am e c ap acity as the m ain i t s elf The amou nt of st eam w asted
.

to the at m osph er e in such a shor t tim e would be so sm all t h at i t

w ould neith er pay to ins t all a reserve h eater no m ak e any d oubl e r

connec t ions to all ow fo the ru nni ng of the auxili ari es u nd er

r

v acuum An atmosph eric connecti on al so serv es as a s afet y v alv e

.
-

line on the exhau st system to prevent the pressure from exc eedi ng
som e pred et ermi ned amou nt The typ e of v alv e th at should be
.

used in an at mo sph eric connection should be selec t ed for such

servic e and no oth er I n fact if th ere is m ore s t eam suppli ed t
.
, )

the h eat er th an an be co nd ens ed a b ack pressur e v alv e should not

c ,
-

h ave a seat bu t should s erve as a resis t anc e in the li ne m aint ai ni ng

, ,

a fi x ed pr essure and allowi ng the exc ess s t eam t o w as t e t o the

at mosph ere .

Fig 65 (C5 ) shows a good form of noi sel ess b ack pressure
. 1 —
1 -

valve The pi ston has t oo t hed edges which d ecrease the resi st
.
,

anc e t o the fl ow as the st eam is admitt ed t hrou gh the por t op eni ng .

The cushio n serv es t o l ess en the jar on the v alv e wh en the

,
0,

l ev er drops Th ere a e no s eats fo the v alve to pou nd up on and

. r r ,

sinc e the pis t on slid es its ac t ion is noi sel ess Al t hough the pis ton .

does not close ti ghtly the l eak age p ast the v alve is v ery sligh t .

This v alve is w ell suit ed fo exh aus t sys tems c arryi ng a b ack
r

pressure and in which the qu antity of exh au st suppli ed t o the

h eater is ordi narily greater t h an an be cond ensed c .

For a h eat er which is b ei ng suppli ed with an i nsu ffi ci ent amou nt

of s team to r ai se the t emp erature of the w ater it would be ad is ,
v

abl e t o use a v alv e of this f orm w ith s eats t o clos e upo n Such .

s eating fac es a e shown by the dotted li nes at b This typ e of v alve

r .

will close sufli iently ti ght for the purpose ju st d escrib ed O wing
c .

t o the fac t t h at the v alve l eav es its fac es wh en st eamisdischargi ng

2 00 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT PIPI NG SYSTE MS .

throu gh the s errat ed p ortions of the pis ton thi s valve will be free ,

from any great amou nt of pou ndi ng The atmosph eric pip es .

sh ould be provid ed with a roof sl eeve and an umbrell a simil ar to

tho se us ed for the pip es from the engines The drain should be . c

pip ed to the s ew er as it i s not possibl e t o l ead the dri ps b ack

,

t hrough the v alve if the pressure is slightly abov e atmosph ere .

This drain may connec t wi th the drain from the exh aust h ead .

FI G . 16
5 ( Cs FI G . 1 66 ( C6

Cl ass t mosphe i E xhaust ; B an h to H eat er I f

CG A rc r c .

po ssibl e the e h au st br anch to the h eat er should drain from the

,
x

exh aust m ai n i nt o the h eat er I f the bottom of the exh au st m ai n

'

is above the ov erflow of the h eat e the d et ail sh own in Fig 66 r, . 1

( Co ) wil l t ak e c are of the drai ns and allow st eam t o ent er at the

—
1

top .This will be a d esir abl e arrangement if the h eat er is abl e to

cond ense all of the st eam fed to it T he pip e s erves a d ou bl e . It

purpo se as it allows ai to eith er enter or be disch arged from the

,
r

h eater Sinc e the arrangem ent shown in Fig 66 is for a on

. . 1 c

densing pl ant the am ou nt of wat er s ent to the h eat er wh en an ai

, ,
r

p ii mp is us ed would o rdi narily

,
m a i nt ai n a v acuum of 6 o 8 i n 1 r 1 .

To all ow the w at er to flow t o the pump suction it would be ne es c

s ary to rai se the h eat er ft fo each i nch of v acuum c arri ed I f

1 . r .

the pip e a i s open any i ncr eas ed amou nt of st eam o a d ecreas ed

,
r

am ou nt of w at er will c aus e the ai t o be p arti ally disch arg ed u ntil r

the c ond ensi ng surf ac e is ju st sufli i ent to c ond ens e st eam at c

atm osph eric pr es sur e As soo n as the am ou nt of w at er is i ncr eas ed

.

o the am ou nt of s t eam dimi nish ed the ai will ru sh b ack i nt o the

r r

h eat er T he line a autom at ic ally cu t s the cond ens ing surfac e

.

in or ou t Inst ead of disch argi ng the s t eamt hrou gh the at m

. os
2 02 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

valve should be fl anged and connec ted direc tly to the tee using , ,

if d esired a screwed drip ell at the bo tt om wi th the fl ange connected

,

to the pump T he drains for the exh aus t branch es should be

.

m ad e of not l ess t h an t hree eigh t hs inch - -

pip e T he connec t ion shown in Fig 69

. . 1

allows a swing in both a v er t ic al and hori

ontal pl ane z I f the auxili ary br anch is .

m ad e of 4 in pip e the net cos t of a 4 in -

.
-
.

fl anged angl e v alve would approxim ate

5 and th e comb ined cos t of a 4 in -
.

fl anged elbow and g ate wi t h an ex t ra joint ,

or a di fference in favor of the angl e

v alve of
The arr ang em ent of the exh aus t br anch es
is qui te simpl e Firs t the drain should be .
,

FIG 69 ( C7
x pl ac ed at the low es t port ion of the branch
i n ord er t o cl ear the br anch of co nd ens at i on
wh en s t art ing or ru nni ng slowly ; s econd the s top v alve should ,

be pl ac ed at the m ai n to enabl e the br anch t o be rep aired withou t

int erfering wi t h the m ain and also t o prev ent the branch from
,

fi lling wi t h co nd ens at io n wh en shu t off ; t hird the br anch should ,

ent er the m ain abov e the bo tt om and prefer ably at the t op ; fourt h ,

FI G . 1 70 ( Cy 2 )-

long branch es should ris e t o t h eir high es t point at the auxi li ary
and should t h en be giv en a pi t ch for the r em ai nd er of the dis
t ance t o the exh aus t m ain although t his requi em ent is f e
,
r r

qu ently a diffi cul t one to ful fill .

Fig 7 (C7 ) illu strates a long branch ru nning to the m ain

. 1 0 —
2

i n the mos t approv ed m anner T he horizo nt al co nnec t io n should

.

h ave a slight pitch t ow ard s the m ai n in order t o avoid pockets

wh ere the line s ag s .
 ATM OSP H E R I C E XH A UST P IP IN G . 2 03

shows a li ne with a co nsid erabl e pitch which

Fi g 171
”
( C7 3 )—
.

in real ity is an up hill li ne b efore disch arging i nto the m ain

-
.

A line support ed in such a m anner t h at it is l ev el t hroughout would

serve quite as well and would m ak e the pipe fi t ting a much simpl er

FI G . 1
7 1 ( Cy

FI G . 1 72 ( C7

m achinery t h at li es in b as em ent s et is generally

T he ,
c
.
,

diffi cult t o k eep prop erly drained withou t resorting t o drai ns to

the s ew er .

Fig 7 (C7 4 ) shows such a li ne as has just b een m entio ned

. 1 2
—

with s ewer drains th at an be closed as so on as the st eam u nit is in

c
”
operation To reduc e the l ength of the lift to the l east amou nt
.
“

possibl e the riser should be pl ac ed clo se to the exh aus t m ai n

,
0 .

The li ne b should h av e a f all through the entire di st anc e to the

entr ai ner Thes e ent rainers a e st and ard articl es b eing list ed
c
.

”
by the m anufacturers as a drainage fi tti ng and a e m ad e in
“
r

,
,

different sizes of from to 8 in 2 .

Cl ass Cl B Atmospher i
—
E x haust to Stok er O pe at o s
c The r r .

majority of stok ers a e op erat ed by an engi ne and the exh aust in

r ,
204 A
STE M POWER PL A NT P IP I NO SYSTE MS .

som e c as es b eing fed in u nd er the grates the clink er is th ereby ,

brok en up and d oes not adh ere to the grates I n oth er stok ers .

i t is required th at the exh au st be us ed to prot ect the c astings used

in connection with the furnac e T he stok er st eam u nit should
.

be co nnec t ed to the exh aust m ai n in such a m anner t h at its

exh aus t c an be d eliv ered to the exh aust m ain with out goi ng to
the furnac e . T he furnac e an th en t ak e the exh aust from the
c

m ain if the engine is not ru nning or the engine an disch arge

, c

direc t to the furnac e if it is nec ess ary to shu t off the m ain .

FI G . 1 73 ( C1 8

This an all be provid ed for in a simpl e m anner by adop t ing

c

the d esign sh ow n in Fig .

73 ( C 8
1 I f the eng ine sup
I

pli es more s team th an the s t ok er requires the exc ess flows to

the exh aust m ai n I f the engi ne do es not furni sh su ffi ci ent st eam
.

the ex t ra amou nt will flow from the m ai n The br anch es i ndi .

c ated by a should alw ay s be the l ow c onnectio ns oth erwis e the ,

low li ne will accumul ate cond ens ation and if the furnace v al ve is
op ened to a consid erabl e ext ent this cond ens ati on will th en be
,

thrown ov er and cr ack the hot c astings T he practice of work .

ing the sm all amou nt of co nd ens atio n th at accumul at es in the

l ow li ne through the furnac e al l the tim e i s co nsid er ed safe but it
”
is d angerous to pick up a pock et of w ater and t hrow it upon
“
,

the ho t iro n .I n s t ar t ing up the engine the dr ain b sh ould be

l eft o pen for a t im e .
 06 STE AM A
P O WER P L N T P I P I N G SYSTE MS .

in the one direc t ion and the drips a e b eing cons t antly work ed r

ou t of the li nes T he pressure of the st eam in those lines i s

.

alw ays m ai nt ai ned and i s not w as t ed t o the at mo sph er e at each

st r ok e as i s the c as e in the d esign shown i n Fig This l att er
75 . 1 .

form possess es the adv ant ag e of b ei ng free from l ev ers rock ,

sh afts et and t hus m ak es a cl eaner d evic e in the boil er room

, c .
,
.

I n the l att er a r ang em ent the two lines to the cyli nd ers c anno t
r

be dr ai ned and the co nd ens ation c aus es much snappi ng and

cr acking from one line to the oth er This m ak es it impossibl e .

prop erly to lubric at e the am cylind ers and increas es the s t resses
r

and w ear on the ent ir e s t ok er op er at i ng m ech anism

-
.

FI G . 1 75 ( C1 8

The d esir abl e features in s t ok er op erat i ng m achinery includ e

—

elimi nation of al l rock sh afts l ev ers and simil ar p arts and the
, ,

m aint enanc e of a const ant pressure and directi on of flow in the

pip e lines At present each of the two styl es just d escrib ed com
.

pli es with one requirem ent and fails in the oth er A d esirabl e .

feature which neith er of the two typ es provid es is th at the am r

sh all r em ain in u ntil the c ontroll er st ar t s it for anoth er ch arg e .

The amshould th en m ak e the outstrok e and the i nstrok e imm e

r

di atel y followi ng each oth er and th en rem ain in u ntil i t is ag ain

st art ed by the c ontroll er I f this method is followed the co al
.
 A TM OSP H E R I C E X H A UST PIPI NG . 2 07

will not c ak e arou nd the mou t h of the bore to the retort and thus
prevent the amfrom ent ering
r .

Th ese a e more in the nature of m achi ne th an pipi ng d et ail s

r ,

but as has already b een st at ed m any oth er d et ails mu st be on c

side ed in ord er to provid e a good pipi ng syst em

r The pipi ng .
,

wh eth er it has the arrangem ent sh own in Fig 74 or 7 5 sh ould . 1 1 ,

not be buri ed co nfined o subj ect ed to the corrosiv e actio n of

,
r

Cind ers and w at er Such pi pi ng should be free to exp and and

.

should at al l tim es be acc essibl e fo rep airs T he stok er on r . c

tractor should be ask ed to furni sh the low er p ar t of the boil er

front the controll er the st and t o c arry the am cylind ers and
, ,
r ,

possibly the c ast iron c onduit as shown in Fig 76 ( C 8

-
. 1 I

FI G . 1 76 ( CI 8

Al l th ese d et ails should be furnish ed compl eted so th at the s team

fi tt ers an pl ac e the pip e w ork and the m aso ns build i n the fl oor
c .

I f th ere is a bas em ent u nd er the boil er room fl oor the s t ands

only would be required as the pipi ng in this c as e could be pl ac ed
b el ow the c eili ng of the b asem ent .

Cl ass Cl Q Atm osp her i

—
E x hau st to R oo f Condu t or s
c In a c .

non co nd ensi ng pl ant wh ere st eam is exh aust ed to the atmos

- -

phe e it is advis abl e to w arm the roof co nductors w ith exhau st

r

inst ead of live st eam as a l arge qu antity of the exhaust steam is

w ast ed in any c ase How ev er as the liv e steam has su ffi ci ent
.
,

pressure and if th ere is a p arti al p assage throu gh the c onduct or

wh ere the most troubl e occurs it will be fou nd th at live st eam ,

c an be mor e readily forc ed to the roof .

Cl ass Ozo A t mosp her i

—
E xhaust to H eating Syst em s
c The .

m any d et ails of h eating syst ems will not be consid ered h ere exc ept
as th ey form a p art of the pow er st ati on equipm ent The subj ect .

of h eating is one of consid erabl e import anc e for i sol ated st atio ns
and for l arg e buildi ngs In an exh aust h eat i ng syst em the ret u rn
.
2 08 STE AM P O WE R A
P L N T P I P I N G SYSTE M S .

drips are in some c ases quite sufl ient t o feed the boil er and in
f
ic

this ev ent it m ay be nec ess ary t o d eliv er liv e s t eam t o the e h aus t x

sys tem in ord er t o m aintain the d esired b ack pressure In this .

c ase the generat ing and auxili ary m achinery shoul d be run non
cond ensing wi th a b ack pressure on the e h aus t I n fac t the x .

h eat ing system should be the chi ef du t y of the pl ant .

A pow er s t at ion is not of t en d esigned for supplyi ng s t eam t o a

h eat ing sys tem and wh erever h eat is t ak en from the pl ant for
,

such purpos es it is som ewh at difli ul t t o provid e for as the amou nt

c ,

of h eat required is usu al ly comp arativ ely sm al l I f a hp . 2 0- .

boil er w ere provid ed for h eat ing a given pl ant i t would not be
consid ered good engineering practic e to allow the cond ens at ion to
go t o the sew er but if the pl ant had a
,
hp boil er c ap acity
-
.

the s am e amount of s t eam and drips m ay bo t h go t o w as t e and

but littl e no t e be t ak en of it .

The h eating syst em t og eth er wi t h the h eat er auxili ari es et

, ,
c
.
,

should be connect ed to the atmosph eric exh aus t syst em Heat ing .

syst em requirem ents c anno t be d et ermined t o any great d egree

of nic ety Th ere will be a cons tantl y v arying d em and for exh aus t
.

s t eam and sinc e the supply of exh aus t st eam is d etermined by the
,

qu ant ity of st eam us ed to generate pow er the boil er feed w ater

fed through the eco nomi ers may v ary in t emp er at ure bet w een
z

12 5 and2 10 d egrees Th ere is no serious obj ec t ion t o this ch ange

.

in feed w at er t emp erat ure no is t h er e any o th er way t o bett er the

,
r

eco nomy . For a cond ensing pl ant us ing econom iz ers it would be
quite w as t eful and u nnec ess ary t o d eliv er live s team to the h eater
in ord er t o maint ain a hi gh w at er t emp erat ure .

The sys t em of exh aus t s t eam h eat ing which is b eing co nsid ered
may be op er at ed with a b ack pressure on the au il i ari es or a x

vacuum ret urn sys t em on the h eat ing coil s and radi ators I f a .

v acuum return sys tem is used the ai should be all owed t o ent er
,
r
'

and be disch arg ed from the h eat er as sho wn in Fig 66 I f the . 1 .

ai w er e r emov ed from the h eat er it would caus e a v acuum on the

r

h eat er as w ell as on the h eating sys tem The vacuum pump .

for a h eating system should be ind ep end ent of the o ther station
app ar atus in ord er th at it m ay be shut down in the summ er and
ru n at night in c as e al l oth er m achines w ere shut down The .

v acuum pump should d eliver the return c ond ensation and air
t o the exh aust h eater al lowing the air t o be precipi t ated and
, ,

l eav e the h eater t hrough the v ent .

2 10 STE AM P O WE R P L A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

be pl ac ed on the exh aus t m ain and on the h eater to show the set
of the b ack pressure v alv es
-
.

T he syst em shown in Fig 7 8 r equir es no additi onal app ar atus

. 1 ,

and the co nd ens er need not be of the surf ac e typ e no be un so as r r

to remov e the drips T he excit er engine would in all probability

.

be run to supply curr ent for the lighting sys t em ev en though the ,

FI G . 1 78 ( C2 0

pl ant w ere oth erwise shu t down A live st eam connec t ion an .
-
c

oth erwis e be m ad e to the exh au st m ain and used wh en th ere is

not enough exhaust st eam to m aint ai n the nec essary pr essure A .

reducing v alve an be set to op en the liv e steam c onnection into

c -

the exh au st sy st em wh enev er the pres sure in the exh aust m ain
drops to 3 lb I t may be fou nd that this exhau st syst em an be
. c

more economic ally op erat ed by w asting the drip s to the s ewer

th an by c arryi ng the nec ess ary b ack pressure to el ev at e and ret urn
the drip s thr ough a c onsi der abl e di st anc e to the h eat er Wi th .

drip returns as shown i n Fig 78 th ere would be no h eat lost due

. 1

to w asting co nd ensation no by l eav ing the drain v alve op en so

r
'

the st eam will blo w through to the atmosph ere I n f act the .
,

c ap acity of the h eating syst em w ould be v ery m at eri ally increas ed

by u sing the returns and d T he steam which d oes not p ass
6 .

throu gh th ese returns to the h eat er would be free to p ass through

the v a l ve
(1 .

T he arr ang em ent of this sy st em as shown with the h eat er u nd er

lo wer pressure th an the exhau st syst em m ak es the h andling of
drip s po ssibl e in the m ost ex trem e c as es F o inst anc e Fig 79 . r ,
. 1

( C
2 0—
3) may illu strat e a coil fo a shop pits wi th the drip
r c r-

m ai n on a high er pl ane th an the bottom of the c oil B ut very .

littl e b ack pressure on the e h au st m ain w ould be required to

x

h andl e the drips I f the riser a is 4 ft in l ength a lb b ack

. . 2- .
 A TM O SP H E R I C E XH A UST P IP I NG . Z I I

pressure would be required to r aise the drips I f the drips a e . r

bl ow n to the s ew er in st arti ng the coil th en but a fr ac t io nal p ar t ,

of a pou nd of b ack pressure will c arry the c ond ens ation along
w ith the s t eam in the form of v apor if the dr ain v alv e be l eft op en
and the st eam be allow ed to flow t hrou gh it b ack to the h eat er .

I f the ris er a is ft in l ength and the di ff erenc e in pressure of

10 .

the st eam supply and the drip m ain is but lb it will th en r equir e 1 .
,

4 f.t of st eam plus ft of w at e

2r i n the form of v apor t o equ al
. lb 1 .

of b ack pressure Sinc e the s t eam would h av e a volum e

.

tim es t h at of wat er i t would r equire bu t one four hu ndred th of the - -

st eam nec ess ary for h eat ing t o atomiz e the cond ens at ion and by ,

FIG . 1 79 ( C2 0

light en ng the column be abl e t o rai se the cond ens at ion f t in a

i 10 .

v apor column w eighi ng lb Si nc e the h eating sys t em requires

1 .

from t o pe c ent of the tot al st eam and the v aporizi ng st eam

1 2 r

bu t one four hu ndred t h of the amou nt i t will be not ed th at the

- —
,

st eam flow t hrough the drip lines will be an i nsigni fi c ant am ou nt

and o nly suffi ci ent to r ai se the t emp er atur e of the feed w at er a
fraction of a d egree T he drips an t h en be l ef t well op en the
. c ,

drai ns and the ai w ell c ared for t raps or v apors risi ng from the
r ,

s ew ers avoid ed and no h eat u nits w as t ed This syst em is esp eci ally .

suit ed for inst all ations requiring o th er feed w at er th an for the

h eating sys tem al one and wh ere all the exh aus t s team is cond ensed
in eith er the h eat ing syst em or the h eat er .

The exh aus t li ne to the h eat i ng syst em should be provid ed with

a l arg e gr eas e ex t r acti ng s ep ar at or h av ing eith er a w at er s eal or
-

a t r ap in the disch arg e to the s ewer I f the pl ant is un non . r

cond ensing and the exh aust w asted to the atmosph ere th en such ,

st eam as would be blo wn through the drip syst em w ould c ause

w ast e due t o the lost energy occ asioned by theback pressure on such
anamou nt as was us ed t o r emov e the drip s T he amou nt so u sed .
 STE A W
I P O WE R P L A I V T P I P I IV G S YSTE AI S
’
2 12 ’
.

would in regul ar pr actic e be consid er ably great er th an th at required

for the h eat i ng syst em .

T he syst em sho wn in Fig 80 ( C 4) is applic abl e to non

. 1 2 0—

cond ensing pl ants such as isol at ed st ations et T he au il i ari es ,

c
. x

h av e one exhaust connection to the h eati ng syst em and a second

exh aust which is free t o the atmosph ere T he v a
l v e a would be .

set with say a lb b ack pressure and the v al v e b w ith 3 to

—
.

5 l b .or wh
, a t ev er amou n t is ne c essary to r eturn th e drip s T he .

v alve is pl ac ed in the h eater connection t o provid e for an exh aust

0

FIG . 1 80 ( C2 0
I
t o the at mosph ere if the h eater should be ou t of s ervice By us ing .

t wo m ains as shown it is nec ess ary to pl ace the b ack pressure only
on such m ach ines as a e r equired for the h eating syst em s
r .

I n ord er to avoid the nec essity of cutt ing the auxil i ari es in or out
t o suit the d em ands of the h eating syst em the atmo sph eric v alves
may be pl aced at each of the auxili ari es as shown in Fig 8 . 1 1

( C
20 T h e v l
a v e show n in d et a il w il l bl o w open to the atmos
p hre e wh en the b ack pr essur e i n th e h e ati ng m ai n r each es som e
set amou nt say 5 lb and wh en the b ack pr essur e drops to say 3 l b
,
.
,
.

the v a l v e will clos e t o the at mo sph ere and disch arg e st eam to the
h eating sys t em The v al v e w eigh t should be in the positi on
.

indic ated by a wh en op en t o the h eating m ain and in the position ,

b wh en op en t o the atmosph er e Wh en the v alv e st arts to clo se

’

or op en it t ak es the full t ravel without stopping as the gr eatest ,

ch ange in pressure av ail abl e is required t o s t art the v alv e fro m

ei t h er posi t i on .
 C HAP T E R X II I .

B O ILE R FE E D M A INS AN D B R AN CH ES .

l
C ass D 1 and 2 B oil er F eed M ai ns and B an hes to B oi l e s r c r .

Sinc e the boil er li nes i n a pl ant a e fr equ ently su bj ect ed to 5 pe r 0 r

c ent hi gh er pressure than exi sts in the boil ers the feed l ines should ,

be c onstruct ed to with st and such exc ess pr essures P ump g ov er .

nors and reli ef v alv es wil l in tim e r educ e the pr essure to the amou nt
set but the f act sh ould not be ov erlook ed th at th es e extr em e pr es
,

sures a e a p art of the ordinary f eed l ine p erform anc e

r This .

exc essiv e pressure w ill occur occ asi onally r eg ardl ess of the p e r

c auti ons which may be t ak en but with c areful att ention and sl ow ,

sp eed pumps the exc ess an be reduc ed to a minimum c R eli ef .

v alvessimply aid in protecting the pumps and pipe l ines and do not
insure the m aintenanc e of a const ant pressure .

A pump wh en oper at ed at a co nst ant speed in c onnectio n w ith

,

wat er reli ef v alv es w ill giv e the followi ng r esult s R eli ef s th at

,
:

st art to disch arg e or l eak at a pressure of 6 lb di sch arg e but littl e 0 .

wat er at a pressure of 8 l b When water p asses throu gh the

0 .

reli efs at the rat e of 5 ft pe second the pressure ru ns up to 4 lb

1 . r 1 0 .

The r eli efs di sch ar ge a c ert ai n qu antity of w at er at a c ert ai n pres

sure and to di sch arge a great er qu antity a great er pressure is
,

required I n order to pre ent a const ant l eak age through the
. v

reli efs th ey shoul d be set onsid er abl abov e the working pres su re
c y ,

th at is if the worki ng pressure is 6 lb the reli efs should be set

,
1 0 .

at 8 lb
1 0I f such l eak ag e is not st opp ed it i s probabl e th at the
.
,

v alves will be ru ined M uch of the troubl e from exc essive pres
.

sure an be avoid ed by the use of well d esi gned reli ef v alves

c —
.

I n the r eli ef v al v e sho wn in F ig 8 (D ) the pil ot reli ef . 1 2 I— 1

v alv e is us ed to admit pressure to the cyli nd er u nder the pis

,
(1 ,

ton thus b al ancing the pi st on and al l ow i ng the v a

,
l ve to op en , 6, .

Th ere is an op ening through the stem b by m eans of which the , ,

s am e pressure is m ai nt ained above the pi ston as u nder the v al e v ,

6 .

Sinc e the hub op eni ng at f i s m ade f airly ti ght the pressur e in ,

the ch am ber 1 i s wast ed throu gh the p arti ally op ened dr ain e

,
( , , .

2 14
 BO I LE R F EED MA I NS AN D BR A NCH E S . 2 15

T he l eak age an occur t hrou gh the hub f only at such tim es

c , ,

as the v alv e is op en The c ap acity of the valve should be

,
c, .
,
(1,

somewh at great er th an the w aste

through the drain e in ord er t o , ,

m aintain pressure in d The drain .

,

6, should not be disch arged i nto the

w as te pip e from the v alve as this ,
6,

pip e is u nd er pres sure due t o the

volume of w at er which p ass es t hrough
it and the resulting pressure in the
,

sp ac e d would c au se the piston t o

, ,

close slowly Sinc e the pis t on ac t s .

as a d ash po t t his v alv e c anno t ,

ch atter on its fac e I f v ery ho t .

w ater is used the pis ton an be c

mad e of composi t ion met al fi t ted

w ith p acki ng rings The v alv e is F .
IG

m s hub
'

g u id e d b y ean of the f da n , ,

c an be readily r egrou nd by r em ovi ng the upp er cyli nd er and

cl amping the hub pi ec e with the screws which att ach the cyli nd er .

T he pilo t r eli ef v alv e sh ould be of a s ensitiv e and hi gh ,

( 1,

g r a d e t yp e and if diff er ent, siz es of m ai n r eli ef v alv es a e r

used in the s ame pl ant th ey should all be suppli ed with pilot

v alv es of the s ame siz e A sp are pil ot v alv e sh ould be provid ed .

for subs t itu t i on in c ase i t is d esired to rep air one in use The .

v alve has but l ittl e servic e t o p erform and if it is m erely off its
'

,
0, ,

s eat the pressure will ent er the ch amb er I allow the v alve
, ,
( , ,
6,

t o op en and r em ain open during the tim e the v alv e is dis ha g ,

2 ,
c r

i ng Wh en the v alv e a clo ses the pressure on the u nd er sid e of

.
, , ,

the pi sto n is z ero Th en if i t is assum ed t h at the pressure on the

.

u pper sid e of the pi ston and on the u nd er sid e of the v alv e is ,

6,

120 lb with the pressure above the v alv e lb and if the pi ston
. 20 .
,

has t wic e the area of the v alv e or the area of the v alve is 5 ,
6, 2

sq i n and t h at of the pi sto n 5

. . sq in th ere would th en be a 0 . .
,

pressure of lb t endi ng to close the v alve and a pressure of

.

lb t ending to op en it Thi s is a net pressure of

. lb . .

t end ing to clos e the v alve Wh en owing t o the op ening of the .

,

v alve the pressure in the ch amber d is the s am e as th at on

,
0, , ,

the upp er sid e of the pi ston th er e will be a pressure of lb ,

.

ex er t ed i n op eni ng the v alv e Wh en the v alv e is clos ed and ,

6. ,
(1 ,
 16 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT PIP I NG SYSTE MS .

t h ere is no pressure in d th ere will be a pressure of ,

lb .

ex ert ed tow ard closing the v alv e T he obj ectio nabl e featur e in ,
c
.

the t yp e of v alv e shown in Fig 8 is t h at th ere is pressur e upo n. 1 2

the pis t on at al l t im es and th er efor e a tigh t fi t must be m ain

tained in ord er t o avoid exc es siv e l eak ag e .

T he v alv e show n in Fig 83 ( D ) has a loos e fi tting

. 1 I— 2 -

pis ton the cl earance affording op ening for the w as t e from the
,

FI G . 1 83 (D I PI G . 1 84 (D r

ch amb er a which is pu t u nd er pressure by the relief v al ve b

, , , .

T he ch amb er is alw ays op en t o the at mo sph ere The stem d

,
6, .
, ,

slid es loos ely in the sl eev e T he drai n e is m ad e of su ffi ci ent

.
, ,

siz e t o t ak e c are of a l l drips p ast the piston and st em T he .

c ap aci t y of the v al v e b should be m ad e greater th an the l eak

, ,

p as t the piston This t yp e of v alv e is readily regrou nd and

.

requires no clos e fi tting or t igh t pistons The v alve may be

-
.

pl ac ed in the rev ers e position to t h at shown in the illustration

by the use of the spring j which has suffi ci ent t ension to sup
, ,

port the v al ve .

Anoth er typ e of reli ef v alv e is sho wn in Fig 84 ( D . 1 I

This v al v e requires pressure in the ch amb er a in ord er to d ecreas e , ,

the resis t anc e t o the flow of w at er at the v alv e T he pisto n is .

op en t o the at mosph ere and the small l eak age p assing it may be
pip ed aw ay This v alve may not be as compl et e a reli ef v alve
.

as thos e sho wn in Fi gs 8 and 83 bu t i ts simplicity is a good

. 1 2 1 ,

feat ure .
2 18 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

m ad e Screwed fi tti ngs should not be used on pip e of greater

.

di am et er th an two i nc hes .

A v ery satisf actory arr angem ent of f eed m ai ns si nc e th ey a e ,

r

g ener al ly t hree i nch es or m ore in di ameter is to use brass tu bing as ,

shown in Fig 85 and m ak e the boil er branch es which may be

. 1 ,

2 in or l ess i n di am et er of st andard thr ead ed br ass pip e I f

.
,
.

the br anch es are 5 in in di am et er and a e fl ang ed throughou t

2 . r

F IG . 1 85 (D I 1 86 (D 1

it is neverth el ess good practic e t o m ak e th em of brass pip e of iron

p ip e siz e b ec au se it
,
i s l ess exp ensiv e to use pip e th an to b end
tubi ng The boil er br anch es u su ally consi st of numerous sm all
.

p i ec es which if tubing were u sed would r equire the att achi ng

of a l arg e numb er of fl ang es If i branch es a e used the . 2— h . r

v al ves and fi tti ngs sh ould al l be screwed .

T he fi tti ngs such as el bo ws t ees and fl ang ed u nions shoul d be

, , ,

of extr a h eavy c ast iron I t is u nnec ess ary to inst all brass fi tti ng s
g

fo feed wat er s ervic e and th eir use w ill increase the c os t of the
r -
,

pi pi ng syst em I f fi tti ngs of brass were u sed th ey would be of a

.

light er p attern th an c ast iron fi tti ngs whil e in real ity th ey should
—
,

be of a h eavy p att ern so th at t hey would not stretch u nd er any

ord inary conditions of s ervic e I t is b etter fo a fi tti ng to break . r

th an to st retch bec ause if a fi tting is brok en duri ng erection anew

,

one an be substitut ed imm edi at ely but if a fi tti ng is str ai ned its
c ,

j oints canno t be clos ed wi thou t exc essive t ension on the t hreads .

 BO I LE R F E E D MA I NS AN D BR A N CH E S . 2 19

G oo d joints a e easily m ad e b etw een brass pip e and iron fi ttings

r ,

whil e joi nts of br ass pip e with br as s fi tting s a e diffi cult to m ak e r .

Wh en two m et al s in a j oint a e u nit ed with the threads turning

r

u nd er h eavy c ompression one m et al sh ould be h ard and the oth er

,

soft I f th ey a e of the s am e d egree of h ard ness the threads of one

. r

will t end to d es t roy thos e of the oth er .

I n the gener al design of a f eed wat er m ai n and i t s br anch es —

l ong r adius b ends shoul d be u sed r ath er th an sh ort right angl e

-
,
-

turns I n m any c ases it will be fou nd possi bl e to use b ends i nstead

.

of elbow s The l ong radiu s b end sh own in F ig

.
-
86 ( D 5 ) is . 1 I—

prefer abl e to an elbow fi tti ng such as would ordinarily be u sed

clo se to the b oil er Such bend s afford more pli abl e connections
.

which will bett er withst and exp ansio n str ai ns and si nc e th ey also ,

off er l ess r esi st anc e the r egul atio n of the flow of w at er to the boil er
will be b ett er .

The id eal m ethod of s ecuri ng a u niform flow of f eed w at er t o all

boil er s would be to m ak e the co nnecti ons as sh ow n in Fig 87 . 1

(D I I t is quit e c ert ain how ev er th at the improv em ent in

, ,

F IG . 1 87
(D I

op er at ion would not ju stify the additional joi nt s and p art s and the
at t end ant i ncreased co st T o secur e r esults th at will comp ar e
.

f avorably with tho se obt ai ned with the arrangem ent shown in
Fig 8 7 it is nec ess ary to m ak e the m ain a in Fig 86 of a siz e
. 1 , ,
. 1

su ffi ci ent to enabl e about the sam e pressure to be m aint ained

th oughout its entire l ength I t is not nec ess ary t o un a l arg e
r . r

line b etw een the pump and the first boil er branch from the feed
m ain bu t from the first boil er branch to the l as t one the pressure
,

drop should be k ept as low as possibl e I f the boil ers a e u nd er . r

1 75 lb s t eam pr essur
. e and the f eed w at er is u nd er 8 lb pr essur e 1 0 .

at the fi rst boil er co nnec t io n and u nd er 7 6 lb pr essur e at the l as t 1 .

boil er t h en the av ail abl e w at er pressure at the fi rs t boil er is four

,

t im es th at at the l ast boil er yet th ere is but a 4 lb drop in pressure

,
-
. .

The av ail abl e pressure which is the differenc e b et w een the st eam
,
2 20 A
STE M P OWER P L N T P I P I A NG SYSTE MS .

pressure in the boil er and the w at er pressure in the feed man i ,

should be k ep t as low as possibl e thus p ermitt ing the l ine to operate ,

with the feed v alves w ell op en .

T he arr ang em ent of boil er co nnec t ions shown in Fig 88 ( D 7 ) . 1 I —

would prob ably aff ord nearly uniform pressure at the differ
ent outl ets of the feed m ain The first t wo boil ers would each
.

h av e a wye ou tl et fi tting t urned as shown so ast o ofl er resist anc e ,

to the flow of w ater through it the resist anc e increasing w ith the ,

flow T he wyes at the l ast two boil ers would offer the l eas t
.

resist anc e and by using st and ard t ees at the t wo cent er boil ers
,

the resi st anc e at this poi nt would be int erm edi at e to th at of the t wo
boil ers on eith er sid e .

5 0

FIG . 1 88 (D I

It will be no ted in Fig 86 th at the feed regul at ing valve is

. 1 —

l oc ated at the t op of the b oil er To avoid lowering the branch to.

a point which may be r each ed by the o per ators and th en r aising

it t o the t op of the boil er the v al ve is operated with an ext ension
,

stem .

T he feed br anch es should be m ad e as short aspossibl e and at the

s am e t im e should h av e su ffi ci ent l ength t o al low for fr ee exp ansion
and co ntr actio n With most inst all ations of six or eight boil ers
.

thi s resul t an be obt ained with about 8 or ft of boil er branch

c 10 . .

Fig 1 89 ( D 8 ) shows a simpl e feed branch arrangement

. 1 —

for a d oubl e syst em of feeding The regul ar feed m ain has i ts .

op erators c arri ed down and pl aced close t o the front of the boil er
s et ting T he auxili ary feed op erators at the rear s etti ng are us ed
.

only in c ase of emergency ; the i nconv eni enc e fou nd in op erat ing
t h em in this m anner is too slight to require any more exp ensiv e
arrang em ent I t will be no t ed th at Figs
. 86 and 89 show . 1 1

branch es t ak en from the t ops of the feed m ains This arr angement .

is advis abl e wh erever possibl e as i t affords a ready m eans of dis

,

ch arging any ai from the m ain t h at may be d elivered by the

r

pump I t will al so be no t ed th at there are t wo s t op v alves a ch eck

.
,
222 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

In Fig 9 (D 9 ) is shown a det ach abl e feed regul ati ng

. 1 0 I— -

and ch eck v alv e m ad e up as a u nit Si nc e the j oints bet ween the .

v alve and the fl ange a e grou nd the v alve may be rem oved by
r ,

simply lo osening the nu ts Thi s arrangement all ow s a v alv e to be

.

FIG . 1 90 (D r

remov ed for rep airs and a sp are one quickly su bstitut ed with out
shutting down the boil er F eed w ater sh ould ent er the boil er at a
.

p oint c onsid er ably b el ow the wat er line n order to prevent any I

p ortion of the feed branch from filling with st eam which woul d ,

c aus e w ater h amm er wh en the feed v alve is again op ened In .

FIG . 1 91 (D I

ord er to minimiz e the exp ansion and contr ac t ion s t rains i t is

abl e not to allo w the f eed w at er to com e in co nt act w ith the boil er
u ntil it hasb een h eated to the t emp erature of the w ater in the boil er .

Fig 9 ( D
. 1 1 ) shows a
1— 1 0f eed w at er tub e arr ang ed to d is
-

charge i nto the c old est p art of the boil er T he nozzl e att ac hed to .

the drum has a blind fl ang e which cl oses the end opening T he .

feed op eni ng is at the si de of the nozzl e As t hi s tu be is the same .

 BO I L E R F E ED MA I NS AN D BR A NCH E S . 22
3

size as the b oil er tub es i t may be cl eared of sc al e at the sam e time .

As feed p i pes quickly fill with sc al e t hey sh ould not be un i nt o r

the boil er with out pr ovidi ng ampl e m eans for cl eani ng .

I n c onsid eri ng the d et ails of feed regul ati ng v alv es it should be -

borne in mi nd th at such v alves a e at all tim es bu t p artly op en r .

T he v al v e di sk of a gl ob e v alv e i s h eld fi rmly wh en the v alv e is

ent irely op en or shu t and th erefor e will not ch at t er T he s t eam .

throttl e is not subj ect ed to as s evere service as a feed w at er v alve -

,

si nc e steam is el astic and p asses the throttl e at a c ons t ant sp eed .

T he feed w at er on the ot her h and p ass es the r egul ati ng v alv e i nt er

mittently in u ni son with the pul sations of the pump and is th ere
, ,

fore ons tantly rocki ng the l oose disk on the v alve st em A di sk

c .

h eld as shown in Fig 9 ( D ) will rem ain st ationary on the

. 1 2 I— 1 1

stem as i t is h eld i gid by the spri ng above it T he swi ng ch eck

,
r .

v alv e h avi ng a fl at fa ed disk op ens and cl oses more quickly t h an

,
-
c ,

the pop pet t yp e and th ou gh the swi ng typ e m

, ay not be qui t e as
ti ght whil e new it is more suit abl e for a b oil er feed ch eck si nc e i t
,
-
,

ret ains a good fac e and guid e much longer th an the oth er t yp e .

FIG . 1 92 (Dr FI G . 1 93 (D I

A regul ating v alve is s eldom op erated directly by the h and wh eel ,

si nc e the loc ation of the v alv e is such as to i nv ari ably require an

ext ensio n st ern I n Fig 93 (
. D ) i s sh own a v alv e h and
. 1 I —
12

wh eel with an ext ension fork and a h and wh eel for the extensi on .

The rod is of pip e pi nned as show n and the h and wh eel on the ,

regul ati ng v alve has openi ngs in the rim to rec eiv e the op erator
fork I f the h and wh eel is not provid ed with hol es the ends of the
.

fork may be un through bet ween the arms of the h and wh eel
r ,

which is the u su al form of construction fo v alv e ext ensi ons r .

Th ere a e a number of forms of aut om atic feed controll ers

r

d esigned to shut off the feed wh en the w ater in the b oil er is high
and to op en i t wh en the wat er is l ow Some a e o per at ed by fl oat s . r

and oth ers by th erm ost at s T he earli er form c onsist ed of a fl oat

.
2 24 STE AM P OWE R PL AN T P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

tt ch ed t o a l ever v alve pl ac ed insid e the b oil er the const uction

a a , r

b eing v ery simil ar t o th at of a t ank flo at v al ve To ov ercome the .

ob jec t ion t o pl acing the d evic e in such an inacc essibl e po sition the
flo at was pl ac ed in an ind ep end ent w ater column with a sh aft
p assing t hrough the stufli ng box and op erat ing the b al anced feed

F IG . 1 94 (D I

v alve as shown in Fig 94 ( D . 1 An obj ec t ion t o t his

I

d evic e is th at hollow flo at s a e v ery u nc ert ain and to operate a

r ,

regul at ing v alve ag ains t the friction of t wo stufli ng boxes would

require a flo at of consid erabl e siz e T he av ail abl e pow er is very
.

sligh t and i t requires almos t const ant adjustment to k eep the

,

regul at or in continuous op erat ion To ov ercome the diffi culty

.

FI G . 1 95 (D I

en cou ntered wi t h l arge flo at s and the l ack of av ail abl e power the
fl oat is m ad e sm al l and withou t the stu ffi ng box Co nnection is .

m ad e t o a pressure feed v alve as shown in Fig 9 5 ( D . 1 r

This devic e hasafurth er adv ant age in the loc ation of the feed v al ve .

This an be op erat ed without reg ard to the position of the flo at

c ,

sinc e the connection a is run from the flo at t o the v alve The

, ,
.

w as te b is op en a su ffi ci ent amou nt at all t im es t o reli eve the

, ,
 26 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT PIPI NG SYSTE M S .

in Fig 9 7 ( D
. 1 T he br ass t ub e is giv en a sligh t pi t ch
I

( about in ) and the compressi on ba a is m ad e adju st abl e in

2 . r, ,

l ength to allow fo the cl osi ng of the feed v alve wh en the w at er is

r

at the desired el ev ati on T he ai c ock b is pl ac ed in the st eam

. r , ,

branch in ord er to k eep ai out As the regul ator is d epend ent

r .

upon extreme t emp eratures it is nec essary t hat the wat er in the
br ass pip e be as co ol as p ossibl e and th at the st eam be of a high
t emp erature I f ai is all owed to accumul ate in the st eam tubes
. r

it wil l eventu ally reach the brass tub e and by radi ati on c ause the
t ub e to drop in temp erature to th at of the water ; th erefore it
will be u nabl e to r ai se the feed v al ve and admit water to the
boil er The regul ator sh own in Fig 97 and oth er direct on
. . 1 -
c

ne ted typ es i ncludi ng F ig

c , 94 a e d efectiv e b ec aus e thev alve
. 1 ,
r

disk is ordi narily h eld just off i ts seat With the v al ve just r aised .

from i ts s eat and the pressure in the feed water m ain enou gh —

high er th an the b oil er pressure to al lo w a sufli ient qu antity of c

feed w ater to p ass the v alve this differenc e in pressure soon ,

c aus es a grooving of the v al ve and an increased inability to close

fi ghfl y .

T he most succ essful reg ul ating d evic es a e thos e which use a r

pressure op erated feed v alve as sh own in Fig 95 This s ame

—
. 1 .

m ethod is s ometim es employed wi th a th ermost at cont roll er the ,

FIG . 1 98 (D r

th ermost at op erat ing a sm all v alve th at admi ts pressure t o the

feed v alve I n Fig 98 ( D 7 ) is sho wn a th erm ostat on
. . 1 I- 1 c

troll er of thi s typ e and it will be noted th at the m ech ani sm is

,

entirely ext ernal The exp ansio n of the br ass tu be is opp osed on
.

one sid e by a rod which c aus es the end of the tu be to ri se and

l ower in accord anc e with its v arying l ength T he pi pe to .
,
0,

the f eed v alv e is v ery sm all and the wast e v alv e b is set to wast e , ,

the w at er aw ay by drop s T he v al v e is cons t ructed to with

.
, 6,
 B O I LE R F EED MA I N S AN D BR A NCH E S . 22 7

st and a consid erabl e wire drawi ng through it The d et ails of

—
.

thi s v alve a e sho wn in Fig 99 ( D

r I n m any r esp ects
. 1 I

thi s t yp e of regul ator is free from the u nc ertai n w orki ng part s

cont ained in all the oth er form s h ere sh own T he p arts a e
.
. r

su ffi ci ently h eavy to be h andl ed safely by the attend ants ordi

na il y employ ed i n boil er room s which is not the c ase with som e
r ,

of the d elic at e th ermos t at arrangem ents th at a e attach ed to r

w ater columns Au tom at ic d evices in a steam pl ant must with

.

st and not only the s ev ere use of regul ar op er ation but also the ,

abu se of the at t end ant I t is also nec ess ary th at a r egul at or be

.

so d esigned t h at if the boil er should b ecom e cold or the dia

p h a
r
g m in th e f eed v alv e break the f eed v alv e will imm edi at ely ,

assum e the op en p osi t io n and flood the boil er r ath er t h an clos e

and end ang er lif e and prop er t y by ru nni ng the boil er with low
w ater The arr angem ent shown in Fig 98 provid es for th es e
. . . 1

condi t i ons in a s at i sfac tory m anner .

Th ermomet ers should be pl ac ed in the b o il er feed m ains at

point s wh ere w ater enters and l eaves the h eater wh ere w ater ,

l eav es the economiz er and also at l east one at the poi nt wh ere
,

the w at er ent ers the boil er f arth es t from the eco nomiz er or h eat er .

I t will not be fou nd s ati sf act ory to p erm anent ly loc at e the mom r

ete s at t h es e di ff er ent poi nts but provi sio n should be m ad e for

r ,

hold ing a th ermom eter t ub e at any of th em so th at the t ub es

may eas ily be i nt erch anged and accurate t emp erat ure readings
obt ained .

An inexp ensiv e m et hod fo obt ai ni ng accur at e t emp erat ur e r

readings is to pl ac e m ercury p ot s fi tt ed with c aps t h at may be

screwed on by h and at the di fferent p oi nts wh ere t emp eratures
a e t ak en as is sh own i n Fi g
r , ( D T h e op en.i ngs
2 00 I

for the th ermom et ers should be t app ed in a tee or ell wh ere th ere
is a consid erabl e thick ness of m et al and wh ere the area is greater
th an th at of the pip e This will avoid reduci ng the cro ss sec t ion
.

of the pip e and imp edi ng the flow To hold the m ercury th ere .

should be i nsert ed in the hol e a in steel nippl e with a -

.
'

t hread at its upp er end l ong enough to allow a ap t o be screw ed c

over it The low er ap and the bu shi ng should be of brass

. c ,

the bush b ei ng 5 t o 5 i n Th es e dim e

0n sio
. n s will
. p ermi t the

lower ap t o p ass through the t app ed op eni ng The use of the

c .

sm all nippl e requires but a sm all amou nt of m ercury t o cover

the t h ermom et er bulb T he m ercury s t anding in the w ell will
.
 2 8 STE AM P O WE R PL ANT P IP I "
3 S YSTE MS .

h ave the s am e t emper ature as the w at er in the pip e and read ,

i ngs an be t ak en soon af ter pl acing the th erm om et er

c .

I f the t h ermom et er is to rem ain in pl ac e a mor e sui t abl e

arr ang em ent is as sho wn in Fig (D T he t h er . 201 I

momete h ere show n is of st and ard d esign I t has a m et al c ase

'

r .

which is attach ed to the w ell wi t h a knurl ed u nion b and i ts , ,

A l l? C O CK

1 99 (D r FIG . 2 00 (D r FI G . 2 01 (D r

bulb is in the t ub e Th ere should be as m any w ells as th ere

,
II .

are points wh ere the t emp er at ures a e to be t ak en and a lit tl e r ,

oil should be pl ac ed in the w ell b efore ins erting the the mom r

et er. A ap is furni sh ed with each w ell t o prot ect i t from dirt

c

and d am ag e t o the t hread .

Cl ass D 3 B oil er F eed B ran hes from P ump s c E ach br anch .

from a boil er feed pump should be provid ed with a s top v alv e of

the g at e p att ern so th at the pumps an be shu t off from the m ai n c .

B et w een this v alv e and the pump t h er e should be a ch eck

v alve and a pressure reli ef v alve I t is possibl e to op erat e the.

pump wi t hout any one of the three v alves but if the s afet y of the ,

pump is to be consid ered the reli ef v alve is nec ess ary To

,
.

insure the continuous op erati on of the pump it is nec essary to use

an ou t sid e ch eck v al v e A swi ng ch eck will be fou nd mos t s atis
.

fac tory for this s ervice .

Ins t ead of i nt roducing a tee for the r eli ef v al v e the d et ail shown
2 30 S TE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

Cl ass D l a B oi l e F eed to and from E onomi z ers

—
r T he eg c . r

ul ar m ethod of f eedi ng w at er to and t aking it from an e ono c

miz er is to introduc e the w at er at the bottom and di sch arge it

from the top with the fl ow of the w ater in a directi on opposit e
,

to th at of the g ases I f the inst al l atio n i s of such a natur e as

.

to m ak e it nec essary both to rec eive and to disch arge the water at
the top the u pp er m anifold may be bl ank ed so th at the w at er
,

will not t ak e a direct p ath from the inl et to the outl et .

I n the arr ang em ent sho wn i n F i g 3 ( D 4 ) a solid di sk of

. 20 —
1

thin copp er is pl ac ed b et ween the two g ask ets in the u pp er se c

ti ons of the m anifold T he w ater t ak es a downward c ourse in

.

the fi rst two s ecti ons and i s d eliv er ed to the l ower m anifold ,

which in turn d eliv ers the water to the bottoms of al l of the

rem aining s ecti ons I t will be noted th at in all but two of the
.

s ections the h ott est wat er is at the top and sinc e the h ott est gas es ,

al so li e at the top th er e is no extr em e di ff er enc e of t emp er atures

which w ill induc e a circul ation of wat er The w at er p as ses .

slowly and freely alw ays moving in the one direction With
,
.

such a p ath w at er from the

” B LO C ”
fi rst s ecti on may be of l ow
temp er ature whil e the wat er in
5 3 5 5 7 05

the outg oi ng sections i s quit e

hot .

T he usu al m ethod of f eed

ing by which the w at er ent ers
the b ott om of the ec onomi er z

i s sh own by the dott ed l ines in

Fig 3 With thi s arr ange . 20 .

m ent if the pump is fi tted ,

w ith a gov ernor sinc e the ,

bulk of the water fl ows

through the l ower m anifold
which is not expo sed to the

F IG (D 2 04
high4
t emp er ature gases there -
,

i s l ess dang er of the cold in

.

c oming wat er cracki ng the tub es when the ec onomiz er is blo wn

off I n Fig
.
3 the l ower m anifold is b el ow the low er h ead ers
. 20 .

Thi s d et ail sh ould be avoid ed wh erev er po ssi bl e The g ask ets .

a e di ffi cult to pl ac e and if renew al s a e nec ess ary such r ep ai rs

r r

mus t be made in an i nco nveni ent pl ac e

,

.
 B O I LE R F EED III A I N S A N D BR A NCH E S . 2 31

T he d et ail sho wn in F ig 4 ( D4 ) sh ould be u sed ev en . 20 —

2

t hou gh it is m ore exp ensive T he obj ectionabl e m anifold b el ow .

is sho wn in d ot ted lines at a To p ermit the ready remov al of .

a d am aged secti on one wall should be of asb esto s li ned sh eet -

m etal The top of the eco nomiz er should be covered with

.
.

asbestos and m eans sh ould be provid ed for att achi ng ch ai n

,

blocks over the economiz er sections to facilit at e th eir remov al .

I t will be not ed th at al l gask et s sh ow n in F ig 4 a e op en to . 20 r

i nsp ectio n even whil e in op eration I n c as e of a slight l eak the .

joi nts an be follo wed up without i nt e feri ng with regul ar op er

c r

atio n.

Class D 5 and 6 B oi l er F eed B ran hes to and f om Cl osed

—
c r

E x hau st and V a uum H eater s The exh au st clos ed h eat er and

c .

the cl osed h eat er th at may be us ed in the li ne of the v acuum

exh au st should be provid ed with r eli ef v alv es as pr evi ously st at ed .

Wh ere th ere is an abu nd anc e of exh aus t st eam th ere is no pe r

c epti bl e s avi ng in h eat u ni t s by the use of an op en exh au st

h eat er and with a clos ed h eat er si nc e the feed w ater is k ep t

, ,

s ep arat e fro m the exh au st the di ffi culty of eliminating cyli nd er ,

oil from the exh aust is overcom e U sh ap ed cop per tu bes a e .

—
r

not subj ect to exp ansio n str ai ns and t h er efore a e suit ed for this r

cl ass oi h eaters
'

Th ere a e two disti nct t yp es of cl os ed h eat ers the s team

r ,

t ub e and the water tu be types F ig 5 ( D 5 ) show s the

'

-
. . 20
—
1

w ater tub e typ e and Fig 6 ( D 5 ) the steam tub e typ e

-
. 20 ~ —
2 -
.

The form sh own in Fig 6 has been u sed mor e ex t ensiv ely
. 20

t h an the w ater tub e t ype notwith st andi ng the f ac t t h at the

-

area for the exh au st is much more r estrict ed th an i n the w at er

t ube t ype which is a conditi on th at would m ak e the h eat er
,

somewh at m ore effici ent at the ex pense of engi ne ec onomy T he .

h eating surfac es of the tub es in the steam tub e typ e a e v ery -

r

effi ci ent due to the r apid fl ow of st eam through the t ub es and

,

the compl et e r em o al of the ai th at m ay be c ont ai ned th erei n

v r .

The out sid e c asi ng a of the s t eam tu be typ e of h eat er is su bj ect ed

, ,
-

t o the full boil er pres sure and is exposed to the eati ng acti on
of the w at er I f the feed w ater c ont ains a l arg e amou nt of a
. c r

bonate of lime or m agnesi a co nsid erabl e sc al e w ill form in the ,

h eat er I n the form show n in Fig 6 it is easi er to remove

. . 20

sc al e from the outsid e of the tub es th an from the i nsid e .

T he clo sed h eat er is sup erior t o the op en h eat er o nl b ecaus e

y
2 32 STE AM P O WE R PL AN T P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

cylind er oil in the exh aus t steam is k ep t out of the feed w ater I f .

the wat er us ed t ends to form sc a l e the op en t yp e of h eat er with , ,

am pl e sp ac e for accumul ati ng sc al e should be us ed The oil , .

should be rem oved wi t h a greas e ex t rac tor The closed h eat ers .

h ave sm all h and hol e pl at es for removi ng the d eposits in t h em

-
,

and by the use of a l arg e am ou nt of ch emic al wi th the h eater shu t

S U R FA CE

FIG . 2 05 (D5 FIG . 2 06 (D 5

off from the sys t em i t is in some c ases possibl e t o loosen the sc al e

sufli i ently t o allow i t t o be w ash ed ou t through the h and h ol e
c -

op ening s I n s t eam t ub e h eat ers the w at er should be fed t o the

.
-

h eat er at a low point and t ak en from the h eat er at a high p oint ,

with a blo w off at the ex t rem e top of the h eat er t o remov e flo ating
-

impuriti es The feed branch es should be by p ass ed so th at the

.
-

h eat er an be shu t off and the feed go direc tly t o the boil ers A
c .

th ermom eter cup should be pl ac ed b etween the s t op v alves and

the h eat er as indic at ed at b in Fig 6 so t h at it an be rep aired
. 20 ,
c

wh en the h eat er is shu t 3 Th ere should be no s t op v alve pl ac ed

0 .

b etw een the sm all reli ef and the h eat er I t is preferabl e to

,
6, .

pl ac e the reli ef directly on the h eat er t o l ess en the possibiliti es

, c,

of impuriti es blocking the connecti ng pip e .

Cl ass D 7 B oil e F eed ; B an hes to and f om Li v e Steam

—
r r c r

P u i fi er
r The usu al m et hod of i ns t alli ng a liv e s t eampuri fier is to
.
2 34 S TE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE IWS .

feed m ai n and each puri fier will t ak e w at er i nd ep end ent of the

oth ers The goos e neck j in the di sch arge to the purifier is used
.
, ,

for the purpose of s eal ing the water l ine and preventing it from
dr aini ng i nto the puri fier Such dr aini ng would c aus e serious
.

wat er h amm er wh en the wat er st art ed feedi ng ag ai n and s t eam ,

would also mingl e w ith the wat er in the pip e A puri fi er is one of .

the st ati on ap pli anc es the use of which m ay c aus e more or l ess
troubl e but if prop erly inst all ed it an be op er ated wi th v e y li t tl e
, c r

att entio n I n c as es wh ere the f eed w at er c arri es a co nsid er abl e

.

am ou nt of sulph at es a puri fi er w ill aid m at eri ally in k eepi ng the

boil erscl ean and is the only m eans asid e from ch emic al treatment
, , ,

th at will remove the sul ph at es b efore the water reach es the boil ers .

Cl ass D 8 B oil er F eed ; B an hes to and fr om I nje t o s I nje

r c c r . c

t ors a e so littl e u sed in the l arge po wer pl ants th at th ey sel dom

r

ent er int o st atio n pl ans or sy st em s I t has b ecom e quit e a gener al .

practic e to inst all two feed pumps even in sm all pl ants T he only .

adv ant ag e off ered i n the use of an inj ector in po wer pl ants is the
m eans afford ed for feeding warm water wh en for any reason the
h eat er may be out of servic e F eeding b oil ers with cold w ater .

may c aus e d am age much in exc ess of the c ost of an inj ector and
its use is th erefore safer pr actic e T he inj ector may be connected .

w ith the s am e sucti on disch arg e and st eam lines as the pump
, , ,

using a stop v al ve for each of the three branches .

Cl ass D 9 B oil e F eed ; B an hes to and f om M et e s

r As a
r c r r .

rul e m eters in p ow er pl ants a e us ed only fo test ing purposes

,
r r .

M et ers sh oul d be inst all ed in by p ass es and if a s ep ar at e m et er is -

,

us ed for each b oil er the m ost direct connection through the m eter
sh ould be u sed as the m et er i ts elf off ers ob structi on to the flow of
,

wat er Thi s arr angem ent is how e er op en to the obj ection th at

.
,
v ,

the m et er by p as s is in use the gr eat er p art of the tim e and any

-
,

add ed fricti on would t end to b ec om e a r egul ar op er ati ng l oss .

Wh en s om e of the boil ers in servic e a e op er ated with m eters and r

the oth ers a e not it would t hen be nec essary in ord er to c ontrol
r , ,

the f eed to clo se the f eed r egul ati ng v alv e a

,
l most ti ght upo n i ts
-

seat and h old back the f eed which servic e is sev er e upo n the ,

regul ating v alve I nstead of pl acing a s ep arate met er on each

.

boil er br anc h one m et er fi tt ed w i th a by p as s fl ang es et

,
an be -
, ,
c .
,
c

used on al l the boil ers all boil er br anc hes h av ing exactly simil ar
,

straight secti ons fl anged at each end so th at th ey an be removed c

and repl ac ed by the m et er .

 BO I L E R FE ED MA I NS AN D BR A N CH E S . 2 35
’

F ig . 2 08 hows a m et er arrang ed in the m anner ju st

( D9 ~
1 ) s

d escri bed and al so the remov abl e str ai ght section T he h angers .

which supp ort the end s of the pip e wh en the rem ov abl e section
is out a e sh own and al so oth er h angers which supp ort the m et er
r

and enabl e a r eady co nnectio n of the fl anges The secti on an be . c

rem oved and the m et er in

st all ed whil e the b oil er is in
op erati on as the connection
,

requires but a few mi nut es to

m ak e An advant ag e in usi ng
.

the s am e m et er fo thedi ff er ent

m
r

boil ers is th at the r eadi ngs will

be r el ativ ely the sam e and an
ex act comp ari son of the pe F 8 (D9
r IG . 20

fo man e of
r c the different
boil ers an be had With different m et ers on the di fferent boil ers
c .

one m ay r ead in exc ess of the ex act qu antity si nc e all m ech anic ally ,

registering m eters a e i naccurate to a greater o l ess extent

r r .

Ano t h er m ethod of m easuri ng the wat er to boil ers was d escrib ed

in a previ ous ch apt er u nd er the h ead of B oil er F eed Syst em
“
.

I n this m ethod one l arge m et er is pl ac ed b et w een the auxili ary

feed and the regul ati ng feed m ain and the w at er all owed to flow
t hrough the m eter to the auxili ary m ai ns for such boil ers as a e r

to be tested T he boil ers h av e s ep arat e feed branch es to each

.

m ai n T he mos t obj ecti onabl e feat ure fou nd in such a system

.

i s th at a m et er of su ffi ci ent siz e t o accur at ely r ecord the w at er

fl ow for a l arg e numb er of b oil ers is i naccur at e wh en u sed with
a sm all flow t hrough it as would be the c as e if a t es t w er e m ad e on
,

but one boil er Anoth er dis adv ant ag e is fou nd in the use of m any
.

v alves which op en i nto oth er boil ers and li nes and which in c ase
of l eaks would p ermit w at er to p ass the m eter and go el sewhere
th an i nto the boil er th at was bei ng t ested .

I f the feed br anch t o the boil ers is i nacc essi bly l oc at ed the
d et ach abl e boil er m eter an be loc ated n the by p ass and pl ac ed
c 1 -

cl os e to the floor with two wh eels mou nt ed on an a l e screw ed i nto x

a tee as show n in Fig 9 ( D9 I n ord er th at the m et er

. 20

may fit the different loc atio ns the dist anc e should be m ai nt ai ned , (I ,

eith er wh en pl aci ng the br anch es to the b oil ers or wh en putti ng

down the floor With thi s arrang em ent one man an roll the m et er
. c

to the d esired boil er and pl ac e the by p ass b et ween the r em ov abl e

-
2 36 STE AM A
P O WE R P L N T P I P I N G SYSTE M S .

se ction and the boil er w all Wh en he is ready to remove the

.

st aigh t s ection b the m et er c onnection may easily be swu ng

r , ,

into pl ac e .

Cl ass D 10 B oil e F eed ; B an hes to H ot W ater P l umbi ng

—
r r c

F i x t u es
r . O rdinarily the wat er fed to the boil ers s suffi ci ently
,
l

ho t for l avatory use I t is not geod practise t o t ak e w ater from

.

the f eed m ains fo any oth er purpo se th an for boil er feedi ng bu t

r ,

FI G . 2 09 (D9

as the a mou nt us ed in a l av at ory is sm all i t is b etter t o t ak e the

w ater from the feed m ains rath er t h an provid e a steam h eater .

I f the line from the f eed m ain to the l av at ory is v ery lo ng it should
be of thr ee ei ghths or one h alf inch p ip e cov ered to r educ e the
- -
,

w at er l oss occ asioned by w asti ng col d w ater at the fauc et wh en

w arm w ater is d esired .

Th ere a e t wo di stinc t m ethods of supplying w at er at the w ash

r

basi ns or si nks O ne is to c arry i t u nd er full boil er pr essure to

.

the poi nt wh er e i t is w ant ed u sing a s t and ard high pressure v alv e

,
-

in pl ac e of the ordinary plumbing fi tures T he oth er m ethod

x .

is t o low er the pressure to say l b by m eans of a r educing v alv e

20 .
 C HAP T E R XIV .

AU XILI AR Y B OIL E R FE E D M A IN S AN D B R AN CHE S .

l
C ass E 1 A u i l i a y B oi l er F eed M ai ns
-
x r T he li ne u sed as an .

auxili ary f eed for the b oil ers i s oft en designat ed as a f eed m ai n ,

though in reality it is a gener al servic e m ain h avi ng boil er connec

ti ons t h at enabl e its use as a feed m ain wh en d esir ed T he regul ar .

duti es which this m ain p erforms i nclud e the following L ow pres : -

sur e hos e servic e for w etti ng ash es w ashing floors et fil ling

, ,
c .
,

boil ers through its feed br anch after cl eani ng boil er washing w at er , ,

supply for turbi ne tub e cl eaners and fi e prot ection ser ic e in the
,
r v

boil er room The m eth od of connecti ng the auxili ary boil er feed
.

m ai n has b een sho wn in an earli er ch apt er on feed m ains .

Sinc e it may be c all ed u pon t o p erform the s am e duti es the ,

-

construction of the auxil i ary m ain should be as thorou gh as th at

of the boil er feed m ain but as such duti es would be i nfrequ ent
,

sm all er pip e may be u sed The difli ulties encou nt ered in feeding
. c

the b oil ers through sm all m ai ns would occur fo such sh ort p eriods r

of tim e t h at s av ing in the cost of piping should d eterm ine the

rel ative siz es of the boil er feed m ai n and the auxili ary m ain For .

the s am e r easo n the auxili ary m ain should not be cov er ed as the ,

s aving in h eat during the shor t use of the piping for bo il er

feedi ng purp os es will not w arr ant the original outl ay for h eat
insul ation .

N o boil er pl ant should be i nst all ed without an auxili ary boil er

feed m ain as i ts u ses asid e from boil er feeding a e imp ort ant ones
,
r ,

and w at er for th em sh ould not be suppli ed from the boil er feed

m ain .

Cl ass E 2 Aux il i ar y B oi l er F eed ; B an h to B oi l er s I n Fig

r c . .

1 89 ( D 8 ) was sho wn a s atisf actory connecti on b etw een the

I —

boil er and the aux ili ary f eed m ai n The two m ains w ere shown
.

sid e by sid e on the s ame supp orts Th ese suppor ts also w ere.

d esigned fo c arrying a pl ank ru nw ay

r .

Anoth er m ethod of co nnecti ng the auxili ary f eed m ain to the

boil er is shown in Fig .
(E 211 The s ingl e feed v alv e
2

2 38
 AU X I LI A R Y B OI LER FE E D M A INS AN D BR A NCH E S . 2 39

with i ts ex t ension s t em ch eck and b oil er s top v al ve s erves both

,

m ains I f the feed and ch eck v alv es a e inst all ed as earli er

. r

shown in Fig 9 ( D 9 ) t his connection will not be a c aus e of

. 1 0 r—

t rou bl e bu t with feed and ch eck valves screw co nnect ed int o the
,
-

feed branch it would not be s afe to att empt rep airi ng th em u nl ess
the boil er w er e shut dow n With the doubl e set of feed and
.

ch eck v alves as shown in Fig 89 i t would be bu t a few minu tes

, . 1 ,
’

work t o put the auxili ary m ai n int o

s ervic e so th at the boil er could be fed
t hrough its auxili ary feed and ch eck
v alves thus allowi ng the rep airs t o be
,

pos t poned u nt il a conveni ent t im e .

T he presenc e of t wic e as m any feed

and ch eck v alv es do es not sig nify th at
any ex t rav ag ant outl ay has b een
m ad e as the op erator will alw ays
, m (p ) g , 211 k
—
I ,

h ave in res erve good v alves in the

“

auxili ary m ain and t hus he will be abl e t o t r ansfer the v alv es in
,

good cond iti on t o the regul ar m ain and use the old v alv es in the
auxili ary m ain wh en t h ey b ecom e b adly worn .

Cl ass E 3 Aux il iary B oi l e

—
F eed ; B an h f om P ump s
r r c r .

O rdinarily i t is the b es t practic e t o use t wo feed pumps for boil er

roo m s ervic e Th es e pumps should be of the s am e p att ern and
.

size and sp eci ally d esigned for boil er feedi ng Th eir disch arg es .

should connec t into a si ngl e m ai n wi t h a v alv e b et w een the pumps ,

one end of the m ai n co nnecti ng with the r egul ar f eed m ai n and the
oth er end with the auxili ary m ai n B y pl aci ng a v alve in the .

auxili ary mai n i t is th en possibl e to use eith er one of the pumps for
feedi ng purp oses or each an be s ep arat ely us ed one furnishing
c ,

w ater for boil er feeding and the oth er for tub e cl eaning boil er ,

fi lli ng or any simil ar s ervic e

, .

I f fi e s ervic e of a limit ed am ou nt be r equired the auxili ary

r

m ai n may be used for such purpose this m ai n th en b eing fed by one

,

of the regul ar feed pumps I f h ow ever the b uildings and pl ant

.
, ,

a e t o be insur ed i t will be d esirabl e t o i ns t all a s t and ard p att ern

r

u nd erwriters fi e pump wi t h such a c ap acity as the insur anc e

’
r

bo ard may direc t B efore d ecidi ng upon the use and purch as e of
.

the r eserv e feed pump the i nsur anc e d et ails should be s t udi ed
and advic e sough t from the u nd erwrit ers as to wh at c ap acity of
pump t h ey will insis t upon h avi ng i ns t all ed T he u nd erwriters .
’
2 40 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

pumps are m ad e t o conform to th eir s t and ard sp ecifi c ations and

a e d esig ned t o c arry
r
5 lb pressure Some of the m ak es
1 0 . .

recommend ed will b ar ely comply wi th the specifi c at ions and ,

o th ers a e generously d esigned so th at t h ey wil l c arry far great er

r

pressures supply a l arg er qu anti t y of w ater and are in every way

, ,

b et ter abl e t o withs t and s ervic e .

I f the fire pump is also t o s erv e a s a res erv e f eed pump it shoul d
be one of the b et t er m ak es A r eady m eans of roughl y d et erm i ning
.

this point is by asking the bidd ers for the pump contr ac ts wh at
w eight of pump t hey propos e t o furnish For fire pro tec t ion it is .

b est t o h ave the fi e pump in cont inu al easy servic e as this practice
r ,

assures t h at the pump will alw ays be in op er at ing condition should

i t be sudd enly c al l ed upon for fire du t y This cl ass of d aily .

s ervic e is approved by the i nsuranc e comp ani es and in fact t hey ,

approv e of using pumps wi t h high and low pressur e st eam ends

th at will serve for all ord inary uses such pumps b eing suppli ed ,

wi th a quick t hrow v alv e th at will ch ange both cylind ers into

-

high pressure ones for fire s ervic e

-
.

Cl ass E 4 A u i li a y B oil e F eed to H yd auli

x r Tube Cl eaner
r r c - .

T he branch from the auxili ary m ain which suppli es w at er to

hydraulic t ub e cl eaners should be tak en ofl at a conv eni ent point
-

for attach ing the hos e A g ate stop v al ve should be pl ac ed at the

.

FI G . 212 ( E4

m ain and m eans provid ed for attaching a v alve at the end of the
br anch this v alve being shifted with the hose from one cl eaner
,

br anch to ano t h er The op er ating v alv e mu st be l oc at ed so th at

.

it an be eabhed from the pl atform used when cl eaning boil ers

c r .

Fig .
( 4 )
E 2 12 show s such
—
1a br an ch wh en provid ed with a
2 42 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

t aking three d ays for a boil er the cl eaning ou tfi t would be in use ,

over h al f the t ime .

A s atisf ac t ory substitut e for t his t empor ary cl eaning d evic e

as d esig ned by the writ er is shown in Fig 3 (E 4 Thi s . 21

d evic e which has the form of a truck is cons tructed with i ts upp er
, ,

p ortion of wood in the sh ap e of a sh allow box wi th two by 8 in 2 .

sid e s t ingers T he t op lid A wh en closed res ts on t op of the

r .
, ,

box Thi s top is hing ed at B and is sup port ed on the boil er

.
,

fronts by the U sh ap ed s tr aps G into which the hinge bars fi t

-
, ,
.

This locking t o the front of the boil er is quite nec es sary in ord er
to prev ent the truck b eing sh ov ed aw ay from the setting whil e the
men a e at work The c ov er D clos es up the top of the box t hus
r .
, , ,

m aking a solid and smooth pl atform for the men t o s tand upon .

T he wh eels a e bro ad f ac ed c as t iro n and thos e m ark ed E a e

r -
,
r

c asters which an be rot at ed with the h andl e F loose jointed at G

c , ,
.

T he cross pip es H s erv e as br ac es and st eps

, , .

Thi s entire pl atform an be k ept p ainted and does not disfigu e

c r

the boil er room T he bo J may be us ed for storing the

. x, ,

cl eaning tools and al so fo l aying asid e crabs pl at es and gask ets r , ,

which a e t aken from the b oil er during cl eaning The cover D

r .
, ,

closes the bo whil e the turbine cl eaner is in use Such a t uck

x . r

c an be m ad e at a mod erat e cos t by a bl acksmith c arpent er and , ,

pip e fi tter I f it is profi t abl e t o construc t p erm anent m etal pl at

.

forms for cl eaning the v ertic al t yp e of w at er tube boil ers woul d -

,

it not s eem equ ally profi tabl e t o supply pl ants h aving horizontal
w ater tub e boil ers wi th d evic es fo simi l ar work ?
-
r

I n additio n to the br anch es from the auxili ary m ain which have
alr eady b een d escrib ed th ere a e num erous low pr essu e lines ,
r -
r .

Th ese l ines will be d escri bed more fully und er Cl ass H L ow

“

P ressure W at er L ines
” O rd inari ly it would be s af e to assum e
.

t h at th ere should be as m any w at er m ains in a pl ant as th ere a e r

pump s I f th ere a e two pumps th ere wil l be bu t t wo m ains

. r

nec essary sinc e it would be nec essary to cut a third m ai n int o one
,

or the oth er of the fi st two in ord er to get w ate r r.

 C HAP T E R XV .

FE E D AN D F IR E P UM P SU CT I ONS .

Cl ass F 1 r m t U nd er ordi nary

F eed and F i e P u p Suc i on M ain .

conditio ns b eing free from pressure a suc t ion line should be simpl e
, ,

t o cons t ruc t and op er ate w ere i t not t h at the w ater end of a pump
has such a l arg e cl ear anc e The ch amb er b et w een the suction and
.

the disch arg e v alv es of m any d esigns of pumps is as much as six

t im es the volum e of pis ton di spl ac em ent I f absolu te pressure is .

assum ed as 5 l b the pis t on displ ac em ent i n such pumps would

1 .
,

reduc e the pressure in the cyli nd er t o l h which in c as e of .

,

s t ar t ing a pump wi thou t primi ng would m ak e the head abou t

2 5
. f t an a
.mou,
nt l e ss t h an th at nec ess ary to op en the suc t io n
v alves As the amou nt of air in the cylind er is l essened the ability
.

of the pump t o lift w at er is increased and if t h ere w ere no ai in ,

r

the cyli nd er the amou nt of pump cl ear anc e would not affec t the
ability of the pump t o lif t w at er This absenc e of ai however is . r, ,

not ob t ainabl e in r egul ar pr ac t ic e and the ai is t ak en i nt o the ,

r

cylind er wi th the w ater t hrough l eaky joint s and stu ffing box es or
, ,

gas es a e lib erat ed from w ater cont aining v eg et abl e m atter in

r

solu t ion .

The pump build er s gu ar ant ee as t o wh at h eigh t of colum n his

’

pump will lif t is of littl e or no use in d et ermini ng the r el at iv e m erits

of pumps Such pump comp arisons an b ett er be m ad e by using
. c

the ratio of piston displ ac em ent to cyli nd er v olum e and the h ead
nec ess ary t o p ass the d esir ed qu antity of w at er through the suctio n
v alve All d esigns of pumps a e affect ed by ai in the cylind er and
. r r ,

wh en the sp eed is l ess ened the qu antity of ai i ncr eases which in r ,

turn l essens the lift of the pump A pump which lift s wat er from .

a l ev el 6 ft b elow t h at of the disch arg e v alv e mu st h av e extr em ely

2 .

t ight connec t ions the w afer h andl ed must be free from v eg et ation
, ,

and the pump be run quit e f as t t o pr ev ent ev en a sm all amou nt of

ai from accumul at i ng in the cyli nd er
r Such c onditio ns a e too . r

sev er e for r egul ar s t at io n work and in prop ortio n to the short ening,

2 43
2 44 ST E AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI NG S YSTE MS .

of the lif t a e pump suc t ion t roubl es reduc ed I t should not be

r -
.

i nferred t h at pumps with short suction and with exc essive ai l eak s r

in the s u ction connec t ions a e al ways op erat iv e and it is o nly by

r ,

d elivering the pump suction u nd er a h ead above th at of atmos

p h e i
rc pr e ssur e t h at diffi culti es c au sed by ai l eaks a e en tir ely r r

elimi nat ed I n the c as e of a pump wi th a ft lift o u nd er 3 lb

. 2 —
.
, r 1 .

absolu t e pr essur e d eliv eri ng w at er at 5,

or 65 lb absolute 1 0 1 .

pressure the ai would be c ompress ed abou t one thirt eenth of its

,
r -

volume which would be equiv al ent t o the volume displ ac em ent of a

,

pis ton with a 3 in strok e wh en cl earanc e equ als one inch of s trok e
1 -
. .

Abou t the o nly pr actic al way of putti ng in s ervic e a pump which

i s u nabl e t o compress the ai t o a su ffi ci ently high pressur e so th at
r

i t will p ass off through the disch arge v al v e wh en such a l arge

amou nt has accumul at ed is to disch arg e the ai t o atm osph ere ,
r

t hrough a pet c ock F eed pumps should h ave a v alve l arger in

.

ar ea t h an a pet cock loc at ed abou t t hr ee qu art ers o one inch b elow -

r

the v alv e d eck This v al v e will provid e a ready m eans of dis

.

ch arging the ai Anoth er m et hod which is som etim es used but

r .
,

is nev ert h el ess f aulty is t o pl ac e a sm all ai disch arge v alv e b etween

,
r-

the pump disch arge v alv es a

-
nd the g at e stop v al v e in the pump -

disch arge To reli ev e a pump of ai it is u su ally nec essary to un

. r r

i t at a high sp eed This is due to the i nability of v alves t o hold

.

ai prop erly and wh en the w at er does r each the cyl ind er it com es
r ,

i n a slug With the v alv e in the disch arge li ne clo sed th ere is a
.

physic al d anger u nd er such circumst anc es as the w at er pres sure ,

may reach a d estructiv e poi nt in the pump b efore the st eam v alv e
c an be cl os ed or the di sch arg e op ened T he adv ant ag e of cl osing .

the di sch arg e v alv e i s to pr ev ent w at er from the pr essur e li ne

l eak ing b ack i nto the pump through the pump v alves I f the pump .

is provid ed with r eli ef v alv es pl ac ed b etween the pump and the

disch arge v alve the op er ati on will be sati sfactory .

I f the sucti on m ai n for a pump i s u nd ergrou nd i t should be m ad e

of c ast iron and if i t is subj ect to vibrati on settl em ent of grou nd
, , ,

or exc essive exp ansi on strains it sh ould be fl anged and h ave m et al ,

g ask et s T he mo st sati sfac t ory arrang em ent for long u nd ergrou nd

.

suc t ion connections is to loc at e the u nd ergrou nd pipi ng at a l evel

b elow the w at er i nl et or w at er surfac e and build the lift pip e so
th at it is exposed free to exp and and opp ortu nity is afford ed for
readily m aki ng rep airs F ig 4 (F ) will illu strate the . . 2 1 r— 1

d et ail s of a v ery s atisf ac tory arrang em ent of piping for such s ervice .
2 46 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

Fig 5 (F
. 2 1 Wi t h this m ethod the l arg er p art of the
r

cost is for m at eri al as the work an all be done with common

,
c

l abor R eferring to the illustration the form A is m ade up

.
, , ,

of pl ates connec ted by h andl es in the sh ap e of an inv ert ed U .

I n b eginning the work the trench is

fi rst dug th en the pip e B i s scr ewed , , ,

t ogeth er and pl ac ed in approxim at ely

i t s final position T he m et al form is .

th en set about the pip e as sho wn in

the dr awi ng and the sp ac e ou t sid e ,

of the form fill ed with dirt whil e the ,

insid e of the form is fill ed with on c

crete t o enc as e the pipe As soon as .

the concret e and dirt h ave b een

ramm ed the form is withdrawn and
the trench th en loos e fil l ed up to the
poi nt D at the bottom of the pl anking
, ,
.

With this t yp e of cons tructi on old

pip e may be us ed as it is surrou nd ed ,

by concret e through which no w ater

an l eak The w ork an be c arri ed
c . c

on ev en wh en the tr ench is wet as ,

F 5 (F
IG . 21 the pip e may s erv e t o l ead aw ay the
r

w ater during the progress of the work

and the co ncret e can be pl ac ed in w at er Two or three of th es e .

port abl e forms are required so th at th ey an be moved ah ead as c

the work adv anc es .

The mos t s at isfac t ory m ethod of ex ecu t ing the work show n
in Fig 4 is t o build the suction w ell b efore disturbing the out
. 21

sid e grou nd With this well in op erat ing condition the trench
.

c an be dug from the w ell t o ward the w at erw ay and the pi pe

l aid as fas t as the dirt is remov ed This will al low the w at er in
.

the t r ench t o dr ain t o the w ell from which i t an be r emov ed

,
c

by the regul ar pump or a t emp orary one I t is import ant th at .

the joi nts in the pip e be tight if th ey a e to be enc as ed in co ncret e r ,

as w at er p assing through the fresh c oncret e to the insid e of the

pipe w ill w ash ou t the c em ent and l eave only the loose m at eri al .

Furth er discussion of this su bj ec t as consid ered for l arge sucti on

m ai ns will be found und er the h eading Cond enser I nt akes
”
“

Cl ass I .
 F E ED AN D FIRE PU MP SU CTI O NS . 2 47

M any suction li nes a e provid ed with foo t v alv es which aid

r

the pumps in holdi ng th eir v acuum T he use of foo t v alv es is

.

quite limit ed I f the pump v alves a e in good ord er the foo t

. r

valv es will ret ard rath er th an aid the pump in its op er ation .

When foo t v al ves a e us ed the pump suction mu st const antly

r

suppor t the w eigh t of the v alve which amou nt s to abou t

, lb .

for each squ are inch of area or an increased lift equiv al ent to
,

1 ft Som etim es the op erat ion of a pump is improved by the

.

use of a foo t v alv e b ec aus e the suc t i on v alv es f ail t o hold bu t ,

FI G
. 2 16 (F r

better resul t s could possibly be ob t ai ned by renewi ng or rep air

ing the suc t io n v alv es . Th ere a e som e i ns t anc es how ev er
r , ,

wh ere foo t v alves a e i ndisp ens abl e for pump st art ing as is the
r ,

c as e wi t h pumps of the c ent rifug al t yp e in which wh en pri mi ng , ,

i t is nec ess ary to fill the body of the pump with w ater and exp el
the ai r
. Wi t hou t a foo t v alve in such a pump the w ater would
be los t t hrough the suc t io n As a c ent rifug al pump is wholly
.

u nabl e t o remove the ai i t mus t be remov ed by filling the pump

r

with w ater or by usi ng a s t eam ej ec t or at t ach ed to the p eriph ery

of the pump c as e I f a s t eam ej ector is u sed i t is not nec ess ary
.

t o use a foot v alve as the ej ec t or will support the column of w at er

,
2 48 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

in the suction pipe Ai could also be removed with a st eam

. r

ej ec t or from the suctio n of a st eam pump but this proc ess w ould ,

not be as simpl e as the disch argi ng of the ai r t o atmosph ere or

by priming .

I f the st eam pump has a hi gh lift and a l arg e cl ear anc e in the
cylind er air c anno t be disch arged without p iming wi th o with
,
r r

out a foot v al ve I f the rati o of the cylind er cl earance to the

.

piston displ ac em ent is bu t as three t o one the absolute pressure ,

in the cylind er at the end of the strok e would be fi e pou nds o v ,

r

the equiv al ent of a ft lift and for a lift of ov er this am ou nt

10— .
,

the pump could be run i nd efinit ely withou t t aking w at er I t is .

not nec ess ary t o fill the suctio n pip e of a st eam pump with w at er ,

but in nearly all c ases the cylind er mus t be fill ed to reduc e the
cl earanc e .

I n Fig 6 ( F 3 ) is show n av ery simpl e st art ing arr ang em ent

. 21 1—

for a pump t h at connec ts wi th a line which alw ays is fill ed with

w ater T he pip e lines A an be .
, ,
c

t urned on and with the v al ve B open , ,

t o furni sh an outl et fo ai (and w ater r r

also in stéi ting ) and the stop v alv e C r , ,

closed the pump b eing protected ,

ag ainst exc ess pressure by the reli ef

v al ve D an th en be st art ed and the
, ,
c

ai remov ed withou t diffi culty The

r .

l ines A a e the priming pip es and

, ,
r

may be c onnec t ed to any w at er supply ,

as pressur e is not r equired .

Th at a pump req uires priming to

lift i ts w ater does not in the l eas t
afl e t its effi ci ency u nl ess possibly it
'

be i ncreased by the r educ ed frictio n

of the l arger w aterw ays I f pri ming .

w at er is not read ily obt ainabl e or if ,

a pump of the c entri fug al typ e i s us ed ,

a v ery Sati sfac t o y foot v alv e may be r

F
IG .
7 (F 21 1buil t as shown in Fig 7 (F . 2 1 1

With the val ve so construct ed if the ,

pump is to be shut down the v al ve an be lowered so th at it c

will bear on i ts seat and op erate the same as the more comm on
typ es of foo t v al v es Wh il e the pump is in op eration the v al e
. v
2 50 ST E AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

pumps a e not due to pressure but t o inerti a Wh en w at er is

r .

brough t t o res t i t sh ould not be nec ess ary to creat e a pressure in

the li ne in ord er t h at the colu mn of wat er m ay be div erted i nt o
an air ch amb er nor should it be nec ess ary to set oth er w at er in
,

mo t ion which would in t urn flow i nto the ai ch amb er ; it is t his r

sudd en ret arding of moving water th at c auses w at er h amm er .

FI G . 2 18 (F 2 FI G . 2 19 (Fa

In c ase the suc t ion mus t be long and connec t ed wi t h t wo or

more pumps it is nec es sary to cushion the movem ent of the long
heavy body of w ater with as littl e ob struction b etween it and
the ai cu shi on as possibl e Fig 9 (F ) illus t at es in
r . . 21 2
—
2 r ,

full lines a c ompl ete syst em for cushioning the ent ire moving
,

body of w at er exc ept the sm all er amou nt in the ai ch amb ers r ,

which amou nt is negli gibl e in effect I f the pumps a e close . r

t oget h er with a short m ain connecting th em one ai ch amb er as

, , r ,

indic ated at A may be used t o absorb the imp ac t of the long

,

line thu s all ow ing the inerti a of the w ater in the connecting
,

m ain t o be t ak en up or di ssip at ed in pumps wi thou t ai ch am r

b ers I n no c as e should the ai ch amber be pl ac ed at B b ec au se

. r ,

it th en would not cushi on the movement of the l ong li ne due to ,

the f ac t th at a l arg e porti on of the w at er in the horizo nt al m ain

would be at rest at the tim e of imp act B efore t his body of w at er .

could m ov e the shock w ould be t ak en up th oughou t the pip

,
r

ing . Such shock s a e usu al ly v ery s ev er e and a e oft en sufli ient

r r c

in am ou nt to break the fi tti ngs ev en t hough pr actic ally no pr es

sure is obs erv ed on the li ne An ai r ch amb er on a long suc t ion
.

c aus es a pump to work more smoothl y t h an oth erwise reduc es ,

st eam consumption and t hou gh it an be disp ensed wi th in e

,
c c r

t ai n c as es it is in no c ase an obj ectionabl e feature .

Cl ass F 3 F eed and F i e P um p Su t i on; B ran h fo H eate

r c c r r.

The suction br anch us ed in co nnection wi th open h eat ers serv es

to handl e w at er which in m any c as es is of a su ffi ci ently hi gh
 F EED AN D F IR E PU MP SU CTI O NS . 2 51

t emp erat ure t o form a v apor if the pressure falls b elow the at mos
p he i
rc poi n t To. a void r e duci ng the pr essur e t o a t roub l esom e
point i t is necess ary to pl ac e the h eat er at an el evati on suffi ci ent ly
high above the pump so t h at the h ead of w ater m easured from ,

the w at er l ev el in the h eat er t o the di sch arg e v alv es will exc eed ,

th at required t o ov ercome the friction of the pip e w at er p orts , ,

and the resis t anc e of the pump suc t io n v alv es B y i ncr easi ng .

the suc t ion connec t io ns t o one siz e l arg er th an the pump op en

ing and by r educi ng the t ensio n of the spri ngs on the suc t ion
v alves t his di fferenc e of el ev at ion has b een m ad e as low as ft 2 .
,

bu t for s afe reli abl e op erat ion a h ead of from 4 to 5 ft should be

,
.

provid ed .

T he h eat er should be pl ac ed as clos e t o the pumps as pos

sibl e and the fric t ion of the connections be reduc ed by usi ng
b end s and long radius fi tt ings This cl ass of s ervic e requires
-
.

a sp eci al ho t w at er pump whos e p arts a e free fro m ru bb er and

-
r

which is p ack ed wi th som e m ateri al not affected by ho t w at er .

Und er ordi nary co nditions m et al v alv es wi t h br ass plu ng ers and

rods t h at p ass t hrough the p acki ng a e sui t abl e When work r .

ing in ex t rem ely ho t w at er the p acking will not ret ai n a l ub i r

c ant and for t his reason a d ens e surfac e m et al is required t o

,
-

avoid cu tt i ng or w eari ng ou t of the p acki ng C as t iron plu ngers .

-

a e t oo porous and st eel st ems a e quickly rough ened by rus t

r r .

B r ass plu ng ers p assi ng through out sid e p acki ng and bron e v alv e z

rods a e fou nd most s at isfac tory for t his s ervic e

r .

Class F 4 m
F eed and F i re P u p Sucti on; B ranch fro mHot W ell - .

T he ho t w ell should h ave a s ep arate comp artm ent for the pump
-

suc t ion The supply t o t his comp ar t m ent sh ould be so arranged

.

t h at the pump will not t ak e any of the ai disch arged by the on r c

d enser and the suction w at er be free from agit at ion c aus ed by the
cond ens er disch arge which in turn w ould c aus e such cyli nd er oil
,

as m igh t ent er the hot w ell to be mix ed wi th the w ater T he ho t

-
.

w ell should also be arranged so th at the surfac e of the pump w ater -

comp art m ent is const antly b ei ng drawn off This will remove .

any such oil as may ris e t o the surf ac e The pump suc t ion should
.

be so pl ac ed t h at it c anno t remov e the w at er from the ho t w ell and -

c ause the w at er s eal to be brok en wh en s t ar t ing the cond enser .

Th ese v arious requirem ent s a e quite simply met with in the

r

arr ang em ent shown in Fig ( F4 . I n t his pl an the p ump

2 20

suc t ion is loc ated at a low posi t ion which as fa as possibl e will ,
r ,
2 52 STE AM P O WE R PL ANT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

allow oil t o rise t o the surfac e and esc ap e T he p art ition at A .

should be a t rifl e low er t h an the oth er p artitions Thi s will insure .

the w at er p assing through the pump bo r ath er th an t o the ov er x

flow T he pump suction should reach as low a l ev el as possibl e

.

so t h at the suc t ion of ai will be reduc ed to a minimum

r .

$ 5 6 77

P L AN 0

FI G . 2 20 (F4

suc t ion line is of consid erabl e l eng th (over 5 ft ) i t should

I f the 0 .

disch arg e i nto a sm all suc t ion w ell and the pump suction be tak en
from t his w ell I f the cond ensers are of the low down jet t ype
.
-

F AA /V

FI G . 221 (F4

with v acuum pumps the pump box would be qui t e simil ar t o the
hot w ell thi s box b ei ng loc at ed at som e point along the cond enser
-
,

disch arge and conveni ent for the pump sucti on Fig . . 221

(F 4 ) shows a pump box in the disch arg e li ne from the cond enser
~
2 ,

the box t aking the pl ac e of an elbow With such a box the dis .
2 54 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

is very bl ack and has oil and greas e thorou ghly ab sorb ed into the
wood ; thi s is quit e a d iff erent action from that of m ateri al which
would m erely fil t er as exc el sior s erves more as an absorb ing
,

m edium .

T he g ag e F sho wn in Fig
, ,
is used to indic ate the condition
. 2 2 2,

of the fil ter bed Wh en t hi s bed is cl ear and u nobstructed the

.

g age may show 5 in of v acuum (d ep end ing upo n the lift ) and as
.
,

it becom es foul it may sh ow 6 or 7 in due to the p ass age of the .

,

w ater through the bed b ec oming ob struc ted .

I f the princip al impurity in w at er is s and or sm all p articl es a

b ett er fil t er an be construct ed wi t h a s eri es of screens as in this
c ,

c as e the m esh would be uniform and as fine as d esired this qu ali t y ,

b eing u natt ainabl e wi t h exc elsior or o t h er fibrous m ateri als .

FI G . 2 23 (F 4 4) —

A m et h od of cons truc t ing such a fil ter box wi th screens is shown

in Fig .
3 (F 4
22 Water from the cond ens er ent ers at A ,

and disch arg es at B the oil p assing ov er the ov erflow

,
T he four .

t ension rod s a e provid ed with h and wh eels C and are supported

r , ,

at the oppo sit e end of the box in the beari ngs D which will p ermit , ,

of rotation T he fr ame E is m et al with thread ed connections to

.
, , ,

the t ension rods ; the fr am e F is also m ad e of m eta

, l bu t is att ach ed
, ,

t o the sh el l of the t ank T he fram es G a e of cypres s or oth er

.
, ,
r

wood th at will w ear w ell in w ater and support the screens I f it is .

d esired to remov e the screens from the fram e G the fram e E is , , , ,

rel eased with the h and wh eels C This allows the screens to be ,
.

lifted off the upp er rods .

In op er atio n the w at er ent ers t h ough the m et al fr am e E and r , ,

p asses t hrough all the screens t o the pump suction as shown in the
illus t r ation I f th ere is a slight l eak arou nd the fr am e no diffi culty
.

will be occ asioned u nl es s the l eak op ening is so l arge th at the

fil t ered impuriti es an p as s through itc O rdi narily the t ensio n on .
 F E E D AN D F I R E P U MP SUCTI O NS . 2 55

the screws will prevent this l eak age The filtering m ateri al may .

be clo t h i nst ead of m et al and wh en the screens a e b eing r emov ed

,
r

th ey should fi rs t be w ash ed in the w at er in the box t hus allowi ng ,

the impuriti es t o rem ain in the t ank and be t ak en ou t at one t im e ,

wh en all the screens a e removed The screens maybe grad ed in

r .

m esh st arting with co arse m et al and finishing with fine clo th .

Such a d evic e may stric t ly be c all ed a fi l t er and op erat es v ery

sat isf ac t orily in r emovi ng fine silt and mud I f a co nnec t io n is .

provid ed for draining the bo tt om of the box the screens an be c

w ash ed wi t h a hose withou t removing t h em bu t t h ey should firs t ,

be loos ened by rel easi ng the cl amp scr ews A g ag e on the suc t io n .

pip e will s erv e t o show the condi t ion of the screens .

Cl ass F 5 F eed and F i e P ump Su t i on; B an h fr om I nt ak e

r c r c .

A suc t io n br anch from the int ak e should be provid ed in addi t io n

t o the suc t ion li ne from the ho t well as at any t im e i t may be fou nd
—
,

necess ary t o shu t down the co nd ensi ng app ar at us I f t wo or more .

pumps are used the suc t ion li nes should be arrang ed so t h at the
feed pumps may be using hot w ell w at er whil e the g eneral servic e
-

w at er is t ak en from the int ak e This arrangem ent would be .

qui t e ess ent i al in a pl ant h aving journal s or any o th er app arat us

w at er cool ed
-
.

Cl ass F 6—
F eed and F i re P ump Su t i on B ran h ; from Ci ty c c

W at e M ai ns I t is inv ari ably good practic e t o provid e a suc t ion

r .

connec t ion with the cit y w ater supply which an be used in c ase of c

need ev en t hough a pl ant has i t s own sourc e of w at er supply as

from a s t ream c anal pond or d eep w ell The ci t y w at er should
, , , .

disch arg e into an op en well or at a point t h at will be sui tabl e for

the pump suctions . The connec t i ng of ci t y li nes direc t t o pump
suc t ions will c aus e som e diffi cul t i es bu t if such connec t ions mus t
,

be us ed an ai ch amb er should be provid ed which will prev ent

r

w at er h amm er in the city w ater lines m et ers et T he fac t that , ,

c .

the suctio n w at er com es t o a pump u nd er pr essur e is mor e of an

adv ant ag e t h an oth erwis e as the work of the pump is light ened
,

and diffi culti es from ai in the li nes a e elimi nat ed

r Any pump r .

will op erate more s ati sfac t orily with the pressure h ead on i t s suction .

I f the city w at er is co nnect ed direc t t o the pump suc t ion and the
oth er suction be from a w ell s t ream or the lik e th ere should be a
, , ,

foo t v alv e at the regul ar low pressure suction so as to avoid any

-

possibili ty of w as t ing city w at er b ack t hrough the regul ar suction .

O rdinarily i t is advis abl e t o pl ac e a v acuum g ag e on the pump

2 56 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT PIP I NG SYSTE MS .

suc t ion and in c ase city w at er is al so us ed this g age should be

,

comp ound showing bo th pressure and v acuum Wi th such a

, .

g age as norm al ly op erated the att end ant an quickly no t e any c

ch ange brough t about by alt ered c onditi ons thus enabling him to ,

rem edy a diffi culty b efore it b ecomes s eri ous Such troubl es .

may be from the foo t v alv e pump suc t ion v alv e accumul at ion ,
-
,

in suc t io n l ine city w at er u nd er pressur e l eak ing p ast i ts s t op

,

v alve or from num erous simil ar c au ses T he saying A st i t ch in

”
“
.
,

t im e s av es nine is very applic abl e in stat ion op eration and such ,

d evic es as aid in anticip ating troubl e in pow er s t at ions a e w ell r

wor th the exp ense of ins tall ation .

Class F 7 F eed and F i re P ump Su t i on; B an h f om E on c r c r c

om i e z r.The suc t i on br anch from the ec onom i z er is o nl y us ed

wh ere boil ers a e op erat ed u nd er an extrem ely hi gh pressure
r ,

say lb and wh ere it i sd esir d to op erat e the economiz ers u nd er

2 00
e

a low pr essure say 4 l b Such a syst em was sh own in F ig 6

,
0 . .
,

which may be found in an early ch ap t er T he chi ef requirem ent .

of the suction line from the economi er is th at i t may be m aint ained z

u nd er the set pressure of 4 lb if it be so set t hus avoiding the 0 .

,

possib ility of the ho t w ater from the economiz er forming a v apor .

At 4 lb pr es sur e w at er an be h eat ed as hi gh as 86 F before

0 . c 2
°
.

diffi culty will be encou nt ered from st eam v ap or in the feed pump —

suc t ion I f however the economiz ers r ai se the t emp erat ure of
.
, ,

the w at er abov e t his point which w ould be a r are c as e the pr essure

, ,

may be increas ed suffi ci ently t o av oid v ap ors T he pump cylind ers .

would show sligh tly l ess pressure t h an the line t o the pump ,

possibly two pou nd s which would nec essit at e raising the pressure
,

a lik e amou nt t o b al anc e thi s lo ss .

The pump which suppli es an economi er mus t be s ensitiv e t o z

pressure and preferably should h ave a governor whi ch controls

for a fi x ed pr essure I f the lo wes t pr essure be abov e a pos sibl e
.

steaming point no s erious result would ari se if the pressure in an

economi er v ari ed within a co nsid erabl e r ang e
z A quit e sim pl e .

m ethod of controlling w at er fed to an ec onomizer as has b een ,

d escrib ed is t o use a m ot or dri v en c entrifu gal pump possibl v of

,
-
,

the t wo st age t yp e and al low this pump t o run c onti nuously

-
, ,

the h ead u nd er which i t would op erat e b eing equiv al ent t o 8 4 ft .

,

which is ordinary s ervic e for a two st age pump -

.

Cl ass F 8 F eed and F i e P ump Su ti on ; B an h f om St o ag e

—
r c r c r r

Tank o B asi nr The line from a s t or ag e t ank or b asin is a r ath er

.
2 58 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

c ap acity t h at i t is qui t e u nfit for fi e s ervic e bu t by cons t ant r ,

pumping ampl e w ater may be ob t ai ned at such tim es for the

boil ers and al so t o k eep the w at er b asi n B w ell fill ed For the , ,
.

s torage of a l arge am ou nt of w at er such a b asin is pr actic al onl y

wh en at a l ow el ev ation as o t h erwise the exp ense for building a
,

high s t ruc t ure would be exc es sive The line C is the fi e m ain
.
, ,
r

and i s r egul arly us ed as a low pr essure s ervic e m ai n

-
Wh enev er .

the w at er in the b asi n is low and the pump is not in use for boil er
feeding or oth er high pressure work the v alv e D is op en and
-
, , ,

the v alv e E clo sed ; thus w at er i s d eliv er ed t o the b asi n through

,

the pump d s ha ge F 1 c The v alv e G is al way s clos ed and the

r ,
.
, ,

v alves H and J a e alw ays op en exc ept in c ase of fi e With

, ,
r r .

such a system it w ould be nec ess ary to number the v al ves which
should be op erat ed in num eric al ord er in c ase of fi e thus avoiding r ,

any possibili t y of the two suctio ns H and G b ei ng op en at the, ,

s ame tim e .

I n r eg ard t o the prop er h andli ng of v alv es pumps et at the , ,

c .
,

t im e of fi e it is b ecoming quite g eneral prac t ice to h av e regul ar

r ,

fi e drills which will accu stom the men to t h eir duti es so t h at in

r ,

em erg enci es such errors as h av e b een s t at ed will not be m ad e .

I n m any i ns t all ati ons the w ell A Fig 4 is a d eep driv en one
, ,
. 22 ,
-

with a regul ar d eep w ell pump to r ai se the w ater Und er such

-
.

conditions th ere should be no confusion at tim es of em ergency as ,

the d eep w ell pump would disch arg e t o the stor ag e b as in B and
-
, ,

the feed and fi e pumps would t ak e th eir suctio n from t his stor ag e
r

supply .
 C HAP T E R XVI .

H E ATE R WATE R SU P P L Y P IP I N G .

l
C ass G 1 H eat er W at er Supp l y ; fr om Condenser Th ere a e . r

four p ossibl e t yp es of br anch es fo supplyi ng water from on r c

dense s t o h eat ers

r Th ese may connect surfac e o jet c omd en
. r

s ers with op en or closed h eat ers I n Fig s and suction

. . 2 20 221

boxes a e shown as a p ar t of the jet cond ens er disch arg es I f

r -
.

a clos ed h eat er is us ed i t s w at er supply may be t ak en dir ectly

from the pump box and the boil er feed pump be us ed for this -

purpos e if the lif t is not too great The s t eam t emp erature at .

i of v cuum is pproxim t ly F I f he w at er from

°
2 5 n . a a a e 35 t 1 .

the co nd ens er has this t emp er at ur e i t wi l l apo i e wh en the ‘

v rz

pressure is low ered t o a point l ess th an th at at which it was on c

densed .A 5 ft lif t would bri ng abou t co nditio ns sui t abl e for

2 -
.

v aporiz ation bu t w at er at a temp erature of 3 5 d egrees and a

,
1

lift of 5 f t a e not met with in practic e The c ap acity of a

2 . r .

cond ens er (cond ensi ng volume) is u su ally restricted for com ,

me ial reas ons so t h at the commo n typ e of c ond ens er requires

rc ,

its disch arge w at er t o be of consid erably low er t emp er at ure th an

the st eam u nd er v acuum .

Very few jet co nd enser s will m ai nt ai n a v acuum of 5 in wi t h 2 .

the t ail w at er abov e

-
F and in mo st c ases 9 d egrees is on
1 00
°
0 c

side ed hi gh
r I n r eg ard t o the v aporizi ng of t ail w at er wh en
.
-

the pressure has b een r educ ed by the sucti on of the pump i t an ,

c

be s t at ed th at it is possibl e t o lift such w ater as many f eet as th ere

would be i nch es of v acuum and w at er at i ts hi gh est possibl e
t emperature This ho wever has not b een fou nd possibl e in
.
, ,

practic e b ec ause of oth er el em ent s t h an v aporizi ng which must

be co nsid ered T he most imp ort ant obs t acl e is the gas lib er
.

at ed at h eats as l ow as 9 d egrees this gas b ei ng t hrow n off from

0 ,

the org anic m att er fou nd in the w at er .

The pres enc e of such a gas i s qui t e fully d emo ns t r at ed by the

action of a dry v acuum ai pump in which i t is no t ed t h at a much
-
r

high er rate of sp eed is nec ess ary in the summer s eason t o remove
2 59
2 60 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI NG SYSTE MS .

the a l rg er qu ant ity of ai due to the fac t t hat the w ater contains
r

v eget at ion th at it does not co nt ai n in the w int er T he tem .

p e r a tu e
r of th e t ail w at er is pr actic
-
ally t h e s am e for both s easo ns ,

but its qu anti t y is reduc ed during the winter I t has been .

furth er not ed th at during w int er months the v acuum will not

drop more th an an inch b elow 5 in wh en the ai pump is ou t 2 . r

of s ervic e but duri ng the summ er mo nt hs the v acuum wil l drop

,

4 or 5 in u nd er simil ar co nditio ns
. .

B y arr anging the hot w ell as shown in Fig —

(F4 ) . 2 20 —
1

the liberat ed g as es wil l not be t ak en into the suction line and if ,

the suctio n lift is not great er th an ft lit tl e or no t roubl e 12 .

should be experi enc ed by pumps losing t h eir w ater due to g as es

accumul at ing in the pump cylind ers To furth er insure the suc.

cessful op er at io n of the f eed pumps working und er th es e on c

ditions the size of the pump should c ar efully be co nsid ered in

connec t ion with the work which i t is t o do T he sm all er the .

pump the greater the numb er of s trok es and l esser li abil ity of
”
b ecoming ai bou nd or in oth er words losing its suction
r— , , .

I f an op en h eat er is us ed with a jet co nd ens er it will be fou nd

nec es sary t o inst all a hot well pump for d eliv ering w at er to the
-

heater This pump wil l be nec ess ary on accou nt of the usu al
.

conditions which d et erm ine the loc at ion of the hot w ell at a low -

el ev at ion and the h eat er at a much high er one With an el e .

v ated jet co nd ens er a v ery simpl e m ethod of h andli ng w at er to

the h eat er i s as shov n in F ig v .

5 ( G I n this
22 arr ang e I

m ent the s ame motor or b el t

driv e that operat es the inje tion c

w at er pump is also used to

op erate the h eater supply pump -
.

A flo at oper at ed v alv e such as is -

regul arly furnish ed with op en

h eaters may be arranged to
G co n tr o l th e wat er fed t o the
F 5 (
IG . 22 1

h eat er the c entrifug al pump ,

m aint aining the s am e sp eed for v ary ing requirem ents The u ni t .

shown in Fig 5 is free from pump v alves and reciproc ating

. 22

p art s I t thus requires very littl e att ention and the cost for
.

maint enanc e is quit e low .

I f i t is nec ess ary to r ais e the ho t w ell w at er t o the f eed pump

-
2 62 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

inv ari abl e qu antity and the loss an be provid ed for by l eaving
,
c

the by p ass b op en wid e enou gh to allo w a suffi ci ent amou nt of

-
, ,

circul at ing w ater t o be admitt ed into the v acuum ch amb er of

the h eat er and from t h ere p ass with the cond ens ation to the
pump .

The r eli ef v alv e shown in the illus t r at io n should be so loc at ed

t h at if it disch arges a boil er room op erator an readily no t ice i t
-
c

and op en a feed v alv e t hus avoiding any w as t e of co nd ens ati on

,
.

I f the feed v al v es a e prop erly h andl ed this reli ef v alv e should

r

nev er disch arg e Hand op er ated f eed v alv es will be found

.
-

much more s at i sfac tory with t his piping syst em th an any au t o

m at ic feed ing d evic es With the h and op erat ed v al ve i t is pos
.
—

sibl e t o s av e the w ater of cond ens ation at all t im es and bu t lit tl e ,

regul at ion should be required as the flo at will cont rol the sp eed ,

of the pump according t o the amou nt of cond ens at ion in the

pock et at the bo ttom of the cond ens er .

T he pump may be loc at ed ou t of r each of the fi r em an The .

by p ass b should be qui t e sm all and of a siz e which will supply

-
, ,

s t eam t o the sys t em t o m ak e up for th at which is fed to the auxil

i a i es This mak e up will not ordinarily exc eed
r .
-
pe c ent of the 10 r

t o t al amou nt of w at er fed the boil ers The by p ass would th ere .

-
,

for e be abou t t wo inch es in di am eter for a pl ant h aving

,
hp .

b oil er c ap acity I t may be fou nd conv eni ent t o run the by p ass
.
—

piping t o a point in the boil er room wh ere a h and wh eel an be c

pl ac ed so t h at i t an be op erat ed by the fi rem an

c .

T he pump us ed for t his s ervic e would not be subj ec t ed t o the

pou nding strains common t o the so c all ed ai pump which removes -
r ,

bo th ai and w at er from the cond enser A s ep arate dry v acuum

r .
-

ai r pump would be r equired with the syst em as show n Such a .

pump is nec ess ary for p erfect op eration T he feed pump would .

be c all ed upo n t o h andl e nothi ng bu t solid w at er bu t in ord er t o ,

assure this i t is nec ess ary t o pl ac e the pump a suffi ci ent dis t anc e
b elo w the w ater l ine in the bowl to m ak e c ert ain t h at the w at er ,
(I ,

will p ass to the cylind er wi th ou t lowering the pressure th erein .

I f an op en h eat er is us ed the co nd ensation pump may be of a

light er d esign and arranged to disch arge the cond ens ation int o
the h eat er without any r est ricting d evic e op er at ed by the w at er
l evel in the h eat er Such a pump may h andl e air and w at er
.

t og et h er and disch arge bo th int o the op en h eater This arr ange .

ment how ev er requires a s ep ar ate pump for bo il er feeding I t is

, , .
 HE A TE R WA TE R SUP P L Y P IP I NG . 2 63

practic al to un the auxili ari es cond ensi ng not usi ng a h eater and
r , ,

t hu s h av e littl e or no w at er p assi ng through the by p ass b Such -

,
.

practic e h owev er is fa from economic al A steam pump will not

, ,
r .

use mor e th an 5 B t u pe lb of st eam d eliv ered t o it if the e

0 . . . r . r

mainde in exh au st is d eliv ered t o the feed w at er bu t an engine

r, , ,

will require the exp enditure of B t u pe lb of s t eam d eliv er ed . . . r .

to it I n ot h er w ords the pump an use tim es as much s team

.
,
c 22

pe h ors epow er as the engi ne and yet be as eco nomic al if all the
r

h eat of the exh au st is t ak en up by the feed w at er I t will thus be .

not ed t h at no engi ne is op er ativ e with a su ffi ci ent ly sm all numb er

of pou nds of s team pe hors epow er no is any st eam pump sufli
r ,
r

c i ently w as t eful of s t eam t o w arr ant ru nni ng a f eed pump on c

densing ev en t hough it is possibl e to r educ e the s t eam co nsumptio n

,

of a feed pump t o t h at of the mos t economic al s t eam u ni t known .

FI G . 2 27 (Cr

An o th er m et hod of d eliv eri ng w ater t o a h eat er by m eans of a

suc t ion pump from a low down t yp e of jet c ond ens er is by el ev at ing
-

the disch arg e t o such a h eigh t t h at the w at er will flow i nt o the op en

h eat er by gravi t y as shown in Fig 7 ( C Wh en on . 22 I c

side ing such a connectio n i t should be r em emb er ed t h at for ev ery

r

foo t the disch arge is rais ed as sho wn by the dim ension li ne a

, , ,

t his lif t is equiv al ent t o rai si ng the feed w ater 3 tim es this am ou nt 0 ,

as the qu antity t hus lift ed is ordinarily abou t 3 t im es t h at fed to 0

the boil er T he o nly adv ant ag e in this s t yl e of connec t ion is the

.

elimi nat ion of one pump .

I f a hous e pump is us ed t o supply the cold w at er i t may be fou nd

b etter prac t ic e t o utiliz e t his s am e pump for supplying w ater to the
h eater rath er th an by increasing the du t y on the ai pump by r

raising the h ead .

2 64 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

To m ak e a comp a ison of the rel ative economy of the two r

prac t ic es it may be assum ed t h at a in Fig 7 is 5 ft th at the ,

. 22 , .
,

cond enser u ses 3 lb of w at er pe pou nd of st eam cond ensed th at

0 . r ,

the t emp er ature of the int ak e w at er is 5 5 d egr ees and the di sch arge
w ater 9 d egr ees and t h at the pump requires
0 ,
lb of st eam pe 1 00 . r

hors epower Then for each pou nd of feed w at er th ere will be

.

required the following additional B t u nec ess a y t o raise the . . . r

wat er 5 ft B tu (3 lb X 5 ft x
. : . . lb st eam pe hp X
. 0 . . 1 00 . r .

5 B t u per lb s t eam )
0 . . .
3 .I f cold w at er is us ed 2 .
,

one thirti eth of the r esult just obt ained will be r equired for pump
—

ing thus
, 5 B t u plus the di ffer enc e b et ween the h eat u nit s and
. . .

w at er of 9 d egrees or 58 0 and w at er of 5 5 d egr ees or 8

, ,
1

which is3 5 equ als a t o t al of B t u I t will thus . . .

be not ed th at the cos t wil l be l ess to r ais e the entir e co nd ensing

w ater more t h an 5 ft ( abou t 7 f t 6 in b eing the b al anc e) th an to . . .

use cold inj ec t io n w at er I f mor e st eam is b eing d eliver ed to the .

h eat er th an an be cond en sed and h eat u nits a e thus being w ast ed

c r ,

the c os t of r ai sing this w at er will be increas ed tw ent y two tim es -

.

This is equiv al ent to the differ enc e of el ev ation being abou t ,

(1 ,

3 in if all
. the st eam from th e co nd e n s er is w a st ed .

Und er ord inary circum st anc es the d et ail s shown in Fig 7 . 22

should be avoid ed as t his arr angem ent f ail s t o provid e m eans for
,

supplying w at er to the h eat er wh en the c ond ens er is not in oper a

tion and also c au ses the air pump to work u ns at isfac torily due to
, ,

the high er column ag ai nst which it must work .

Cl ass G2 H eat er W at e Supp l y ; fr om I ntak e I t is g ener al ly r .

fou nd nec essary t o m ak e a connection for g eneral s ervic e purp os es

from the int ak e line to the pump suction two pumps b eing used ,

for this s ervic e With such d et ails no furth er provi sion is mec es
.

s ary to supply the h eat er from the int ak e However a connection .

,

for suppl ying the h eat er from the int ak e is absolut ely nec ess ary ,

and if bu t one pump is us ed it should h av e connectio ns to both

the hot w ell and the int ak e
-
The co nd ens ation pump shown in .

Fig 8 ( G ) should h ave a suction line from the i nt ak e th at

. 22 2- 1

c an be us ed to supply eith er the clo sed or op en h eat er if the on c

d ens er is out of s ervic e This figure shows the int ak e with suc .

t ions to the cond ens er and the feed pump s T he feed pump .

No . ordinarily w ould be us ed for feeding the b oil ers and N o

1 . 2

would be the general s ervic e pump I n regul ar op eration on c

d ens ation pump N o 3 would t ak e the cond ensation fromthe

.

.
2 66 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

cond enser and d eliver it to the top of the h eater whil e pump N o , . 1

would t ak e its suction from the h eater and N o from the int ak e . 2 .

I f the co nd ens er should be out of s ervic e t h en the suc t io n for pump

N o 3 would be from the int ak e and not from the cond enser
.
If .

the h eat er wer e ou t of s ervic e the co nd ens atio n would be d eli v ered
direct to the suction of pump N o using the sm all w ell a which . 1, , ,

would be open to atmo sph er e and h av e a connectio n t o the on c

d enser di sch arg e I f the feed pump w ere pumping more or l ess
.

wat er th an th at d eliv er ed to pump N o 3 th en wat er would flow .

,

eith er to o fro mthe w ell i n pip e b

r I f the l ength of the line b ,
.
, ,

is short the w ell a may be di sp ensed with by connecti ng the lines

, , , ,

a b and
, ,
and by h av i ng the li ne b w ith its co nnectio n below the
c, , ,

w at er l evel it w ill th en be possibl e to op erate with the intak e shu t

down To i nsure conti nuous op erat ion th ese di fferent connec t ions
.

as s t at ed are quit e nec ess ary .

Class G3 H eater W ate —

Suppl y ; from Ci t y M ai nr Such .

boil er ins tall ations as a e d ep end ent upo n city w ater for th eir
r

feed a e of nec essi t y non cond ensing pl ants Th es e conditions

r —
.

suggest th at the h eater used shoul d be of the open t ype thus ,

reduc ing the cos t of w at er b elow t h at for the closed t ype Such .

b eing the c as e the op en h eat er an be fed direct from the city

,
c

line using the flo at control as regul arly suppli ed with h eat ers
,
.

I f the pl ant is ord inarily suppli ed w ith w at er oth er th an th at

from the city m ains and yet the ci ty w ater is av ail abl e it wil l be ,

fou nd advis abl e to h av e the city connection t o the h eater supply

li ne which an be used wh en nec ess ary
c .

T o provid e this co nnecti on w ithout ru nning a sp eci al li ne som e

pl ants use a hos e v alve at the h eater inl et and wh enever i t is ,

nec ess ary to use ci t y w at er the fi e hos e is co nnect ed from this r

v al v e to some conv eni ent point in the fi e or oth er systems using r

city w ater and the h eat er thus temporar ily suppli ed through the
ho se This may seem t o b e a rath er crud e arrangem ent but it
.
.

has the adv ant ag e th at the op er ator must go to som e troubl e to

m ak e the ho se c onnections and wh enever he is usi ng ci t y water
,

the f act i s co nspicuously evid ent O n the oth er h and if an .

,

op erator kno ws th at he an get ci t y w at er by simply opening a

c

val v e it is not lik ely th at he will be as c areful in k eeping his own

w at er supply in good worki ng ord er I f wastefu lness is m ad e .

easy in a boil er pl ant this f act w ill i nv ari ably be taken adv ant ag e
of and for this r eas on m any co nv eni enc es and prec au t ionary
,
 HE A TE R W A TE R SUP P L Y P IP I NG . 2 67

d evic es h ave b een removed in such pl ant s for the purpos e of

avoidi ng th eir abu se by the employ ees .

Cl ass G4 H eat e W at e Supp l y ; from L ow P essure S st em

—
r r - r
y .

The r egul ar supply for op en h eat ers us ed in non co nd ensi ng -

pl ant s h aving th eir own w ater supply such as a w ell or stream ,

is t ak en from the low pressure syst em T he s am e pump t h at

-
.

raises the w at er for the low pressure syst em ordinarily dis -

ch arges into a low down servic e t ank which is pl ac ed at a suf

-

fi i ent h eight t o supply the h eat er

c As the pr essure on the .

low pressure syst em is ordinarily qui te

-

low possibly fi e pou nds this m ak es i t

,
v ,

nec ess ary t o use plumbi ng fi x t ures of a

comp ar at iv ely l arge siz e The high er .

the t ank is pl ac ed the great er wil l be

the st eam loss in r aisi ng the w at er t o
this t ank as practic ally all the w ater is
,

used for boil er feed .

I f i t is nec ess ary to h av e a high t ank

for fi e s ervic e i t will be more e onom
r c

ic al as reg ards the use of s t eam for

pumping t o i ns t al l t wo t anks one at ,

an el ev at io n say f t above grad e

,
1 00 .
,

and the oth er at an el ev at io n of ft 12 .

abov e grad e Such an arr ang em ent is

.

shown in Fig 9 ( G4 . The s am e

22

pump maybe us ed t o supply both t anks ,

m aking use of a float op erat ed v alve -

,
2 ,

for the low er t ank and a ch eck v alve ,

b in the disch arg e t o the high er t ank

,
.

T he v alv e should be fu ll op en or
,
2 ,
-

full clos ed allowi ng the free t ravel of

-
,

the flo at on i t s rod With such on . c

ne tions wh en the v alv e

c is op en the ,
2 ,

high h ead will at onc e be t aken off

thepump disch arg e and k ept off u ntil the
(0 4
lower t ank is full and the v alve ag ain
clos ed Th en the pump will slow do wn and disch arg e its surplus
.

i nto the high er t ank the ch eck v alv e b op eni ng and all owi ng
, , ,

the w at er t o p ass With the t anks t hu s arranged the pump

.

could be so regul ated t h at i t would supply ab out the am ou nt

2 68 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

of w at er required for boil er feedi ng and not di sch arge t o the

high er t ank m ore t h an fi e pe c ent of the wat er r ai sed V alv e
v r .
,

5 ,
an be pl ac ed in the hi gh pr essur e line to p ermi t dr aw ing
c -

off p art of the w at er in the upp er t ank in c as e i t b ecom es

too fu l l .

The low er one of the t ank s an be u sed for res erv e boil er c

feed w at er and sh ould be m ad e much l arger t h an the upp er t ank

, ,

wi th the suction to the pump so arranged th at w at er an be fed c

to the fire m ain t hus fully utilizing the w at er from both t ank s
,

and not r equir ing the exp enditur e nec ess ary to m ak e a s t ructur e
for support ing all the w at er at the high er el ev ation .

How ev er if the tow er is arr ang ed t o stor e all the w at er at the

,

high el ev at ion th en an op en h eater should not be used A

, .

clos ed h eater may be pl ac ed eith er in the line from the t ank to

the pump or from the pump to the boil ers l ess pr es sur e b eing ,

pl ac ed upon the h eat er if it is connected b etween the t ank and

the pump . I f a clos ed h eat er is u sed the full amou nt of h ead
on the f eed pump suction is utiliz ed and the work impos ed upon
-

the pump th at much reduc ed Sinc e the inst al l atio n co nsid er ed

.

would be non cond ensing with a surplus of exh au st steam th ere

—

should be as regards h eat u nits transmitted to the w at er no

, ,

p erc eptibl e loss if a clos ed h eat er is us ed providing of cours e , , ,

th at the h eating surf ac e of the h eat er is ampl e .

Cl ass G5 H eat er W at e
—
Supp l y ; f om Spe i al
r P umps r c .

R ef erri ng to Fig 5 (C ) it will be not ed th at a sp eci al

. 22 I —
1

pump is provid ed for supplyi ng the op en h eat er from the hot

w ell of the jet cond ens er I f the pl ant has more th an one on
. c

d ens er and more th an one p air of c entrifu gal pumps it is quite

prob abl e th at w ater for the h eat er wi ll be av ail abl e at all tim es .

I f it is nec ess ary to op er at e non co nd ensi ng for a p art of the -

t im e i t will be fou nd advis abl e to use a s ep arat e driv e for the

h eater supply pump and arrange the connections so th at this
pump an t ak e suction from the int ak e as w ell as the hot well
c -
.

The ind ep end ent cond enser pump N o 3 in F ig 8 i s so . . 22

arr ang ed and p ermit s the use of the h eat er at al l t im es which is ,

a v ery essenti al r equir em ent .

I nst ead of using a po wer driv en pump as sho wn i n Fig -

5 ,
. 22 ,

the h eat er supply pump m ay be op er at ed in u ni so n w ith the boil er

feed pump as shown in F ig 3 ( G5
,
The feed pump
. 2 0

ill u str at ed is a regul ar p att ern amtype pump w ith a connecti ng r —

2 70 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS
.

c v i tly loc ated regul at ing v alve and disch arging i t int o the
a on en en
cond ens er.

The h eat er supply co nnectio n should be us ed for h andling o nly

sm all amou nts of w ater b ec au se if the steam cond ens ed is only
,

a comp ar at iv ely sm all p art of th at g ener at ed the additio n of a

,

l arge amou nt of w at er will u nnec essarily i ncrease the work of the

cond ens at ion pump I f it is nec ess ary to add w at er in l arger
.

qu ant iti es such additional w at er should be d elivered direct to the

h eat er eith er from the low pressure system or some oth er av ail abl e
-

sourc e.

I t is oft en fou nd advis abl e t o negl ect a sm all loss r ath er th an

to provid e a m ore complicat ed system which may be somewh at
more economic al .
 C HAP T E R XVII .

LO W -P R E SSUR E W ATE R P IP IN G .

l
C ass H l Low P r essure W at er ; M ain
— - Unl ess the pl ant be .

of sm all er c ap acity th an or hp a low pressure w ater m ain

1 00 2 00 .
—

is usu ally provid ed in stat ion piping I t is quite ess ent i al in the .

l arger pl ants to h ave a low pressure supply oth er th an th at

-

afford ed by the ci t y w at er m ai ns About the o nly use for which

.

city w ater is ess enti al is fo drinking purpos es r .

I f the pl ant is op er at ed co nd ensi ng the int ak e w at er will be

found suit abl e for the low pressure s ervic e T he use of di sch arge
-
.

w at er for t his s ervic e is qui te u ns atisfac t ory for m any of the pur
poses t o which the w ater is pu t D isch arg e w ater is suit abl e for
.

fi lli ng and w ashi ng boil ers for w ett i ng dow n ash es and for simil ar
,

s ervic es but if t h ere is a supply need ed for w ater cool ed j ack et s

,
-
,

engi ne journals dry v acuum pumps et

,
-
inj ec t ion w at er will be
,
c
.
,

found more sui t abl e .

I n co nsid eri ng the d et ails of low pr essure w at er m ains th er e -

a e m any f eat ur es to be t ak en i nt o accou nt

r Water should be .

av ail abl e at all t im es for the sys t em of pipi ng which is alw ays at
low pressure Th ere should al so be av ail abl e w at er for cl eani ng
.

boil er tub es with turbine cl eaners this s ervic e requir ing a high ,

pressure Wat er for fi e lines mu st alw ays be avail abl e at a fairly

. r

high pressure say 5 lb pe sq in To p ermit the c onti nuous

,
12 . r . .

use of low pressure w at er at abou t 5 lb pressure it is nec es sary

-
1 .

to h ave eith er a pump on the s ervic e at all tim es or to use a storage

t ank A very s atisfactory arrang ement is had by using two feed
.

pumps arr anged so t h at one an supply the feed m ain N o c .

w ater should be t ak en from this pump for any oth er s ervic e Wh en .

not in r eserv e as a feed pump the s eco nd pump should supply

w ater for tub e cut t ing .

With this arrangement the fi e pump would be on the fi e and r r

the l ow pr essure sys t ems m aint ai ni ng low pr essur e on all l ines

-
, ,

and a t ank would supply w at er for the plumbi ng fi xtur es and o nly
such few s ervic es as the high pressure would injure All low .

2 71
27 2 STE AM P O WE R P L A NT PIPI NG SYSTE MS .

pressure hos e lines could be t ak en from the fi e m ain and the pres r

sure be regul ated wi t h hose v alves for such rare c as es as thos e

wh en the fire lines would be u nd er h eavy pressure This arrange .

ment will enabl e the use of the ent ire fi e sys tem for general hose r

s ervice and give the fi e pump a cont inuous ligh t du t y The

r —
.

low pressure sys tem an be m ad e of s t and ard fi t tings bu t som e

-
c ,

provision should be m ade t o pro tec t this line ag ains t the possibili t y
of high pressure such as would be the c as e wh en ch anging the set
of the governor on the fi e pump This prec au t i onary m easure
r .

migh t be accomplish ed by using a pressure reducing v al ve and -

reli ef v alve .

Class H 2 Low P essu e ; f om P ump

- r The low pr essure
r r .
-

pump should h ave a governor t h at an quickly be set for high or c

low pressure; t his an be accomplish ed by using a w eigh t t h at

c

c an be removed in one pi ec e so t h at the high pr essure and the

,

low pressure are fixed by the h andli ng of the singl e w eigh t T he .

adv ant ag e of t his arr ang em ent is t h at wh en the fi e pump is r

supplying the low pressure w ater the simpl e mov em ent of ch ang
-

ing the w eigh t will pu t the pump on the fire m ain s ervic e wi t h -

ou t h andling any v alves .

Class H 3 Low-P ressure W ater ; to and fro m W ater Tank - .

T he mos t conveni ent arr angem ent for a w ater t ank is t o pl ace
i t b et ween the t russ es in the engine room and support i t as
shown in Fig 3 ( H3 . 2 1 An iro n t ank loc at ed as sho wn
and op en t o the engi ne room is v ery obj ec t io nabl e on accou nt of
its sweat ing The high temp erat ure of the engine room admi ts
.

of the c arrying a l arge amou nt of mois t ure t his being gov ,

erned by the amou nt of esc api ng st eam and by w eath er condi t ions .

T he mois t ure in the ai is so readily co nd ens ed on the sid es of

r

the cool w at er t ank th at the ou t er surf ac es of such t anks a e r

usu ally qui te wet This c auses much troubl e from dripping
. .

Wh en a t ank is not wet and dripping i t exposes a b adly dis

figured surf ac e due t o i t s form er sw eati ng P l aci ng the t ank in .

the boil er room only adds t o the diffi cul t i es by the w at er in the
t ank t aki ng up boil er room dus t -
.

Anot h er m ethod of supporti ng the t ank is t o pl ac e i t on a

division w all ov er the t op of the roof This is a t roubl esom e .

arr ang em ent in m any w ays ; the pip es t o the t ank al so the t ell ,

t al es et mus t be run through the roof the op enings for which

,
c
.
, ,

aff ord oppor t u ni t i es for l eaks Wi th a t ank so pl ac ed i t would

.
2 74 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

The fi rst is by the use of a flo at and l ev er connected to the s t eam

pip e of the pump (or an el ectric al controlling d evic e) The .

s econd is by the use of a flo at and l ever arranged to operat e the

wat er v alves in the line di sch arging into the t ank T he third is .

by m eans of a flo at pull eys and tell t al e pl aced on the w all so

,
-

th at the operat or an see and control the feeding arr angement

c

FI G . 2 32 ( H3

by h and There should be an overfl ow empt y ing ei th er

. a
fu nnel in a conspicuou s pl ac e o in such a m anner as to attrac t
r

the notic e of the op er ator .

T he fl oat co ntrol of s t eam v alv es is the mo st s atisf act ory

m ethod of regul ation if the pump an be k ept c onst antly in use
,
c

fo this p articul ar s ervic e

r Thi s requirem ent an generally be
. c

arr ang ed fo as th er e a e only two wat er servic es regul arly need ed

r, r

fo st ation use; b oil er feed and gener al wat er sup ply as shown
r ,

in Fig .
3 2( H2
3 With the a rr ang em en t a s sh ow n the
auxili ary m ai n w ould be u nd er l ow pressure and w ould be on c

ne ted with the pump di sch argi ng i nt o the t ank ; i n f act it would be
c
 LO W P R E SSU R E W A TE R P IP I NG . 2 75

suppli ed from the t ank I t will be noted th at the low pressure

.
-

m ai n is in no way connected with oth er li nes t h at at tim es

c arry high pressures Thus the a rangement avoid s the possi
. r

bili ty of w at er u nd er high pres sure b ei ng l et i nt o the low pressure -

sys tem T he pumps a e shown wi th each h avi ng simil ar on

. r
'

ne tions for suc t i on disch arg e and s t eam op eni ngs

c , This allo ws .

the use of eith er pump for b oil er feeding and the s el ectio n of the ,

pump which is in the b es t condition for use in boil er feeding

whil e the oth er isus ed for t ank work .

T he use of a flo at for op er at i ng the w at er v al v e ofl ers m any ’

d esirabl e feat ures and simpli fies op erat ion du t i es The pump .

disch arge shown do tted in Fig 3 is c arri ed to the top of the

,
0, . 2 2

t ank and connec t ed with a flo at which in t urn cont rols the dis
ch arge With the disch arge so arranged the s t eam is c arri ed
.

direct from the m ain t o the pump which has a governor t h at an c

be set for a suit abl epr essure su ffi ci ently in exc ess of the t ank
pressure t o i nsure rai si ng the w at er to the t ank l evel .

As lo ng as the fi e m ain is k ep t u nd er abou t the s am e pressure

r

as th at suppli ed by the t ank th er e will be bu t li t tl e w ear at the

flo at v alve on the end of the pip e How ev er if the di ff er enc e
,
2 .
,

in pressur e i s consid er abl e som e sp eci al provisio n should be

m ad e so t h at the flo at v alve will not cu t ou t its fac es T he mos t .

servic eabl e arr ang em ent t o m eet t h es e r equirem ent s i nclud es

provisions for allowing the flo at a consid erabl e rang e of t ravel ,

so th at when the flo at is clos e t o the bo ttom of the t ank the v alve

will be fully op en and wh en the w at er is near the overfl ow point
the v alv e wil l be fully clo sed h aving no int erm edi at e position
, .

Fig 33 (H3 3 ) illus tr at es a v alve so construc t ed and i nclud

. 2 —

ing in i t s d esign a sm all w as t e v al v e att ach ed t o the flo at t og et h er

with a pis ton op erat ed v alv e for regul ating the flow of w ater t o
-

the t ank I n t his d evic e wh en the m ai n v alv e is op en the w ast e

.

v alv e is also op en; the free t ravel in the v alv e s t em allows the ,
2 ,

flo at to t ak e the ex t rem e range b efore the v alve is op erated .

Wh en the supply t ank is fi tt ed with a t ell t al e and has a suffi ~

ci ent c ap aci t y for m any hours servic e i t is common practic e to

’

use a h and co ntrol eith er st arti ng or stoppi ng the pump t h at

-
,

su ppli es the t ank or by throttli ng the w at er supply to the t ank if

the m ai n from which i t is suppli ed i s c onst antly u nd er pr essur e .

Anoth er m ethod of st ori ng w at er and one esp eci ally suit ed for
pressures high er th an t hose ob t ained by the use of a gravity t ank ,
2 76 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

employs an exp ansion ai t ank Thi s t ank may be pl ac ed in the

r .

b asem ent and if the s t at ion is equipp ed with an ai compress or

,
r

the l arg er por t ion of the t ank s v olum e may be utiliz ed for s t ori ng
’

w at er For ex ampl e if at any t im e the t ank be t hree fourths

.
, , ,
-

full of w ater at 75 lb pressure and t h en be emp t i ed of the w ater

.
,

FIG . 2 33 ( H3

th ere will be a pressure of 7 lb pe sq in wh en the w at er has b een

. r . .

disch arged t h ese pressures b eing consid ered as above at mospheric

,

v alu e .

To assure the m aint enanc e of a fairly ev en pressure it is ne es c

s ary t h at an exp ansion t ank be quite l arge even th ou gh the qu an ,

ti t y of w at er to be withdrawn at any one t im e is rel ativ ely sm all .

To ob t ain an allow abl e pressure drop of lb with the t ank 10 .

earli er m ent ioned as c arrying 75 l b pressur e t h er e would be .

,

required a cubic al content s of 36 cu ft for each cubic foo t of . .

'

w ater t o be withdrawn .

A pressure t ank is esp eci ally u seful i n c onnecti on with a pump

doing const ant s ervic e and u nd er the c ontrol of a governor ; the
t ank allows the pump gradu ally t o increase and d ecrease its dis
ch arge without sudd en pressure ch anges and the consequ ent
shocks A gravity t ank how ever is more s atisfactory for po wer
.
, ,

pl ant us es th an a pressure t ank b ec aus e the ai pressure t ank is ,

r—

u nd er more s evere stress th an any oth er p ar t of the w at er syst em ,

whil e a gravity t ank is u nd er the l eas t pressure of any p art of i t s

2 78 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT PIPI NG SYSTE MS .

with op en h eaters wil l require as much at tent ion and c ause as

,

much annoy anc e as the low duty w ater cyl ind ers add ed t o the feed
-

pump I f th ere isbu t one feed pump with its h eat er pump attach ed
.

th en it will be advi sabl e to run a br anch from the low pressure -

m ain t o the h eater This branch an be used in c ase of rep airs

. c

such as would nec essi t ate shutt ing do wn the heater pump The .

s aving t h at may be secured during such shor t int erv als will not pay
for the inves t m ent in a res erve h eat er pump .

Cl ass H 5 Low P essu e W at er ; to E ng i ne J ou nal s

— - r r M any r .

of the l arge engi nes a e provid ed with hollo w journal sh ell s and
r

arr anged fo p assi ng w at er throu gh th es e ch amb ers to c a ry off

r r

the h eat g ener at ed by frictio n I f a l arg e qu antity of oil could be

.

circul ated through such journal s and c au sed t o p ass over the ho t
surfac es it would accomplish the s am e result This proc edure
, .
,

howev er is imp ossibl e as the weigh t of the moving p art s sliding in

,

the journal prev ents more t h an a fil m of oil p assi ng ov er the sur

f ac e which requires cooling T he w at er ch amb er is not simil arly
.

restrict ed the volum e th at an be p assed over i t s ho t surf ac es b eing

,
c

d etermined by the siz e of the connecti ons and the w at er pressure .

T he i nability of oil to cool journals ev en wh en fed in a stream is , ,

fully d emonstrated in the c as es of hot b earings t h at nec essitate

shutting down the engine and cooling the j ournals b efore again
st arti ng However th ese s am e journals after s t arting up may
.
,

continu e to run co ol with an ordinary supply of oil .

T he lo wer s ec t ions of the m ai n journal s a e the o nly b eari ngs r

t h at ordi narily a e w at er cool ed Th ese b eari ngs l ie in cl ose

r .

cont act with the sh aft at all t im es thus preventi ng a free supply ,

of oil to th eir sli ding f ac es The sid e ch eeks and c aps al so the
.
,

crank and cro ss h ead pins a e in clo se c ont ac t only p ar t of the t im e

-
r ,

which p ermits oil to flow b etween th eir fac es every tim e the pis ton
reciproc ates .

I n d esigni ng a w at er cooli ng syst em for journals co nsid er a

-

t i on should be given so th at the pip e connections will be free to

exp and and c ont r ac t at the c onnecti ons with the journal This .

allow anc e is not on acc ou nt of h eat but on accou nt of the m ov e ,

m ent of the l ower sh ell I f the side ch eek s a e quite free from
. r

the sh af t i t wil l m ov e cro ssways i n the b ear ing and c au se the

b earing to m ov e al so Thi s mov em ent c annot be t ak en up com
.

p l etel y or the jour nal wil l h eat b u t it should b e r educ ed to th

,
e

l eas t po ssibl e amou nt t hus retaining the lower b earing in a form

,
 LO W P R E SSUR E A TE R
W PIPI NG .

79

th at will correspond to t h at of the sh af t Th ere is sure to be .

som e pou nding in the journal and t his continu al ja will break r

pip e connections The nippl e and possibly the nex t pi ec e of

.

pip e aw ay from the journal should be ex t ra h eavy and if the

op ening in the journal is l arge it will be fou nd advis abl e to reduc e
the di am et er of the p i pe at the fi rst elbow to a siz e sm all er th an
the r egul ar line t o the journal .

Fig 34 (H5 ) shows a v ery s at i sfactory cons t ruction with

. 2 —
1

pip e connections ent irely ou tsid e of the fram e thus avoiding ,

the p ossibility of th eir b eing str ai ned ag ai ns t the fr am e of

the engi ne As shown t h ey a e also exp os ed t o Vi ew which is
. r

adv ant ag eous in c as e of l eaks T he w at er an be div er t ed ov er

. c

the surf ac e of the journal ei t h er

by m eans of dividing p art itions
c ast in the journal or by a pip e
r un int o the journal and forming
one of the connections T he .

regul at ing v alve should be on

the inl et br anch the ou t l et b ei ng
,

free t o at mosph ere and dis ha g c r

ing i nt oafunnel t h at may eadily r

be s een and t est ed by the op er

at or To allow the greates t
.
F 3 (Hs ) IG . 2 4 fl ,

possibl e fl exibility the supports

for the pipi ng should be well aw ay from the journal The .

disch arge should be c arri ed t o a h eigh t sligh tly ab ov e the

j ournal t hus assuring t h at the b earing will at all t im es be full
,

of w ater .

Cl ass H 6 L ow P r essur e W at e ; to D y Va uum P um p

- Fo r r - c . r

continu ous ru nning it is absolu tely nec ess ary to cool the ai yl in r c

de of the dry v acuum pump

r -
L ow pr essure w at er is us ed fo
.
-
r

this purpo se The t emp erature of the ai pump ed is generally

. r

ab ou t F and if no ai cool er is used and ai is c ompress ed

1 20
°
r r

from abou t lb absolute to 5 lb i t is thus reduc ed to abou t

2 . 1 .

one s ev enth of i t s form er volum e

-
T he dry v acuum pump .
-

will op erate u nd er rath er hi gh temp erat ures t hus p ermitting ,

cooling w at er t o be disch arged at a t emp er ature as high as 7 5 F 1

°
.

The arr ang em ent of pip es for cooling the j ournal as shown in ,

Fig 34 is al so suit abl e for cooling an ai pump cylind er u si ng

. 2 ,
r- ,

only the i nl et v alv e to control the w ater and an op en fu nnel to

2 80 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

observe the qu ant i t y and temp erat ure The amou nt of cooling .

w ater nec ess ary t o reduce the temp erature of the ai cyl ind er of r

the dry v acuum pump is qui te sm all being only abou t

-

per ,

c ent of t h at used for boil er feed ing T he amou nt of w ater so .

us ed should be d et ermined by obs erv at ion of the condition of

the pump at v arious t emp er at ures of the cooli ng w ater .

O ne of the mos t fr equ ent troubl es wi th ai cyl ind ers is brough t r

abou t by the admi tt i ng of oil t o the cylind er which due t o the , ,

high temp erat ure b ecom es burned ont o the ai disch arge v alve
,
r- .

Cl ass H 7 L ow P essu e W at e ; to P ump P imi ng Pi pes

— - r r Ar r .

low pressure w ater connec t ion should alw ays be provid ed for
-

priming fi e pumps This connection is not inst all ed bec ause

r .

such pumps a e not c ap abl e of lifting w ater wi thout priming

r ,

bu t b ec aus e the pump prim ing pipes connec ted wi t h the low
pressure w ater m ain enabl e the fi e pump t o disch arge w ater r

and be in s ervic e for full du t y in the l eas t possibl e t im e As .

the s aving in t im e in primi ng feed and ordi nary s ervic e pumps is

not as ess ent i al as wi t h fi e pumps t h ey a e s eldom equipp ed
r r

wi th primi ng pip es T he piping arr angement shown in Fig

. .

21 6 ( F 3 ) will be fou nd s at isf ac t ory for the s ervic e pump

1— .

A fi e pump should h av e a foo t v alv e al so a priming co nnec t i on

r ,

bet w een the suc t ion and disch arge v alves at bo t h ends of the
pump and shoul d also h ave priming connec t ions to the suc t ion
line B y the use of th ese s ev eral d et ails ai may be removed
. r

from the pump b efore i t is s t art ed I f primi ng w ater is not easil y

.

obt ainabl e from a low pressure line or from the pump disch arge
-

as shown in Fig 6 t h en a hos e v alv e should be att ach ed to the

. 2 1 ,

pump b etween the suction and disch arge al-es at al l four ends v v

of a doubl e ac t ing pump This d et ail an be s at isfac t orily

-
. c

arr ang ed by connecti ng the four ends wi t h pipi ng and us ing

check v alv es t h at op en into the ends of the cylind ers and a s top
val ve t o control the w at er from the hose or pip e line .

T he usu al m et hod of fr eeing a pump of ai is t o clos e the v alv es r

in the disch arg e and op en the v ent ov er the disch arg e pump
v alve thus allowing the cont ents of the cylind er to be disch arg ed
,

t o at m osph ere at a low pressure All the ai an in this way be . r c

disch arged from the pump if the priming w ater is admitted

b et ween the suc t ion and the disch arge v al ves Such an arr ange .

ment of valves requires a l arge ai vent and if a ch eck v alve r ,

is pl ac ed in the disch arge line from the pump i t will prevent the
 82 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

plic at ing the s t ation pipe work it may be fou nd advis abl e t o m ak e
occ asional hose connec t ions with the high pressure line -
.

A simpl e arrang em ent for floor w ashing

is t o use a sm all hose with a l arg e
coupling at the end for attaching to the fi e r

connection To avoid cu t ting the regul ar .

fi e s ervic e v alv es it is quit e nec essary

r -

th at a sep arat e v alv e fo co ntrolling the r

w at er should be att ach ed t o the regul a r

hose v alve I f a hose coupling of l arge .

si e an be t app ed out of the fi e line and

z c r

a nippl e attach ed as shown by a in Fig ,

.

P o 3 5 ( HS
r . 2 2 3 5 ( HS a v ery conv eni ent co nnec
tion is had An al ternat e m ethod would .

be had by screwing a sm al l v alv e onto the l arg er v alv e and on c

ne ting the hos e w ith the c oupl ing b

c , .

ClassH 9 Low P ressure W at er ; to O i l F il te and Tanks

-
L ow r .

pressure water s ervic e for w ashing purpo ses suppli ed with h and
control is usu ally provid ed fo the oil fil ter and t anks A v ery r .

s ati sfac t ory piping arrang ement is had by ru nning st eam and l ow
pressure w at er pip es to an ej ector tee h aving a v alve in each “ -
,

line and a m eans for c onnect ing the hose to the tee With such .

connec t ions water an be suppli ed eith er hot for cl eani ng tank s or

c

cold for gener al use I f wat er is required in any t ank it an be

. c

suppli ed by hose or in the c ase of precipi tat ing gravi ty tank s i t

, ,

may be admitted through pip e connections O rdinaril y the wat er .

required for this service d oes not exc eed th at which maybe d eliv ered
through a in pip e —
. .

Cl ass K l o Low P essu e W at er ; to G ease E xt a tor

— - r r O nly r r c .

a sm all amou nt of wat er is r equired for greas e extr actors the ,

qu antity b ei ng ju st sufli ient to k eep the baffi e pl at e wet and

c

amou nt ing to about 5 pe c ent of the st eam p assing through the

r

extr actor A wat er co nnection is ess enti al fo the succ es sful

. r

op er ation of ev en the most efli i ent gr eas e extract ors T he w at er

c .

admitt ed to the s ep ar ator is disch arg ed t og eth er with the on c

d ensation greas e et to an entr ainer This entr ainer for a

, ,
c
.
,
.
,

v acuum s ep arat or is designed to rec eiv e fi rst drips u nd er v acuum ;

, ,

then by a t il ting mech anism to close the drip opening and open a
,

steam c onnection so th at the accumul ated drips a e blown out; it r

th en clos es the s t eam and op ens the drip co nnections i n turn ,

 LO W P RE SSUR E W A TE R P IP I NG . 2 83

working in a m anner som ewh at simil ar to the a ction of a s t eam

t rap .

I f thegr eas e ex t rac tor is in s eri es with the v acuum line t o the
cond enser the spray w at er ev en though lifting is nec ess ary may be
, ,

t ak en from the cond enser circul ati ng w at er Thi s supply will be .

fou nd som ewh at more reli abl e th an the low pressure m ain and no -

pumping m achinery will be required t o insure its continuous

op erat ion I f the grease extractor forms a p art of an at m osph eric
.

exh au st li ne it will be nec ess ary to supply the spr ay w at er u nd er a

h ead greater th an the exh aus t pressure I n thi s c as e the drips .

would be disch arged through a s t eam tr ap or a U sh ap ed drip loop ~

.

Class H 1 1 Low P essure W ate ; to Coo l i ng B o es at F u na es

- r r x r c .

Th ere a e som e m ak es of furnac es th at require w at er cooling t o

r

prev ent th em from b ei ng burned Such d evic es w ast e the h eat

.

t ak en up by the w ater wh en i t is disch arged to the s ew er and th ey

, ,

a e a sourc e of co ns t ant t roubl e

r T he m anuf ac t ur ers of s t at ion
.

equipm ents c all i nto use m any m ethods for elimi nat ing t his t roubl e

som e d et ail T he r easo n for this choic e i s not th at th ey an s ecure

. c

b etter resul ts but wi th a Vi ew t o avoiding the s erious loss and any

,

int erruption of op erat i on t h at would be c aus ed by a failure of the

w ater supply T he cus tom ary m ethod of regul ati ng the supply t o
.

such d evic es is by m ai ntaining full w ater pressure on the p ar t s to be

cool ed and controlling the w ater with a di sch arg e v alve I f the .

h eat in the furnac e i ncreases i t is po ssibl e t o gener at e st eam and

drive the w at er out of the w at er bo u nl ess the di sch arg e op ening
x

be incr eased b efore the t emp er ature is r ai sed to the st eami ng poi nt .

Thu s in the op eration of such c ooli ng sy stem s the w at er mus t be

w asted o a risk un of d am aging the w ater bo By admi tt i ng
r r x .

w ater into a box which has att ained a hi gh temp er ature and driven
ou t the w at er or in some oth er m anner b een without w at er for a
short t ime th ere is not only the d anger of burning the w ater box
, ,

but a still great er one of cracking it As a proof th at much great er

.

d am age is c aus ed by cracking th an by burning m any of the build ers

of t his cl ass of app aratus a e now m ak ing w at er boxes of riveted
r

boil er pl ate .

I f a consid er abl e supply of w at er is co nnec t ed t o a w at er box so

arr ang ed th at the w at er an circul at e in i t reli ef will be had fro m
c

much of the d anger occ asioned by i nterrupt ed w ater supply .

The w at er in the t ank in c as e of appro achi ng troubl e would be

, ,

come overh eated and give a w arni ng A t ank for this purpos e t o .
,
2 84 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

p ermi t of circul at ing w at er b eing at not l ess th an d egrees in 2 10

t emp erat ure sh ould be pl ac ed as high as p ossibl e Wh en the

, .

h eat er us ed is of the op en typ e and the t ank is pl ac ed at a high

l ev el the ov erflow may be di sch arged to the h eater .

T he arr ang em ent as shown i n Fig 3 6 ( H ) h as a n . 2 1 1— 1

outsid e w at er circul ating t ank and an admi ssion v alv e dis

-
,
2 ,

ch arging w ater through a s yphon tee thus bringing abou t a forc ed

-
,

circul ation wh en the v alv e is op en I t is d esirabl e to pl ac e the

.

the stor ag e t ank as hi gh as po ssibl e thus i ncr easi ng the v elocity ,

for circul ation and raising the ov erflow b t o a h eight suflf ient for , ,
c

di sch argi ng i nto the op en h eat er To insure the w at er p as sing

.

over the entire surfac e of the w at er box the t ub e is att ach ed to , ,

6,

FI G . 2 36 (H 1 1

the end of the inl et pip e T o p ermi t free circul at ion the connec
.
,

tions from the t ank t o the w at er box should be of l arge si e and z

arr ang ed in as direc t a line as possibl e To prevent the possibil ity .

of w at er w asting aw ay t hrough the supply pip e if for any reason ,

the pressur e on i t should drop b elow th at at the inl et pip e a ch eck ,

v alve d should be pl ac ed in the inl et pip e With c onnections as

, ,
.

shown wh en the w at er b ecom es v ery hot i t wil l boil in the t ank

and giv e su ffi ci ent w arning t o the op er ator so th at he m ay know
wh en to alt er the set of the v alve and prev ent any d am age 0, .

To allo w for the b oiling aw ay of part of the w ater without low ering
its upp er surf ac e b el ow the inl et the connection should be , ,
6,

m ad e lower t h an the ou tl et b Unl ess this prec aution is tak en

,
.

wh en the w at er l ev el is low ered b elow e ci cul at ion through the ,

r

w ater box will be ent irely s topp ed .

2 86 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI NG SYSTE MS .

p assing t hrou gh i t abou t one sixth as m any h eat u ni ts as the -

boil ers or in oth er words it has abou t one sixth the c ap aci t y of
, , ,
-

the boil er equipm ent B y i ncr easing the qu ant ity of w ater
.

p assing through the economi er the t emp erat ure of the gas es is z

lowered t hus increasing the c ap acity of the ec onomizer to possibly

,

one fourth t h at of the boil er pl ant

-
I n o t h er words an ec onomiz er .
,

equipm ent for hp boil er c ap acity will r ais e the w at er for

-
.

h eati ng pu rposes t o a temp erature approxim ating th at which

would be do ne with 5 hp c ap acity of indep end ent ho t w at er
2 0- -
.

h eaters .

I t will not be fou nd advi sabl e t o use ov er pe c en t of the 10 r

tot al c ap acity of the boil ers for h eat ing purpos es as t h ere will be ,

tim es wh en only p art of the boil ers a e in op eration and by using r ,

w ater from the economiz er fo boil er feedi ng the supply c ap aci t y r

for the h eating system will also be d ecreas ed With l a ge pow er . r

pl ant s say of ,
boil er hp c ap acity only about 3 pe c ent of -
.
, r

the ou t put will be requir ed for h eati ng possibly 5 hp and ,

1 0 .
,

t his duty an readil y be p erform ed by the economizer with no

c

p erc ep t ibl e ch ange in w ater or fl ue gas temp eratures T he —

.

effi ci ency of a h eating sys t em so arr ang ed would ev en be high er

th an t h at of a s team pl ant not h aving a heat ing syst em in co nnec
t ion with i t s economiz ers s ince the arrangement as sugg es ted would
,

utiliz e h eat t h at o t h erwi se would be w asted .

Cl ass H 1 3 — L ow P r essur e W at er ; to P l umbi ng F i x tu es I n

- r .

nearly all pow er pl ant s both hot and cold w at er a e r equired for r

the plumbi ng fi x t ur es and t h er efore a low pressure supply is , ,

-

nec es sary fo this s ervic e The light flo at v al v es furni sh ed with

r .

w at er clos ets b asin cock s et a e only suit abl e for low pres sures
, ,
c .
,
r

of about lb Th ere v alves op erate w ell on much low er pressures

20 .
,

but u nd er such condi t ions for pressures of abou t 5 lb r equire .

som ewh at l arg er lines .

I f a low pr es sure w at er t ank forms a p art of the pow er pl ant

-

piping sys t em the c old w at er s ervic e should be t aken from this -

supply W at er would t h en be av ail abl e for clos ets and w ash

.

b owls ev en t hough the pumps were in use for o th er service I f

,
.

only a sm all qu anti ty of low pressure w at er is required say -

,

5 00 ga l pe day it m
. a y be a dvis
r abl e t o
,
use city w at er if i t is
av ail abl e I t mus t also be r em embered t h at as the qu antity of
.

w at er r equired is reduc ed the siz e and cost of the nec essary

st or ag e t ank and its supports a e al so reduc ed in dir ect proportio n r .
 LO W P R E SSUR E A TE R
W PIPI NG . 2 87

For supplying such sm all t anks the feed pump may be shu t off from
the boil ers long enough t o allow the t ank to be fill ed onc e a day .

T he supply of ho t w at er t o plumbi ng fi xtures is usu ally adifli ul t c

d et ail t o a range This subj ec t is discuss ed u nder Cl ass D

r . 10,

B ranch es t o Hot W at er P lumbing Fixtures and in Cl ass A3

”
-
,
1,

St eam fo Heating P urpo ses

r .

Cl ass R I 4 Low P essur e W at e ; to Separate B u i l di ng s

— - r r If .

the loc ati on of the p ow er pl ant u nd er co nsid er atio n is such th at

i t is advi sabl e t o furnish w arm w at er t o a shop s offi c es or c r ,

simil ar nearby buildings i t will be fou nd quit e obj ec t ionabl e

,

t o t ak e this supply from the feed m ains si nce th ey should be l eft

for boil er feeding with the l eas t possi bl e numb er of u nnec ess ary
connections I f a comp arativ ely l arge qu ant i t y of w ater is
.

required for outsid e feeding anoth er supply sh ould be arr ang ed ,

d esigned for low pressure I f th ere is an abu nd anc e of exh aus t

.

st eam the simpl est way would be to t ak e low pressure c old w at er -

from the regul ar low pres sure syst em and allow it to p ass t hrough
—

a sm all exh aus t h eat er us ed esp eci ally for t his purpos e I f the .

exh aus t s t eam is l ess th an th at

cond ensed by the boil er feed “

w ater h eater th en this indepen

d ent h eat er sh ould be pl aced
ah ead of the f eed wat er h eater ,

thus fi rst raisi ng the t emp era

ture of the w at er in it to ab ou t
2 10 d egrees even t hough the
,

feedw ater h eater may not rai se

the t emp er at ur e of its w at er
F o 38 ( H 4 r 2 1

abov e 5 d egrees or l ess

.

1 0 If .

al l the exh aust st eam i s co nd ens ed in h eati ng the f eedw at er th en

the liv e st eam h eat er show n in F ig 3 ( A3 ) i s quit e.as 1 2 2
—
2

eco nomic al as an exh aus t h eat er .

I f it is nec es sary t o pip e both liv e st eam and low pressur e c old -

w at er for a consid erabl e dist anc e to the outsid e buildi ngs wh ere
hot w at er is al so required and if the st eam is alw ays t urned on
,

and the exh aus t is c ond ens ed fo f eedw at er th en the use of a

r ,

live s t eam w ater h eater would be the more economic al m et hod

-

of furnishing ho t w at er Thus l ess w ater would be w as ted by

.

ru nning off the cold w at er in the pip es wh en it is d esired to get

the w arm w at er The liv e s t eam h eat er has ano th er adv ant ag e
.
2 88 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI NG SYSTE MS.

in t h at the temp erature an be r egul ated and th at all the onden

c c

s at i on may be d elivered t o the w ater h eat er by t aking st eam

-

from the bo ttom of a drip pock et This practice will s av e drips

.

which oth erwis e migh t be w ast ed t o the sew er .

If the pl ant is op er at ed with the engi nes exh austing t o at mos

p h er e th en al l th es e sm all s avi ngs g ai ned by usi ng a liv e st eam

h eater a e of no cons equ enc e bec ause such h eat secured from
r

the exh aus t is ob t ai ned withou t any exp enditure for fu el .

I f i t is nec ess ary t o pl ac e the s t eam w at er h eat er in an ou t

-

lying buildi ng it may be fou nd advis abl e to l ay out the ho t w ater -

piping on the loop syst em This will k eep the w at er in circul a

.

tion so t h at i t will be w arm throughou t all the pipi ng Fig 38 . . 2

( H 1 4
—

)1 shows such an a rr ang e m en t of piping from which ho t

w at er may be ins t antly drawn wi thou t drawing off the wat er in
the m ain .
2 90 STE AM P O WE R P L A NT P IPI NG S YSTE MS .

I n Fig 39 (
.I ) a
2 pow er pl an t with
I— 1 high and low l ev el of
w at er supply is sh own in cross s ecti on I n s t udying the w ater -
.

supply probl em for such a pl ant the follo w i ng p oints should be

be co nsid ered T he dist anc e

: sh ould be as short as p ossibl e
,
2 ,

and not ov er 6 ft ; t his is on accou nt of pump suctio n and

1 .

exp ens e fo d eep w at erw ay

r T he dis t anc e b should be not l ess
.
, ,

t h an 3 i t which will all ow the suction pip e to be ft in the

.
,
2 .

w ater wh en i t is at the low l evel B y m ak ing b abou t 3 f t i t . .

FIG . 2 39 (I r

would possibl e t o op erat e the pl ant ev en t hough for any ea

be r

son the w at er sho u

,

ld drop a foot or so low er th an the previous

low w at er l ev el T he dis tanc e
—
. is the extrem e v ari ation ,
6,

b et ween high and low w ater l ev el s T he dist anc e d should be

-
.
, ,

as much m or e th an as p ossibl e so as to giv e ampl e f al l fo

c r

s ew ers I f i t is nec ess ary t o m ak e thi s but in m ore t h an

. 12 . c,

t h en t h ere should be a sew er v alv e th at an be us ed in c ase of ,

6, c

high er w at er l evel t h an th at est ablish ed T he dis t ance to the .

t op of the ho t w ell f should be suffi ci ently greater t h an to p e

-
, , 6, r

v ent any u nu su ally high w at er l ev el ( more th an ) from c au si ng c

an ov erflow of w at er i nt o the buildi ng .

A k nowl edg e of the g eogr aphy of the pow er pl ant l oc ality

is quite nec essary wh en m aki ng pl ans for obt aining cond ensi ng
w ater T he chi ef requirem ent in such asitu ation is to get w ater
.
“
.

The amou nt requir ed may v ary bu t a suffi ci ent volum e mus t ,

alw ays be av ail abl e fo co nd ensing P ossibly no o t h er feature

r .

of s t ation engineering requires so much i nv estig ati on s tudy and ,

prep ar at ion as t hi s one probl em E vid entl y th ere is no id eal .

condi t ion of cond enser w ater supply T he neares t appro ach -

.
 CO ND E NSE R CO O LI NG WA TE R P IP I NG . 291

t o the id eal is wh en the pl ant stands close to a d eep wid e s t ream ,

h av ing bu t sligh t vari ati on in i ts l evel B ut such supplies a e not . r

generally t o be had wh ere pl ants a e need ed r .

O n the o t h er h and the s t ati on may be loc at ed clos e t o a sm all

,

s t ream th at flo ws bet ween narrow b anks ov erfl owing one s eason ,

and almost dry anoth er This is a t ypic al situ ation for cond enser
.

w ater supply and to overcom e i t s mos t s erious obj ections i t will

-

generally be fou nd nec ess ary to buil d a dam thus allow ing the ,

water to accumul ate in a pond from which the pow er pl ant supply
may be drawn This body of w ater may t h en be us ed as a
.

cooling pond if the w ater supply should b ecom e l ess t h an th at

ci cul ated by the cond enser pumps Und er such condi t ions the
r .

amou nt of w at er nec ess ary t o repl eni sh t h at los t by ev apor ation

would be li ttl e or no more t h an th at required for boil er feeding .

I n Fig .
4 (I
2 )
0 is sho w n
r— 2 a po nd buil t i n the b asi n of a
s t ream which form erly flow ed b et ween the limits shown by the
do tted lines T he b anks for such a pond should be r ai sed t o a
.

FI G . 2 40 (I I

h eigh t such th at the w aste w ater at overflow t imes will be confined

t o its prop er ch annel and not cu t through the b anks bu t p ass ,

over a w as te waterw ay dug through firmsoil and h av ing su ffi ci ent

high grou nd b et w een i t and the b asin to prevent erosion A .

sm all overflow should be l aid in fi mso il and loc ated sligh tly b elow
r

the ov erflow i nt o the w as t e w at erw ay t hus p ermitting the circul a ,

t ion of w ater in and out of the b asin if th ere is bu t a sm all surplus .

Should t h er e be a co nsid er abl e surplus of w ater t h en the on c

d ens er an be disch arged away from the pond through the line A
c , ,
2 92 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

and th e m ain supply be k ept much c ool er The line B loc a ted .
, ,

low er th an the bottom of the pond provid esfor compl ete drainage , .

I n the d esign and cons t ruction of work of this ch ar act er no

w ater pip e should be l aid in a dam or fill For ins t anc e it may .
,

app ear d esir abl e to run a m et al drain from the b ottom of the
pond t o the do wn sid e of the s t eam l aying thi s pip e in the s ame
-
,

pl ac e and at the s am e tim e as the dam is m ad e The diffi culty .

th at would ari se in such a c as e would not be c aus ed by the pipe

c arrying w at er t hrough it as a long pi ec e of timb er would m ak e
,

the s am e troubl e Th at is the w at er from the po nd w ould form

.
,

a slight l eak ag e alo ng the surf ac e of the pip e or tim ber e t endi ng x

through the earth w ork and o nc e a ch annel had b een cut through
,

it would only be a short tim e b eforethe hol ewould b ecome enl arged
and the fi l l end ang er ed .

T he earth fill should not be subj ec t ed t o h aving w at er p ass ov er

or through it bu t it should be c arri ed to a sufli ientl y high
, c

el ev ation t o forc e the w as t e w at er t o fl ow ov er fi m u ndis tu rb ed r

soil and b etw een b anks of lik e ch arac t er Thi s an b est be a om . c cc

pl ished by l ev eli ng a l arg e t act of grou nd so t h at the w as t e w at er

r

will flow over it and into the down st eam sid e Thi s spil lw ay -
r .

should be a suffi ci ent dist anc e from the pond to preclud e any
possibil i ty of w ashing aw ay the b ank dividing th em and protect ing
the dam P r ec auti ons must be t ak en to prev ent w at er flo wing
.

ov er or through any m ad e grou nd o its d estructi on will occur r .

I t w ill be not ed in Fig 4 th at the sm all ov erfl ow from the

. 2 0

pond is c arri ed through virgin soil T he one diffi culty met in .

building such a line i s due t o the f ac t th at the p ip e is pl ac ed in a

trench which mu st be refi ll ed with m ade grou nd Thi s difli ul ty . c

c an be ov ercom e by m ak ing the l ength of the ov erflo w l ine suffi

ci ent t o prev ent w at er find ing its way through As the overflo w .

has pr actic ally no h ead of wat er abov e the fil l which surrounds the
pip e the water has a very slight tend ency to l eak along the surf ace
,
.

T he s am e pr ec au t i ons sh ould be obs erv ed w ith the co nd ens er

disch arge trench and the tr ench fo the l ine A if the l at t er is l aid
r , ,

at a high l ev el say, in b el ow the sm all p ond ov erflo w

12 . How .

ev er if th es e lines a e at a l ow el ev at io n say 6 or 8 ft b elo w the

,
r ,
.

surf ac e of the p ond it w ill th en be nec essary to m ak e the trench

,

of consid er abl e l ength from the pond to the point of di sch arge;
and to furt h er insur e the tigh tness of the tr ench and i ts ability to
prevent any appreci abl e w ater flow i t wil l be nec ess ary t o puddl e
2 94 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

insid e til e pip e will be fou nd qui te as sui t abl e as metal and will
,

cost much l ess and l ast long er .

For a situ at ion such as shown in Fig 4 som e form of a buil t . 2 2

in the trench r ei nforc ed co ncret e w at er conduit would be fou nd

- - -

suit abl e as the pr essure insid e would be slight and but li ttl e rein
forcing be requ ired Such a condui t should be buil t by one
.

FI G . 242 (I I

famili ar wi th the m ethods nec ess ary for i nsuring w at ert igh t work ,

the chi ef r equisit e for such work b ei ng conti nuous progr es s aft er
the co ncret e pl acing has b een st art ed thus avoiding joini ng the
,

fresh work wi th t h at which has set .

FI G . 2 43 (I I

An o t h er m ethod of cons t ructing the line shown in Fig 4 . 2 2,

though subj ec t som ewhat t o int errupti on through breakdown ,

would be t o use al arge ci st ern at the power hou seand a fl oat which
w ould el ec t ric ally op erate the admi ssion v alv e thus m ai nt ai ni ng ,

at al l tim es a co nst ant l ev el the ci st ern

111 T his would avoid the .

ris e of w ater t o the surfac e of the grou nd and at the s am e t im e

p ermi t the use of til e pip e T he regul at i on an be accompli sh ed
. c

by using a synchronous mo t er for op erat ing the admission v alv e

 CO ND E NSE R COOLI NG W A TE R P IPI NG .
95

and a sm all al t ernat ing current generator driven by a motor at the

-

ci st ern T he current supply to the mo tor may be controll ed by

.

the flo at as shown in Fig 43 ( I . 2 I

Und er such conditi ons the po nd fl oat op er at es the p air of on -

c

t ac ts as shown supp orted at Th es e cont ac t points engag e wi th

2 .

oth er contac ts wh en a ch ange of w ater l evel occurs and compl et e

a circuit through a dir ect curr ent motor op er ati ng i t in eith er one
-

direction or the oth er The m ot or driving the g enerator sho wn

.

al so op er at es the scr ew This withdr aws the cont act poi nts
,
6 .

which the fl oat has c aus ed to eng age T he pivo t a may so be .

loc ated to obt ain any d esired t rav el of the cont acts and t hus k eep
the v ari at io n of w at er l ev el within the sp eci fi ed limits The .

arrang em ent as shown i n Fig 43 (I 5 ) is set for a v ari atio n

. 2 I—

of 4 ft in the ci st ern l ev el and would h av e the i nl et v alv e entir ely

.

op en at low l ev el h alf way op en at midpoi nt and entirely cl os ed at

,

the high w at er m ark

-
.The p ositi on of the v alv e at any point is
proport ional t o the w ater l evel in the cistern Thi s syst em of .

cont rol is a modi fic ation of the el ectric d amp er regul ator as used
in pow er hous es exc ep t t h at with the d amp er r egul ator i ns t ead
, ,

of the motor driving the g enerat or i t op erates a c abl e connect ed ,

to the d amp er The cont ac t s in the d amp er sys tem a e op erat ed

. r

by the g age of the regul ator .

This m ethod of regul ation by the use of mo t ors an be us ed for c

op en w at erw ays or fo cis t erns h aving a great diff erenc e in el ev ation

r

and wh ere the pi pes co nnecti ng the sou rc e of supply with the cist ern
c annot be fill ed ent irely with w at er The control would be much .

more s ensitiv e if the supply pip e t hroughou t i ts entire l ength w ere

b elow the w at er l ev el of the pond Th en the amou nt of w at er .

ent er ing the b as in would ex actly equ al th at admit t ed by the v alv e .

I f the d em and fo w at er sudd enly be cut off th at withi n the pip e

r ,

would not be empti ed int o the b asin as would be the c as e if the pip e '

w ere not b elow the l evel of the p ond .

_

A co nsid er abl e reserve c ap acity must be provid ed if the pip e

di sch arges above the w ater l ev el of the cistern b ec aus e it mus t t h en
be of suffi ci ent siz e to r ec eiv e the c ont ents of the pip e t h at would
fl ow t o it af t er the admissi on v alv e w er e clos ed .

So m any v arying co nditi ons a e met i n di ff erent loc aliti es th at

r

it is impossi bl e to say which is the m ost suit abl e m ateri al t o use for
the co nst ucti on of l arge w at er ways
r M uch d ep end s upo n the soil .

through which the line mus t be run I f the line is of consid erabl e .
2 96 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

l ength say
,
ft or more o of such size th at a suction 6 in
1 00 .
,
r 1 .

or more in di am eter is required th en the water should be d eliv ered

,

by gravity I n m any c as es the soil close to the w ater s edge is

.
’

u nfi t for supporti ng building fou nd at ions This oft en nec essitates .

the pl acing of a pow er hous e som e di st anc e from the w at er

-
T he .

fac t th at the soil is u nsui t abl e for bu ilding purposes m ak es it quite

as u nsui t abl e for building a tr ench and pl aci ng a w at erw ay through
i t I f the pl ant is loc at ed alongsid e of a do k much di ffi culty may
. c

be exp eri enc ed with old pil es dock timb ers et , and s inc e it is ,
c
.
,

d esirabl e t o c arry the pip e line und er w ater the ent ire di st anc e
such conditions woul d h ind er c areful
construction and nec essit ate installi ng
a pump of su ffi ci ently l arg e c ap acity
t o c are for the increas ed amount of
s eep age through loos e grou nd .

Fig 44 (I 6 ) shows an intak e . 2 I—

construct ed of sh eet piling The low er .

line of pl ank is driv en insid e of the

upp er ow Sh eet piling is nec ess ary in r .

soft soil bo th t o hold b ack the sid es ,

and to confine the w at er t o the d esired

cours e T he m ateri al b etween the .

w alls of the t rench an be remov ed whil e c

the pl anks are b eing driv en St uts and . r

s tringers as sh own t ak e the th us t of the r

no 44 ( I
, 2 x b anks After the m at eri al has b een e. r

moved b etw een the w alls of the trench

the lo wer s t ringers a a e pl ac ed a
, , nd the b ot tom secured to th em
r .

B ef or e r emovi ng the upp er ow of sh eet pili ng and fil ling in the

r

trench the p l at e b should be set approxim ately correc t wh en

, ,

drivi ng the pil i ng and pl ank ed ov er as at ‘

c .

I f pl ac ed entir ely b elo w the w ater l ev el a w at erw ay co ns truc t ed ,

i n this m anner will l ast i nd efi nit e ly so long as the wood is protected

from the at mosph ere at all tim es The pl ank ing an be m ad e . c

d oubl e and the w aterw ay m ad e s ecure against the pressure of the

b anks and m at eri al be prevented from w ashing through the joints
of the pl ank To prop erly c arry the til e pip e it would be ad is
. v

abl e to use thi s form of co ns t ructio n as fa b ack from the w at er as r

the m ad e gr ou nd ext ends or at l eas t u ntil fi mgrou nd is r each ed

,
r .

Til e pip e maybeu sed insid e of the sh eet pil ing asfar asthe w ater s ’
2 98 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

the b ank s at the poi t secure and will permi t the

n s, a a, are
—

c oncrete b eing ramm ed h ard the top may be cons truc t ed as ,

an arch B ut if the b ank s a e w eak th er e is no obj ec t in

. r ,

m ak ing the t op arch ed as i t would not h ave a solid sk ew

,

b ack to resist the thrust I n t his c as e it would be s afer and

.

require l ess m at eri al to build a fl at top and use m etal rods at

the l ower p orti on of the t op thus r ei nforci ng the concret e If
, .

the banks a e of loos e s and simil ar to quicks and t h en an egg

r , ,

sh ap ed co nduit sh ould be u sed in cl ay it would be possibl e to : ,

build the w at erw ay of h ard brick and require ve y lit tl e forming r ,

the bott om b eing u sed as a f orm to l ay the brick .

I n wh at ev er f orm the w at e w ay is c ons truct ed i t should be r

so gr ad ed in r eg ard to l ow w at er and ha e such a h eight th at a . v

man could w alk through it wh en the wat er is l ow F or ins t anc e .

,

if the bottom of the wat erw ay is 3 ft b elo w low w at er i t should .

not be l ess th an 5 ft high in the cl ear al lowi ng. ft above the , 2 .

w at er fo a man to br eath e whil e cl eaning the bottom The w ells

r .

which un down to the int ak e should not be over 5 ft ap art as

r 1 0 .
,

the ai rin the w at erw ay would b ecom e stifling if the dis t anc e
b etween the m anhol es is greater th an this T he w aterw ay as .
,

st at ed may coll ec t s and et and wh en the w at er is high and

, ,
c .
,

the c onduit is full of w at er a m an could not get in t o cl ean it ou t .

This would not c au se troubl e as th ere would be pl ent y of w at er ,

av ail abl e ev en th ough th er e w er e or 3 ft of s and on the bot t om 2 . .

T he troubl e would aris e only at t im es wh en the w at er l ev el woul d

be low i n which c ase how ev er it could be easily r em edi ed
, , , .

I nst ead of using form s in the tr ench for buildi ng the concret e
w alls th ey an be bu ilt on the surfac e of the grou nd in a wood en
c ,

mold us ing ligh t wire m esh for reinforc em ent This will per
, ,
-

mi t the use of v ery ligh t c oncret e w alls possibly 6 in for a , .

3 by 5 ft co nduit
-
which
. could b e,
a ss embl ed as show n in Fig .

2 46 ( I T wo p atterns only a e required for the molds

I r ,

and al l the co ncret e blocks an be m ad e and be r eady for use c

wh en the trench is op ened B y thi s m ethod of co nstruc t ion

.

the t rench would be op en o nly a short tim e and m any of the

diffi culti es occu ring from c av ing in would be avoid ed
r .

Anoth er adv ant ag e of thi s form of c onduit would be th at the

blocks coul d be l aid in w at er without i njuri ng the Concrete The .

loops sho wn at should be of h eavy wire or rods built into the

(I

block t o facilit at e h andl ing th em wi th a crane Tongu e and .

 CO ND E NSE R COO L I NG WA TE R P IP I NG . 29 9

g rooved joi nts should be u sed in this c onstruction T he lift i ng .

ey es a in the bottom sl abs m

, ,
ay be cut off aft er th ey a e in pl ac e r

or rec essed b elow the surfac e With this c onstruc t ion only a .

sm all amou nt of l abor would be required for ass embling as the ,

s ections c ould be form ed by comm on l aborers T he sections .

should be put togeth er with c em ent in the joi nts and m ad e as

tigh t as t il e pip e which would be quite su ffi ci ent for this cl ass of
,

FI G . 2 46 (I r FI G . 2 47 (I I

work T he w eigh t of th ese s ec t ions 4 f t by 4 ft by 6 in

.
—
. . .
,

t ak en at 4 lb per cu ft would be
1 0 . l h which could
. .
—
.
,

easily be h andl ed by a cr ane .

Wh atev er the co nstruc t ion of the int ak e may be it is nec ess ary ,

t o gu ard the mou t h so as t o prevent the ent r ance of l eav es s t icks , ,

fi sh i e logs et
, c I f the w at er supply is li abl e to fr eez e arou nd
, ,
c .

the i nt ak e t o such an ex t ent t h at the supply might be end ang er ed ,

a li ne with a r egul ati ng v alv e in it should be un from the on r c

d ens er disch arge so t h at w arm w ater an be d eliver ed at the c

i nt ak e and freezing t hus be prev ent ed T he i nt ak es should be .

fi tt ed with screens of di ff erent m esh arr ang ed so th at th ey an ,

c

easily be r emov ed for cl eaning .

T he accomp anying figur es show a screen h ous e d esig ned by

the writ er Fig 4 7 (I 9 ) s the pl an vi ew sho wi ng the
. . 2 I —
1

d oubl e screen comp artm ent wi t h a 3 ft op eni ng i nto and ou t of

- —
.

each comp ar t m ent Al l four of t h es e op eni ng s a e arr ang ed for

. r
300 STE AM P O WE R P L A NT P IP I NG SYSTE M S
.

FI G . 2 48 (I I

FI G . 2 49 (I r
302 STE AM P O WE R P L A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

we ight it is required to c arry is so gr eat bu t in ord er t o provide ,

room for t roll ey wh eel s of ampl e siz e .

The scr een guid es a e m ad e of c ast iron with lugs to key th em

r

into the concrete T he screen fram es a e m ad e of angl e irons of

. r

h eavy s ection Such screens should be m ad e of c opp er wi e not

. r ,

of brass as brass wire will not st and the sh arp b ends necess ary in
,

screens of fine m esh A much ch eap er screen an be m ad e of iron

. c

wire bu t the life of such screens is so sh ort th at th ere is no economy

,

in th eir use .

I t will be s een from the illu str ati on th at th ere is a l arg e s ettli ng
ch amb er bet ween the screen c omp artm ent and the m outh of the
int ak e to p ermit sand et t o settl e I t will al so be noted th at the
,
c
.
, .

h eight of the wat erw ay is such th at at low w at er th ere is a sp ac e of

3 ft b etw een the surf ac e of the w at er and the top of the int ak e
. .

T he floor sp ac e ov er the s ettli ng ch amb er is nec essa y for the r

cl eaning of screens Su ffici ent room has b een l eft b etween the
.

ti ers of screens to p ermit dropp ing a brush o r ak e b etw een th em r

to remove l eav es et wi thout removing the screen The w arm

,
c
.
,
.

w ater disch arg e from the cond enser is not shown in th es e illu stra
tions I t consi sts of a line of in pip e extend ed to the intak e
. 12- .

and c arri ed al ongsid e of the int ak e w at erw ay and ou tsid e of the -

screen house di sch arging through the b ank retaining w all at about
-
,

l ow w at er l ev el
-
.

Spr ead footings w er e not r equir ed for this screen hous e as the -
,

fou nd ation rest ed on rock Had the bottom b een of s and the .
,

bot tom of the int ake fou nd ation would h av e b een concrete of a
consid erably great er thickness and po ssibly reinforc ed with iron
b ars I n c as e of fine s and which is li abl e to w ash the footing
.
, ,

should be protect ed and anchored to avoid shifting in c as e of

fresh ets or flo ating i e Fig 5 (I 3 ) shows the proj ected
c . . 2 1 I —
1

footing load ed with h eavy stone c arefully pil ed arou nd the screen
hous e T he foot ings should be proj ected in front as w ell as at the
.

sid es and pl ac ed sufli iently l ow th at th ey an be l oad ed wi th stone

c c .

B y finishing the b ank s and bottom of the i nt ak e in t his m anner

much l ess diffi culty wil l be exp erienc ed from s and et b eing ,
c .
,

w ash ed in .

I f i t is nec ess ary to build the int ak e hous e near an old dock ,

fill ed in b anks or simil ar loc ation wh er e a fi mbottom for founda

-
r

tions c annot be s ecured it may be fou nd advis abl e to use pil es and
,

build the top of the pil es into the concrete as shown in Fig 5 . 2 2
 CO ND E NSE R COOLI NG WA TE R PIPI NG .
30 3

(I r The concrete bo tt om should be pu t in at the s am e t ime

as the w alls and the concret e arou nd the pil es thus givi ng a foo t ing ,

over the entire surfac e as w ell as on the pil es To fur th er increase .

the s t ability of t his s t ruc t ur e the spread footings shown in Fig

, 5 . 2 1

may be us ed bu t this nec essit at es more complic at ed forms for the

,

concrete T he forms for F ig 5 an be pl ac ed in the w ater af ter

. . 2 2 c

the grou nd has b een r emov ed arou nd the

p il es and the concret e buil t up withou t
pumping the w ater ou t The ou tsid e forms .

res t on the bo tt om and the insid e forms a e r

supported on the pil es B et t er concrete .

work an be m ad e in t his way th an by

c

pumping the w at er from the c enter t hus ,

c ausing i t t o w ash t hrough the fresh

concrete .

FI G . 2 51 (I I FI G . 2 52 (I r

In cons t ruc t ing int ak e w at erw ays th ere should be no p ass ag e

b etw een the w ater supply and the screen ch amb er which is not
easily acc essibl e This d et ail however is frequ ently negl ec ted
.
, ,

and in nearly ev ery c as e without good r easo n A w at er condui t .

from the c enter of the stream to the screen box is shown by the full -

lines in Fig 53 (I 5 ) T he w at erw ay shown at A is very

. 2 I —
I .

obj ec t ionabl e as it is sure to clog and c aus e t roubl e I f th ere is not .

a r apid flow at the int ak e th en i t is advis abl e t o pl ac e the scr een

,

comp art ment and int ak e ei t h er at the poi nt shown do tted in the
c enter of the w aterw ay with a ru nw ay l eadi ng t o i t or at the screen
box and cu t aw ay the b anks so th at the w ater will flow direc tly
,

into the screen comp art m ent as shown in the illustration I f the .

sourc e of supply is a s t ream which c arri es l eaves and flo at ing d é bris ,

 304 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

the screen hous e or box should not be set i nto the b anks of the
-

stream u nl ess som e provisi on is m ad e to c arry off the flo ating

m ateri al T he mo st d esirabl e loc ation for the screen hous e is to
.
-

pl ac e it so th at the front fac e ison the s am e line as the stream and

not rec ess ed in the b ank as i e and l ogs will t h en accumul at e i n
,
c

the ent r a nc e sp ac e N eith er should the scr een hous e proj ect into
.
-

the s t r eam u nl ess i t is w ell prot ect ed as it is li abl e to be i njur ed in ,

times of flood by flo ati ng i e and logs c .

Wh ere cool ing ponds a e used fo reducing the temp erature of r r

the co nd ensi ng w at er a scr een hous e such as th at shown dott ed in

,
-

Fig 53 (I 5 ) would be sui t abl e as i t would t ak e w ater from

. 2 r— 1 ,

FI G . 2 53 (I 1

the c enter of the pond wh ere i t is d eep es t and cool es t L i ttl e .

di ffi cul t y would be exp eri enc ed from l eaves et M any ins tall a ,
c .

tions such as this a e op erated withou t an int ak e crib or screen the

r ,

op eni ng i nt o the crib b ei ng loc at ed w ell b elow the surf ac e of the

w at er .

Th ere a e m any suburb an pow er stations b eing op erated non

r

cond ensing th at could be v ery readily op erated with a cooling pond

Cooling ponds an ordi narily be co ns t ruc t ed for
’

and ondense c r. c

abou t one d oll ar pe boil er hors epow er not i ncludi ng w at erw ays
r , ,

et c . This would m ak e the cos t of a hp engi ne pl ant usi ng -

.

1
5 lb of s t eam pe engi ne hors epow er about $ 5
. r or 5 c ent s per ,
00 , 0

engi ne hors epow er in exc ess of t h at wh ere a nat ur al w at er supply

is av ail abl e
‘

Co oli ng t owers a e frequ ently used for this s ervic e bu t t h es e

r ,

cost at l east pe eng ine hors epow er i ncludi ng the founda

r ,

tions fan drive et N ot only a e th ey more exp ensiv e to i nst all

,
—
,
c . r ,

but a e much more exp ensive to op erate owi ng t o the fac t th at

r ,

the circul ati ng w at er must be el ev at ed to the top of the tow er .

This is usu ally about 3 ft and the ent ire h ead is los t in drippi ng
0 .
,
30 6 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS
.

FI G . 2 54 (I I

FIG . 2 55 (I r
 CO N D E NSE R CO O L I NG W A TE R P IP I NG .
30 7

house buil t in the cu t as shown in F ig 5 5 ( I A r ath er . 2 I

long exh aus t m ain would th en be nec ess ary the only obj ection , ,

how ever b eing the increased co st of the l ine T he fac t that the
,
.

exh aust m ain would be exp osed to the at m osph ere would be an

adv ant ag e as it t h en would aid in cond ensi ng the s t eam

,
T he .

exp ansio n and contr ac t io n c ould easily be c ar ed fo by allo w i ng r

the co nd ens er b owl to m ov e fr eely with the pip e the t ail pip e b ei ng ,
-

su ffi ci ently long so th at co nsi der abl e tr av el po ssi bly a foo t or more

, , ,

could be t ak en c are of T he w ater to the h eat er would in this c as e

.
, ,

require b eing w ell insul at ed to prevent freezi ng T he cond ens er .

buil di ng and screen hous e et should be built of concret e through

-
,
c .
,

ou t A rei nforc ed c oncrete roof and a m et al st airw ay from the

.

ground down t o the screen and motor fl oo l ev el sh ould be inst all ed —

r .

T he motors in t hi s inst all atio n should each h av e a swi t ch at the

swi t chb oard and each mo tor sh ould h ave a sep arate w attm eter or
,

an amm et er so th at any v ari ati ons o u nusu al co nditions could r

be d et ect ed from the pow er st ati on .

At l east onc e duri ng each w atch the engi neer on du t y should

m ak e a c areful i nsp ection of the motors cond ens er et This , ,
c
.

duty would in no way be a h ard shi p up on the op erator and with ,

this amou nt of attent i on no t rou bl e sh ould ari se b ec ause of the

mo tors b eing out of his sight Th ere a e m any motors in d aily
. r

use which may be only a few f eet from the op er at or bu t a e so ,

r

situ ated th at t h ey a e ent irely out of vi ew fo possibly a day or

r r

more at a t im e .

The wires from the s t at ion t o the co nd ens er t ow er sh ould be

c arri ed in some form of i nsul ated u nd ergrou nd co nduit th ereby ,

avoiding any po ssibili t y of t roubl e from li ght ni ng I t will be .

not ed th at the pow er hous e show n in Fig 55 may be loc at ed at a . 2

consid erabl e h ei gh t above the cond enser all owi ng the exh aus t pip e
to run d own hill to the cond enser Thi s dist anc e may be
-
. ft 1 00 .

o m or e in which c as e t his is abou t the o nly sim pl e and pr actic al

r ,

method of installing a cond ens er wh ere the w ater li es so fa b elow r

the pow er pl ant .

Anoth er m ethod one which would be more compl ex is to

, ,

loc at e the jet cond enser or surfac e c ond enser in the p ower hou se
in the usu al m anner and r ai se the w at er to the co ndenser The .

f all of the w ater from the pow er h ou se to the l ev el of the sourc e

of supply may be u t iliz ed by means of a P elton waterwh eel or
ot h er simil ar d evic e T he w at er wh eel el ec t ric motor and aturbine
.
,
30 8 S TE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

pump for r ai sing the inj ection water b eing all mou nted on the
sam e sh aft the motor w ould o nly h av e to supply the po w er
,

nec ess ary to ov ercom e the friction in the pip es lo ss of h ead in the ,

cond enser and the lo ss due to the i neffi ci ency of the pump and
w at er motor I nstead of ru nning the exh au st and h eater sup ply
.

pip es from the po wer s t ation t o the c ond enser hous e it w ould th en ,

be nec ess ary to run the circul ating w at er line from the sourc e to
the pow er hou se .

Which ev er pl an of supplying the w ater to the cond enser is

employ ed the wat er us ed for cond ens ing should not be r ais ed to
,

a hi gh el ev atio n and the av ail abl e h ead thus creat ed be al l ow ed to

was t e For inst anc e a surfac e cond enser may be pl ac ed say
.
, , ,

32 f t.abov e th e surf ac e of the w a t er supply and if all the jo ints ,

a e w at er t ight no lo ss w i ll be occ asioned by r aising the w at er to

r

this el evation and all owing the disch arge to fall from this h eigh t ,

provid ed th at the entire s ecti on of the pip e from the pump b ack
to the disch arge is ai tight The power requi ed to r aise w ater
r- . r

abov e 3 ft would be lost or wast ed in this c as e as the limit of

2 .
,

heigh t of a w ater column th at the atmosph ere will sup port is 3 ft 2 .

To utiliz e any additional h ead a d evic e s uch as a P elton wh eel or

,

turb ine w at erwh eel woul d be nec essary as previou sly d escrib ed ,
.

T he most effi ci ent m ethod of supplying circul at ing wat er

would be t o un the exh aust do wn to the cond enser rath er th an to
r

raise w ater more th an 3 ft to a surfac e co nd enser or any amount

2 .
,

wh atever t o a jet cond ens er T he most economic al l oc ation for

.

a jet cond enser of the el ev at ed t yp e i s w i th the ov erfl ow as littl e

as possibl e abov e the surf ac e of the w at er supply as it will enabl e
the co nd ens er t o di sch arg e i ts w at er This conditi on is ord inar ily
.

obt ained by loc ati ng the ov erflo w from the cond enser at extreme
high wat er l evel all owing the w ater in the hot well t o raise a foot
-
,
-

or so during short int erv al s .

Class 12 Condenser Cooli ng W at er ; D i s ha g e fr omCondenser c r .

T he el ev atio n of the disch arg e wat erw ay from an el ev at ed jet

cond enser should be d etermined by the loc ation of the hot well —

overflow but for surfac e cond ensers the w at er should be di sch arg ed
,

at the s am e el ev atio n as it is t ak en wh eth er the w at er supply is

,

at high or l ow w at er A surf ac e c ond enser an and should be

. c

op erated without p erc eptibl e loss of h ead in the circul at ing water ,

oth er th an th at c aus ed by the friction of the w ater in the pipe ,

cond ens er t ub es etc . .

3 10 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

A being 8 ft for a 5 i
2 . v acuum I t would also be nec es
2 -
h . .

sary for the disch arg e t o be c arri ed down int o the disch arge
w at erw ay the w ater in which is as nearly as possibl e at the s ame
,

el ev at ion as the int ak e or supply w at er I f this t yp e of cond enser .

could be op erated and cons truc ted in this m anner it would be

working u nd er exac tly simil ar conditions and h ave the same ,

effi ci ency as a co nd ens er of the el ev at ed t yp e .

T he at mosph eric pressure in the t yp e shown in Fig 56 ( ) . 2 21 —

1

would support the w ater l eg A and the pump would simply h ave
-
,

t o overcom e the di fference in w eigh t of the two columns T he .

el ev at ed jet t yp e of co nd ens er has i ts disch arg e l eg ( t ail pip e)

- -

of l ength A and as t his is a longer colu mn t h an the v acuum wil l

,

support a pump is used t o cou nterb al ance the differenc e between

,

the inj ec t ion and disch arg e l egs To secure the s ame economy .

for the cond enser shown in Fig 56 as could be ob t ained with the . 2

el ev at ed jet t yp e it is nec ess ary t o ins t all i t in the m anner st at ed

-
,
.

This however is imprac t ic abl e for t wo dis t inc t reasons O ne

, , :

bec ause the pump would not be abl e t o lif t w ater 8 ft and the oth er 2 .
,

bec ause the moment the v acuum drops below 5 in the w ater 2 .

would fail t o flow int o the c ond enser and the entir e v acuu m
would be los t O ne is a d ifficulty met in s tarting the cond enser
.
,

the o t h er in r egul ar op erat i on T he l ess the di st ance A the more

.
,

c ert ain is the op eration M any cond ensers of t his t ype a e in

. r

operat ion wi t h the lif t A as gr eat as 1 6 f t and wi t h a v acuum

, , .

as low as 4 in 1 .

I n ord er t o st art a co nd ens er wi th such a high lift i t is nec ess ary

“ ”
t o use a fal se inj ec t ion th at is a w ater supply d elivered to the
, ,

i nj ec t ion pip e u nd er pressure as sho wn at b in Fig 56 I n this ,

. 2 .

c ase a foo t v al v e mu st be provid ed at the l ower end of the inj ecti on

-

pip e and a g age att ach ed at the top of the line t o show wh en the
v acuum has raised the w ater into the cond enser from the intak e .

The fals e inj ec t ion is us ed only u nt i l a su ffi ci ent v acuum has been

form ed in the c ond enser bowl t o raise the w at er from the intak e .

Anoth er m ethod of supplying a fal s e inj ecti on is th ough a s ep ar at e r

line and sprayer fi tt ed in the bowl as shown by dotted li nes at c .

This avoids the nec essity of a foot v alve and the attend ant losses -

by friction in the flow of the w ater .

This typ e of cond enser i t will be not ed has a much lower , ,

eflf i en y th an the el ev at ed t yp e
c c E v en if the lif t A is m ad e as .

great as 6 f t th ere is a loss of h ead of 2 f t over t h at of the

1 . 1 .
 CO ND E NSE R CO O LI NG W A TE R P IP I NG .
31 1

l v t d t yp e m aking a tot al of ab ou t 8 f t i ncluding the loss

ee a e ,
1 .

through the cond ens er bowl This loss w ould be bu t 6 ft in the

. .

el ev at ed cond enser or in oth er word s only one t hird the po wer

, , ,
-

would be required for h andling the circul ating w at er assuming ,

the pumps t o be of the s am e t yp e and m ak e I f the disch arg e .

co nnec t ion from the cond enser is in any way op en to the at mosph ere
at the upp er end as at d in Fig 5 6 th en the l oss of h ead will be
,
. 2 ,

still greater possibly the full 8 ft I n t his c as e the power required

,
2 .

would be four and a h alf t im es t h at of the el ev at ed t yp e The .

disch arge from the pumps should be k ep t p erfectly ai t ight as r- ,

this line is c arrying ai and w ater from the pump the s ame as the
r

t ail pipe on the el ev ated t yp e I f i t w ere possibl e t o di sch arge the

-
.

w ater at a much low er el ev at ion th an the int ak e th en the pump ,

could be ent irely disp ensed with and the w at er would flow
t hrough the cond enser and m aintain the v acuum b ecoming in ,

op eration a d evic e simil ar t o the el evat ed cond enser .

T he disch arg e would in t his c as e h ave t o be at l eas t 34 f t lo ng .

,

and the dis t anc e from the surf ac e of the i nt ak e t o the surf ac e of the
di sch arge w ater must not be l ess t han 4 ft Thi s al so is tru e of the 2 .

el ev at ed jet cond enser exc ep t t h at the l att er will op er at e with a

-
,

sm all er differenc e b et w een the w ater l ev els as far as s t arting up ,

is conc erned bu t would require the s am e di fferenc e in the w at er

,

l evels as the suc t ion t yp e if op erated withou t the pump when the
v acuum has dropp ed t o 4 in 1 .

Ano ther impor t ant adv ant ag e in the use of the el ev at ed t yp e

of cond ens er over the suc t ion jet cond ens er is in the s t yl e of
pumping m ach inery which an be us ed I n the c as e of the c .

suction jet cond ens er the pump mus t h andl e a much l arger
volume per hors epower as i t not only has t o pump the water
, ,

bu t the air which was contained in i t as well As this air has .

exp and ed from at mosph eric pressur e t o the pr essure in the on c

d enser the t o tal volum e t o be h andl ed by the pump is abou t

,

ei gh t t im es the volum e of the inj ec t io n w at er alone Furt h er .

,

the cl ass of work which the suc t ion pump mus t do is v ery s ev ere ,

both on the pump and the v alves owi ng t o the shock which is ,

c au sed wh en w at er and ai a e h andl ed t og eth er in one pump

r r .

As the pump for the el ev at ed cond ens er h andl es o nly w at er and

th at at a l ow pressure the c ent rifug al pump is admirably suited
,

for thi s cl ass of s ervic e I t an be op erated very economic ally

. c

ei th er from a pull ey on a j ack sh af t or dir ec t o nnec t ed t o a n c

-
3 12 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

ee l c t ric motor T he pow er required for the wat er ends of the

.
-

two typ es of pump is nearly the sam e wh en the sam e work mus t
be done by each .

T he st eam r equired t o driv e a s t eam pump is g enerally m any

tim es th at required by c ent rifug al pumps if driven by the m ain
engines T he st eam pump would r equire more th an
. lb of 1 00 .

st eam pe hp h whil e the m ain generat ing u nit would prob

r .
-
r .

ably use l ess th an lb pe hp h Henc e the s t eam requi ed

20 . r .
-
r .
, r

for op er at i ng c entrifugal pumps would be from one fifth to one -

fourth t h at required by the st eam pump .

I f th er e is an insufli i ent supply of auxili ary exh aus t st eam

c

for h eat ing the feed w at er i t would be more economic al t o run

the co nd ens er pump by s t eam T he r eason for this is evid ent as .
,

a p ou nd of st eam fo the m ain engine would cont ain r

whil e the pound of steam us ed in the pump w ould require bu t 5 0

B t u This will be the di ff er enc e b et w een the h eat in a pou nd

. . .

of s t eam at boil er pressure and a pou nd at atmosph eric pressure ,

as the rem aind er of the h eat is r et urned t o the boil er in the

feed w at er .

I n d et erm ini ng the form of driv e t o be employ ed for au ili ary x

m achinery the ability of the pl ant t o u t iliz e the exh aus t st eam
,

mus t be consid ered I n the id eal s t eam pl ant the high es t

.

eco nomy is ob t ained wh en the exh aus t from the st eam driv en
auxil i ari es is jus t equ al t o the s t eam th at the feed w at er will on c

d ense T he effi ci ency of th es e m ach ines is th en as great as pos

.

sibl e for all the h eat which is not conv ert ed into work is returned
,

t o the boil er .

T he ho t w ell i s nec ess ary for the succ es sful op er ation of the
-

el ev at ed jet co nd ens er as i t provid es a s ea

-
l t o k eep the t ail pipe
,
-

fil l ed and prev ent the acc ess of ai to it which oth erwis e would r ,

reduc e the v acuu m obt ainabl e I n Fig th ere was shown a . . 2 20

s atisf ac tory method of t aking feed w ater wi thou t disturbing the

w ater in the ho t well Fig sh owed a pump box such as would
—
. . 221

be us ed with a suc t io n pump jet co nd ens er or a surf ac e on c

d enser With such app aratus t here is no nec essity for a ho t w ell
.
-

or w at ers eal A pump bo would not be required for a surfac e

. x

cond enser as the feed c ould be t ak en from the cond ens er ch am

,

be as sho wn in Figs
r 6 and 8 The mos t sati sfactory
. 22 22 .

arr ang em ent for the pump box sho wn in Fig is to pl ac e i t . 221

in the disch arg e w at erw ay at the low er end of the disch arg e for
3 14 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

gett ing int o the pond This is nec essary not only to prev ent the
.

dis figur em ent of the b anks and surfac e of the po nd but also ,

to prev ent the li abil ity of oil reaching the boil ers A simpl e .

greas e c at ch er is shown in Fig 58 (I This may be on

. 2 2 c

s truc ted of wood concret e brick or o th er d esir abl e m ateri al

, , ,
.

T he disch arg e from this comp art m ent is t hrough an op ening

loc ated as far as possibl e b elow the surfac e of the w ater T he .

FI G . 2 58 ( 12

opening from the greas e c at ching comp art ment is provid ed with
-

a v alv e and h andl e for op er ating it I nsid e of the gr eas e coll ec t

.
—

ing comp artm ent i s an ov erfl ow i nto a t rough which disch arg es
int o a sewer or greas e c at ch ing cist ern The gr eas e is allow ed to
-
.

accumul at e in this c omp artm ent u nt il the op erat or d esir es t o

draw i t off the l atter process b eing accomplish ed by opening
,

the t rap t o obs erv e the ov erflow and by closing the v alv e suf
,

fi i entl y t o c au se the wat er l ev el in the comp artm ent t o ris e t o the

c

skimmer edg e and ov erflow int o the s ewer An obj ection to this .

ski mming d evic e is th at the s ew er will b ecom e clogg ed with the

gum and greas e disch arg ed int o i t To avoid this diffi culty and
.

at the s am e tim e s av e the gr eas e i t would be pro fi t abl e t o pl ac e

the greas e t ank b et w een the ov erflow a nd the s ew er as shown in ,

Fig 59 (I
. 2 2 I t may s eem at fi rs t th ough t t h at the arrang e
m ents proposed a e r ath er el aborat e for the purpos e of emo
r r v

ing gr eas e bu t if som e such provision is not m ad e the co ndition

,

of the po nd at the end of fi e y ears or so would be u nb ear abl e

v .

I t should be rem emb ered th at all the cyl ind er oil l eaving the
en ine r em ains in the o nd and i t is v ery rob abl e t h at 3 or 0
g p , p
 CO ND E NSE R COOLI NG WA TE R P IP I NG .
31 5

40 b rr ls of cyl ind er oil would be sc attered along the b anks

a e ,

tk
in a e, etc in this p eriod of tim e
.
, .

I n referenc e t o the el ev at ed jet co nd ens er disch arg e a modi fi a ,

c

t io n of th at sho wn in Figs 53 and 54 an be m ad e by pl acing

. 2 2 c

the co nd ens er bowl at the pow er hous e and ins t ead of ru nni ng the

FI G . 2 59 ( 12

s
v rt ic ally i t an be run down the b ank in a cov ered t rench
tail pipe e c ,

allowi ng ampl e m eans for exp ansio n and cont rac t io n as show n in
Fig 6 (1
. 2 0 T he ho t w ell in t his c as e would be m ad e on
2 -
c

siderably l arg er The volum e of the ho t w ell m easur ed from

.
-

the disch arg e op eni ng in the t ail pip e t o the w at er l ev el mus t be

-

greater th an the contentsof the ent ire t ail pip e up t o the cond enser -

F IG . 2 60 ( 12

bowl Wi th this arrangem ent i t would be necess ary to run t hree

.

pip es in the t rench the inj ec t ion l ine t ail pip e and h eater supply
,
-
.

To provid e for the low pressure w ater s ervic e in the pl ant i t

-

would be advis abl e t o h ave t wo sm all low pressure pumps in -

addi t ion t o the mo t or driv en circul at i ng pump

- I t would fur th er .
3 16 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI NG SYSTE MS .

be a dvis abl e t o h av e M o centrifugal pumps att ach ed t o the mo tor

sh aft one of which should tak e w at er from the ho t w ell and the
,
-

oth er from the int ak e This arrangem ent would require four pipe
.

l ines from the screen hous e t o the b as em ent This cond ens er
-
.

system is sui t abl e only wh ere the prop er el ev at ions an be s ecured c ,

the dis t anc e from the b as e of the cond ens er t o the w at er l ev el bei ng
approxim at ely 34 f t In d et ermini ng the d etails .

of the int ak e and disch arge waterw ay and the

locat ion of the cond ensers pumps et the w at er , ,
c
.
,

requirem ents should also be duly consid ered .

Th ese requirements a e for b oil er r

feed general cold w at er s ervic e ,

and fi e pro t ec t io n r .

I f the pow er hous e is t o furnish

fi e prot ec t ion for oth er build ings
r

as w ell i t would be nec ess ary to ,

provid e st eam pumps for this

s ervic e if for no o th er ,

reason t h an to comply with

the r equir em ents of the
bo ard of fi e u nd erwriters r .

I t will be obs erv ed th at

“

the pl ants shown in Figs .

FI G . 2 61 (I 2

2 53 ,
25 4 and f ail to provid
2 60 e sui t abl e equipm ent fo t his r

s ervic e lso will be noted t h at th es e di ff erent s ervic es

.It a
r equire el ectric al ly driven pumps as shown l eaving only the
-
,

exh au st from the f eed pump s for h eating the f eed w at er and -
,

a loss of ec onomy follows as pr eviously st at ed u nd er thi s cl as s

h eading I ,
To m ak e possibl e the use of st eam driven
“ -

pum ps i t would be nec ess ary t o l oc at e the fl oor of the pump room
so low th at the pump c ould lift the w at er This an be aecom . c

p l i shed as show n i n Fig 6 ( I . 2 1 2

3 18 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT PIP I NG SYSTE MS .

one cond ens er or more th an one pump a m ain should be provid ed ,

i nto which al l the pumps disch arge and one from which al l the on c

dense s r ec eiv e th eir w at er

r This arrangement enabl es the op era
.

tion of any of the pumps with any of the di fferent cond ensers .

Such an arr ang em ent i s p articul arly ess enti al in the c as e of mo t or

driven pumps as it p ermi t s the use of as m any pumps as may be
,

required T he pressure on th es e lines would be v ery sligh t in

.
,

fact th ey may be u nd er v acuum t his b eing d et erm ined by the styl e

,

of the cond ensers and the rel ative el ev ations of the line with respect
t o the c ond ensers L igh t c as t iron pip e is v ery sui tabl e for thi s
.
-

KG . 2 62 ( I3

s ervic e bu t sp eci al provision mus t be m ad e for the exp ansion and

,

contraction with ch anges of t emp erature V alves should be .

pl ac ed in each branch and should also be l oc ated al ong the main

so th at each cond ens er u nit may be isol ated t ogeth er wi th i ts ,

pump s as shown in Fig 6 (I 3

, . 2 2

B y arr anging lines in t his m anner it is possibl e t o shu t down ,

any portion of the m ain to m ak e rep airs and p ermit the rem aining
portion to op erat e with ou t int erruption T he si e of the m ain . z

required is only th at required for one cond enser o two pumps r ,

and fo thr ee co nd ens ers would simply be the siz e of the branch
r

pip e to the cond enser This m ai n is al so d esirabl e if the pumps

.

a e st eam driv en as it m ak es the inj ectio n w at er mor e easy to

r ,

c ontrol A pressure g age should be pl ac ed on the m ain t o indic ate

.

wh eth er the pumps a e d eliv ering more w at er t h an r equ i red which

r ,

would c au se the pr essure to increas e or wh eth er the supply i s ,

insuffi ci ent which would result in a d ecreas e T he inj ection

,
.

v alv es (or admission v al v es to a surfac e cond enser ) a e generally r

c ontroll ed by h and and as th ey a e op ened o closed to m eet the

,
r r

d em and of the cond ensers the c ap acity of the pumps is al so

,

ch anged due to the i ncreased or d ecreased pressure ag ainst which

,

they a e d eliveri ng I t is th erefore quit e im possi bl e to k eep the

r .

qu antity of c ooling w ater prop erly regul at ed as the conditions ,

 CO NDE NSE R COOL I NG WA TE R P IPI NG .
3 19

cons t antly ch ange so t h at if the w ater supply is adjus ted at a

,

suffi ci ently l arg e amou nt t o insure the m aximum v acuum ob t ai n

abl e th en the t ail w at er is for the great er por t io n of the t im e at a
,

v ery low t emp er at ure I f the qu ant i t y of w ater is reduc ed to rais e

.

the t emp er ature of the disch arg e w at er t h en the v acuum w i ll be ,

l ess t h an t h at which is ob t ainabl e exc ep t wh en the lo ad may be,

temporarily ligh t .

T he id eal m et hod of co nt rolli ng the circul at i ng of cooling

w at er would be by m eans of a t h ermos t at ic regul at or op erated
by the t emp erat ure of the tail w at er op ening or closing the inl et ,

v alve as quickl y and as oft en as the temp erature of the dis

ch arge ch anges Cont rolling the qu ant i t y of inj ec t ion by the
.

v acuum is v ery u nc ertain and u nd esirabl e as i t is evid ent th at ,

if l eaks should occur or for any o th er reason ,

such as the cond ens er b ecoming ai bou nd r- ,

and the v acuum drop the qu anti t y of inje , c

t ion would be ab norm ally increas ed resul t ing ,

in t oo low a t emp er at ure of the t ail w at er and

a w as t e of pow er in the circul at i ng pump as ,

the extr a supply of i nj ec t ion is us el ess A .

t h ermos t at ic regul ator for cont rolling the

qu ant ity of the inj ec t ion w at er is shown in
Fig 63 ( I 3
. 2 T he r egul ator as will be ,

s een consis t s of an exp ansion t ub e which is

,

p erm anently at t ach ed t o a poi nt near the low er

end of the t ail pip e and at t ach ed t o the inje
-
c

t ion valve by an adjusting screw which pe r~

mits the regul ator t o be adjus ted The l eng t h .

of the tub e is so chosen t h at i t will give the

d esired t rav el t o the v alve As copp er has a .

high er co effi ci ent of exp ansion th an c ast iron -

,

as the t emp er at ure of the i nj ectio n w at er F o 63 ( I 3 r . 2

b ecom es too high the l ength ening of the

,

copp er t ub e i ncreas es the op eni ng through the inj ec t ion v alv e ,

which admits more w ater and const antly low ers the temp era
t ure of the inj ection Should the temperature of the t ail w at er
.

b ecome t oo low it is evid ent th at the reverse proc ess occurs

, .

T he sh aft sprock et et
, shown by do t t ed l ines on the di agr am
,
c .
, ,

a e for a v alv e ext ensio n so th at the v alv e an be op er at ed from

r c

the floor if d esir ed A th ermom et er pl ac ed in the t ail pip e and

.
-
32 0 STE AM P O WE R . P LAN T P I P I NG SYSTE MS .

a av cuum g age connect ed t o the exh au st pip e shoul d be pl ac ed near

the op er ating h andl e of the i nj ectio n v alv e so t h at the att end
ant m ay obs erv e the v acuum and t emp erature of the disch arg e
wh en adjusting the amount of inj ection w at er supplied t o the
cond enser .

I n reading the v acuum g ag e a corr ec t ion mus t be m ad e to

allow for the colu m n of w at er in the pip e if th ere i s a lo ng drop
or ris e in the g age connection E ach foot of pipe fil l ed wi th .

cond ens ation is equ al to about an inch on the v acuum g age .

I t is s eldom th at t wo or mor e v acuum g ag es w ill r ead the s am e ,

due to the d ifferenc e in the l engt h of th eir w at er c olumns T he .

pointer on a g auge is set to sh ow the pressure at the g age c onnec

t ion and if the pip e ru ns fro m eith er above or b el ow the g age
,

and w at er coll ec ts in the pip e the g ag e will r ead incorr ec tly , .

To d etermine the extent of this inaccuracy the g age should be ,

read and the line th en quickly blo wn ou t and the g age e read r -
,

at the s am e tim e no t ing the pressure on som e oth er g ag e t o as er c

t ain wh eth er the pressure remained cons tant wh il e the g age on c

ne tion was b eing blo wn out

c .

Cl ass 16 7 and 8 ,Condense Cooli ng W at er ; Conne t i ons r c

fo O t h e Se v i e than Condensi ng
r r r In r egul ar O peration the
c .
, .

feed pump would draw w at er directly fro m the hot w ell or from -

the hot well pump which would d eliv er the w arm w at er to a

-
n
op en h eater from which the feed pump would d eliver it to the
,

boil er T he fire pump would draw i ts water from the intak e

.

line only reg ardl ess of wh eth er i t is supplying low pressure m ain
,
-

or the high pressure lines in a c as e of a fi e T he pump th at is

-
r .

used fo t ub e drill ing should h ave an int ak e connection and the

r —
,

feed pump sh ould al so h ave a connection to the int ak e fo use r

wh en the cond enser is not in op eration To facili tate the .

arr ang em ent of t h ese di ffer ent connecti ons with the c i rcul at ing
w ater lines it is generall y found t h at the b es t arrangement is to
r un both the int ak e and disch arg e w at erw ays und er the buil d
ing in such a way t h at all the pumps an t ak e th eir suctio n di rectly c

from the w at erways without the necessi t y of usi ng a lo ng suc tion

m ain to which the diff erent pumps a e att ached with th eir numer r ,

ous pip e joints v alv es et , ,

c
.

Wh enl aying ou t w at erw ays for cond ensing m achinery it should

be rem emb er ed th at th ere a e oth er us es fo the w at er which if r r

not prop erly provid ed fo at the st art wil l l ead int o complic at ed
r
32 2 STE AM P O WE R PL AN T P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

l
C ass 19 l W at er ; B an hes to and f om
Condense r Coo i ng r c r

the Cool i ng T ower The v arious m ak es of cooling tow er a e all

. r

quite simil ar in th eir general c onstru tion and op eration D etails c .

shown in Fig 6 5 (I 9 ) a e common to all m ak es T he w at er

. 2
—
1 r .

is di stri but ed ov er the tow er filli ng at the top and al low ed to

p ercol ate through the fil l ing d ownward against the ri sing current
of ai The di ff erent form s of fil ling furnish ed by the m anu
r .

facturers of water t owers a e ordinar ily rated at t or sq ft 1 . .

P ro . 2 65 .

of cooli ng surfac e pe pou nd of steam cond ens ed and the cost of

r ,

the c ooling tow er m at eri a l s not including the fou nd ations b ick
, ,
r

lining motor to drive the fan no c ost of erection is generall y from

,
r ,

10 to 4 c ents pe squ are fo ot of cool ing surfac e The h eigh t of

1 r .

the t o wer is g ener ally about 3 or 3 3 ft m easured from the top to

2 .
,

the b ottom of the m et al c as ing T he m et al c asing is l ap ped so

.

th at the w at er will not l eak throu gh the s eams .

The l ow es t s ecti on of the c asing would ord inarily be not l ess th an

in and the top secti on not l ess th an
. in thick T he . .

distributor is su pport ed on hollo w brass b alls and the bear ing ,

surfac es of the sl eev es at the end of the disch arge pip e a e of brass r

to insur e th at the distributor will r evolv e wi th but v ery slight

pressure at the nozzl es The I beams sh own to support the fil ling
.
-
,

rest on the brick lini ng The ai at the b as e of the t o wer being

. r

u nd er a slight pr essure the w at er s eal shown is required wh ere

,

the w at er i s disch arg ed from the t ow er t o a s t or ag e b asin as i t p e ,

r ~
 CO N D E NSE R COOLI NG WA TE R P IP I NG .
32 3

vent s ai from passi ng t hrough t his op eni ng T he siz e of fan

r .

required do es not app ear to be s t and ardiz ed among the di fferent

m anufacturers as t hose suppli ed v ary from two 8 ft to two ft
,
-
. 1 0- .

fans t o supply the draft for a tow er fo l b of st eam pe r . r

hour .

D iffer ent m anuf acturers employ di ff er ent m at eri als for the
cooling surfaces T he mo st comm only us ed m at eri al is w ood
.
,

the m os t s atisfac t ory wood for this purpo se bei ng s wamp cypr ess ,

in surf ac ed bo ard s in by 8 in set on edg e about 1 . in ap art

. . .

E ach l ay er is l aid at ri gh t angl es to the one b elow it Gl az ed til e .

is also us ed u ngl az ed t il e b ei ng v ery u ns at isf ac t ory due t o i t s

,

mois ture absorbing c ap acity This c aus es the u ngl az ed til e to .

freez e and crumbl e in cold w eath er wh en the t ow er is not in op era

t ion .

Ano t h er m at eri al which is qui t e s at isfac t ory for filling is g alv an

i ed wire scr eening
z Th es e a e hung from the top in such a
. r

m anner t h at t hey an be easily remov ed and repl aced wh en th ey

c

a e eat en ou t
r The chi ef adv ant ag e of the wire scr een constru e
.

t ion is th at i t o ffers the l eas t possibl e resis t ance t o the flow of ai r

through i t m aking i t possibl e to cool the w at er by natural ai draft

,
r

ins t ead of by the use of a fan This in i tself is qui te a s avi ng as .

, , ,

it requires hp for each 1 lb of s t eam pe hour which is on

. . r c

densed or about , pe c e nt of th e pow er d

2 e v e lop e d
r by the m ai n

engine For inst anc e abou t 3 5 hp is required t o driv e the fan

.
,
.

for a hp engi ne -
To avoid the exp endi ture of this power it
. .

would be ec onomy t o inves t $ 5 for each horsepow er s av ed or 12 , ,

in oth er word s for a pl ant as st at ed an exp enditur e of

, , .

additio nal fo a nat ur al dr aft t ow er wo uld be ju sti fied

r This would .

be fi e t im es the ou t l ay r equired t o pay the di ff er enc e in cos t of

v

the t wo syst ems T he s avi ng in pow er would u nqu es t ionably

.

p ya th e di ff er enc e in y ea rly co st of m ain t ai n i n g wir e screens in

good ord er I n consid eri ng natural dr aft cooling t ow ers it should

.
,

be esp eci ally not ed wh at duty would be requir ed of the circul at i ng

pumps to d et ermine wh eth er th ey would require m ore or l ess pow er
owing to the el ev at ion to which the water mus t be pump ed .

T he id eal sys t em is of c ours e t o r ais e the w at er the l eas t possibl e

, ,

dis tanc e and at the s ame time use natural draf t Fig 66
, ,
. . 2

( 9 )
I —
shows
2 th e c ooli ng tow er a rr ang ed for n a t ur a l dr af t and th e

dis tanc e a reduc ed t o the l eas t possibl e amou nt This tow er is

, ,
.

shown of rec t angul ar cons truc t ion ins t ead of round as in Fig 65 ,
. 2 ,
32 4 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT PIP I NG SYSTE IWS .

r ct gul ar form would be more suit abl e wh ere it is ne es

as the e an c

s ary to support i t on the roof T he reason for pl acing this form

.

of t ow er on the roof i s to insure a b ett er circul at ion of the ai and r

als o bec aus e the ai f arth er from the grou nd is som ewh at cool er
r .

I f a surf ac e co nd ens er i s us ed the r el at i ve h eigh t of the t ow er

,

with resp ec t t o the cond enser is of no import anc e in d etermini ng

the pow er requir ed t o h andl e the circul at ing w at er as the high ,

FI G . 2 66 .

suction and disch arge columns b al ance each oth er and the ,

requ ired for circul ating the w ater is simply d eterm ined by the
dist anc e a A surfac e cond ens er using water thus c ool ed would
.
, ,

require abou t 4 lb of circul ating w at er pe pou nd of steam on

0 . r c

densed and if a c entrifug al pump b elt ed to the m ai n engine sh aft

,

w ere employed its effi ci ency would be about 4 pe c ent Henc e 0 r .

1 00 ft l b would be exp end ed i n r ai si ng the required v olum e of

.
-
.

w ater f t Assuming the engi ne to be u sing 8 lb of st eam per

1 . 1 .

h ors epow er pe hour the p owe need ed to circul ate the cooling
r ,
r

wat er would be ft l b pe h or 3 ft l b pe min

.
-
. r r
.
,
0 .
-
. r .

approxim at ely or ,
hp for each engine h ors epo wer fo each
.
,
r

foot the w ater is lift ed in the dist anc e a This would ju stify an .

ex p enditure of 5 p e hp fo each f
r oot of a I f the
. r .

pl ant had a hp u nit the exp enditure of $ 5 for the edu

-
.
,
12 r c

t ion of each foot of the dist anc e would be justi fied (I .

A jet co nd ens er an be us ed with economy in conju nc t ion wi th

c
3 2 6 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

employed ? usi ng a surfac e cond ens er and the dis t anc e a

By ,

10 ft the s t eam co nsumptio n of the cond ens er pump would be

.
,

bu t one six t h as great as in the prec eding c as e or abou t 4 lb of

-
, .

s t eam for each hp d eliv ered t o the engine This s team

1 00 . .
,

how ever would be cond ensed in the h eat er and the h eat ret urned
,

t o the boil er t hus a v ery good ret urn on the inves t m ent in the
,

cooli ng t ow er cond ens er et would be secured

, ,
c
.
,
.

T he h eat requir ed to op er at e the pump would be abou t four

84 1
t imes 46 B t u and theengine lb at 9 3
. . . or 1 00 . 1 ,

9 3 1

B t u for the co nd ens er for each

. . . B t u r equir ed by the mai n 1 00 . . .

engine .

T he mos t conspicuous loss in the op er ation of co nd ensin g

m achinery in conju nc t ion wi t h cooling t ow ers is th at occ asioned
by the lo ng w at er line b et w een the cooling tow er and the on c

d enser t hes e lines i nv ari ably h aving a l arge numb er of t urns

,

and r es t ric t ed p ass ag es I n f ac t t his difli ul ty is also onspi

.
, c c c

m F m . 2 68 ( 19 ) .

uous in the cond ens er ; in r ec eivi ng bids on the cond ens er

t his poi nt should be given c areful consid erati on as the di ffer ,

enc e in cos t of di ffer ent app ar atus m ay be d ec eivi ng the high er ,

pric e being oftenti mes the ch eap er wh en the cos t of op erat i on is

~

consid ered I f the lines b et w een the cooling t ow er and the

.

cond ens er a e long i t is al w ays good practic e t o i ncreas e th eir

r ,

siz e as the fi x ed y early co st on the d ifferenc e on the i nv estm ent

,

is l ess t h an t h at s aved in the op erat ion P ip e b ends should be .

used in pl ac e of elbows as each elbow in a in line for ,

12- .
,

ins t anc e is equiv al ent t o abou t 4 f t of pip e T he piping is

,
0 . .

of tent im es m ad e more comp ac t by using elbows of short radius

~

et c as shown in Fig
.
,
68 (I 9 4 ) for cond ens er N o . bu t
2 —
. 1,

the resis t anc e in the li ne of pipi ng is th er eby i ncr eas ed T he .

loss by fric t ion of w ater flowing t hrough the sys t em shown in

 CO ND E NSE R CO OL I NG W A TE R P IP I NG .
32 7

No . is no greater t h an t h at show n in N o
2 T he lo ss es occ a . 1 .

si oned by short r adi us ells and squ ar e ends at the pip e inl ets and
outl ets m ak es the avoid abl e loss es of N o amou nt t o abou t . I

300 ft of pi.
p e if it is i n i n di am e
12t er This
. s avi n g is suffi .

ci ent in i t s elf to permit ru nni ng the line t o the t op of the roof or

an outdo or co oli ng t ow er and not show so great a friction loss as
that of the short connect ed syst em shown in N o . 1 .

The am ou nt of w at er lo st by ev ap or atio n i n the cooli ng op er at ion

v ari es ; systems using cooling t rays wi t h ai circul ati ng u nd er t hem r

require l ess th an t h at nec ess ary for boil er feedi ng b eing as low ,

as o 5 lb lo ss by ev apor ation fo each pou nd of st eam co nd ens ed

. . r .

This sys tem requires a v ery l arge t ray surfac e as its op erat ion is ,

d ep endent upon r adi ation only Sys t ems in which the ai is p assed
. r

th ough the w at er require much l ess surface as the h eat is t ak en

r ,

up by ev aporat ion as w ell as by radi at i on This s t yl e of w at er .

cooli ng will low er the t emp er ature as much as 5 d egrees b elow 1

t h at of the surrou ndi ng at mosph ere a reduction in the t emp er a ,

t ure of the w at er of as much as 5 d egrees With 5 d egrees 0 . 0

difi e en e in t emp er at ure the amou nt of cooli ng w at er r equir ed

r c

would only be about lb pe lb of s t eam cond ensed I f the

20 . r . .

loss is 7 pe c ent th en r ,
pou nds of cooling w at er would be
ev apor at ed for each pou nd of s t eam c ond ens ed I n r egul ar .

practic e i t has b een fou nd th at the w at er fed to the bo il er is

su ffi ci ent at all tim es to provid e for the ev aporat ion this b ei ng ,

due possibly to the f ac t t h at wh en the lo ad is v ery ligh t the f ans

w ould not be used t hus reducing the l oss by ev apor ation the
, ,

c ooli ng by radi ation to the ai p assing t hrough the tow er by its

r

nat ur al dr aft b ei ng th en su ffi ci ent t o cool the w at er I n c old .

w eath er i t is generally nec ess ary to draw off a p ortion of the

cooli ng w at er as the ev aporation is t h en l ess th an the w ater fed
,

to the boil er ; this b eing the c as e wh ere the cooli ng w at er is not

us ed for boil er feedi ng .
 C HAP T E R XI X .

COND E N SATI O N , AI R AND V ACU U M LI NE S .

Cl ass J l Condensati on and Air Li ne from Condense r Su . r

fac e cond ensers and el ev ated jet cond ensers an easily be arr anged c

to remov e the ai s ep ar at ely by wh at is t erm ed a dry v acuum

r

p ump . Such a pump is d esig ned to h andl e ai o nly a n d th e r ,

u su al construction is si mi l ar to the crank and fly wh eel typ e

of ai r co mpressors T he pi ston sp eed of this typ e of pump is
.

g enerally high 4 ft pe min b eing approxim ately the norm al

,
00 . r .

sp eed The cl earanc e is reduc ed t o the l eas t possibl e amount

.

and i n m any o t h er w ays the pump i s d e signed esp eci al ly fo r

compressing ai and if by accid ent ev en a sm al l amou nt of w at er

r,

is drawn into the pump it is li abl e to be d am aged The t ot al

,
.

pi st on displ ac em ent of a dry v acuum pump is g enerally great er

th an the tot al displ ac em ent of the w at er circul ating pumps bu t ,

s eldom exc eed i t by more t h an 5 pe c ent T he amou nt of 0 r .

ai r disch arg ed by a dry v acuum pump is only a sm all portio n

of the pisto n displ ac em ent and b ec ause of the exp ansi on of the
,

ai c ont ai ned in the cl ear anc e sp ac es compr essi on resi stanc e of

r , ,

the v alv es por t s et

, ,the qu antity disch arg ed v ari es from
c
.
,
to 10

1
5 pe c ent of the pisto n di spl ac em ent
r .

T he di ff er ent t yp es of co nd ensers eith er p ermit of or r equire a

diff erent m eth od of h andl ing the ai o more correctly speak ing r r, ,

the non cond ensabl e v apor

-
I n a jet cond ens er th es e v apors a e
.
, r

mingl ed with the circul at ing water and if the w ater contains
organic m atters the volume to be h andl ed would be v ery much
,

greater t h an in a surfac e c ond ens er Though the el ev ated jet .

typ e of cond enser would h av e the greater amou nt of ai t o remov e r

it requires l ess sp eci al provision for removi ng the ai th an the r

surf ac e c ond ens er .

There a e m any el ev ated jet cond ens ers which a e m aintaining

r r

a v acuum of 5 and 6 i n which h av e no provision m ad e for the

2 2 .

remov al of ai oth er th an th at of the downw ard flowing colu mn

r

of cooling w at er h avi ng o nly c ent rifug a

, l pump s t o m aint ai n the
328
3 30 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI NG S YSTE MS .

in no way com es in c ont ac t with the circul at ing w ater The .

movements of the cond ens at ions are comp arat iv ely slow and not
su ffi ci ent t o remov e the air The .

air may be t ak en t og eth er wi th the

w ater or s ep arately as shown in
, ,

Figs 8 and 9 T he wet v acuu m

. 2 2 .

pump is th at mos t general ly u sed

and is so t erm ed b ec aus e i t h andl es
the ai t ogeth er wi th the on
r c

d ens at ion This cl ass of pump is

.

also us ed for the suc t ion t ype jet

cond ensers to remov e the air and
cond ensation and wh en so used is
generally styl ed an air pump
,
” “
.

T he cl ass of s ervic e is pr ac t ic al ly
the s am e fo both cond ens ers the r ,

j e t co nd ens er h aving approxim at ely

t hirty t im es as much w ater t o
h andl e and a correspondingly
great er amou nt of ai T he ac t ion r .

of this c ombined ai and w ater r

v acuum pump is som ewh at p ecul i ar ,

i ts j erky motion not being g ener

ally u nd ers t ood Fig 7 ( J ) . . 2 0 r— 2

shows the wet v acuum pump at

ta hed to a cond ens er
c Wh en the .

pump is in regul ar operation bu t ,

littl e cond ens ation is b ei ng h andl ed ,

and th at is w ell dow n in the suctio n

pip e Wh en the pump is dis
.

ch arging the c ont ents of the w ater

end one sid e is u nd er pressure
,

m ark ed and the o th er sid e is

at the s am e pr es sure as the on c

d ens er and is m ark ed The

F o 69 ( 1
r . 2 1 pressure b ehind the steam cylind er
is al so u nd er pressure m ark ed
t his pressure b ei ng m aint ai ned su ffi ci ently high t o ov ercom e
the pressure on the wat er end m ark ed The work pe r

form ed in compressing the cont ents in the w ater cylind er

 CO ND E NSA TI O N ,
AI R
‘
AN D A
V CU U M LI NE S
.
33 1

mark ed is simil ar t o compressing a spring T he air on . c

tained in the Wat er cylind er b ei ng the el as t ic body as soon ,

as the s t eam v alv e has ross ed ov er the por t and allow ed the
c

exh aus t port t o co m mu nic ate wi t h the end of the cylind er th at

has b een u nd er compression the suppor t in the s t eam cylind er
,

is t ak en from the end of the pis ton rod and the compress ed ai ,
r

i n the w at er end m ark ed i s free t o exp and thus c ausi ng the ,

quick recoil so conspicuous in t his cl ass of m achinery The .

FIG . 2 70 ( II

recoil movem ent will reach al mos t the full s t rok e wh en the pump
is ru nning above sp eed and when t h ere is no recoil the pump
,

is taking only w ater the ai in t his c as e accumul at ing in the on

, r c

d enser and by k eeping the s team from the cond ensing surfac es ,

reduc es i t s c ap aci t y and as the c ap aci t y b ecomes l ess t h an th at

required t o cond ens e the s t eam d elivered t o the cond ens er the ,

v acuum drops .

T he amou nt of ai t h at is b ei ng h andl ed an easily be judg ed

r c

by the amou nt of recoil The amou nt of recoil nec ess ary for
.

succ essful op er ation an only be d et ermi ned by obs ervi ng the

c

v acuum as the volum e of air is l arg ely d ep end ent upo n the t ight
,

ness of the pipi ng s t uffi ng box es et

,
Wh en the amou nt of ,
c
.

recoil of the pump pis ton reach es nearly the full strok e it is an ,

indic at ion t h at th ere a e air l eaks which should be loc at ed at onc e

r

and m ad e ai r t igh t This is in m any c as es a v ery diffi cul t op era

.

t ion b ot h the loc at i ng of the l eak aswell as t o close t h em aft er th ey

,

h ave b een fou nd O ne of the most positive m ethods of showi ng

.

up the l eaks is to fil l the v acuum sys t em with w at er and pu t a

sligh t pressure on i t abou t ,
pou nds t o the squ are inch and
10 ,
3 3 2 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI NG S YSTE MS .

whil e the pip es a e fill ed with w at er m ak e a c areful i nsp ection 1

r 0

the entire syst em m arki ng or dr awi ng up all j oi nts and stuffi ng

, ,

boxes wh ere l eaks a e fou nd I n c as e the exh aust pip es a e

r . r

l arg e it may be nec ess ary t o pl ac e posts u nd er the pip e t o support

,

the additiona l w eight as ft of 4 in pip e wil l cont ain about

,
10 . 2 -
.

lb of w at er Anoth er m ethod of loc ati ng l eaks in the

. .

syst em is to creat e a l ow v acuum on the syst em say fi e pou nds ,

v ,

and with a sm all point ed brush sh ell ac the j oi nts o bserving c ar e , ,

fully wh ere the sh ell ac isdrawn in M any of the sm all l eaks an be . c

cl osed in this m anner but wh ere l arge l eak s a e fou nd it may be

,
r

nec ess ary to m ak e a new j oi nt Anoth er m ethod but qui te crud e

.
, ,

i s t o giv e all the j oi nt s a h eavy c oat of pitch whil e the v acuum s ,

1

m aint ained on the sys t em tru sti ng th at the pitch will fill up the
,

cracks and stop the l eaks .

I f gas is ob t ainabl e at the pl ant the entire p pmg syst em an be 1 c

fil l ed with gas and l eak s loc at ed by a c andl e p ass ed arou nd the

joints T he qu antity of gas ne essa v would not be exp ensiv e
. c r ,

cu ft b ei ng suffi ci ent to fil l a l arge s st em say 4 ft of

. . y ,
1 0 .

pip e 3 ft in di am et er To fil l a line with gas it is nec essary to fil l

. .
,

it with st eam and th en clos e up the syst em and as the st eam on , c

d enses allow gas t o fil l the pip e .

Consid er abl e troubl e is exp eri enc ed with the use of m etallic
p acking for pist on rod s v al ve st ems et on accou nt of the air
, ,
c .
,

l eaking p ast th em T he piston rod p acking an be improv ed by

. c

c arefully removi ng it from the stuffing box and m arking the p arts
so th ey will go b ack in pl ac e T he high spots sh ould th en be .

c arefull y scr ap ed so th at th ey ex ac tly fi t the rod and thus as sist the

p acking to wear dow n to a p e fect b earing The motion of the r .

p arts of the p acking is quite slight and as th ey a e m ad e to wear ,

r

slowly an ai ti ght fit may not be s ecured fo a consid erabl e tim e

r- r

if the op er ator w aits for it to w ear to a p erfect fit and if the l eak ,

i s v ery s erious it would probably nev er w ear ti ght as the w ear

, ,

c aus ed by the l eak age w ould exc eed th at of the rod and th erefore
the l eak would b ec om e l arg er inst ead of sm al l er The l ow .

pressure cylind ers a e subj ec t ed to such low t emp eratures th at

r

al most any form of fi brous p acking may be u sed for th em succ ess
fully Fibrous p acking may require more frequ ent att ention and
.

renew al and may eventu ally c ost more th an m et allic p acking but ,

sinc e the loss of v acuum is often i n in the c as e of m et all ic pack 2 .

ings which are app arently in good condition the fi brous p ack ing
, ,
334 S TE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

tigh tness Th es e v alv es a e nec es sary in st art ing the pump t o

. r ,

p ermit it b eing brou ght up to peed before the full v acuum is pu t

S

on it Aft er the pump is in op er atio n the br anch line v al v es should

.

be op ened slowly so as to p ermit the w at er which has accumul at ed

abov e th em to l eak slowly p as t and throu gh the pump .

FI G . 2 71

perature of the ai ent eri ng the pump is g eneral ly abou t d egrees

r 120 ,

which is increas ed c onsiderably by the c ompressi on in the pump

cylind er so th at w ater j ack ets a e nec es sary to k eep the cylind er
,
r

cool as previously st ated u nd er the h eading Cl ass H6 T he

, , .

di sch arg e from the pump is quite dry due to the h eating in the ,

cylind er and may be di sch arg ed over an op en sewer or the lik e

, ,

with some provi si on for g ett ing id of the oil and grease c arri ed r

ov er by the ai I f thi s ai is obj ectionabl e in the engine room i t

r . r ,

can be di sch arg ed i nt o the atmosph eric exh au st line as th ere w ould ,

be pr ac t ic all y no s aving in h eat u nit s the t emp er ature of the feed ,

w ater in the h eat er being nearly as high as the air .

T he dry v acuum m ain and br anch es as ill u strat ed i n Fig 7 , . 2 1,

may be us ed fo eith er an el ev at ed jet or a surf ac e cond enser the

r ,

d et ails b eing the sam e in eith er c ase T he el ev ated jet co nd ens er .

disch arges ai togeth er with the t ail w at er wh eth er a dry v acuu m

r

pump is us ed o not the dry v acuum pump simply b eing more

r ,

effectiv e k eeps the co nd ensi ng ch am ber freer from ai and thus

,
r

p ermi ts a higher v acuum to be m aint ained T he ai which is dis . r

ch arg ed through the t ail pip e into the hot well t ends to form v apor ,

h enc e if the hot w ell is loc ated in the engine room it sh ould be
ventil ated as this hot v apor is general ly very foul b eing l arg ely
, ,

the gas lib er at ed by the d ecompo sed m atter c arri ed in the inj ec t ion
 CO ND E NSA TI O N ,
AI R AN D V A CU U M LI NE S .
3 35

w at er F ig 7 ( j ) sho ws a w ell v entil at ed by an ai duc t

. . 2 2 2 —
2 r

which is c arri ed to the outsid e of the buildi ng abov e the grad e li ne .

T he m anhol e cov er and the t ail pip e should h av e an ai tight fi t at r-

the t op of the w ell t o pr ev ent the disch arg e of g as es and v apor i nt o

the engine room .

FI G . 2 72 ( Ia

As previously s t at ed the dry v acuum pump is a much more

effi ci ent devic e fo r em ovi ng the ai from the co nd enser th an the
r r

wet v acuum pump b ec aus e of the sm all cl ear anc e sp ac es which

a e p ermi ssibl e at the cyl ind er end s
r I n additio n to this th ey .

h av e m ech anic ally op erated sucti on v alv es u su ally of the form

show n in Fig 73 ( I
. 2 This v alve has a fl ash p ort p ass
2
” ,
“

ing through it T he obj ec t of thi s por t is t o r educ e the pressure

.

of the ai which rem ains in the cl earanc e sp ac e imm edi at ely

r

aft er the compl etio n of the c ompr essio n strok e and by commu ni
c ating with the opposi te end of the cyli nd er i ncreas e the pressure
on the oth er sid e of the pis t o n sho wn at b which is abou t to be ,

compressed so th at the ai an be disch arged i nt o the at mosph ere

,
r c

throu gh the popp et v alves sh own in d et ail in Fig : 7 4 ( j 2 2

Th ese popp et v alv es sh ould be s ecurely h eld in pl ac e bu t in ,

such a m anner th at t h ey wil l not be burned in as w ould be the ,

3 36 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI NG S YSTE MS .

c as e if thread ed and screw ed int o the cylind er T he v alve prop er .

shoul d be as ligh t and as s t rong as possibl e T he b es t m at eri al .

t o use for the v al v es is ba s t eel or steel c asti ngs m achined so as

r

to reduc e the w eigh t the sh ell of the moving p art b eing about
,

one six t eenth of an inch thick

-
T he bridg es shown in the se
. c

tion AB Fig 74 should h av e at l eas t

,
. 2 , i n b earing to guid e .

the s t eel popp et v al v e By m aking the popp et of s t eel the v alv e

.

P ro
. 2 73 ( J2 FI G . 2 74 ( J2

fac es will w ear b etter th an if bo t h p arts of the v al ve a e m ade of r

brass T he set screw in the ap should be set firmly ag ains t the

. c

v alve and s ecured from mov ement by a lock nut set up t ight -
,

this construction t aking the s t rains withou t end ang ering the
sm all bridg es in the ai port T he usu al construction is t o pl ac e
r .

the v alv e at the sid e of the cylind er lying horizo ntally A b et t er .

construc t ion is t o pl ac e the v al ve at the bottom of the cylind er in

a v ert ic a l posi t io n t h er eby reducing the w ear of the v alv es and
,

also insuring the pump ag ains t injury from w at er as the v alv es ,

loc at ed in t his position will k eep the cylind er drained of w at er .

T he admissio n v al v e show n in Fig 73 is m ech anic ally op

. erated
2

t o avoid the resis t ance o ff ered by the popp et v al ve The a ea of . r

of t hi s t yp e of v alv e mus t be abou t t imes t h at of the disch arg e

popp et v al ves t o avoid thro t tl ing on the suc t ion strok e A b ack .

pressure of one p ou nd would h ardly be no t ic ed in the disch arge ,

but such a drop t hrough the suction v alves would m ateri al ly

r educ e the c ap acity of the pump T he c ap acity of the pump .

would be reduced fully one h alf and would nec essi t at e a in

-
2- .

high er v acuum in the pump th an in the cond ens er t o overcom e

the r esis t anc e t hrough the v alv es B y employing m ech anic ally
.

op erat ed v alv es the area of the ports an be m ad e su ffi ci ently c

3 38 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE M S .

of pump is fully es t ablish ed and d emonstr ates its ab ili ty t o

remove ai and cond ens ation u nd er a v acuum of 8 in
r 2 .

T he sp eci al adv ant ag es of the sucti on v al v el ess pump are th at

it has no buck et or foot v alv es which const antly need c are and ,

renew al and a e g enerall y v ery difli ult to get at for rep air
,
r c .

I t i s po ssibl e to use popp et sucti on v al v es bu t in such c as es ,

th ey sh ould be m ech anic ally op erat ed as sho wn in Fig 76 , . 2

(J2 B oth suction and disch arg e v al v es a e m ech anic ally r

op er at ed in thi s pump the oper ati on of the v a

,
l v es being aecom
pl ished by the frictio n p acking ring s insid e of the di sch arg e v al v es .

I n the accomp anyi ng illustr ation the suction v alv es a e shown r

op en on the upstrok e the v alv e rods b eing drawn upw ard by

,

the frictio n which lik ewi se clos es the disch arge v alv es wh en the
,

piston is on the up strok e O n the do wnstrok e the friction of the

.

p acking push es the v alv e rods do wn thus closing the suction ,

v alves and op ening the disch arg e v alves The friction of the .

p ack ing rings mu st al ways be m aint ained suffi ci ent to sust ain
the w eight of the v alv es and v al v e rod This arrang em ent of .

v alves p ermits the ai and w at er to be disch arg ed and drawn into

r

the pump without any ap pr eci abl e l oss of h ead .

Cl ass J 6 7 8 and 9
— —
Condensati on M ai n and B an hes This r c .

cl ass of servic e p ert ains to surfac e cond ensers only T he on . c

d ens ation alone or with the ai cont ained in it may be d eliv ered
r

to an op en h eat er by the pump ru nning continuou sly at a fi xed

sp eed ,
or the pump may be regul ated by a fl oat if the pump
h andl es the c ondens ati on only I f the cond ens ation pump is .

gov erned by a fl oat it c annot h andl e ai mix ed with c ond ensatio n r .

I n this c as e the w at er of co nd ensati on may be d eliv er ed directl y

to the b oil ers as shown in F ig 6 through a cl osed h eat er the
,
. 22 , ,

cond ens ation pump in thi s c ase bei ng th at empl oy ed fo feeding r

the boil er . With this arrangem ent though extrem ely simpl e it , ,

i s nec essa y th at the pump be l oc at ed at a suffi ci ent di st anc e

r

b el ow the c ond ens er di sch arge so th at the w ei ght of the c olumn

,

of w at er in the pump suction pip e wil l be suffi ci ent to rai se the

v alves of the pump and compl et ely fil l the pump cyl ind er without
the nec essity of m aint aining a great er v acuum in the pump
cylind er th an in the cond enser .

T he d et ail s sh own in F ig 7 6 w o uld n o t

. b e
2 suit abl e for high
pressure such as would be required in boil er feed ing and furth er ,

more t his d et ail could not be em pl oy ed as the di amet er of the pump ,

 CO ND E NSA TI O N , AI R AN D V A CU U M LI NE S
.
3 39

c s ry for boil er feedi ng w ould be fa l ess th an is nec ess ary for

ne es a r

the t yp e of v alv e c onst ructio n th ere sh ow n F o high pressur es . r

the ou t sid e p ack ed plu ng er pump is b et t er suit ed as it is at all ,

t im es possibl e t o asc ert ain ex actly wh at the l eak age is and the on c

dition of the p acking I n Fig 77 ( 1 7 ) is sh own an outsid e

. . 2 2
—

p ack ed plu ng er pump which is p ack ed by remov ing the cover

,

pl ate ov er the suction ch am ber a T he suc t ion v alv es in this , .

pump as will be seen from an ex ami nation of the drawing are

, ,

F IG . 2 77 ( J2

mech anic ally op erat ed by the mov em ent of the plu nger rod upon ,

which the v alv es a e mou nt ed r T he di sch arg e v alv es a e of the

. r

usu al h eavy t yp e em ployed fo b oil er feed pumps T he two brass

r .

plu ngers which a e free to slip on the od withi n the limi t set by
,
r r

the c oll ars bb h av e v alv e seat s turned on th em at th eir out sid e ends
, ,
.

I n op er at io n the motio n of the pump rod i s tr ansmitt ed to the

plu nger through the suction v alve which c aus es the v alv e to be ,

fi rml y s eat ed and k ep t tight by the pr essur e ag ai nst the end of the
hollow rams and b ei ng m ech anic ally op ened giv e free acc ess for
, ,

the w at er t hr ough the suc t i on end A feat ur e which will be .

evid ent from an ex ami natio n of the dr awi ng is the l arg e suc t ion
v alv e area pr esented by this t yp e of cons t ruc t ion This typ e of .

pump is esp eci ally sui ted for direc t s t eam driv e with the s t eam
cyli nd er at the oth er end of the piston rod From i t s cons t ruction .

it will be easily s een t h at this pump is w ell ad ap t ed t o h andl e air

and wat er t og eth er bu t is not suit abl e for use as a dry v acuum
,

pump on accou nt of the l arg e cl ear anc es .

To i nsure a high effi ci ency the d esign of a dry v acuum pump

should be of the cr ank and fly wh eel typ e so th at the l earanc es ,
c

may be r educ ed t o the l east p ossibl e amou nt as shown in Fig s 7 5 ,

. 2

and 7 6
2 . This t yp e of pum p sh own in F ig 7 7 would be more . 2

effi ci ent for h andling ai and w at er com bi ned if the v alv es on t h

r
34 0 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

piston rod clos ed ag ains t the other end of the am closing agains t r ,

the am from the s am e sid e as sho wn the v a

r l v es b eing loc at ed ,

insid e of the am The air pumps shown in Figs 7 5 76 or 7 7

r . . 2 , 2 2

c anno t be used if loc at ed a consid erabl e dis t anc e b elow the on c

d enser as shown in Fig 6 F o t h es e t yp es of pump the suc t ion

,
. 22 . r

l ines shoul d be c arri ed from the bottom of the cond enser t o the
suction ch amb er of the pump along prac t ic al ly a l ev el l ine giving ,

the ai a fr ee p at h t o the air pump ov er the surf ac e of the w at er

r

in the suctio n line I f it is nec ess a y t o pl ac e a wet v acuum pump

. r

a consid er abl e dist anc e b elow the cond ens er owing to the use of ,

spring lo ad ed suction v alv es it is th en nec ess a y to k eep all the

,
r

w at er pump ed ou t of the suction pip e in ord er to p ermit the ai to r

flow freely to the pump cyli nd er Thi s nec essitates the pump .

b eing un a t a high er sp eed and by k eeping the w ater ou t of the

r ,

pump i ts c ap acity for h andling air is d ecreas ed as the w ater is not

pres ent to fil l the cl earanc e sp ac es T he greatest c ap acity for .

h andling ai is ob t ained wh en the w ater t ak en at each s t rok e is jus t

r

suffi ci ent t o fill the cl earanc e sp ac es .

The co nd ens at io n pump is oft entim es loc at ed in an ou t of the

way pl ac e owing t o the posi t io n of the co nd ens er and in f ac t it , , ,

is somet imes nec ess ary to set oth er pumps in posi t ions wh ere i t is
impossibl e t o provid e ready m eans for obs erving their operat ion .

The mos t nec ess ary op er at i ng co ndition t o be obs erv ed is the sp eed
at which the pump is running .

This an be easil y asc ert ained by c

arr anging an indic at or at a point

read il y ob served by the op erat or .

A simpl e d et ail fo such an indi r

c ator and one which p ermi ts the

indic at or t o be pl ac ed in al mos t
any l oc atio n is sho wn in Fig 78 . 2

(J T he indic at or piping is
2

att ach ed t o one end of the st eam

F o 78 ( 1
r . 2 cylind er or w ater cylind er and the
2

ch ang e of pressure is noted by the

ris e and f al l of the w at er in the g age gl ass th ere b eing one movement ,

for each strok e T he upp er v al v e i s k ep t clos ed whil e in opera

.
,
(1,

tion the lower one b eing op en T he qu anti t y of air in the gl ass an

, . c

be increas ed by m anipul at ing the differ ent v alv es clo si ng open ,

6,

ing b closing b op ening a and dr awi ng off the w at er t hrough

, , , To c.
 C HAP T E R XX .

CI TY W AT E R P IP I NG .

Cl ass K l —
t W at e M ain P l ants t h at a e provid ed with
Ci y r . r

t h eir own wat er supply soo n b ecom e v ery c areful in the distributi on
and use of city w at er I t is only a pl ant in which no oth er th an
.

city w at er is obt ainabl e in which the employees of the pl ant b ecom e

w ast eful in its use .

I n l ayi ng out the pipi ng syst em of the pl ant which is to be

op erated entirely with city w ater m any di fferent methods an be c

introduc ed which will r educ e or av oid the use of w at er For .

ex ampl e i nst ead of us ing hydr aulic turbine tu be cl eaners pow er

, ,

cl eaners should be empl oyed as they a e succ essful in any pl ant

,
r

and esp eci ally so in pl ant s which use o nly city w at er I nst ead of .

u sing furnac es h avi ng water c ool ed p arts som e oth er t ype should
be u sed t o s av e the c ontinuou s lo ss of w at er I nst ead of the b ear
.

i ngs b eing wat er cool ed th ey should be m ad e su ffi ci entl y l arge to

r un co ol without w at er I nst ead of ash es bei ng dropp ed i nto m et al
.

ho pp ers o oth er rec ept acl es which nec es sit at es th eir b eing wett ed
r

th ey sh ould di sch arg e into a m asonry h opp er allowing air to the ,

grate to c arry off the h eat .

I f the wat er c ont ains a c onsid er abl e qu antity of sc al e form ing -

s alt s it should be treat ed ch emic all y in a puri fi er in ord er to reduc e

to a minimum the qu antity of wat er wast ed in bl owing off L ittl e .

has been acc ompli shed in the d esign of an exh aust c ond ens er a ,

d evic e which would sav e practic all y all the wat er fed to the boil ers
by cond ensing Such a c ond ens er w ould in all probab ility be on
. c

struct ed on the sam e general principl es as an ej ector the ej ector , ,

however h avi ng the greater am ou nt of w ork to perform as it t ak es

, ,

w ater from a st ate of rest and at a lo wer pressure .

An exh aust ej ect or w ould t ak e ai at pr actic al ly the s am e pres

r

sur e as the ai it w ould di sch arg e ag ai nst O ne cubic foot of

r .

ai r equir es
r h eat u nit to increase i ts t emp erature F 1
°

or if ai is t ak en at 6 5 d egrees and d eliv ered at 5 d egrees the

,
r 20 ,

increas e in t emp erature would be 4 d egrees which would 1 0 ,

34 2
 CI T Y WA T ER P IP I NG .
34 3

require h eat u ni t s pe cubic foo t E xh au st s t eam w ould h ave

r .

l at ent h eat u nits pe pou nd and as the volum e at atmos

r ,

p h e i rc pr e ssur e is cubic f ee t
p e rpou n d th e e xh aust st eam would
cont ain l at ent h eat u ni t s pe r

cubic foo t To cond ense cu f t of

. 1 . .

s t eam th erefore would r equire

cu f t of ai
. . r .

A sys t em of cond ensi ng the

exh au st st eam by m eans of atmos
h e i a
rci r is sho wn in Fig 79 2
p .

( K I T he e xh aust pip e i s shown

in the c ent er of the ai fl ue the r ,

obj ec t b eing to i ncreas e the tem

e a
r t u e of
r th e ai r t o cr eat e a
p
dr augh t The ai would how ev er
. r , ,

be drawn through the fl ue by the

flow of st eam through the ej ec t or
flights T he upp er s ection is shown
.

as a w at er and ai s ep ar at or r .

I n the arr ang em ent of a on c

d ens er of t his ch ar ac t er i t mus t ,

be not ed t h at the exh au st t r av els

at a high v el ocity possi bly ,

f t per min and the air at

. .
,
ft .

pe min which i squit e r apid abou t

r .
, ,

th at obt ainabl e by a high st ack .

To wh at ext ent the air would be

acc el er at ed by the exh aust ej ec t or
is quit e probl em at ic al and t o s ecure
the great es t differ enc e i n w ei ght of
ai in the chimney and t h at withou t
r , ,

it may be advis abl e t o pl ac e the

c ond ens er at the b as e of the
chimney c ausing the entire,

column of ai t o be at the high r F 79 ( K ) IG . 2 I —

I .

est po ssibl e t emp er at ur e I f the .

c ap acity of the chimney is l ess th an the exh aus t bl ow er or eje c

tor, th en the i ncreas ed l engt h oi s t ack would simply offer resist

anc e t o the flow of ai as is the c ase of a high s m r, ok es t ack pl ac ed
 34 4 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SY STE MS .

over the fan of an induc ed draugh t pl ant I t is qui te p rob abl e .

t h at the air chimney would h av e t o be fully t went y t im es the area

of the exh aus t or abou t four and one h alf t im es the di am et er of
,
-

the exh aus t pip e The air an be suppli ed from a blow er bu t i t

. c ,

is v ery doub t ful if the s aving in w at er exp ense would jus t ify or
equ al the i nt eres t d epr eci at ion and op er at i ng cos t of such an
arr ang em ent .A pl ant equipp ed wi t h an exh aus t co nd ens er
would not require an exh aus t h eat er as i t is possibl e t o feed the
,

cold m ak e up w at er i nt o the exh aus t cond ensing ch amb er t h ereby

-
,

aid ing the proc ess of cond ens at ion and h eat i ng the w at er To .

use mor e w at er for the purpos e of cond ensing would be jus t so

much w at er w as t ed as t h ere would be no use for i t and i t would
, ,

t h erefore be disch arg ed int o the s ew er The amou nt of w at er .

add ed t o t ak e the pl ac e of t h at los t in the form of v apor would be

close to per c ent of t h at fed int o the boil ers To prev ent an
10 .

exc ess of ai r p assi ng through the chimney shown in Fig 79 i t , . 2 ,

is possibl e t o provid e a t h ermos t at in the ret urn drip pip e which ,

could op er ate a d amp er or s eri es of d amp ers controlling the ,

qu ant i t y of ai p assing t hrough the chimney This would be

r .

nec ess ary t o m aint ain the cond ens at io n at a high t emp er at ur e
,

for boil er feed ing .

O ne obj ec t io n t o such a co nd ens er is the i ncreas e of di ffi u l c

t i es arising from cyli nd er oil as all the oil is ret urned t o the boil er
,

feeding sys t em bu t i t has the adv ant age of m ateri ally d ecreasing
,

the amou nt of sc a l e formi ng s al t s admi tt ed t o the boil er

-
A .

s avi ng of fu el and w ater in el ec t ric al pl ant s using ci ty w ater an c

easily be ob t ai ned by usi ng mo t or driv en auxili ari es ins t ead of

s t eam driven auxili aries The greates t di ffi culty exp eri enc ed
.

wi t h mo t ors for t his s ervic e has b een t h at only one sp eed was
ob t ainabl e bu t t h ere a e now a l arge numb er of di fferent t yp es
,
r

of v ari abl e sp eed mo t ors on the m ark et which h av e a wid e range

,

of sp eed wi t h nearly a cons t ant effi ci ency Th ese mo tors are .

pr incip ally us ed t o driv e m achine t ools some of t h em h aving a ,

range of 5 t o t h at is the sp eed is v ari abl e from full sp eed t o

1, ,

one fifth the full sp eed

-
.

P l ant s which h av e t h eir own w at er supply and a e wi t hin r

reach of ci t y w aterworks should h ave a connec t ion t o the city

m ain of suffi ci ent siz e t o supply the boil ers I nv ari abl y the .

ci ty connec t ion is so m ad e t h at i t is a sourc e of loss t o the w at er

works The mos t common m et hod is t o connec t the ci ty w ater
.
34 6 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

if u sed as st at ed it would be T he chi ef engineer of the pl ant .

k nows how much wat er has been us ed and if at any t im e i t ,

b ecomes nec ess ary to stop the fi e pump and use city w at er the r ,

assi st ant is li abl e to be r eprim and ed and cons equ ently to obvi at e ,

this he would op en v alv e A and cu t off the pump at H thu s ,

allo w ing the city w at er to fl ow arou nd through the fi e m ai ns r

b ack t o the general m ain to supply the boil ers withou t regist er
i ng on the m et er From the op erator s st andpoi nt th ere an be ’
. c

no obj ectio n to this pl an exc ep t th at i t m ak es p ossi bl e the pr esen

t afi on of an exc essive w at er bill in c ase the w at erworks insp ector
should find the v alv e A op en I f the st ati on op er ator is p erf ectly
.

hones t and does not w ant to pl ac e a m eans of obt aining city

w at er without p assi ng th ough the m et er in the h ands of his r

employ ees he an employ the f oll ow i ng sys t em

,
c T he v alv e A :

sh ould be s eal ed to prevent its b eing mov ed withou t break ing

the s eal .The v al e B should be op en and v alv e D clos ed u nd er
v

ordi nary conditions T he ch eck v al ve I prev ents st ation pres

.

sure from ba k ng nto the city lines I n this c as e it would be

c 1 i .

nec ess ary t o m ak e arr ang em ent sw ith the w at erworks reg arding the
v alv e A som e pred et ermined d am ag e b ei ng agreed uponwhi h an
,
c c

be coll ect ed in c as e the v alv e A is fou nd op en at any oth er tim e

t h an immedi at ely aft er a fi e the s eal b eing the prop erty of the r ,

w at erwork s The v al v es A B and C should be loc at ed suffi

.
,

c i entl y dis t ant from the buildi ng to p ermit op er ating th em in

c ase of a fi e and if ag ains t a w all th ey should be a c onsid er abl e
r ,

di st anc e from wi ndows or d oor op enings to p ermit acc ess to

t h em An exc ell ent arr angement fo pl acing v alves A and B
. r

would be to h av e a ho se at the fi e d ep a tm ent h ouse about 5 ft r r 0 .

from the buil ding w ith the v alve pos ts insid e or al ong the sid e of ,

the buildi ng Fire servic e i s s eldom or nev er need ed and to

.
,

f amili ariz e the empl oyees with its loc ation and op eration it is
g ener ally a good pl an to h av e the p art s of the fi e syst em exposed r

so th at th ey a e co nst antly in si ght of the employ ees

r .

O rdi narily bu t one m et er is pl ac ed in a st atio n one th at is ,

l arg e enough fo the ultim at e em ergency requirem ent as sh own

r ,

i n Fig . 8 2 0I f the city w at erworks is satis fi ed with thi s arr ang e

.

m ent i t should be s ati sf ac t ory t o the st ation op erator The sm all .

line F is of t entimes bu t one h al f o thr ee fourt h s ln piping and -

r ~ —
.

the m et er a 3 or a 4 i n with noth ing flowing through it exc ep t

-
.
,

the w at er p assi ng t hrough the s m all line T he l eak ag e p ast a .

 CI T Y WA TE R PIPI NG .

34 7

l arge m et er is suffi ci ent to sup ply all o a l arg e p art of th at u sed r

from the sm all line and to get the correct readi ng a sm all er m et er
,

should be inst all ed for ordinary use and the l arge one fo em er r

g eney s ervic e .

Cl ass K 2 Ci ty W at er Conne t i ons to and fr om the M et er

—
c .

A sui t abl e l oc atio n for the w at er m et er is s om etim es diffi cult to

find . The m et er i n any c ase sh ould be pr op erly pr ot ect ed from
fro st I f loc at ed inthe b asem ent of the buil ding it is li abl e to
.

be subj ect ed to low t emp er atur es which i njur e the m et er and in ,

such c as es the m eter sh ould be pl ac ed in a brick w ell outsid e of

the bu ildi ng w ith a tight cov er ov er it and a sm all dr ai n un , r

from the bo tt om of the w ell to a s ew er or to low grou nd T o .

furth er prot ect the m et er from extrem ely low t emp eratures str aw
should be pl ac ed over it to prev ent ai from circul ating in the r

w ell Th es e m et er pits a e obj ectionabl e as th ey a e g ener ally

. r ,
r

d amp and c ause the iron p arts of the m et er to b ec om e rust eat en ,

and a e in inco nv eni ent pl ac es t o get i nto t o r ead or m ak e r ep air s

r .

O rdinarily a well c onstruct ed wood en bo ar ou nd the m et er would

-
x

pro tec t i t from the low es t t emp erat ur es fou nd in the b as em ent ,

and if arr ang ed so t h at the box an r eadily be r emov ed r ep airs

c

a e mor e easily m ad e
r To prev ent freezing it is fi rst nec ess a y
. r

t o confine the ai surrou ndi ng the p art to be prot ect ed and

r , ,

s ec ond t o prev ent the ai from circul ating as fa as po ssibl e

,
r r .

I f the m et er i s pl ac ed i nsid e of a buildi ng prop er m eans should ,

be pr ovid ed fo shut ti ng it off and all oth er insid e pipi ng t o p e

r r

v ent w ast e of w at er in c as e of fi e Such an arrang em ent is illu s

r .

t ated in Fig
r 8 . in which a v alv e is sh own out sid e of the
2 0,

building I f the w at er li nes from the m et er c arry o nly city w at er

.

and h av e no c onnecti on with any oth er w at er supply syst em ,

th en the ch eck v alv e and stop v alve on the di sch arg e sid e of the
m eter is u nnec ess ary I f the m et er is const antly in s ervic e th ere
.

should be a by p ass arou nd it with a v alv e in it which an be

-
c

s eal ed by the w at er d ep artment to prev ent w at er b eing drawn

from the system without r egist ering on the m et er A by p as s is .
-

nec es sary t o p ermit u ni nt errupt ed s ervic e whil e r ep airs or adjust

m ents a e b ei ng m ad e to the m eter B efore m aki ng such pro
r .

visions how ever the d et ails of the arrang em ent with a sk etch
, ,

sh ould be submitt ed to the city wat er d ep artm ent fo approv al r .

Cl ass K 3 Ci ty W ater to P l umbi ng F i tures O rdi narily this x .

s ervic e pres ents no u nusu al feat ures the most conspicuous feat ure
,
34 8 STE AM P O WE R P L A NT P IPI NG SYSTE MS .

b eing t h at the city w at er ent ers the building qui t e cool and if , ,

the lines p ass through w arm b as ements the cours e of the pipe ,

line is g eneral ly ou tl ined along the floor by the const ant dripp ing
from the cold pip e This diffi cul t y an be ov ercom e by burying
. c

the pip e line bu t in pow er pl ant w ork the pip e l ines a e wh erev er
,
r

possibl e k ep t ou t of the grou nd t o f acilit at e rep airs et B y ,

c
.

enc asi ng the pip e with a ch eap wool f el t cov eri ng the annoy ,

anc e of sw eat i ng is ov ercom e and at the s am e t im e the w at er is

thus k ep t at a low er t emp erature T he di ff erent wrough t iron
.
-

pip e lines us ed for conv eying w ater t o and from the plumbing
fi xtur es should be g alv aniz ed t o avoid as fa as possi bl e the st ain r

c au sed by ru st from bl ack pip es which giv es the plumbi ng fi

,
x

tures a v ery u nt idy app earanc e Thi s point should be observed

.

both for cold and ho t w at er lines t o the plumbing fi xtures .

B efor e d et ermi ni ng wh at f auc et s a e t o be us ed for the city cold

r

w at er it would be advis abl e t o asc ert ain wh at w at er is t o be u sed

for ho t w at er s ervic e sinc e i t may be fou nd simpl er t o use hi gh
,

pressure v alv es and t ak e ho t w at er from the feed m ain u nd er

b oil er pressur e This point is more fully expl ained u nd er Cl ass
.

D 10 . T he w ashs t ands in pow er pl ant s would b ecom e exc eedingly

dirt y if som e c are w ere not ex ercis ed over the men using th em and ,

al t hough whit e enam el b as i ns a e di ffi cul t t o k eep cl ean th ey a e

r r

the only k ind th at should be us ed Th eir u ntidy app ear anc e

.

assur es th at gr eat er c are will be tak en in k eeping th em cl ean .

Cl ass K 4 Ci t y W at e to Low P essu e W ate System This

r r r r .

s ervice is shown in Fig 8 and would ord inarily only be an

. 2 0

em erg ency co nnectio n the r egul ar s ervic e b ei ng t ak en from the

,

st ation w at er supply Such c onnections as this a e quite nec ess ary

. r

to insure cont inuou s op erat ion and how t o avoid the abuse of th ese
,

provi sions is oft entim es a s erious probl em I t is a w ell k no wn fact .

-

in st at i on op er atio n th at sys t ems h avi ng two or more m eans suppli ed

for m eeti ng an em ergency a e not as c arefully look ed aft er as those
r

h aving no res erv e suppli ed The resul t is t h at wh ere city w at er

.

is co nnec t ed to the s t atio n sys t em for em erg ency s ervic e i t is

generall y quit e ext ensiv ely us ed ev en thou gh i t be at a loss t o the
,

c omp any and could t o a gr eat ext ent be avoid ed .

P ossibly as eff ec t iv e a m ethod as an be follow ed for r educing

c

the w ast e of city w at er is to h av e the w at er m et er reading pl ac ed on

the d aily s t atio n l og showi ng fr om day t o day the am ou nt of wat er
,

us ed ; also a line from the op erator to s t at e the reason why the

3 50 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

the of city w at er more troubl esom e t o the op erator and would

use
be an evid enc e r eadil y s een of his negl ec t in c aring for the syst em
th at sh ould be in op er ativ e ord er .

Cl ass K 6 Ci ty W ater to P ump Su t i ons P l ant s which h av e c .

city w ater av ail abl e should h av e the city s ervic e connecti on of

suffi ci ent siz e to f eed all the boil ers All on . c

tinuously op er at ed pl ant s should h av e two s ep ar at e

feed pump suctions wh eth er th ere a e t wo difl e ent ,
r
'

sourc es of w at er supply or only one P l ants .

h avi ng both th eir own and a city w ater supply

FIG 8 ( K6
2 2
sh ould h av e the city w at er d eli er ed dir ectly to the
v
pump suctions as shown n F g 8 ( K6 ) I t
.

—
,
I 1 . 2 2 I .

i s not b est to d eliv er the w at er i nt o the sucti on w ell sinc e it may ,

be fou nd nec ess ary to empty this w el l for m aking r ep ai s r .

T he city co nnecti on may be m ad e quit e sm al l pos sibly one ,

third the di am et er of the regul ar sucti on pip e W ater is d eliv ered .

through the city lines u nd er pressur e and such lines are too seldom ,

u sed to justify a reductionof pip e l ine loss es by the use of a l arge

pip e I f a pl ant is op erated ent ir ely on ci ty w at er th ere sh ould be
.

t wo sep ar at e city connec t io ns as sho wn i n Fig , 83 ( K 6 . 2

To provid e this arrang em ent it may be nec ess a y t o use two m et ers r .

I f two t aps a e not provid ed the pl ant migh t be w ithou t w at er if the

r

city m ain t o which i t was co nnect ed should be shut off for rep airs ,

or for any other c aus e Fig 83 shows a pow er pl ant l oc at ed at

. . 2

the i nt ers ectio n of t wo s tr eet s and co nnectio ns m ad e to two m ai ns

with two v alves in the city m ai ns b etw een the co nnections I f .

th er e w ere but one v alve eith er A o B th en it would be nec ess a y

,
r ,
r

to c onnect with the city m ai ns bey ond anoth er v alv e as sho wn by ,

the dott ed lines i n Fig 83 Thi s would nec essit at e the use of
. 2 .

anoth er m et er als o sho wn dott ed

,
B y co nnecting to the m ains in
.

thi s m anner w at er is obt ainabl e wh enev er i t is nec ess ary to shut

off the wat er on both sid es of a city v a l v e T he use of two m et ers .

p ermits a more acc essibl e pip ing l ayout I t al so affo ds m eans . r

for rep airing any p art of the m ain and yet h av e one pump in
servic e .

The mo st s at i sf ac t ory pip ing l ayou t is one with two s ep ar at e

sucti on li nes from the pump t o the w at er supply A v alv e should .

be pl ac ed bet ween t h es e two sucti on m ains t o sep ar at e t hem

wh eth er w at er is obt ained from two city or two priv at e sourc es of
‘

supply .
 CI T Y WA TE R P IP I NG .
35 1

I f thesuc t ions a e t ak en from two priv at e sourc es such as a

r ,

po d
n and i t s t ribut ary stream th ey should be from t wo point s
,

which a e as far from each o t h er as possibl e Thus if the stream

r .
,

i s muddy the suctio n an be t ak en from the po nd o if the po nd

c ,
r,

should be emp t y the suction an be t ak en from the str eam I f

,
c .

w ater is avail abl e from only one sourc e such as a sm all s t ream , ,

FIG . 2 83 ( K6

which is not cont inuously av ail abl e eith er b ec aus e of too lit tl e or
too much w at er which w ould oft entim es c au se it to be v ery muddy
, ,

th en anoth er res erve supply is nec essary eith er in the form of a ,

pond or an art esi an well .

Cl ass K 7 Ci ty W at er to the H eat er A pl ant op er at ed .

ent ir ely on city w at er would h av e a co nnecti on to the fl oat on c

t rolling v alv e if an op en h eat er is us ed in which c ase thi s would

-
,

be a r egul ar s ervic e co nnectio n I f the pl ant has i t s own w at er

.

supply it will al so h ave a l ow pressure w at er servic e and a connec

-

t ion from t his low pressure s ervic e to the h eat er To supply city
-
.

w at er for em erg ency purpos es it is ordinarily d eli ered to the v

l ow pressur e w at er m ai ns which a e co nnect ed t o the h eat er

-
r .

I f th es e m ai ns a e not prop erly l ai d out nec essit at i ng th eir

r ,

b ei ng entirely ou t of s ervic e wh en rep airs a e m ad e it will be r ,

more s atisfactory as reg ards reli ability to co nnec t the city w ater
directly to the h eater This c onnectio n an be a p erm anent pip e
. c

line or a temporary hose connecti on may be employed if a hose

,

v alve is att ach ed to the h eat er I f the v al v e is of the prop er size

.

t o fit fi e h os e the w at er supply during p eriods of rep airs an be

r ,
c

tak en from a fi e hydrant

r .
352 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

Cl ass K 8 Ci yt W at er
r t m T he pressure c arri ed
to F i e Sys e .

on city w at er m ai ns is g ener ally low about t o 3 lb pe sq

, 20 0 . r .

in and co ns equ ently wh en a l arg e numb er of s t reams a e t ak en

.
, r

from a fire hydrant this pressure is almos t ent irely los t in ov er

coming the friction in the pip es P ow er s t ations a e g enerally . r

l arge and high buildings nec essi t at ing the use of high pressure
,

on the fi e lines r I f city w at er o nly is av ail abl e for fi e pro t ectio n

. r

it should be connec t ed t o the fi re pump suc t ion the w ater at ,

such t im es not p assing through the m et er This subj ec t will

” .

be t ak en up more fully in Fir e P ro t ec t io n Cl ass M , .

Ci t y W at e fo P i mi ng P ump s Any w at er m
m
Cl ass K 9 r r r ay be .

u sed for pri ing pumps as the qu ant i t y used is so sm all th at i ts

,

qu alit is imm at eri al P riming w ater should be t ak en from the

y .

ci t y m ains only wh ere city w ater alone is av ail abl e or in pl ants ,

which h av e no s t orage t ank t o furnish w ater for this s ervic e .

Cl ass K I O Ci t y W at e to H yd auli E l e ato s W at er which i s

—
r r c v r .

sui t abl e for b oil er feeding is also sui t abl e for hydraulic rams et ,
c
.

I t would be nec ess ary t o r emov e any l oos e s and from the w at er
fo ei t h er s ervic e I f the pl ant is run wi t h ci t y w at er t h en the
r .

ram should be of such ar ea th at the low es t ci t y pr essur e would

op erat e it T he resist anc e of the am s t u ffi ng box and the loss

. r

of h ead due t o the v eloci t y of flow are usu ally so great th at the
t h eoret ic al pressure u nd er the am should be t wice th at which is
r

ac t u ally nec ess ary t o op er at e i t This subj ec t wil l be t ak en up

.

more fully in Hydraulic E l ev ators Cl ass 0

“
.

Class K l l Ci t y W at e to E ng i ne J ou nals
r Ci t y w at er in
r .
~

s tead of the regul ar s t ation w ater would be us ed for cooling journal s

if the l att er supply w ere t oo w arm t o be eff ec t ive R ath er th an .

use ci t y w at er i t would be mor e eco nomic al t o use a great er qu an

t ity of the s t at ion w at er I f city w at er has a t emp erature of fif t y
.

d egrees F and the s t at ion w ater is fift een d egrees w arm er and
.

the disch arg e from the journa l s has a t emp er at ure of 5 d egr ees 1 0

F t h en the city w at er is r ais ed

.
,
d egrees wh ereas the s t at ion
1 00 ,

w ater is raised 8 5 d egrees This diff erenc e in practic ally all such
.

c ases is too sligh t to jus t ify the use of city w at er .

I f ci t y w at er is us ed exclusiv ely th en it should be disch arg ed

i nto a drip m ai n loc at ed so th at the w at er w ill drain into the h eat er .

Fu nnels should be fi t t ed so t h at the drip flow may be observ ed .

I f the h eat er is loc at ed t oo high t o p ermi t the use of a gr avity dis

ch arg e the sigh t s may be m ad e air t igh t as shown in Fig 84
,
—
, . 2
 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

Cl ass K 14 Ci ty W at er for r
D i nki ngri ki g r
P u poses . D n n
w at er supply is a s ervic e th at c annot be di sp ensed with and th ough ,

ev ery oth er servic e i s suppli ed from the st ati on pumpi ng syst em it

i s gener ally nec essary t o use the city w at er for dri nki ng I t may
”
.

be th at the st atio n w at er is cl eaner and in f act may sp arkl e , , ,

but yet it may h av e prop erti es which affect the employ ees of the
p ow er hous e more p articul arly if th ey a e accustom ed t o city wat er
,
r .

sConside abl e tim e would be s av ed if a dri nking pl ac e w er e loc at ed

r

near the fi r em en and anoth er co nv eni ent for the engi neers .

Th ese pip e li nes sh ould be of g alv aniz ed iron c arri ed u nd er

grou nd and ex posed to the h eat of the buildi ng as littl e as possibl e .

I n al l pr ob ability thi s pip ing co nnection an be inst all ed w ithou t c

p assing the w at er throu gh the l arg e st ation m et er This wil l .

require p aying the r egul ar wat er rat e B y m aki ng prop er provi sion
.

in thi s r eg ard but littl e t im e and w at er a e lost wh en an op er at or r

g oes for a dri nk I f a pip e ru ns

. ft or more th ou gh a ho t
1 00 . r

room the st ati on employ ees a e apt to l et the w at er un fo a on

r r r c

side abl e t im e u ntil suffi ci ent cold w at er has been w ast ed to cool
r

the ho t pi pes D ri nki ng wat er i s as import ant in a pow er pl ant as

.

the f eed w ater for the boil ers and should be giv en the full est on
,
c

sid erati on .

Cl ass K 1 5 Ci t y W at e to O ther B u i l di ng s
r Wh et h er the .

wat er for the diff er ent shops b arns et ,

i s tobe t ak en through the
,
c
.
,

pow er st at ion m et er d ep ends l argely u pon how compl et e an accou nt

i ng syst em is employ ed O rdi narily it is much mor e s ati sf actory
.

to h av e a sep ar at e r ec ord of the w at er us ed i n the pow er st ation

and th at u sed in the sh op s and if spri nkli ng c ars a e op er at ed
,
r

possi bly a s ep ar at e record also of the w at er us ed for this servic e .

I f the city wat er d ep artm ent w ill not i nst all so m any sm all m et ers
th ey an be i nst all ed by the c onsum er and pl ac ed in s ep ar ate
c

buil di ngs Thi s p ermit s c al i br ati ng th em and u si ng th em as a

.

ch eck on the m ai n m et er .
 C HAP T E R XXI .

AR T E SIAN W ATE R P IP I N G .

Cl ass L I and 2 A rt esi an W at er to P um p s and W at er Tank s

—
.

T heuse of art esi an w ells is not asg ener al as the adv ant ages aecom
p anyi ng th eir use w arr ant T he qu esti on of wat er supply should .

be the fi rs t to r ec eiv e c onsid er ati on in d ecidi ng up on a sit e fo a r

po wer st atio n T he co ali ng f ac iliti es an as a rul e be more

.
c , ,

easily provid ed th an a suit abl e w at er supply A surf ac e w at er .

supply such as a creek or str eam which giv es ampl e wat er for 9
,

or month s and ru ns dry a month or two is of littl e use as a

10 ,

s ourc e of wat er si nc e it is nec ess ary t o provid e so meoth er sourc e of

,

supply for the rem ai ni ng por t i on of the y ear .

T he cos t of r aisi ng w at er say f eet from a driv en w ell is not ,

1 00 ,

exc essiv e if the pump is motor driv en I n this c as e the p ump -

.

disch arg es ag ai ns t a 5 l b h ead All owi ng for fric t io n each 0- . .

,

t h eoret ic al hors ep ow er cost s but approxim at ely one h alf c ent pe —

r

hour if the pl ant is equipp ed with co mp ou nd ndensing engi nes cc .

O ne t hous and h ors ep ower of c ap acity assu ming a st eam on -

,
c

sumptio n of l b of st ean pe hp pe h
20 . would r equire r . r r .
,

l b of w at er p e hour or 333 l b p e min

. rI f thi s is r ais ed
,
. r .

1 00 ft the th eor et ic al work done is at a r at e of approxi mat ely

.
,

ft lb p e mi n or
.
-
. ho sepo e
r I f the effi ci ency of the
.
, I r vx r .

pumpi ng pl ant is 5 pe eat the a tual hor sepo wer d eliv ered
0 r c c LU

the pu m ps will h av e to be t wic e the t heor etic al thus m aki ng the ,

cos t of pumpi ng the w at er requir ed by hp pl ant fo one -

. r

hour about one c ent This i s assu mi ng tl at the w at er is allo wed

.

to di sch arg e i nt o a c ooli ng p ond i n which the l oss by ev apor a

t io n is equ al to the w at er r equired for feed i ng the boil er .

At the c ost s t est im at ed for the

,
hp pl ant the c ost of -
.

pumpi ng g l of w at er would ibe . c en t a cost which ,

is much l ow er th an t h at for which any w at erworks sys t em an s ell c

w at er T he cost of rep airs and d epr eci atio n must be add ed to th es e

.

figur es R eg ardi ng the c ap aci t y of a d eep w ell pump i t should

.
—
,

be borne i n mi nd t h at i t should be at l eas t t wic e the norm al lo ad

355
 3 56 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

c ap acity ; th at is if 333 pou nds of wat er a e r equired pe minute

,
r r ,

the pumps sh ould not h av e a c ap acity of l ess th an 666 p ou nds er

p
mi nu t e Thi s additional c ap acity is required to p ermi t the stori ng
.

of w at er for em ergency purpo ses o to sup ply the pl ant wh il e r ep airs r

a e b ei ng m ad e
r M otor driv en pumps an h av e a strok e of 4 in
.
-
c 2 .
,

but t o h av e a lo ng life t h ey should not m ak e ov er 3 5 strok es p e r

minute which would require a 5 in wat er cylind er t o supply the

,
-
.

hp c apacity as s t at ed
-
. .

I n d et ermi ni ng the siz e of the d eep w ell pump s r equired the -

,

c ap aci t y of the pl ant upon which the c ap acity of the pump is b as ed

should not be the av er ag e horsepo wer asd etermined from the hors e
po wer hours d aily ou t pu t of the pl ant For a pl ant may h av e
-
.
,

engines of hp c ap acity but d ev el op only

-
. hp h in , .
-
r .

20 hours ; in which c ase the pump should h av e an h ourly c ap acity

su ffi ci ent fo hp thi s b ei ng t w ic e the av er ag e output
r .
, O rdi .

marily the pump should h av e a c ap acity equ al to the st eam m achin

e y i ns t all ed and s om e syst em of w at er stor ag e should be provid ed
r ,

one of consid er abl e c ap acity so t h at if the d eep w ell pump ,

—

should be ou t of s ervic e for two or t hree d ays no short age of w ater

will be encou nt ered .

I f the cond ens ers disch arg e int o a cooli ng po nd t his po nd would
be of ampl e c ap aci t y si nc e it would ordi naril y h av e
,
sq f t of 10 . .

cooling surfac e for each pou nd of st eam cond ens ed pe hour A r .

drop in the w at er l ev el of foo t would th erefore furnish su ffi ci ent

1

w at er t o supply the pl ant for 6 hr or t hree d ays This does not 2 . .

includ e seep age losses a w ast e which mu st be consid ered wh en

,

d et ermini ng the c ap acity of pumping m achinery I f the pond is .

buil t in cl ay or li ned with cl ay the s eep age lo ss will be quit e slight , .

Th ere a e m any storage ponds construct ed on grou nd feet or

r 20

more abov e t h at surrou ndi ng t h em which a e us ed to s tore the ,

r

rain and m el t ed snow which fills th em duri ng the early spri ng for
use duri ng the summ er m onths W at er s t ands in th ese ponds with .

but littl e drop of l ev el t his drop b ei ng c au sed more by ev ap oration

,

th an by seep ag e .

I t may be d esir abl e t o pu t i n an ov erh ead t ank t o supply the

low pressure m ains but thi s is of no prac t ic al use fo a reserve
-
,
r

w at er supply for boil er feedi ng u nl ess the pl ant is exc eedingly

sm all For inst anc e a pl ant of
. boil er hp would r equir e a
, .

t ank of abou t g al c ap acity t o run hr F orty t h ous and

. 10 .

g allons is equiv al ent to cu f t or a t ank would be required . .

 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

such a l ine of piping c ould in al mos t ev ery c ase be c ons t ruc t ed

, ,

of sew er t il e Til e pip e would not be d esir abl e if the cistern

.

w ater l ev el w ere ab ove the grou nd l evel .

To insure the t ellt al e show ing correctl y a sm all pip e say one , ,

inch may be l aid in the s am e trench with the pump suction and
,

be us ed m erely to op er at e the t ellt al e thus p ermitting the use of ,

a sm a l l er m et al suction pip e An id eal pow er st ation arr ang e

.

m ent is s ecured if the stor age cis t ern o po nd is buil t upon a hill r

high enough so th at the w ater from the ci st ern will be u nd er

su ffi ci ent h ead t o s erv e the low pres sure w at er s ervic e in the power
-

hous e shops et The feed pumps t aking this w ater und er

, ,
c
.

pressure would avoid the d iffi culti es c aus ed by ai et T he r, c .

pressure corresp ondi ng to an el ev ation of from to 5 ft is 20 2 .

generally suffi ci ent for any s ervic e oth er th an boil er feed ing .

FI G . 2 86 (L I

It is quit e imm at eri al wh ere the storag e t ank is loc at ed I f .

the d esired h ead i s obt ai nabl e by pl ac ing the st or ag e t ank 5 ft 00 .

or p erh aps more from the pow er h ouse it w oul d be b etter prae ,

t ice t h an to m aint ain a pump in op eration simply fo supply ing r

the low pr essur e syst em

—
A po wer st ati on which has its stor ag e
.

cis t ern loc at ed on a hill is shown in Fig 86 (L . 2 I

T he art esi an w ell is v ery s eldom fou nd within the po wer

st ation though th ere is no reason why it should not be and th ere
, ,

a e m any good r easo ns why it should be in the m ai n buildi ng as

r ,

the cos t of the pump h ou se would be di sp ens ed w ith Furth er

,

.
,

b eing in a high roofed room i t w ould be v ery easyto remov e the

-

pump rod s from the c asing o rai se the c asi ng it self if nec ess a y
r r .

T he r eas on th at art esi an w ell s a e gener al ly loc at ed in s epar at e

r

buil d ings is th at d esigns fo the po wer hous e a e compl eted

r r ,

d ecided upon and w ork on the p ower hous e st a t ed b efore work

, r

on the d eep w el l is und ert ak en I f a d eep w ell and its driv en

.
 A R TE SI A N W A TE R P IP I NG .

3 59

h ead a e to be loc at ed in the m ain building it is nec ess ary to

r ,

d ecid e this p oint l ong b efore w ork is st art ed on the buildi ngs in
order th at the well drill ers may compl et e th eir work and
r emove th eir drilling d errick b efore w ork on the building s is
In o rd er to avoid h av ing the w ell i nt erf ere with the loc ati on of
som e oth er m achinery it is absolu tely nec ess ary th at i ts loc at i on
,

be v ery c arefully co nsid er ed b efor e the w ell drilli ng is s t ar t ed .

Such is h owev er not the gener al m ethod of d oi ng t hi ngs

, , .

I n m ost c ases the w ell is not l oc at ed and the cont r act is not l et
until the w at er is absolut ely need ed I t is b ec au se of the ord er .

of d oing t hings t h at the art esi an w ell is loc at ed ou tsid e the p ow er

hou se not th at i t is not w anted i nsid e bu t simply b ec aus e it
, ,

would s eri ou sly d el ay the const ructi on work Wh en dril l ing aw ell .

a s t eam li ne should be run fr om the p ow er h ous e t o the drill er s

’

outfi t rather th an rely upon the sm all v ertic al b oil er of the l at

,

t er s app arat us M uch t im e and m oney an be thus s av ed by

’
. c

avoidi ng d el ays et ,
c .

I n si nki ng w ells i t is fou nd p erfectly pr ac t ic abl e t o use out

,

sid e onne ted oupl ings wh en c asi ng is driv en through the l oose
c c c ,

ear t h o nly Wh en rock is reach ed the c asing is all ow ed t o set

.

upon i t and the drill ed h ol e is m ad e the siz e of the b ore of the

,

c asing pip e no c asing b eing u sed t hrough the rock u nl ess a great
,

d epth is to be r each ed I n thi s ev ent the c asing pip e is reduc ed

.

i n siz e and is p assed through the r ock as sh ow n in Fig 87 ,

. 2

( L I Th e j oi nts i n the low er c asi ng a e m ad e as show n in r

d et ail in t his figure T he purpose of the c asi ng th rough the

.

rock is t o prevent loos e pi ec es of r ock from f alli ng int o the drill ed

h ol e I n m any ins t anc es the rock an be drill ed l eaving a cl ean
. c ,

hol e withou t the use of the c asi ng .

Whenev er it is p ossibl e to pl ac e the pumping cylind er in the

u pp er or l arger c asi ng this is d one si nc e it p ermits the use of a
, ,

l arger cylind er To be abl e t o reach w at er of a low er el ev ation

.

and not to be comp ell ed to r educ e the worki ng cyli nd er t o sui t the
siz e of the small er c asing pip e the pump suction with a s trainer ,

at its low er end is c arri ed d own a full l ength of the pip e ab ou t ,

20 ft Th ere is no d anger of this str ai ner striki ng the bottom of the

.

w ell si nc e it is i nv ari ably su nk consid er ably d eep er th an abso

,

l utel y nec essary po ssi bly 5 ft or so b elow the pump cyli nd er

,
0 .
.

H ow much d eeper it issu nk th an nec ess ary to ob t ai nw at er d ep end s

 36 0 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT PIPI NG S YSTE MS .

upon the p erform anc e of the w ell and the judgm ent of the w ell
dril l er whos e judgm ent is g enerally acc epted
, .

T he pump cyl ind er is att ach ed to the drop pip e as sh own in ,

Fig 88 (L
. 2 the bor e of the cyl ind er b eing about
I in .

l ess th an the bore of the drop pip e to p ermit remov al of the pump,

piston or foo t v alv e Cup l eath er p ack ings a e univ ers ally used
. r

no ” P /P /r .

fi ns .

FIG . 2 87 (L I FIG . 2 88 (L I

for t h es e pumps The drop pip e d oes not rest on its low er end
.
,

the pip e b eing fi x ed at its upp er end and l eft h anging fr ee from
this upp er supp ort Fig 89 (L 5 ) shows a drop pip e
. . 2 I—

supp ort ed from the pump h ead The ap A i s r emov abl e to

. c

permit the remov al of the suck er rod piston o v alv es wh en ,

r

nec ess ary with out disturbing the pip e c onnecti ons I f the drop .

pip e is to be remov ed it an be done by disc onnecti ng the bear ing B

c

and the joint C without u nscr ew ing any pip e work O rdi narily .

the b as e of the pump h ead is fi x ed at the top of i ts fou nd ati on and

the upp er portion is arr anged to sl ide back ou t of the way The .
36 2 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I N G S Y ST E M S .

we ll connec ted t o oppo sit e ends of the suc t i on m ain I f it b ec ame .

nec ess ary to shut off the m ain from the w ell to the pump or from
the stor ag e cist ern to the pump it could be do ne withou t int er
,

fe i ng w ith the o th er supply

r .

A r eli ef v alv e should be pl ac ed in the di sch arg e line from the

deep well pump without any v alv e b et w een it and the pump
-
.

T hi s reli ef v alve woul d ordinarily prot ec t the d eep well pump and -

p ermi t the exc ess w ater to return to the w ell wh en the s t orag e
t ank is shut off from the feed pump and the l atter nec es sarily ,

t ak es w ater from the d eep w ell pump dir ec t P rovid ed the s torage
—
.

FI G . 2 90 ( L3

cis t ern is su ffi ci entl y el ev at ed to give the d esired h ead the low ,

pressure system should be pip ed as shown so th at i t s s ervic e wil l ,

not be int errupt ed if eith er the pump or t ank should be shu t off .

I f the stor age ci st ern i s at a low el ev ati on so th at the feed pumps

t ak e w at er by suction th en one of the feed pumps could provid e
,

the low pressur e wat er u si ng the auxili ary feed m ain for the l ow
-

pressure supply .

P ump suction li nes are ess enti al fo co nti nu ous op er atio n and r
,

the pl ant i n no c ase should be m ad e wholly d epend ent u pon any

‘

one pip e co nnectio n for i ts c onti nuou s op er ati on T he u nd er .

grou nd pip es sh ould be of c ast iron the s am e as th at us ed for

city w at er pip es A t ellt al e pip e an be un from the s t orag e
. c r

res ervoir to the power st ation as shown in Fig 9 and also in, . 2 0

Fig 8 5 the pip e b ei ng l aid in the sam e trench as the supply pipe
. 2 ,

inst ead of ind ep end ently as shown ,

.

Cl ass L4 A t esi an W ater to Oth e B uildi ng s

r O rd inarily r .

the buildi ngs l oc at ed near the p ower pl ant a e suppli ed wi th r

 A R TE SI A N WA TE R P IP I NG .
363

w at er from the low pres sure gener al s ervic e m ain or the fi e m ai n

—
r

if the l att er is int end ed to s erv e fo both the gener al and the fi e r r

s ervic e T he w at er for the plumbing fi xtures in the p ow er h ous e

.

and oth er buil di ngs wh en t ak en from the g ener al l ow pr essur e mai n -

should not be c onsid er ed to be in any p articul ar cl ass of w at er

supply if t h er e is mor e th an one F o i nst anc e the l ow pr es sur e. r ,

-

syst em m ay be suppli ed with d eep w ell w at er to day stor ag e —

,

cist ern w ater t o m orrow and p erh ap s with ci t y w at er the next day
-
, .

The dis t ri bu t i on of w at er from i t s origi nal sourc e should be

consid ered only with resp ect t o the sy st ems s erv ed and not by
the app ar at us its elf For ex ampl e Fig 9 shows a sys t em of
.
,
. 2 0

supplying ar tesi an w at er t o the storag e t anks the pu mps and ,

the low pressur e m ai n

-
The s ervic es suppli ed from th es e sourc es
.

do not b elong to the ar tesi an w at er syst em bu t sol ely to the syst em ,

which t ak es art esi an w ater wh en i t an get i t and o th er w ater wh en c

art esi an w at er is not obt ai nabl e .

Class L5 A rt esi an W at er to F i r e M ains I f a pl ant is wholly .

d epend ent up on artesi an w ater fo i ts w at er supply or if th ere r ,

is a possibility of t oo sm all a supply of w at er b eing ob t ained

fro ma s t ream i t will be fou nd nec ess a y t o hold w at er in s torage
,
r

for use in c as e of a fi e An art esi an w ell may h av e a c ap aci t y

r .

of bu t 6 gal pe min and t ak e 6 hr t o fill a s tor ag e pond or

0 . r . 1 .

cis tern yet t ogeth er t h ey may m ak e a reli abl e w at er supply for

,

fi e pro t ec t ion Th er e a e c as es wh er e l arg e pumps a e not

r . r r

av ail abl e for fi e s ervic e and i t is s afer t o el ev at e w at er t o a high

r ,

t ank say 5 ft from the grou nd u sing a d eep w ell pump for
,
12 .
,

this s ervic e F o pow er st ati ons a b et t er arrangem ent is t o pro

. r

vid e a storag e t ank on the grou nd of much greater c ap acity not , ,

l ess th an g al and u se a fi e pump

.
,
of l arg e c ap acity r .

This storage t ank may be arr anged as shown in Fig 9 and . 2 0,

in c as e of fi e bo t h feed pumps could be u sed fo fi e s er ic e

r r r v .

I n this arr ang em ent the pumps i nst all ed should be such th at
one is esp eci ally suit ed for fi e s ervic e bu t applic abl e fo boil er r ,
r

feeding and the o t h er d esigned for boil er feeding but suit abl e for
, ,

fi e servic e as w ell
r .

Cl ass L6 A t esian W at e to Condense s

—
r Th ere a e dif
r r . r

fi ul ties encou nt er ed in the use of most art esi an w ell w at er w hich

c

app ear conspicuously in the b oil er The use of such w at er i n .

the co nd ens ers t ends to dimi ni sh th ese di ffi culti es bec aus e the
temp erature of the w at er is i ncreased and it is d eliv ered t o a ,
364 STE AM P OWE R PLAN T P I P I NG SYSTE M S .

l arg e p ond wh ere the s olid m att er cont ained in it an s ettl e I f c .

the jet typ e of c ond ens er is to be u sed the pipi ng syst em an be ,

c

simpli fied by pl acing the w at er stor age t ank shown in Fig 9 , . 2 0,

so th at i ts ex t rem e high w at er l ev el will be or 8 in b elow the 12 1 .

top of the hot w ell t his ordinarily b eing the b asem ent floor line
-
, .

I f an el ev at ed p ond w ere empl oy ed t o supply the low pr essure -

s ervic e the hot well would lik ewise h av e to be el ev at ed which

,
—
,

would thus nec essi t ate the use of an u ns atisfac t ory const ucti on r :

O rdinarily the r eserv e f eed pump will lik ew is e s erv e as a fi e r

pump and if the low pressure s ervic e is t ak en from the fi e

,
-
r

m ains the pumps will alw ays be ready fo fi e s ervic e I n this r r .

ins t al l at i on a doubl e system of suction lines to the feed pumps

mus t be provid ed and also m eans mu st be afford ed fo the feed
,
r

pumps t o t ak e w at er from the hot w ell and the fi e pump to t ak e -

r

i ts w at er from the p ond or b etter still from the d eep w ell dis
, , ,

ch arge the l att er arr ang em ent b ei ng shown in Fig 9 (L G

, . 2 1

FI G . 2 91 ( L6

In e r gul ar op er at ion all the v alv es shown in Fig 9 wil l be . 2 1

op en and the ch eck v alv e wil l be closed Thi s is b ec ause the

,
2 ,
.

overfl ow of the ho t w ell will be high er th an the surf ac e of the

-

pond (say 12 and besid es the w ei ght of the v al v e w ill al so

, ,

t end to cl ose it .

T he pump bo from which the suction is t ak en should not be

x

l ess t h an four feet d eep m aking a dist anc e of 3 ft from the pond
,
.

l ev el t o this suction thus insuring w at er in the suction line and

,
 66 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P I P I N G S YSTE M S .

l
C ass L 7 Ai r L i f t ou tfi t consis ts
for Artesian W at er . An air
of an ai compressor a pip e for conv eying the ai t o the bot t om
r ,
r

of the w ell and a d evic e for atomizi ng the w at er by ai and forcing r

the w at er upw ard tog eth er with the ai us ed for atomi ing
,
r z .

T he w at er is r ais ed i n the sam e m anner as a hat o pi ec e of p ap er r

is by a high w ind the ability of the ai to support or c arry the

,
r

w ater in real ity d ep ending simply upon the sk in friction of the

air on the exp osed su f ac es of the fi nely divid ed w at er r By .

red uci ng the siz e of a globul e of w at er by one h alf its area -

,

b eco mes one fourth the origi nal but its w ei ght only one eighth of
-
,
-

wh at i t was previou sly I t is th erefore evid ent th at the sm all er

.
,

each p art icl e of w at er i s the great er will be its frictio nal r esi st anc e
,

in prop orti on to i ts w eight Consequ ently with finely divid ed .

,

w at er in an ai lift a sm all er v olum e of ai of low er v elocity is

r r

required to creat e a lift ing fricti on great er th an the w eigh t of the

p articl es of w at er .

The ai lift an be const uct ed i n m any diff er ent forms bu t the

r c r ,

principl e of any d esign d ep end s up on the high frictional resis t anc e

of the ai on the surf ac es of the p articl es of w at er The h eavi er the
r .

p art icl es of w at er may be the greater will be the ai v el ocity ,

r

required to giv e the nec ess ary lifti ng p ow er Henc e the c ap acity .
,

of the ai compres sor servi ng the lift will d ep end upo n how effe
r c

ti el y the atomiz er op er at es
v Furth er as the skin friction of ai .
,
r

increas es approxim at ely as the squ are of the v elocity the high er ,

the v elocity of the ai r equir ed the gr eat er w ill be the frictio nal
r

loss es i n the pip e; and fo this reason few ai lifts show even a f air r r

effi ci ency .

O bvi ou sly the siz e of the ai disch arg e o w at er lift pip e must
,
r r

be m ad e su ffi ci ently sm all to s ecur e the v el ocity nec ess ary to supp or t
the w at er An ai compr es sor h avi ng a c ap acity of 3 cu ft of
. r 0 . .

free ai pe min would giv e a v elocity of

r r . ft pe min . r .

if the ai w ere disch arg ed at atm osph eric pres sure through a in
r p .

lift pip e or a v el ocity of

,
ft pe min if the ai is at a pres . r . r

sur e of 5 lb
1 p e sq ni . r . .

Th ere a e two di ff erent m ethod s of d eliveri ng ai to a w ell I t

r r .

may be disch arg ed throu gh the drop pip e or it may be disch arged
through the annul ar sp ac e surrou nd ing thi s pip e Fig 9 . . 2 2

(L 7 ) shows the ai di sch arg e t ak en from the l arg e drop pip e

—
1 r .

This generally is the b ett er construction si nc e i t enabl es the use ,

of a sm all pip e t hrough which t o disch arg e the w at er and a l arge

 A R TE SI A N W A TE R PI P I NG .
36 7

cross s ec t ion t o furnish the ai t o the low er end of t his pip e B y

r .

using thedrop pip e for the disch arge a l ea st aightbo e is ob t ained c r r r

,

t hus m aint aining more u niform conditions duri ng the disch arg e of
the w at er .

I t is nec ess ary t o ov ercom e the r esis t anc e of the pipi ng and the
ej ec t or ; if 5 lb a ir1 pr e ssure is t o be c arri ed the dis t anc e b in
.
, , ,

Fig 9 should be . 2 2

m ad e not l ess th an
3 5 ft sinc e the ai r .
,

pressure in the
c asing will low er
the w at er l ev el by
t h at amou nt T he .

l ev el is the work ,
6,

ing l ev el of the
w at er with the pres
sure remov ed This .

will be somewh at low er whil e the w at er is

b ei ng pump ed t h an whil e i t is s t anding at res t .

The dis t anc e a may be sm all or i t may be , ,

fou nd b etter if the ej ec t or is dropp ed b elow the

s t anding w at er l ev el B y using a hos e connec .

t ion at the upp er end of the drop pip e and ,

m aki ng the dis t anc e a a few inch es b abou t , , , ,

ft and d the l eng t h of a pip e the b es t

35 .
, , ,

posi t ion for the ej ec t or is readily asc er t ai ned

whil e the compres sor is in op erat ion This .

an be do ne by movi ng the drop pip e up and

c

down u nt il the mo st s at isfactory results a e r

ob t ained T he m os t effi ci ent pressure at which

.

to op erate the lift an th en be easily d et ermi ned c .

T he ej ec t or show n in Fig 9 i s one com . 2 2

F IG 9 (L 7 )
2 2
m onl y us ed for dr ai ni ng cist erns et
—
r
and to , c .
,

furth er reduc e the frictional r esi st anc e of the

. .

ai flowi ng i nto i t hol es m

r ay be drill ed in it To obt ain the b est .

results from ai lif t s the ej ector should e ord ered from a fi m

r ,
r

which m ak es a sp eci al t y of such d evic es and in ord eri ng the ex ac t , ,

use t o which i t is t o be put should be s t at ed as the applic atio n ,

of the ej ector fo thi s s ervic e is di fferent from th at for which ej ect

r

ors a e commonl y employ ed T he air in this c as e enters arou nd

r .
36 8 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

the n ozzl e inst ead of p ass ing through the n ozzl e , as in regul ar
se rvic e .

I f airis av ail abl e in the pl ant for w at er lifting and a sp eci al com
pressor is not need ed fo this s ervic e the ai lift pres ents some v ery
r r

d esir abl e features the m ost import ant of which is th at th er e is no

,

m ech anism wh atever in the w ell and furth er it is possibl e to , , ,

handl e v ery l arg e qu ant iti es of w at er with it Th es e adv antages .

,

h owev er a e not ordinarily su ffi ci ent to w arr ant the inst al l ati on of

,
r

an ai compr es sor esp eci ally for this work b ec aus e a high er effi
r ,

cien y i s ob t ai nabl e if the common form of d eep w ell pump is

c -

employ ed .

Cl ass L 8 A rt esian W at e fo H i g h B uil di ng s

r rI n l arg e hot els .

and o ffi c e buildi ngs th er e i s ordi narily a l arge enou gh qu ant ity of
w at er us ed t o m ak e i t pro fi t abl e t o s ink a w ell B uild i ngs of thi s .

FI G . 2 93 ( L8

cl ass a e esp eci al ly w ell ad ap t ed t o ar tesi an w ell work b ec ause t h ey

r ,

h av e hi gh op en el ev ator sh afts which p ermit of r aising pump rods

and drop pip es With an el ev ator in the sh aft no oth er app ar atus
.

is nec essary to lift the p art s out of the w ell F ig 93 (L 8 ) sh ows . . 2 —

1

such a w ell w ith the drivi ng m achinery set to one sid e of the w ell .

I n this c as e it would be b ett er to si nk a f al se c asi ng say ft long , 20 .

and of l a ge di am et er t o s ecur e the soil u nd er the el ev ator sh aft

r ,
 C HAP T E R XXI I .

FIR E SER V I CE P IP I N G .

Cl ass M 1 Fire-Servi ce Th ere a e two dis t inc tl y

M ains . r

di ff erent syst ems of fi e prot ection one b eing an inst al l ation on

r , c

formi ng to the rul es of the fi e insuranc e u nd erwriters so th at no

r ,

difli ul ty wil l be exp eri enc ed in col l ecting insur anc e and the oth er
c ,

an arr ang em ent esp eci ally ad apt ed to putt ing out fi r es which might
st art in the p articul ar buil di ng consid ered no att ention b eing ,

p aid to the u nd erwrit ers rul es Which of the two systems is to be

’
.

inst all ed d ep end s up on wh eth er insuranc e is to be c arri ed .

O rdi nar ily the ro of of a p ow er st atio n is fa r em ov ed from any r

infl amm abl e m at eri al li abl e to set fi e to i t bu t in nearly ev ery c ase

r ,

FI G . 2 94 (M I

t h ere is no pro t ec t ion for the roof though the l at t er is the mos t
,

common fi e loss T he ro of is quite as li abl e to be set afi e from

r . r

the top as from the u nd er sid e and to provid e the b est prot ection
, ,

a syst em such as show n in Fig 94 ( M .

) w ould be found v alu abl e
2 1 —
2

and mor e p articul arly so if the p ow er h ous e be loc at ed clos e to

some oth er building or combus t ibl e m at eri al T he p erforat ed .

spr ay fitti ngs should be so arrang ed th at the tr ap door will be

pro t ec t ed wi t h w at er Th en if nec es sary an op erat or an get
.
, , c

on t o the ru nw ay in c ase of fi e arou nd the h atch

r A hos e co nnec .

3 7°
 F IRE SE R VI CE P IP I NG .
37 1

ti on should be provid ed on the roof the l atter d et ail b eing show n

l at er u nd er fi e servic e ”
r .
,

I n co nsid eri ng fi e pro t ectio n it is fi rs t nec ess ary t o d et ermi ne

r ,

wh eth er i t is simply to be fo the power st ation or fo buildings in

r r

i ts imm edi at e vici nity I f th er e a e oth er buildi ngs t o pro t ec t it

. r ,

would be more th an p ossibl e th at th ey w ould be insured and to ,

secure the b est protection and i nsur anc e rate it prob ably would
be nec ess ary to i ns t all an u nd erwrit er s fi e pump in the p ow er
’
r

st ation so c onnec t ed th at i t w ould be alw ays r eady fo fi e s ervic e r r

and so arr anged t h at all o t h er s ervic es t ak en fr om the fi e m ai n r

could quickly be shu t off I n t his c as e i t is quit e prob abl e th at

.

the fi e pump would not be co nnec t ed t o s erv e as a r es erv e f eed

r

pump thus r equiring two feed pump s in addition t o the fi e pump

, r .

Furth er t o insure the reli ability of fi e s ervic e i t would be ad is r v ~

abl e t o i ns t all one of the f eed pump s so th at i t could be us ed fo r

fi e servic e if nec es sary thus m ai nt ai n the fi e w at er supply

r ,
r

wh enev er the regul ar fi e pump is b eing r ep ack ed or rep aired

r .

The r egul ar feed pumps should be of the ou t sid e p ack ed plu ng er -

t yp e the fi e pump of the u nd er writers t yp e and the s econd

,
r
’

feed pump of the c enter p ack ed plu ng er typ e wi t h ex t rem ely ligh t
-

r ams t o p ermi t its b eing op er at ed at the high sp eed nec ess ary for
fi e s ervic e A f airly good arr ang em ent is to use one f eed pump
r .

and two fi e pumps of sm all er siz e

r T he l att er pl an is how ev er
.
, ,

obj ec t ionabl e if an op en feed w ater h eat er is us ed sinc e the ho t

—
,

w at er from the h eat er will soon d est roy the i nsid e p acking of the
fi e pump which mu st be of the pis t on p at t ern i n ord er to op er at e
r ,

u nd er the high sp eed nec ess ary I f the pow er st at ion is isol at ed
.
,

littl e w ater is required for i ts pro t ec t ion and ordi narily two pumps ,

will be ampl e B oth pumps could be of the ou t sid e p ack ed

.
-

plu ng er typ e and as all oth er m achi nery would be s t opp ed in

, ,

c as e of fire th es e pumps could be op erated ins t ead of one fi e

, r

pump .

I n m any pl ant s the s t eam and f eed li nes a e suppor t ed from the r

roof truss es The only reason for such an i nconsist ent construction
.

is th at i t is the easi es t av ail abl e m eth od of support N ot only .

should the lines be c arri ed ind ep end ently of the roof t russes ,

but t h ey should be supported so fi rmly th at th ey will r em ain

i nt act even if the roof f all s on th em T he feed m ai n should
, .

l i e fa enough b elow the tops of the b oil ers to be pr ot ect ed fr om

r

any t hing f alli ng on i t T he s af et y v alv e pip e through the r oof

.
-
37 2 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

sh ould h ave the ligh t es t ob t ainabl e c ast iron elb ow at its low er -

end t o prot ec t the s af ety v alv e .

Unl ess the b oil er room is pro t ec t ed ag ai ns t the br eaki ng of st eam

lines in c as e of fi e t h ere should be som e sp eci al provi sion m ad e
r ,

to insur e the c onti nu ous op er at io n of the fi e pump T he sm ok e r .

br eachi ng is g ener ally an easily d est roy ed obj ec t in c as e of fi e r ,

and if the fi e pump is to be k ep t ru nni ng the lo ng est p os sibl e

r

t ime i t woul d be a more c er t ai n arrang em ent to h av e a s eparate

,

u nd ergrou nd fi e pump connection to say t wo di ff erent boil ers

r , , ,

one al ways b eing in s ervic e I n c as e of fi e ov er the boil ers the

. r

connecti ons t o t h ese would be op ened and al l o t h ers including ,

t hos e of the boil er f eed w at er columns et clos ed T he fi e

, ,
c
.
, . r

pump in this c ase should be in a s ep ar ate building ou tsid e the

pow er hous e or w alls should be built arou nd it so t h at i t could
,

be op er at ed ev en thou gh the boil er room w er e compl et ely d estroy ed

or fil l ed wi th st eam and smok e .

T he s t eam co nt ained in the boil er co nnec t ed t o the fi e pump

”
would be i t s s t ore t o draw from assuming t h at i t would th en
“
,
r

be impossibl e t o f eed mor e w at er or co al t o the boil er This .

supply how ev er would un the fi e pumps for a long p eriod and

, ,
r r ,

u nl ess som e such provision w ere m ad e the fi e s ervic e w ould end ,

r

with the firs t d am ag e t o the pip ing I t is no u ncom mon t hing .

t o find a fire pump pl aced in the b as em ent or b ack of the boil ers
and in o t h er loc at io ns t h at would comp el the op er at or t o l eav e
the pump t o its elf as soo n as a littl e s t eam or smok e r ea h ed him c .

I f the ou t sid e risk is gr eat the fi e pump servic e should be ,

r -

g u ard e d i n ev ery possibl e way T h e insur an c e comp ani

. es d em and a
sp eci fi c construc t i on but th eir rul es b eing g eneral exp ert judgm ent
, , ,

is not always us ed for each i ndividu al risk Th eir rul es oftentimes .

d em and things whol ly us el ess i n som e c as es and i n o t hers negl ec t ,

t o m ak e d em ands th at a e absolu tely es senti al for pro tection

r

ag ai nst fi e r .This is a feature of t h eir business t h at c anno t w ell

be oth erwis e .

T he fi e pro t ec t io n and fi e fi gh t i ng arr ang em ent s d em and ed by

r r

the i nsur anc e c omp ani es a e as g ood as an be st at ed fo g ener al

r c r

use but the engi neer mu st loc at e the u npro t ect ed ri sks abou t his
,

pl ant and m ak e the nec ess ary provi sions ag ai ns t fi e T he fac t th at r .

the pl ant is equipp ed so t h at it an c oll ect its i nsur anc e is of bu t

c

littl e or no v alu e fo it encourag es a feeling of i ndifferenc e to fi e

,
r r ,

and though a doll ar of i nsur anc e may be c oll ec t ed possi bly ten ,
37 4 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

so th at th ey would be shu t off before runni ng the fire mains u nd er

high pressure B y thus arranging the piping there would be no
.

v alv es C t o h andl e the only v alves to be op ened or closed b eing

, , ,

at the fi e pump r .

T he m ain A could h av e a r educ ing v alv e fi tt ed in i t so th at

, ,

it w ould alw ays be full op en wh en the fi e pump was working on r

l ow pr essur e and cl osed wh enev er the fi e l ines a e op er at ed und er r r

high pressure This arr angement w ould pro t ec t the low pressure
.

line and simplify the op er at ion of the syst em i n c as e of fire as ,

practic ally the only op erat i on nec ess ary would be t o increas e the
w ater pressure by ch anging the position of the weigh t on the pump
gov e nor An autom at ic d evic e an be u sed for shifting the
r . c

w eight on the gov ernor and shut off the l ow pressure s ervic e This -
.

c an be do ne by a loos ely fi tt ing pi sto n in the fi e s ervic e disch arge r ,

wh ich would op erat e the v al v e and shift the position of the w eigh t
previously m ent ioned the op erat ing pi ston l eav ing the disch arge
,

from the fi e pump u nobs t ruc ted whil e the fi e pump was op er
r r

ati ng u nd er hi gh press ur e With t his device i t is possibl e to

.

at t ach a hos e t o an y hydr an t u n d e r lb pr essur e and by the20 .

,

t im e the hydrant valve is op ened th ere will be 5 lb pressure 12 .

on the ent ire fi e sy st em and the low press ur e syst em wil l be

r ,
-

shu t off T he fac t t h at the sp eed of the fi e pump had increas ed

. r

and the pressur e r ai sed w ould be the fi rs t indic at ion t o the st at io n

op erator th at the fi e s ervic e was b eing us ed r .

With t his d evic e in op erati on the fire line could not be us ed

for any oth er s ervic e as the flow in the pip e line w ould trip the
,

v alv e T he const ructi on of such an autom atic v alve is shown

.

in Fig 96 ( M . 2 T he pi st on fi ts the body of thi s sp eci al v al v e

I

so clos ely th at the flow of w at er t o one ho se is sufli ient t o t rip the c

wei ght ed l ev er and dr aw out the cou nt erw eigh t on the pump
g ov ernor Th e sp
. eci al v alv e is illu str at ed sho w ing the l ow ,

pressure m ain shut off and the pist on out of the fl ow of the
-

w ater The final t rav el of the pi ston is giv en t o i t by the wei gh t ed

.

l ev er To pl ac e the pump on low pressure aft er it has b een u sed

.

for fi e s ervic e the l ev er is r eturned to i ts former po siti on This

r ,
.

ret urns the pis ton t o i ts original po sition and shif ts the c ou nt er
weight on the pump governor so t hat the di aphragm does not ,

h ave t o r ai se so great a w eight in clo sing the b al anc ed st eam v alve .

I t w ill be not ed th at norm ally the l ev er i s nearly in a v ertic al

position thus req u i ring bu t lit tl e pressure u nd er the piston t o tip
,
 FIRE SE R VI CE P IP I NG .
37 5

i t ov er I f all the pipi ng is t igh t and the piston fi ts its bore closely
.
,

t his pressure co nt roll er an be us ed in connec t ion with the auto

c

m at ic sprinkl ers T he st and ard u nd erwri ter pump has a w ater

.

reli ef v alve at D and t his should be provid ed in all c ases wh ere

,

the pump is t o be us ed for fi e s ervic e P rimi ng pip es and a

r .

h and op erat ed cyli nd er oil pump should be fi tt ed to the pump

-
.

Al l m ak es of u nd erwri t ers fi e pumps a e d esigned t o conform

’
r r

FIG . 2 96 (M r

t o the sam e sp eci ficat ion bu t th ere a e so m any d et ails p ert aining t o
,
r

pump co nstruc t ion not m ent ioned in the u nd erwri ters spe ifi a ’
c c

t ions t h at no t wo m ak es of pumps an be consid ered equ al c .

P ossibly no o t h er feat ure in the d esign of a pump gov erns

i ts v alu e so much as i ts w eigh t Though m et al an be w as t e
. c

fully used in the d esign of a pump i t is qui te u nlik ely th at a ,

m anufac t urer would add w eigh t needl es sly Streng th and l arge .

por t op eni ngs lib eral w eari ng surfac es et a e s ecured only by

, ,
c .
,
r

i ncreased w eigh t and i t is qui t e impossibl e t o d esign a ligh t pump

,

h aving the s ame m eri ts as a h eavi er one Wh en s ecuri ng pric es .

,

the weigh t s of the pumps should be comp ar ed .

R ef erri ng t o Fig 95
. it
2 will b e s een t h at w at er is suppli e d to
each hydr ant from bo t h dir ec t io ns t h at i s each sid e of the loop
, ,
37 6 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I N G S Y STE M S .

is supplyi ng wat er to th os e hydrants bei ng u sed A syst em .

d esigned in thi s m anner suppli ed from a pump wi th an 8 in dis -

.

ch arg e would require loop pipi ng of 6 in pipe The loop system -

. .

is practic al ly equiv al ent to ru nni ng a doubl e pip e line of this siz e

to each hydr ant . The lineal feet of pip e in the loop m ain is bu t
slightl y great er th an in a singl e m ai n sys tem and the ar ea of the ,

pip e an be reduc ed t o just one h alf th at of a s ingl e m ain N ot

c -
.

only is a more reli abl e sys t em s ecured in this m anner bu t also ,

one which is no m or e exp ensiv e to ins t a ll The fi e m ain sh ould . r

be pl ac ed at the s am e d epth as the city wat er pip e in the s am e 1 0

c al i ty thus avoi ding the p os sibil ity of fr eezi ng

,
.

F o building s of ord inary h eight the hydr ants shoul d be pl ac ed

r

at a dist anc e from a build ing equ al t o i ts h eigh t This avoid s the .

possibility of the w alls f alling on the hydrants or the fir em en .

Hydrant s or indic ator v alv es pos ts pl ac ed too clo se t o a w al l a e r

li abl e t o b ecom e u nappro ach abl ein c as e of fire and c aus e as erious ,

loss of pres sure and a w aste of w ater .

Fire pro t ection for pow er s t ations shops et an be divid ed , , c .

, c

into t wo s ep ar at e cl ass es i nt erior and ext erior s ervic e

: T he .

condi t i ons encou nt ered in each c as e should be thoroughly s tudi ed

and u nd erstood b efore att empt ing t o d esign ei th er s ervic e
”
i nt erior s ervic e is the prov erbi al stitch in t ime which s av es nine
T he
” “
.

I t is the quick use of w at er in sm al l qu ant iti es appli ed t o a fi e r

at its b eginning th at m ak es the w ell provid ed i nt erior pro t ectio n

-

so v alu abl e A room 5 by

. 0 ft may h av e only two g inch
1 00 . I -

hos e reels on the wall but if th ey an be pu t into use wi thou t d el ay

,
c

and a e so loc at ed th at th ey an be readily reach ed and will cov er

r c

the entire room th ere w il l be b u t littl e ch anc e of a fi e g etti ng

,
r

b eyond the control of the int erior fi e protec t ion r .

A study of the nec essiti es in fi e fi gh t ing by thos e who m ak e this

r ,

th eir s ol e occup ation a e Firs t a syst em of water supply ade

,
r : ,

quatel y c ov er ing the t erritory t o be prot ec t ed Sec o

nd an al arm .
,

syst em cov eri ng the t erritory to be prot ect ed Third an organ .

,

i ati on of men who h av e b een tr ai ned and u nd ers t and t h eir duty
z

in c as e of fi e
r . Fourth app arat us fo pump ing wat er to the high est
,
r

and mo st r emot e p arts of a buildi ng Fifth m eans of egr ess wh en

.
,

the buildi ng is no l ong er t enabl e Sixt h auxili ary app a atu s fo

.
, r r

exti nguishi ng sm all er fi r es withou t u sing l arg e qu antiti es of w at er ,

and t hu s c au si ng s erious lo ss es through d am ag e by w at er .

A po int which r equires the most c areful consid er atio n is the

37 8 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

h aving a m arker at B which b ecom es discolored as soo n as the ,

circui t is compl eted and ri ngs the b ell C in th at p ar t icul ar room , , ,

and also op er at es the light or annu nci at or and s ends in an al arm

t o the fi e s t ation T he b att eri es may be pl aced at E and the
r .

ent ire sys t em op er at ed on low v olt ag e T he l amps or the volt .

m et er F show the volt age of the b att eri es at all t imes The fi e
, ,
. r

man (or the engineer if he is in ch arge of the fi e syst em ) th en ,

r

s ees wh ere the w ires A h av e b een h eat ed and if the loc at ion is not ,

easil y fou nd he an look at the m ark ers B t o loc at e the short

c , ,

circui t and if c aused by an accid ent i t an easily be rep aired by

, , ,
c

rew axing This d evic e has the adv ant age th at it an be set low
. c

down and in d ang erous loc at ions withou t the d angers accomp any
ing the use of au t om atic spri nkl ers This d evic e would set off .

the al arm b efor e the spri nkl ers would h av e tim e to work and fire ,

men would be on h and long b efore the fi e had g ained much h ead r

way T he wires wo uld be quit e sm a

. l l and the cos t of the ins t all a
tion would be v ery sligh t as i t could easily be ins tal l ed by the ,

resid ent el ec trici an or one of the eng ineers I ns t ead of ru nning .

s ep ar at e posi t iv e and neg at iv e l eads doubl e conduc t or wire could ,

be us ed the wir es b eing s ep ar at ed wh ere the twis t ed wir es are

,

at t ach ed .

T he i nsid e fi e servic e should be a br anch from the fi re m ain as

r ,

shown in Fig 95 with an indic ator v alv e C for each bu ilding as

. 2 , , , ,

i t is d esirabl e th at the insid e fi e s ervic e be used in each build ing r

u ntil i t is no longer t enabl e T he m ain shown at A woul d be .

u sed t o supply all s ervic es o th er t h an the fi e s ervic e r .

Wi t h such an al arm sys t em and the pump pressure d evic e shown

i n Fig 96. it would
2 be go
,
od pr actic e to giv e an al arm wh enev er
both a e c aused t o op erat e toget h er showing t h at h eat has m ad e
r ,

the wir es A com e in co nt act and t h at w at er is b eing dr awn from

, , ,

the fi e syst emr I n each room at the al arm C t h er e should be a

.
, ,

spri ng closed swi t ch which should be op ened or clos ed giving an

—
, ,

al arm for the ci t y fi e d ep art m ent or for additio nal h elp withou t
r ,

nec essi t ating l eavi ng the room wh er e the fi e is fo und This r .

general fi e syst em if arranged in simil ar m anner to th at of the ci t y

r ,

fi e d ep ar t m ent and ad ap t abl e t o pri v at e i ns t i t utio ns would be

r ,

ins t all ed as follows :

1 . Fire m ains ins t al l ed on the loop pl an as shown in Fig 95 . 2 .

2 . Fire pumps ins t all ed and isol ated wi th door and windows
opening ou tside .
 F I RE SE R VI CE P IP I NG .
37 9

3 . Fir e pumps h avi ng a n i n dividu al i nd es t ructibl e s t eam li ne

from not l ess th an t wo b oil ers .

4 . Fire pump h aving pressure rai sing d evic e shown in Fig 96 ,

. 2 .

5 . Fire lines t o individu al buildings with v alve at C as shown ,

in Fig 95 . 2 .

6 . Hos e provid ed for all rooms and co nnec t ed r eady for i ns t an

t aneous use .

7 . H os e t es t ed at r egul ar i n t e rv als .

8 . Al arm sys t em as show n in Fig 97 . 2 .

9 . E mploy ees drill ed at l eas t onc e a mo nt h .

10 Ch emic al extinguish ers in loc ations wh ere w at er would

.

c aus e consid erabl e d am age but hos e also ins t all ed in t h es eloc at ions
, .

11 Fire esc ap es pl ac ed so t h at a man with a fi e hose an

. r c

rem ain the longes t possibl e t im e and know t h at he an get ou t c .

12 St andpip es ex t ending t o the roofs of al l bu ildi ngs

. .

Cl ass M 2 F i e Se v i e to H ydrant s
r r c The hydr ants D show n .
, ,

in Fig 95 would ordi narily h av e t wo op enings for 3 in hos e and

. 2 2 ,- .
,

h av e an inl et not sm al l er t h an the siz e of the m ain I n d et er .

mining the d ep t h t o bury the fi e m ain the l ength of the hydrant r ,

th at will be us ed should be k nown The s t and ard d ep t h is 5 f t . .

from the p av em ent t o the bo t tom of the pip es I n pl acing the .

hydrant a fl at s t one w ell rammed down should be pu t u nd er i t to

prevent s ettling O ld bricks s t one et should be pl ac ed arou nd
.
, ,
c .
,

the dr ai n hol e t o p ermi t the w at er t o s eep aw ay and also t o pr ev ent

s and and gr av el from ent ering the hydr ant T he hos e connec t ion .

should point t ow ard the building .

St and ard hydr ant s r equir e a sp eci al wr ench to op en the v alv e ,

and as th es e wrench es a e also nec ess ary t o r emov e the hos e c aps
r

and also t o att ach the hos e littl e would be g ained by h avi ng a
,

h andwh eel fix ed t o the hydrant even though i t w ere in a posi ti on ,

wh ere i t would not be tamp ered with I n som e inst al l ations the .

hos e and fi e t ools are k ep t in a hous e surrou nding the hydrant

r .

A b ett er pl an how ev er is t o h av e a c entr al fi e s t atio n wh ere al l

, ,
r

hos e for the hydrant s is k ep t and h av e hos e c ar t s t o c arry i t

, .

B y h avi ng a c entr al s t at io n i t s erv es as a m eet i ng poi nt in c as e of

fi e and the chi ef has th er efor e b et t er co nt rol of the men
r ,
.

A co nv eni ent form of c art is show n in Fig 98 ( M E ach . 2 2

5
0- ft l e
.ng t h of hos e should b e l aid i n the t op of the c ar t and t he
low er sh elf us ed for t ools et For use arou nd pow er st at ions and
,
c.

shops it is qui te inconv eni ent t o h av e all the hose on one reel .
3 80 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

The hous e in which the c art is k ep t should h av e a gl ass clos ed -

op eni ng ov er a spri ng lock with a notic e abov e the gl ass

”
“
,In :

c as e of fi e break gl ass and u nlock the door Anoth er m ethod

r .

is to h av e a sliding bolt lock with a conspicuous sign Slid e this “

”
b olt to op en door and giv e al arm th ere b eing anoth er door ,
:

which could be us ed withou t s etting off the al arm I n m any .

resp ects the l atter form is pr eferabl e as th ere is l ess li ability of ,

its b eing mol es t ed I t also would bring additional h elp more

.

r eadily .

FIG . 2 98 (M )
z— r . FI G . 2 99 (M 3

l
C ass M 3 v r r Conne ti ons A
F i re Ser i ce to I nte i o c .

the fi e m ai n with its indic ator post is shown in Fig

r 95 T he . 2 .

indic ator simply consists of a slid e showing a sign O p en or

“ ”
Clos ed according to the position of the v al v e I ndic at or
,
,

posts avoid u nc ert ainty and confusion as few men an t ell by the ,
c

mov ement of a v alve wh eel wh eth er it is op en o clos ed I n c as e r .

of fi e the few who k no w would prob ably b ecom e confus ed and

r

t hi nk a v alv e was op en wh en in reality it was closed I f an .

indic ator p ost mu st nec ess ari ly be pl ac ed cl os e to the build ing it

should be loc at ed at one of the corners so t h at it could be op erat ed ,

from eith er sid e p ermi tting the op er ator t o avoid the h eat and
,

smok e .

T he i nt erior fi e lines should be support ed on brick w al ls or i n

r

such a m anner th at t h ey w ill r em ain s ervic eabl e for the lo ng es t

possibl e p eriod The pl ac ing of the ho se reels should rec eiv e

.

the most c areful co nsid er atio n si nc e much d ep ends upo n wh er e ,

am an i s loc at ed wh en usi ng the ho se and to wh at ext ent the hos e ,

is expo sed to d ang er Fig 99 ( M 3 ) sho ws the pl an of a l arge

. . 2 —
1

room with one outsid e w all .

T he hos e show n by the dott ed l ine A is co nnec t ed t o a reel , ,

38 2 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

in which it has b een h eld for any l ength of tim e and is easily
brok en wh en str aight ened out .

4 T he ho se s hould li e so th at i t will dr ai n i ts elf

. .

5 T.he hos e should be i nclos ed wh er e oil is ex tensiv ely us ed .

Th es e conditions a e quit e ex acting and the nearest approach

r ,

t o th em is sho wn in Fig 3 (M 3 This arrangement consis t s

. 00

of a sh elf or sh elv es each l arg e enough t o h old fi fty ft of hos e l ai d .

str aight one or more l engths on a sh elf and the hos e support ed
,

W as
: V
AT/f

F I G 3 00
.
(M 3

prefer ably in a U sh ap ed t rough The hos e is d et ach ed from the

-
.

hos e v alv e and the suppor t s a e pitch ed to p ermit w at er t o drain

,
r

from the hos e To furth er protec t the hos e th ere should be a

.

s ec t i onal drop door pro tecting the sh elves from the circul at ion of
air . This is an id eal support and lik e most id eal arrang em ent s , ,

as a rul e i t d oes not fi t into the pl ac e wh er e i t is w ant ed

, .

O ne of the mos t pr actic al forms of h os e suppor t is t h at shown

in Fig 3 M
( 3
. This form of ho se r eel an be used in almos t
01 c

any loc ati on As shown by the illustr ati on it is pl ac ed in a v ertic al

.
,

positi on the hos e b eing wou nd in the form of a spiral the nozzl e
, ,

b ei ng at the t op T he ho se is supported ov er its entire l ength

. .

T he shor t es t curv e i n the hos e is t h at of the drum T he hos e is .

att ach ed t o the swiv el joi nt A ch eck v alv e i s pl ac ed at A which

.
,

rem ains op en as long as th ere is no w ater p assi ng through the

v alv e B Wat er which may be in the hose or which l eak s p as t
.
,

the v a l v e B would be disch arg ed through thi s op en ch eck v alv e

,
.

I f the hos e is k ep t in a room wh er e oil i s ext ensiv ely us ed a sh eet ,

of h eavy wrapping p ap er may be pu t arou nd the ou tsid e t o prot ect

the hos e This an readily be t orn aw ay wh en the ho se is r equired
. c .

The form of suppor t show n in Fig 3 M

( 3 3 ) h as a ll th e . 01
—

d esirabl e features exc ep t th at the hos e is h eld in a curv ed po siti on .

T he r adius of the drum i s how ev er so gr eat comp ar ed with th at, ,

of oth er suppor t s us ed that the injury resulti ng from this curv ature
,

mu st be v ery sli gh t T he h ose may be p erm anently att ach ed to the

.

servic e li ne in the arr ang em ent of Fig 99 a nd n ea rly al l o th er . 2

form s provid ed a ch eck v alv e is fi tt ed as shown at A in Fig 3

, ,
. 01.
 F IRE SE R VI CE PIPI NG .
38 3

Th ere a e hos e reels in use with a c ent ral w at er connec t ion asshown
r

in Fig 3 . the drum how ev er r evolving on a horizo nt al axis

01, , ,
.

Such an arr ang em ent is op en t o the s am e obj ec t io ns as the styl e

of hos e suppor t shown in Fig 3 ( M 3 T he ent ir e w eigh t of
. 02

the hos e is c arri ed on o nly a por t io n of its l ength and the w eigh t ,

of the hose thus t ends to fl atten it I f .

th ere is any w at er in the hos e in such

forms i t drains to the low er loops and e r

m ains th ere t his b ei ng the di ffi cul t y in

,

practic ally all forms of hos e suppor t I t is .

a v ery di ffi cul t d et ail t o r em edy Ano t h er .

form of hos e suppor t is shown in Fig 3 3 . 0

(M 3 This suppor t is obj ec t ionabl e

on accou nt of the sh arp b ends nec ess ary
in p ili ng the hos e and the w eigh t r es t ing
on the bo t t om l ay ers t ending
t o fl att en th em Fur th er th ere .

is no m ethod of dr aining a
hos e pil ed in t hi s m anner and ,

in t his r esp ec t i t is ev en wors e

t h an th at shown in Fig 3 . 02 .

This form of hos e support is

v ery l arg ely u sed and the only ,

excus e for it is t h at i t is ch eap

(M s and an be fold ed b ack

c

ag ai nst the w all and t hus

occupi es v ery littl e sp ac e T he form of suppor t .

sho wn in Fig 3 4 ( M 3 6 ) c ould be m ad e quite

. 0 —

ch eaply and w ould avoid the sh arp b end in the

ho se would drai n prop erly and is suppor t ed throughou t its ent ire
, ,

l ength .

Cl ass M 4 F i re Serv i e on R oof

—
c Though this cl ass of fi e . r

prot ecti on is v ery effi ci ent i t is generally negl ect ed A pow er

,
.

hous e with the exc eptio n of the roof is quite easily constructed in
, ,

a fi r eproof m anner Thi s is equ ally t ru e of m any shops I f a

. .

p ow er pl ant is loc at ed wh ere it is in d anger from surrou nd ing

buildi ngs it may be advis abl e t o use the roof wetti ng p ip es shown
,
—

in Fig 94. 2B ut ordi narily a ho se and st andpip e at each end of

.

the bu ildi ng a e suffi ci ent r .

A v ery effi ci ent m anner in which to i nst all a roof s t andpip e is

384 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI N G S Y ST E M S .

sh own in Fig 3 5 ( M 4 . The h os e and v alv e a e on a sh elf or

0 r
“

r ack on the insid e of the building the h eat of the room prevent ing
,

the w at er pip e and p arts from fr eezi ng T he c as t iro n doors and .

-

fr am es a e bu ilt in the w all and the doors op en out on to a pl at

r ,

form which is set suffi ci ently low so th at a man w ill be prot ect ed
,

FI G .
3 03
(M 3 F IG 30 4 .
( 3 o)
M —
.

som ewh at from the h eat of the fire T he l add er which reaches .

this pl atform and is continu ed on and ov er the w al l to the roof

p ermits easy acc ess to the hos e and the roof .

M en worki ng on top of a burni ng roof would soo n l eav e it r at h er

t h an un the risk of being dropp ed into the burning building
r

FIG .
305 (M 4
—
I ) .

c u of the roof sh eat hing givi ng way or the truss es buckling

be a se .

T he most s ecur e point at which to loc at e the pl atform sh ow n in

Fig 3 5 is at the outsid e end of the po wer pl ant and at a divi sion
. 0

wal l as i s sho wn by the dott ed li nes

,
This loc ati on giv es a b ett er
.

r ange of both the b oil er and engi ne room roof and is the s afest ,

p osition along the end w all ,as it is brac ed by the divisi on w al l .

386 STE AM P O WE R P L A NT P IPI NG SYSTE MS .

and w at er li nes w ould be strai ned if a high er pressure w ere

c arri ed .

I f a pres sur e of 6 lb i s quickl y av ail abl e on the city w at er

0 .

system th ere would be no real nec essity for an ind ep end ent fi e
,
r

pump provid ed the building w ere not more t h an 3 ft high or

, 0 .

abou t 5 ft wid e 0 A pr essur e of 6 lb at the hydr ant will giv e a

. . 0 .

disch arge of about gal pe min through a

122 in nozzl e r -
. . .

at the end of a ft 5 inch ho se li ne T he str eam of w at er

1 00 2
-
. . .

wil l ri se v ertic al ly to a h eight of ab ou t 7 ft and reach horizont al ly 0 .

t o a dist anc e of abou t 5 ft u nd er th ese conditions A ig in 0 . . r -

.

nozzl e wil l d eliv er abou t t wic e the amount of w at er th at a in -

.

nozzl e will d eliv er and though it will not proj ect it to the s am e
, ,

h eight i t wi ll proj ect it a gr eat er horizont al dist anc e

,
.

P l ant s loc at ed withi n the district of fi e engine s ervic e should r

h av e th eir own insid e fi e s ervic e and for t his purpose the city
r ,

pressure would in most c as es be su ffi ci ent asthe h ei ght and gener al ,

dim ensions of the rooms would not be t oo great to p ermit w ater

t o be d eliv ered to any p art of the room I f the building is high .

it will be nec ess ary to pl ac e a t ank on the roof using an ordinary ,

hous e pump t o fill the t ank if the city pressure is not sufli ient to c

d eliv er the w at er t o t h at h eight .

Cl ass M 6 Fi e Servi e to Low P essu e Se vi e

—
r cIf a fi e - r r r c . r

pump w ere connec t ed to the fi e m ains only it would requir e r ,

sp eci al at t ent ion t o k eep it in w orking ord er so t h at it migh t be ,

u sed at any mom ent Sh ould the pl ant and its surrou nding build
.

ing s r equire w at er at l ow pressure and the pl ant h av e i ts own

w at er supply it will be a good pl an to use the fi e pump for this
,
r

s ervic e B y using the fi e pump for the low pressure s ervic e it is

. r —

k ept in const ant use and its condition is thus k nown at all tim es .

T he l ow pr essur e s ervic e sh ould be connect ed to the fi e m ains

-
r

or pump disch arg e in such a m anner th at it an be shut off quickly c

in c as e of fire the m eans fo shutti ng off the pump b eing so

,
r

arr ang ed th at the pump an be turned off out sid e of the build ing
c

which is t o be prot ect ed O rd inarily the b es t arrangem ent .

,

would be to st art the low pr essure piping sys t em at the fi e pump

-
r

disch arg e a v alv e b eing insert ed in the line so th at the l att er could
,

be cut off B y t aki ng all the gener al s ervic e co nnections from this
.

m ain only one m ain would h av e to be shut off in c as e of fi e

,
r .

This one v alv e would shut off the w at er s ervic e from all pl umbmg
fi t ur es w ash w at er for the a b arns and the w at er s ervic e to
x ,
c r ,
 F I RE SE R VI CE P IP I NG .
38 7

the journals et and in m any c ases also the w at er t o the op en

,
c .
,

h eaters I n mos t inst anc es no s erious r esul t or inc onv eni enc e
.

would be exp eri enc ed if such s ervic es w ere shu t off during a fi e r ,

but if i t is ab solu t ely ess enti al t o m aint ain som e por t ion of the
low pres sure w at er s ervic e it would be advis abl e to un a s ep arat e
-
r

m ain from the fi e pump di sch arge the l att er li ne th en b eing

r ,

fi t t ed with a r educi ng v alv e T he m ai n li ne how ev er should be .

, ,

arr ang ed so t h at i t an be shu t off si nc e t h er e wi l l be m any mi nor

c ,

connec t ions t ak en from i t which migh t be brok en in c ase of fi e r ,

and thus c aus e a loss of pr essur e and a w as t e of w at er .

I f t hr ee pump s a feed pump fi e pump and r es erv e pump

, ,
r
,

a e employ ed the res erv e pump an be us ed to supply the low

r ,
c

pressure s ervic e T he princip al point to consid er is how to reduc e

.

t o a minimum the amou nt of w at er us ed for purposes oth er t h an

fi e T he use of a reduci ng v alv e in a br anch from the fi e line
r . r

is li abl e t o c aus e t roubl e if the low pressure pip e is d am aged and -

consid erabl e w ater would t h en be los t even though the pressure ,

w ere r educ ed .

A positiv e and s af e m et hod is t o shu t off all the li nes to the l ow

pressure s ervic e by g at e v alv es as pr eviously m ent i oned and if , ,

nec ess ary p ermi t the f eed pump t o supply the boil ers wi t h cold
w ater in tim es of fire I f an ov erh ead t ank is i ns t all ed i t an be
. c

us ed to supply w at er fo the engi ne journals or as much of the low r

pressure syst em as is u nlik ely t o be injur ed by fi e r .

Cl ass M 7 F i r e Serv i e to O il R o om Al l oils gr eas e b enzi ne

c .
, , ,

et
c.
, k ep t in b arr els should be st ored in a s ep arat e room for t wo
r easons one b eing t o avoid l eak ag e due to the pr ev ailing h eat
,

of the pow er st ati on and the oth er to confine t his m at eri al so th at

,

it will be l ess exp osed to fi e and thus not li abl e t o end anger o t h er
r ,

p arts of the buil di ng in c as e a fi e should st art from the point wh ere r

such infl amm abl e m at eri al is s t ored T he oil room sh ould h av e .

a doubl e m et al f ac ed door one i nsid e of the room and the oth er

-
, ,

ou tsid e of the room or wall T he room should be loc ated at an .

ou tsid e w all with sufli ient wi ndows op ening aw ay from the

,
c

building t o a t as a v ent in c as e of an explosion of v apor i nsid e of

c

the oil room and al so t o allow the fi e t o be suppr ess ed from the r

ou tsid e T he c eili ng should be of m asonry d esigned to wi ths t and

.
,

int ens e h eat The door which op ens i nt o the oil room should
.

h av e a m asonry sill at 8 i nches or m or e abov e the floor so th at if ,

oil should esc ap e i t would not run u nd er the door and spread the
388 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

fi re to the res t of the building A sew er and c at ch b asi n should

.

be c onnect ed to the oil room fl oor to c a ry off any w at er d eliv er ed r

t o the room o t h erwi se both w at er and oil w ould spread to oth er

,

p ar t s of the building by l eaking throu gh the cr ack u nd er the door .

I f c ompr essed ai is at all tim es av ail abl e in the po wer pl ant

r ,

a v ery effi ci ent syst em of fi e prot ectio n an be provid ed fo the

oil room by usi ng one of the m any kill fi e powd ers Such ” r
“
c

r .
r

powd er an be st or ed ou t sid e of the oil room and an be thrown

c c

on the fi e by m eans of compr essed ai

r T he use of w at er in an r .

oil room t end s to s pr ead fi e but the ch emic al p owd ers m erely
r ,

produc e a non combu stibl e gas which sm oth ers I t must be

-
,
.

b orne in mi nd ho wev er th at fi e e ti nguish ers which produc e

, ,
r x

non c ombustibl e g ases a e o nly succ essful in a cl osed sp ac e

-
r T he .

nec es sity for k eepi ng the doors clo sed wh en th es e p owd ers a e u sed r

will th erefore be e id ent A clo sed ro om such as has b een sug

v .

gest ed for the s t or ag e of oil is id eally suited fo the use of ch emic al r

fi e exti nguish ers si nc e the ai i s co nfi ned in the r oom and the

r ,
r ,

non c ombus t ibl e gas i s easily r et ai ned and acc om pli sh es r esults
—

with a sm all amou nt of ch emic al .

I nst ead of u si ng dry pow der it migh t be b ett er to use b ottl es of

the ch emic al in liquid form supp ort ed by fu se w ir e o stri ngs so
,
r ,

th at in c as e of fi e the bottl es would drop to the floor break and

r , ,

ex t i nguish the bl az e .

I f c ompr es sed ai is not av ail abl e in the pl ant two or thr ee pip e
r

sl eev es an be built in the oil room w all and if ch emic al e tin

c ,
x

g u i she s a e av ail abl e th eir c ont ents an be di sch arg ed i nt o the oil
r r c

room throu gh the sl eev es .

E ngi ne and cyl i nd er oil co nt ained in m et al t anks would be bu t

a slight fi e ri sk if k ept b et ween the m aso n y fou nd ati ons if th er e
r r

i s m aso n y floor in the engi ne r oom b asem ent

r .

Wh ere a return drip oil syst em is u sed it is quit e obj ec t i onabl e

-

to pl ac e any p ar t of thi s sy st em in the oil room I t i s seld om a .

di fficul t probl em to pl ac e the v ari ou s part s of the etum drip r -

sy stem so th at th ey a e prot ect ed from the fi e I f the engine room

r r .

fl oor is m ad e of w ood en j oi sts and w ood en bo ard s th ere will be

littl e additi onal ri sk if oil in m etal t ank s is pl ac ed bel ow it The .

fi e would h av e to be fa b eyo nd co ntrol b efor e th er e would be any

r r

addi t io nal d ang er from the oil t anks .

390 S TE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

treating t ank in ord er t o p ermit the use of a l ess exp ensiv e inst all a
tion th an w ould be p ossi bl e if the water w ere treat ed cold F ar .

more money would be l os t in h eat radi ati on from the t anks t h an

would be required t o pay the int erest and depreci ation ch arges on
a tr eat ing pl ant sufli i entl y l arg e to tr eat cold w at er which would
c

not giv e ri se to the loss by r adi ati on .

A v ery effi ci ent pl an of r aisi ng the t emp er at ur e of the mixing

t ank is t h at sh own in Fig 3 6 (N . I n the arr ang em ent sh own
0 I

th er e is not so gr eat a h eating surf ac e expos ed t o the fl ue g as es as

F I G 3 06
.
( N r
—
)
r .

t h ere would be in economi er bu t this is not obj ec t ionabl e z , ,

b ec ause it would be quit e u nd esirabl e t o rai se the t emp erature of

the w at er abov e about d egrees o th erwi se v apor w ould be given
2 00 ,

off. I n the pl ant sho wn in Fig 3 6 th er e a e t wo t anks sid e by sid e

. 0 r ,

with flue d amp ers which an be op ened and cl osed to shut off the
c

g as es from ei th er t ank .

Ampl e sp ac e should be l ef t arou nd the t ank for cl eaning out and

mak ing rep ai rs Wh en the h eat is appli ed it may be fou nd ne es
. c

s ary t o use the th ee t ank s so th at the circul at ion of the w at er may

r

be s t opp ed t o al low the m at eri al t o precipit at e .

Wh en a t ank is fi ll ed with w at er the ch emic al s a e un int o it , r r

and the mix er is s t art ed T he mix er should un as long as the

. r

fl ue g as es a e p assing arou nd the t ank to k eep the w at er in i u

r c rc

l at ion The fl ue g as es should p ass arou nd bu t one t ank at a t im e

. .

O ne of the o t h er t ank s jus t pr eviously agi t at ed should be shu t

, ,

d own t o s ettl e ready for supplying w at er Th ere would be th ee

, . r
 A TE R
W TR E A TIII E N T A P P A R A T US AN D P I P I NG .
39 1

op erations t o be c arri ed out by each shift of op er ators agit at ion ,

precipi tati on and sup ply

, .

T he tim e r equired to ch ange the t anks is a v ery sm all i t em if

the nec es sity fo watchi ng i t be elimi nat ed
r This diffi culty an be . c

overcom e quite readily by at t aching an al arm to the suction pip e

in the t ank h avi ng a flo at at its mov abl e end as show n in Fig 63 , . .

T he al arm will notify the op er at or wh en the t ank is pump ed full

and also wh en the t ank b ei ng dr awn fr om is emp t y Such a .

syst em of w at er t reat m ent is very effi ci ent b ec aus e the w at er is at

rest for so long p eriods of t im e Wh en the t anks a e ch ang ed ev ery
. r

8 hours i t will be nec ess ary t o m ak e t h em f t in di am et er and 20 .

1 4 .ft high for a boil er hp

—
pl an t I f th e co nt i nuous syst em
. .

shown in Fig 6 5 w ere t o be h eat ed by w ast e fl ue gases i t would

.

be nec ess ary t o use a sep ar at e t ank for mixi ng and agi t at io n oth er ,

wise bu t lit t l e h eat would be t ak en up by the w at er .

Wh en the feed w at er is h eat ed as shown in Fig 3 6 t h ere will be . 0

bu t littl e use fo exh aus t steam and i t will be fou nd to be a more

r ,

eco nomic al arr ang em ent t o run the ai and circul at i ng pumps fo r r

the co nd ens er from the engi ne sh afti ng or use a motor driv en -

c ent rifug al pump T he feed pump should be c ompou nd ed and

.

a sm all clos ed h eat er us ed t o co nd ense its s t eam T he pump .

used t o fill the h eating t anks may be of the mo t or driv en c ent rifug al -

t yp e A pl ant equipp ed in this m anner will show v ery good econ

.

om ,y the t anks loc at ed in the smok e fl ue eff ecti ng a s aving the

s am e as ec onomiz ers w ould bu t withou t offering an equ al obs t ru e
,

t ion t o the dr aft The s aving in ch emic als alone is a gr eat ad an

. v

t age with the h eat i ng t anks and wh at ev er h eat is t ransferr ed from

,

the fl ue g as es to the w at er th er e w ould be as much of a s avi ng as

from economiz ers .

Cl ass N2 —
W at er Treat m ent B oi l er Supp l y The w at er from .

the t reat i ng t ank or app ar at us should only be co nnec t ed to f eed

pump suctions which an readily be shut off without int erferi ng
c

i n the l eas t with the ru nni ng of the pump T he t r eat i ng pump .

sh ould be arr ang ed the sam e as thou gh i t w ere m erely a on en c v

i en e the lo ss occ asio ned by shutti ng i t dow n b ei ng t oo sligh t to

c ,

justify any exp ens e in providi ng em ergency arrang em ents t o

insure i t s cont i nuous op eration .

T he f eed pump should h av e a suc t io n dir ec t from the ho t w ell —

and also one from the i nt ak e Th ese di fferent co nnections a e

. r

cl early shown in Figs 64 and 6 5 T he di sch arge fro mthe feed

. .
39 2 STE AM P O WE R PL ANT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

pump to the b oil er is the s am e as for any oth er wat er supply I t .

is only i n the pr essur e sy st em sho wn in Fig 66 th at the w at er .

treatm ent app aratus is loc ated b etween the pumps and boil ers .

I n thi s c as e the t r eati ng syst em is op er at ed in much the s am e

m anner as a clos ed h eater .

Th ere is one point which mus t const antly be borne in mind in

consid ering ch emic al treatm ent and th at is how to remove the
,

impuriti es from the w at er b efore it is t ak en into the pump suction .

The v elocity of the w at er in a pr essur e sy st em i s quit e r apid bec aus e

of the sm a l l er siz e of the w at er t anks which must be u sed in ord er
to with st and the b oil er pressure To acc ompli sh the s am e results
.

as a e obt ai ned with l arg er pr ecipit atio n t ank s a fi lt er bed must be

r

u sed T o f acilit ate a precipit ation it is nec ess ary th at no wat er

.

flow in or out of the t ank and th at no mix er or oth er d evic e be in

,

m oti on whil e the proc ess of s ettling is t aking pl ac e .

Th ere is still anoth er conditi on which will prev ent the succ essful
op er ati on of a pr ecipit atio n pl ant and th at is c aus ed by v aryi ng
t emp eratures of the w at er Circul ation of the w ater prev ents the
.

precipit at e from s ettli ng I n a steam boil er circul ation s erv es a

.

u seful purpos e and p arti ally prev ents ex actly wh at is d esir ed in a

precipit ating t ank F o i nst anc e if h eat is appli ed to the u nd er
. r ,

sid e of the t ank shown in F ig 3 6 circul ation of the w at er wil l be

. 0 ,

set up . Al so if the surf ac e of the w at er i s expos ed t o a cold atmos

,

phe e circul ati on of the w at er w ill lik ewi se t ak e pl ac e For th ese

r .

reasons the g as es must be shut off from the t ank whil e precipitati on
and settli ng a e t aki ng pl ac e
r B y p ermitt ing the bott om of the
.

t ank to b ec om e cool er th an the top circul ation i s al so pre ented v .

I t is d esir abl e to h av e w ater in the boil er circul ating at al l tim es

to pr e ent the fi ne impurity from set tli ng
v Th ere a e t im es . r ,

h owe er wh en the circul ationin the b oil er is sluggi sh and th en the

v , ,

fi nely divid ed pr ecipit at e settl es on the tub es and o t h er p arts of the

b oil er T he amou nt of precipit ation which wil l s ettl e d ep end s
.

up on the l ength of tim e the circul ation is r et ard ed The amou nt .

of sc al e which is form ed each tim e the circul ati on i n the boil er i s

r et ard ed is easily s een by c ou nting the number of l ami nati ons in
the sc al e and noti ng the thickness of each Sc al e in thick . .

may be m ad e up of a nu mber of equ al l aminations o it may be ,

r

c om posed of one l ami na 5 i n thi ck and a num ber of .

t hi nner ones i n o l es s in thick ness

1
A pi ec e of sc al e thus
l am
. r .

inat ed would i ndic ate th at the boil er had b een b ank ed for one
39 4 ST E AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

a bility to p ass throu gh a m esh of a c ert ain g age The s ep ar ati on .

in thi s c as e is due to the di ffer enc e in the sp eci fi c gr aviti es of the

w at er and susp end ed m at eri al s O il and w ater will quickly
.

s ep ar at e if p ermit ted to precipit at e though a fil t er would h av e no

,

eff ec t w h at ev er I f su ffi ci ent tim e is allow ed m at eri al susp end ed

.

in w at er w ill pr eci pit at e r eg ardl ess of how finely i t may be divid ed ,

but if suffi ci ent time is not given for precipit ation th en th ere is no ,

m eans for sep arating it from the w at er oth er th an by fil tr at ion or

by attracti on The l atter m eans of s ep ar at ion is the one prin
.

c i pal ly u sed in liv e s t eam puri fi ers .

A s t eam puri fi er of the tr ay type is shown in Fig 3 7 (N . 0 2

Th es e trays a e so a r anged th at t h ey an be drawn from the

r r c

purifi er l eng thwise t hus p ermitting the sc al e which has b een

,

FIG .
30 7 (N 2 FIG .
308 (N 3

d eposi ted on t h em t o be easily remov ed E ach tray is support ed .

the s am e as a dr aw er by two guid es ,

The w at er flows int o the .

top tray and ov erflo ws at the edg es I ns t ead of dripp ing ov er the .

edg e it ru ns a
, l o ng the bo tt om and drips int o the next low er
tr ay and thus disch arg es from one t o ano t h er
,
A p ar t of the .

solubl e s al ts is precipit at ed in the t rays though the l arges t amou nt ,

of precipit at e is fou nd just u nd er the edges of the trays Th at which .

is c augh t is dri ed and b ak ed on to the pan the s am e as boil er ,

sc al e forms in a boil er o nly it is d eposited in a fa l ess u niform

,
r

m anner T he sc al e which forms on the u nd er sid e of the tr ay

.

is c augh t neith er by precipi t at i on no by fil tr ation bu t simply by r ,

attr actio n th ere evid ently bei ng a s tro ng affi nity betw een the
,

sc al e which has formed and th at susp end ed in the w at er The .

t emp erature in the puri fier is g enerally much great er th an th at at

which the sulph at es rem ai n in solu t i on i e 7 F the resul t ,
. .
,
2 0
°

b eing th at the sc al e which coll ec ts is v ery solid .

 WA TE R TR E A TM E N T A P P A R A T US AN D P I P I NG .
39 5

Cl ass N3 W ater Treatm ent aft er R eachi ng

l r Th ere the B oi e .

a e num erous forms of boil er w at er puri fi ers m os t of which a e

r , r

of the general t yp e shown in Fig 3 8 ( N3 T he w at er is t ak en

. 0

from the boil er and disch arg ed i nt o a sm all s ettling t ank and
ret urned to the boil er the circul ation b ei ng m ai nt ained by ru nni ng
,

a hot pip e i nsid e the furnac e as show n at A ,

.

There a e v arious forms of pip e connections us ed in all of

r ,

which a e arranged cold and hot l egs thus m aki ng one colum n
r ,

of w at er h eavi er th an the oth er Th ere is a swiv el at B and .

,

flo at C t o move the skimm er up and down as the w at er l ev el

, ,

ch anges The skimm er s erv es t o remov e som e of the lighter

.

impuriti es t h at a e on the surf ac e of the w ater Th es e impuriti es

r .

generall y m ak e the t hick es t sc al e bu t the sc al e form ed by th em ,

is sof t and spongy and easily brok en B y removing this m at eri al .

and l eav ing the h eavi er sulph at es the sc al e t h at forms on the

boil er is ex t rem ely h ard I t frequ ent ly requires more t im e t o
.

remove t his h ard sc al e t h an i t would t o remov e the h ea i er sc al e v

which would h av e form ed had the ligh t er m ateri al not b een

remov ed .

N ot o nly do es i t requir e more t im e t o r emov e the h ard sc al e ,

bu t the w ear and t ear on the t ub e cl eaners is of s erious import ance .

W at er which does not cont ain the sulph ates which form h ard sc al e
is rarely fou nd bu t w at er which cont ains lit tl e else t h an c arbonate
,

of lime and m agnesi a may be greatly improved by the use of such

d evic es T he fine impuri t i es which a e cons t antly b eing c arried
. r

arou nd by the circul at ion of the w at er a e not r emov ed by surf ac e r

S kimm ers the only m ethod of removing t h es e b eing t o p ermit the

,

w ater t o com e t o absolu te res t and giv e i t suffi ci ent t im e t o s ettl e

_ .

The t an k D is d esigned for t his purpos e and i t s effi ci ency

, , ,
IS

d ep end ent wholly upon i t s size T he blow off E s i ntend ed .

, ,
i

t o di sch arge the scum or ligh t impuriti es and the precipi tate is ,

draw n off t hrough the v alv e F The pri ncipl e i nvolved in the
,
.

op eration of this d evic e shown in Fig 3 8 is id ent ic al with the . 0

actio n t aki ng pl ac e i n al l boil ers The circul atio n of a sm all .

portion of the w at er is ret ard ed and this p ermi t s a p arti al s ep ar a

,

t ion to t ak e pl ac e .

Wh ere the circul at ion is thus ret ard ed the great est amou nt
Of sc al e is form ed in the boil er Th ese s et tli ng pl ac es or mud.

drums a e practic ally the s am e as the t ank shown in Fig 3 8

r . 0 .

Th ey a e fa t oo sm all t o i nsure any appreci abl e good A 5 hp

r r . 00 - .
39 6 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

b oil er would be provid ed with a t ank about ft in di am eter and 2 .

5 ft . high thus,
holdi ng ab out l b of w at er the l att er b ei ng.
,

equ al to th at which is e apor at ed in 4 m v in T o p ermit th es e .

fi ne impuriti es to precipit at e the fl ow through the t ank D should

, , ,

be v ery slow the m ost sati sf actory r esult b eing obt ai ned w h en th er e
,

i s no fl ow wh at ev er Ch emic al treat ing pl ants a e abl e to sho w

. r

g ood results b ec aus e of thi s f ac t al one and as the v elocity is ,

i ncreas ed the amou nt of impuriti es which a e precipit at ed d ecreas es r

and t hu s a fi lt er bed becom es nec ess ary .

I f the syst em sho wn in F ig 3 8 w er e c arri ed out on a su ffi ci entl y

. 0

l arge sc al e to accompli sh the d esired result of rem ovi ng a suffi ci ent

B/wv 017 5

FIG .

3 09 (N 3

a mou nt of sc al e formi ng impuriti es it would be a fa sup eri or

-
,
r

arr ang em ent to any which i s in use I t w ould t hen accom pli sh
.

the desired r esults w ith out the additi on of any ch emic al s to the
w at er in the b oil er .

I n Fig 3 9 ( N 3 ) a pr ecipit ating t ank is show n pl ac ed b eneath

. 0
—
2

the boil er W at er is t ak en from the surfac e of the boil er Thi s

. .

remov es the impuriti es c arri ed by the w at er which is in circul ation .

T he f eed w at er driv es the circul ator and thus c aus es al l the w at er

in the b oil er to circul at e through the s ettli ng t ank and b ack to the
boil er For each g allon of w at er fed i nto the boil er an equ al
.

amou nt of w at er from the b oil er circul at es throu gh the t ank .

T he enl ar ged d et ail show s how the blow off is t ak en from al ong -

the entir e l ength of the t ank bottom As co nsid er abl e sc al e w ill

.

form wh ere the feed w at er enters a ap C cl oses the end of the ,

c , ,

brass di stribution pip e and f ac ilitat es the remov al of sc al e .

39 8 S TE AM P O WE R PL AN T PIPI NG SYSTE MS .

not b ecome a reposi t ory for sc al e as in the c ase of live s t eam

puri fi er .

T he v elocity t hrough the fi lt er sh own i n Fig 3 9 would be abou t 3 . 0

feet pe hour if none of the area w ere occupi ed by fil tering m ateri al

r ,

bu t as the area through a filt er bed i s only about 5 pe c ent of 2 r

the t ot al ar ea of the fil t er the v elocity thr ough the fi lt eri ng m at eri al

,

will be abou t ft pe h our A filt er bed used as sh own in Fig

12 . r .
, .

0
3 9 ,
is n ot su bj ect ed to th e s am e ex acti ng r equir em ents as the on e
us ed in the ch emic al sy st em shown in Fig 66 I n the filter shown . .

in Fig 3 9 the w at er is co nst antly b eing r ep ass ed through the filt er

. 0 ,

and if the fil t er bed do es not r emov e the extrem ely fine p articl es
bu t littl e h arm will result from th eir presenc e si nc e the w ater mus t ,

be pr actic ally at r est b efor e th ey w ill settl e .

Filters such as sho wn in Fig 66 ordinarily h av e abou t squ are . 1

foo t of filt er bed fo each 3 hp c ap acity Th at sh own in Fig

r 0- . . .

3 9 has about 3 sq ft pe hp bu t as it mus t p ass boil er w at er as

0 . . r .
,

w ell as the feed w at er the area may be anywh ere from ,

to
sq ft pe hp . . r .

Class N 4 W at er Tr eat ment M i no Conne t i on I nt ermitt ent

—
r c .

ch emic al treating syst ems require a consid er abl e am ou nt of piping

for t h eir ins t all at ion due l argely t o the fac t th at s ep ar at e pumps
,

and h eat ers a e gener ally r equir ed

r I n the w at er tr eating pl ant .

the pump is us ed sol ely i n f orcing wat er i nto the l arg e t ank St eam .

may be brought from the m ain st ation to the ch emic al building and ,

i nst ead of exhausting the pump into the mamh eat er the st eam from ,

the pump may be fed to a h eat er t o be us ed for r ai sing the tem

pe atu e of the w at er b ef or e it is d eliv er ed i nt o the treati ng tank

r r .

I n addition to the st eam li ne to the t r eati ng pl ant t h er e would

be a line from the c ond ens er disch arg e and a li ne from the int ak e .

A pip e al so w ould be r equired for d eliv eri ng treat ed w at er to the

boil er feed pump in the pow er hou se I f the treat ing t anks a e . r

pl ac ed more th an 4 ft below the feed pump and an op en h eater

1 .

is used the disch arge from the t ank should be run at a low el ev a
,

tion t o a pump loc at ed as sho wn in F ig 3 (N 4 T he st eam . 10

supply t o t his pump is c ontroll ed by a b al l flo at op erat ed v alv e

loc ated at the h eater as sh own , .

I f an op en h eat er is u sed this sys t em of c ontroll i ng the w at er t o

,

the h eat er i s v ery s atisfac t o y and in mos t c as es p ermi ts the use of

r ,

a s t and a d pump wi th the w at er cylind er on the l ev el of the boil er

r

room floor O nly in exc ep t ional c as es would the w at er supply be

.
 WA TE R TR E A TM E N T A P P A R A T US AN D P I P I NG .

so far b elow the boil er room floor t h at i t would nec essit at e pl aci ng
the w at er end in the w ell as show n in F ig 3
,
. 10 .

T he bo t tom of the pr ecipit at io n t ank should be fa enough abov e r

the supply w at er li ne to i nsure an ampl e drop for the w ash out -

li ne which is u sed for disch arging the precipi t at e T here should .

be hos e connecti ons to the pump in the ch emic al h ous e as it is ,

nec es sary to w ash out the settli ng t anks Th ese t anks should not
.

be w ash ed out v ery oft en si nc e i t is fou nd in pr ac t ic e th at the

,

FI G .
310 (N 4

a gi t at ion of the old sludg e aids in c arryi ng down the finer p e r

c i pi tate wh en it is fi rst form ed and it th er ef or e i s b enefi ci al to k eep

,

som e of the old mud in the t anks at al l tim es .

Fig 3 shows a wat er t ank co nstructed of concret e B efore

. 10 .

d ecidi ng up on the use of co ncret e fo this purpos e it would be well

r

to su bmit the co ncr et e m at eri al s to a ch emi st t ogeth er with a ,

s ampl e of the w at er T he d ecision to use such m at eri als w ould

.

d ep end upon the ch aract er of the w at er and the reagents nec es sary
to treat it . Wood is very ext ensiv ely u sed for ch emic al treating
t anks as iro n d et eri orat es r apidly I n any c as e the t anks sh ould
,
.

be rou nd i n sh ap e with a m ech anic ally driv en agit ator ( motor

driven or oth erwis e) .

Cold w at er must be agit ated long er th an w arm w at er Wat er .

at 3 5 d egrees mus t be agit at ed for about thr ee h ours to c ompl et e

the ch emic al r eacti ons and ab out 5 hr at 9 d egrees and about
I . . 0

one hour at 7 1 0 d egrees I f the t ank s a e not co nti nuou sly

. r
4 00 ST E AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

it t d whil e ch emic al action is t aki ng pl ac e the ch emic als fall

ag a e ,

to the bott om and thus a l arg e proportion of the ch emic al s is

wast ed I f the w at er i s brought to a s tat e of r est the pr ecipi t a
.

ti on is quit e rapid 5 min g ener ally b eing suffi ci ent

,
1 . .

A c ompl et e pl ant fo t reating gal of w at er pe day

r . r

cos ts ab out O rdinarily the t ot al cost including int er est ,

on the i nv estm ent d epr eci atio n l abor m at eri a ,

l s et i s from , , ,
c
.
,

two t o fi e c ents pe v
gal of w at er tr ea tred d ep en din g upo n .
,

the ch ar act er of the w at er ch emic als r equired and the amount of ,

l abor need ed to o perat e the pl ant Assumi ng a cost of four c ents .

pe r
g al for t r eati ng the w at er and th at the pl ant is un at its
. r

fu ll c ap acity 6 hr a day fo 3 d ays the t ot al cos t of treating the

1 . r 0 ,

w at er g al ) would be a bou t 3575 provid. ed th a t sp eci a l ,

employ ees wer e not need ed to op er at e the t r eat ing pl ant .

A ch emic al tr eating pl ant for hp c ap acity would be much .

sm all er th an the gal pl ant pr eviou sly mentioned and

-
.
,

th erefore the cos t of ins t al l ation pe g allon of c ap acity would be r

som ewh at gr eat er B oil ers of hp c ap aci ty require

.
g al . .

of w at er pe hr C onsequ ently if the t anks are ch anged ev e y

r .
,
r

8 hr th ey mu st h av e a c ap acity of
.
g al e ach or g al . .

pe day T he portio n of the t anks hold ing w at er would th en be

r .

about ft in di am et er and 4 ft high

20 . 1 . .

Th ese t anks would h av e dou bl e the c ap acity if the w at er w ere

ch ang ed ev ery 4 hr ins t ead of ev ery 8 h The ch emic al holding
. r .

t ank should be round as the circul ar form of t ank is b es t suit ed,

t o use in conju nction with an agit at or I f a t ank is required .

for mixi ng the ch emic als b efore th ey are fed int o the precipit ating
tank the w at er fed i nto the pr ecipit at ing t ank shoul d be p ass ed
,

through the ch emic al m easuring d evic e and from th ere into the ’

l arg e t ank thus insuring th at all the ch emic als w eigh ed ou t are
,

empti ed int o the precipit ating t a nk .

I nst ead of usi ng a st eam pump t o fill the t ank a c entrifug al

pump driven from a line sh aft connect ed to a sm all eng ine may be
used Thi s li ne sh aft may also drive the agit at ors T he e h aus t
. . x

from this engine may be d eliv ered directly into the w at er at the
sid e of the t ank the h eat thus being t ak en up duri ng the entire
,

t ime the wat er is b eing agit at ed as w ell as wh en the t anks a e r

being fill ed T he pump and agit ators should be fi tt ed with

.

clutch es o tigh t and l oose pull eys so th at eith er an be un withou t

r c r

the oth er .
 C HAP T E R XX IV .

H I GH P R E SSUR E W ATE R P I P I NG .

l
C asses 0 1 to O 3 W ater to H yd auli E l evat o s I f el ev at ors
r c r .

a e i nst all ed in a p ower hou se t h ey a e g ener ally of the hydr aulic

r r

am co nstructio n t erm ed lift s g eneral ly l ow lifts only such as

“
r , ,

from the boil er ro om b as em ent to boil er room floor l ev el a h eigh t ,

of 10 t o ft T he el ev ator pl atform is pl ac ed on the end of a

20 .

plu nger and the cyl ind er is dropp ed i nto a w ell or c asing The .

v al ve us ed to admi t and disch arge w ater from the amis gener ally r

of the b a l anc ed pi sto n t yp e with cup l eath er w ash ers such as a e r

us ed on h eavy hydr aulic r ams This v al ve is quit e easil y op erated

.

and p ermits the use of l arge port op eni ngs .

F o boil er room s ervic e the pip e co nnecti on from the op er ating

r

v alv e t o the el ev ator cylind er and the di sch arge line from the
el ev at ed cyli nd er should each be abou t one fourth the di am et er -

of the plu nger if the pressure c arri ed at the pump is 6 lb I f 0 .

high pres sure w at er is av ail abl e say at l b it an be us ed v e y

-
,
120 .
,
c r

s ati sfactorily The use of w arm w at er at 5 d egrees or over

. 12

sh ould be av oid ed if possibl e as the stu ffi ng box p acking and cup

,

l eath er in the o per ati ng v alv e d et eriorat e rapidly wh en w ar m

w at er is u sed The reason fo this is t h at the h eat remov es the
. r

lu bric ant from the p acki ng A st and ard three way v alv e an be
.
-
c

u sed fo an op erati ng v al v e but is much more diffi cult to move

r ,

and wil l l eak co nsid er ably if it is us ed fr equ entl y .

I n the co nstructio n of a hy dr aulic amit is the b est pr actic e t o fi t

r

a br ass sl eev e on the am which p asses through the stuffi ng bo

r x,

but u nl ess the br as s sl eev ei s prop erly fi tt ed consid erabl e diffi culty
and annoy anc e w ill be occ asi oned by l eak ag e I n no c ase should .

the joi nt bet ween the br ass tub e and the ambe m ad e tight at its r

out er o upp er end

r T he inner end should be m ad e tight and the
.

out er end should be l eft free to mov e and disch arge any w ater
th at may h av e l eak ed by the inner end th ereby avoiding the ,

possi bil ity of the pr essur e i nsid e the tub e c au sing a upture r .

C onsid er abl e diffi culty is exp eri enc ed if the upp er end of the brass
 H I GH P R E SSU R E W A TE R P IP I NG .
40 3

sl eeve is rigidly att ach ed to the iron am bec au se the exp ansi on and r ,

contraction of iron and brass a e not the s am e This u nequ al r .

exp ansio n and co nt r actio n c au ses the j oi nt at the i nner or bottom

end of the amt o l eak and m ak e trou bl e

r T he s am e diffi culty is .

exp eri enc ed if the br ass sl eev e b ears agai nst a sh ould er on the am r

at its upp er end A much b et t er c onstructio n is ob t ained if the

.

upp er end of the brass tub e is free t o exp and

and co nt r act and t o s ecur e thi s the upp er end
,

of the ram wh ere the brass tu be ends sh ould

, ,

h ave a slight groov e t urned in it as shown ,

in Fig 3 The tub e an be pl ac ed

'

.
(O
11 r c

on the am and the low er end spu n i nt o “

r

the sh ap e as show n .

O ne of the mo st us eful applic ati ons of the

plu nger hydraulic el evator is fo c oal and ash r

lifts in sm all st ations T he g ener al pl an for

.

inst alling a plu nger el ev at or in a sm all pow er p m 3 ( 0 11 1

hous e is shown in Fig 3 ( O I n such

. 12 I

an i nst all atio n the hydr aulic el ev at or would lif t the co al a abou t c r

s even feet T he w eigh t of the a would be ab ou t

. lb and
c r .

the ar would be lo ad ed with from

c to lb of co al . .

F IG .
31 2 (O 1
F or a b oil er pl ant av eragi ng hp about trip s pe day1 000 . 1 00 r

would be required for h andli ng the c oal u sed in a h day 2 0- r .

,

and abou t trips would be required to rem ov e the ashes T he

20 .

t ot al numb er of t rips pe day w ould th eref re be abou t

r in o
120

20 h
r,
. or abou t 6 t rip s pe hr r .
404 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

In pr actic e i t has b een fou nd th at one man on each shift an c

h andl e co al and ash es of the qu ant i ty st at ed and also w eigh each

c ar of co al O rdi narily the co al is shov el ed bu t o nc e
. from the
c ra t o the ov erh ead bin T he s t or ag e sp ac e which r equir es addi
.
,

tional shov eli ng to lo ad the co al i nt o the sm all c ars is us ed o nly ,

in c as e of short ag e T he ash ar an be pl ac ed ei t h er on a co al
. c c

t rack or if the conditions will p ermit at the end of the ov erh ead
, ,

t rack th at ru ns ov er the furnac e hopp er This track is ex t end ed .

ov er the railro ad ash ar which is l ef t st anding on a stub c

switch .

The c ap aci t y of the d aily s t or ag e bin should be sligh tly gr eat er

p e
r foo t of l en gt h t h an t h at of a r ailro ad co al a Th e sm all c r .

c ars h av e a drop front which facilit at es lo adi ng th em with ash es

,

from the floor and t h ey a e also fi t t ed with dump bottoms Sc al es

,
r .

a e provid ed so th at t ests of a c ert ai n c oal or boil er an r eadily

r c

be m ad e Ash es a e d eliv er ed t o the sm all a whil e it is on the

. r c r

boil er room fl oor l ev el The only pow er d evic e required for this
.

ent ire sys t em is t h er efor e the hydr aulic lift and the b es t pr ac t ic e ,

is t o use low pressure w at er s ervic e for the amif the s t ati on has i ts
-
r

own w at er supply or has a s t or ag e t ank i nto which the am an r c

disch arge if city w at er is us ed .

I f an op en h eat er is us ed fi tt ed with a flo at admi ssio n v alv e ,

to c arry low w at er in the h eat er i t is quit e prob abl e th at all the ,

r amw at er would be s av ed by disch argi ng it i nto the h eat er T he .

el ev at or a s sh ow n w ould r equir e about 5 lb of w ater pe t rip or 00 . r ,

lb pe day The co al which the el ev ator would h andl e

. r .

would ev apor at e abou t eigh t t im es as much w at er as would be us ed

by the el ev at or .

Unl ess som e foret hough t is giv en and prep ar ati ons a e m ad e for r

sinki ng the cyli nd er c asings c onsid erabl e troubl e may be e pe x

r ien edc I t is d iffi cul t t o dig a sm all d eep h ol e and ev en mor e

.

so t o k eep i t plumb .

T he mos t usu al constructio n is t o drop a sh eet m et al sl eev e i nt o

a hol e and fill i n arou nd i t This sl eev e sh ould be consid er ably
.

l arg er th an the cyli nd er .

C are mu st be t ak en in s et ting the sl eev e t o see th at i t is not ou t

of pl ac e more th an the cl ear anc e b et w een i t and the cyl ind er Thi s .

sh eet m et al sl eev e will not l ast long in such aloc ation and t o prev ent ,

the b anks from clo si ng i n on the am cyli nd er it i s advis abl e to r

fil l in around the sl eev e wi th a s and and c em ent grou t up t o the

406 STE AM P O WE R P L A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

m u t qu al to the area of the h ead tim es the w eight of a c olumn

a o n e
of w at er as high as the l eng th of the am T wo gui des fo the r . r

pl atform a e general ly fi tted at di agonally opposite c orners of

r

the el ev at or sh aft This is nec essary if a t urnt abl e is used on

.

the el ev at or pl atform For sm all power hou ses this typ e of the
.

el e ator is in m any w ay sbett er th an a high sp eed

v -

el ectric el e at or being l ess easily d am aged by

v ,

c arel ess h andli ng and l ess li abl e to ac id ent I f c .

the lift w er e 6 ft or ov er it w oul d be quit e an

1 .

u nd ert aking to si nk the c asing plumb fo such a r

di st anc e and in such c ases an outsid e cyli nd er

w ith ov erh ead sh eav es and c abl ewould besimpl er
to i nst all and would be som ewh at l ess exp ensive .

Such a lift is show n in Fig 3 4 ( O .the 1 r

hy dr aulic am in thi s c as e h aving one h alf the

r —

trav el of the el ev ator pl atform A su ffi ci ent P o 3 ( O .

r 14 r

cou nterw eight must be lo ad ed on the am to

.

p ermit i t to di sch arg e the wat er and rai se the pl atform wh en

lo ad ed Thi s c onstruction is quit e s imil ar to the st and ard high
.

lift el ev ator c onstructi on F o high lifts an el ectric al ly

. r

op er at ed el ev at or may be fou nd mor e eco nomic a l to

op er at e .

I t is o nly fo a l ow lif t th at the t yp e of el ev at or shown

r

in F ig 3 3 i s p articul arly ad apt ed in p ow er

. 1

s tation work An op er ating v al v e and op er

.

at ing c abl e a e sho wn in F i g 3 5 ( O

r . 1 I

Autom atic st ops ( top and b ottom limits ) a e r

cl amp ed to the op erat ing c abl e which b eing , ,

struck by an a mext ending from the pl atform

r ,

aut om atic ally shut off the w at er and stop the

el ev ator at the up er and lo wer l ev el s
p .

T he pr essur e p ip e fo such an inst al l atio n r

should be c arri ed abov e grou nd bu t the ,

F
IG .
3 5 (0 1
w aste pip e may be un u nd ergrou nd es peci ally
1
r ,

if it disch arg es int o a sewer Unfortu nat ely the loc ati on of the
.

op erating v alv e is generally such th at it preclud es the possibility

of u sing pip e b ends i nstead of elb ow s but if it w ere possibl e to ,

use th em the hoi st would op er at e m ore quickly withou t req uiring

,

any gr eat er pow er from the pump .

 C HAP T E R XXV .

AI R LI NE S .

Cl ass P I —
Ai r Li nes— of compress ed ai in
M ain . T he use r

pow er stations is quite general bu t for som e cl asses of work it is ,

u sed b ec ause i t is av ail abl e r ath er th an b ec ause i t is esp eci ally

sui tabl e O rdinarily a mo tor driv en c ompressor of the typ e used
.
—

on el ec tric r ailw ay c ars h avi ng an autom at ic gov ernor is us ed .

Ai in m any pl ants is us ed for blo w i ng ou t du st and cl eani ng

r

el ec t ric al m achi nery Th ese requirem ents a e su ffi ci entl y urg ent

. r

t o m ak e the inst all ation of a compressor nec ess ary An ai t ank . r

abou t 8 in in di am et er and 5 ft high should be us ed t o provid e

1 . .

for sudd en d em ands for ai b eyond the c ap acity of the compressor

r .

For ordinary s t at ion use a steam driv en ai c ompressor will be —

r

fou nd t o be more exp ensiv e and m ore troubl esom e t o op erat e t h an

the r egul ar ai compressor r
'
.

The ai m ain and i ts br anch es may be m ad e of bl ack iro n pip e

r

with c ast iron fi tti ngs The h eati ng of the ai as it is compressed

-
. r

is not su ffi ci ent to require any sp eci al consid erati on oth er th an in

the compr es sor it self For s t at ionary s ervic e compressors a e
.
, r

usu ally wat er j ack et ed for the ,

reason th at w ater is av ail abl e

and an be circul at ed withou t
c

the di ffi culti es t o be m et with

in w at er j ack et i ng a com
pressor in a s ervic e I f a c r .

sm all compressor with a w at er

j ack et is ob tainabl e i t sh ould
be us ed To avoid the neg
.

l ec t of op eni ng the j ack et F o 3 6 (p ) r . 1 l —

I ,

li nes wh en the compressor is

s t art ed it may be w ell to use a t ank as show n in Fig 3 6 (P ,
. 1 I

Wh enev er h eat is d elivered t o the cylind er the w ater will st art to

circul at e and k eep the cyli nd er cool u ntil all the w at er in the t ank
b ecom es h eat ed A compressor t hu sfi t t ed will show l ess w ear onthe
.

40 7
40 8 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

piston cylind er and v alves and will require l ess oil fo int ernal
,
r

lubric at ion The motor would not h av e as h eavy a lo ad and a

.

great er qu antity of ai would be d eliv er ed t h an oth erwise

r .

Cl ass P 2 Ai Li nes fo B l owi ng O ut E l e t i al Appa at us

r r c rc r .

The earli er m et hod of blowing d i r t out of el ec tric al wind i ngs was

by use of h and b ellows bu t as the siz e of el ec tric al app aratus
,

increas ed and as high er volt ages w ere us ed the nec essity for a ,

more effi ci ent ai supply m ad e the use of ai compressors nec ess ary
r r .

The cl eaning of the el ec t ric al m achinery is not m er ely a m at t er of

app ear anc e bu t it is absolu t ely nec ess ary to pr ev ent short circui ts
, .

T he high er the air pressur e the mor e th oroughl y is i t possibl e to

,

remov e the dirt By m aking this cl eaning op er at ion simpl e and

.

conv eni ent the attend ant t ak es much b ett er c are of his app ar atus
,
.

T he ai pip e lines a e g ener al ly

r ln m ains and Z in br anch es
r 1 -
.
A -
.

t o h ose v alv es I t is good practice t o ins tal l al arg e numb er of hose

.

connections m aking the use of a long line of ho se unnec ess ary

, .

T he hos e sho uld be 5 in in siz e wi th asm all op eni ng nozzl e provid ed

.

w ith a v alv e The hos e sh ould be abl e to st and 6 lb pr es sure

. 0 . .

T he u nio n th at connec ts with the hos e v alv es shoul d h av e two

proj ecti ng h andl es so t h at the hos e an be at t ach ed and d etach ed
c

withou t a wrench T he hos e connecti on v alves should be i in

.
t .

wi t h a hose nippl e reduced for the in h os e O rd inarily i t wil l -

. .

be nec es sary t o h av e ho se connectio ns at each g ener at or conv ert er , ,

or o t h er app arat us ; also at oil switch es b ack of the switchbo ard ,

and oth er pl ac es wh er e dirt and du st accumul at e .

P l ants th at use ai cool ed t r ansform ers shoul d be provid ed

r-

against picki ng up du st t hrough the fan suctio n I f s om e form of .

a v acuum cl eaner could be u sed on floors arou nd el ectric al app ar a

tus m any of the cl eaning trou bl es would be solv ed
,
.

Class P 3 Ai Li nes fo O ili ng Systems

—
r The use of ai as
r . r

appli ed t o oiling sys t em s is shown in Figs 5 6 5 8 and 6 T he .

,
0 .

oil ing sy st em th at is d ep end ent upon ai for i t s op er ation is a on r c

st ant sourc e of troubl e as i t is th en nec ess a y t o h av e an ai pump

,
r r

al ways in s ervic e Wh en u si ng compressed air for the oil ing

.

system compressors shoul d be inst all ed th at a e ad ap ted t o on r c

tinu
,

ous op er ation The use of both air and oiling syst ems should
.

be co nsid er ed in the natur e of c onv eni enc es and not a nec essi ty .

N ev erth el ess one frequ ently finds pl ants op er ating th at h av e no

oth er m eans of supplyi ng oil to the engi ne th an by an oil ing syst em ,

which in t urn d ep ends on air to supply the nec essary pressure .

4 IO S TE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I N G S Y ST E M S .

To furth er secure the oil ing sys t em ag ai nst troubl e in c ase the
ai c ompr ess or is out of s ervic e also to avoid fluctu ating pr essur e
r , ,

it wil l be nec ess a y to use an ai stor ag e t ank and ch e k v al v e in

r r c

the supply pip e .

Cl ass P t Ai
c —
Lines fo F i re P ot e ti on
r r R ooms cont ain ring c .

infl ammabl e m at eri al such as b enzine paints oils et

,
an best , , , c .
, c

be pro t ect ed w ith an ai blo wer on r c

ne ted to a r ec ep t acl e holding a fi e

c r

ex t i ngui sh ing powd er as show n in ,

Fig 3 9 (P 4 T he syphon an
. 1 c

be an ej ect or tee or a st and ard

reduc ed tee say by g by in ,
1 13
2
.

T he extinguishing ch emic al may be

eith er dry or liquid T he amou nt .

disch arg ed an be controll ed by c

the v alv e A T he ch emic al e ,

. x

tinguisher is esp eci a l ly suit ed for

P o 3 9 (1
r . 1 such fir es as fl am e up as oil p aint
3
4 , , ,

etc .

Cl ass P 5 Ai r Li nes for Si g nal sys tem an

W hi stl es . T he air c

of t en be used v ery s atisfactorily to signal from eng ineer to swi t ch

bo ard op er ator as the ai lines un to pr actic all y all the m achines
,
r r

and is eas ily r each ed fo whis tl e br anch esr Th ere should be a .

whis tl e at the s witchbo ard so th at the op erator an give a signal ; c

also a whi stl e at the engi ne so the engi neer may c al l the at t ention
of the bo ard op er ator T he whistl es should be shril l so th at th ey
.

c an be h eard abov e oth er nois es Whistl e signal s a e fa reach ing

. r r-

and an be u sed m or e effectiv ely th an a b ell and a e v ery easil y

c r

m aint ained Ai is much prefer abl e t o s t eam for al l whi stl es as

. r ,

ai whis tl es an be loc at ed anywh er e a e fr ee from w at er and a e

r c ,
r r

r eady t o blow the mom ent the whis tl e v al v e is op ened .

 C HAP T E R XXVI .

STE AM DR IP S .

Cl ass Q1 t m D ri p s from M ai ns Whil e removi ng the on

S ea . c

d ens ation from pip e li nes is import ant it is not this t hat c au ses
,

so much d est ructi on to engi nes bu t the w at er c arri ed ov er in l arg e

,

qu ant i t i es with the st eam th at mu st be giv en the chi ef c onsid eration .

D i ff er ent sys t em s for r emovi ng drips from pip e li nes w er e show n

in Figs 36 t o 44 I n d esigni ng a drip sys t em it is nec ess ary t o
.

”
.

consid er th es e slugs and m ak e such provi sion as will prot ect

“

the m achi nery fr om d am ag e .

The arr ang em ent show n in Fig 3 (Q .

) is s ati sf actory
20 1— 1

for h andl ing cond ens at ion bu t is not ad ap t ed for h andling l arg e
,

q u ant i t i es of w ater T he h ead er as shown would with the flow

.

of st eam drain into the s ep arator and if this w ere of the ordinary
,

siz e much wat er would be c arri ed through to the engine A s afer .

pl an is to t ak e the s t eam from the t op of the h ead er and pl ac e the

rec eiv er s ep arat or at the engi ne thro ttl e The h ead er would th en
.

h old b ack a l arg e qu antity cf thi s wat er and di scharg e i t through

its own drip Furth er t o i nsure the di scharge of this w at er from
.

the h ead er i t w ould be advi sabl e to t ak e

,

the s t eam c onnecti on for the r eh eat er coil

from the bo t tom of the h ead er and allow
any w at er to work its way through the coil
t o the drain This is a v ery d esirabl e way
.

for s afegu ardi ng ag ai ns t the floodi ng of

engi ne cyli nd ers b ec aus e the v elocity of

the s t eam p assi ng through the r eh eat er is

high the c ap acity of the c oil is l arg e and
, ,

t h ere is no m ech anism to be injured by

the w at er . As the h eat i ng c ap aci t y of the F o 3 (Q ) r . 20 I -
I .

hi gh t emp erat ur e w at er is nearly equ al to

th at of the s t eam t h ere will be bu t lit t l e di fferenc e in the reh eat i ng
t emp erature .

Unfort u nat ely the d et ails t h at i nsur e engi ne cylind ers ag ains t
41 1
4 12 STE AM P O WE R P L A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

flooding i ncreas e the cond ensat ion loss This is t ru e exc ep t for .

those st eam lines th at may be t ak en from the bottom of s t eam

m ains and feed the auxili ary s ervic e wh ere w at er is not d angerous .

L arg e h ead ers or s ep ar at ors are a sourc e of const ant r adi at ion loss ,

and if u sed wi th sup erh eat ed st eam the loss es from r adi at io n in
t h ese b ecom e greater th an the loss from fric t ion I f sup erh eat ed .

st eam is t o be us ed i t wil l m at eri al ly afl e t the d esign of the pip e c

work the s teamsupply and drip syst em

, .

N o one f eature of s t at io n op er at io n c aus es so much w at er t o

be c arri ed into st eam lines as high w at er in the boil ers As soo n .

as engi neers r ealiz e t h at f eed r egul at ors do more th an s av e t roubl e

for the firem an t h ey w ill use th em as th ey would a d amp er
,

r egul at or to s ave cost of op erat i on and t h en the ev er rep eating

, ,
-

diffi culti es ari sing from high and l ow w at er will al mos t enti rely
be elimi nat ed R egul ators are now in the m ark et which do not
.

requi e fl oats and h ave an exc ess of pow er av ail abl e to h andl e
r

feed v alv es T he amou nt of at t enti on required to k eep th em in

.

good ord er is sm all c omp a ed with the l abor of c ons tantly w atch
r

ing the w at er l ev el and r egul at ing the feed v alv es B y u sing f eed .

r egul ators i t is possibl e t o c arry a much low er w ater l evel thus ,

insuring dri er s t eam and imposi ng l es s work on the drip line With .

a u niformly low w at er l ev el it is nearly impos si bl e fo boil ers to r

throw any great qu antity of w ater Where the boil er w at er is .

bad c arry ing the w at er l ev el low co nsid er ably r educ es the d ang er
,

of water b ei ng c arri ed ov er into the s t eam line .

I t is w ell to r em emb er th at sup erh eat will r em ai n in the s t eam

o nly wh en the steam is h andl ed at high v el ocity to ft .

p e r m in .I f the st eam v elocity is l ow ev en with a sup erh ea t ,

of 2 00 d egrees al l or p art of this will be lo st before the eng ine

,

cylind er is reach ed This condition c al ls for sp eci al consid eration

.

in the d esign of st eam lines as follow s ,

:

I . T he st eam lines should be as short as po ssibl e .

2 . T he siz e of the pip e should be sm al l t o r educ e the r adi ati o n

lo sses so th at th ey will be approxim ately the s am e as fric ti onal
h eat loss es .

3 T he li ne from the boil er t o the engine should be fr ee fro m

.

abrup t turns .

4 Such p or t io ns of the s t eam lines as c arry s t eam m

. oving at a
low v el ocity sh ould be provid ed wi th drip c onnections
,
.

5 L a g e r ec eiv ers s ep ar at ors et

. r should not be used
, ,
c .
, .
4 14 ST E AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI NG SYSTE MS .

is rel atively sm all in siz e it an be v ery eas ily and favorably

,
c

l oc at ed
.

I n l ayi ng out a drip sys t em som e m ethod should be pr ovid ed

so th at thi s pur e w at er of high t emp er ature w ill not be w ast ed to
the s ew er . T he u su al m eth od of disch argi ng thi s co nd ens ation

FI G .
32 2 ( Q2

i nto the h eat er is not g enerally economic al I f an economizer .

is u sed it will be b es t to di sch arge the drip s direc tl y into the boil ers ,

as was show n in Fig 3 6 . .

Class Q3 St eam D ri p s f om B oi l e and E ng i ne B an hes

r r r c .

V arious forms of boil er br anch es a e shown Figs 78 to 88

r —
. .

T he di ff erent engi ne br anch es as show n in Figs 7 4 to 7 7 u su al ly .

require drai ns Th es e drains an nearly alw ays be connec ted

. c

with the s ew er and should be clos ed exc ep t wh en st art ing up .

Cl ass Q4 Steam D r i p s fr om Au i l ia y St eam M ai n andx r

G avi ty R etu n
r r I f the auxili ari es a e pl ac ed far from the m ain
. r

st eam line it is nec ess ary to put i n an auxil i ary st eam m ain In .

s ome inst all ations auxil i ari es are op erat ed at a low er pressure ,

m aking use of a reducing v alv e nec ess ary A usu al m ethod is to .

 STE AM DR I P S.
4 15

loc at e auxili a y m ai n in such a way t h at the drips from the m ain

r

st eam h ead er will flow to the auxili ary m ai n and thus work throu gh
the pum ps and oth er d evic es wh er e w at er an do no p articul ar c

h arm Figs 4 4 4 and 44 sh ow th ese di fferent syst em s I n

. . 0, 1, 2 .

F ig 4 al l the drip s a e sh ow n as c oll ect ed in a drip m ai n and

. 0 r

d eliv ered to an el ev at ed rec eiv er o sep ar ator which disch arges r ,

i ts drip b ack to the boil er and by gr avity and the s t eam t o the
auxili ary st eam m ain Figs 4 . . 1

and 4 show a l arg e siz ed auxili ary

2 -

m ai n which t ak es the s team fro m

,

the v arious drip pock et s to the

s t eam h ead er T he auxili ari es .

t ak e th eir st eam from the top of

the auxili ary m ai n and the on ,
c

d ens ation flows into an autom atic

drip rec eiv er and pump which ,

returns the drips to the boil ers .

I n Fig 44 an ov erh ead r ec eiv er

.

sep arator isus ed Fig 3 3 ( Q4 ) . . 2

—
1

shows the gener al arr angem ent of

t his overh ead rec eiv er s ep arat or -
.

The co nnec t io n to thi s sep ar at or

is m ad e at a low poi nt in the drip
m ain to insure regul ar w orki ng
conditions I t is nec ess ary to
.

t ak e a sm all amo unt of st eam

from this ov erh ead s ep arator ,

which may be us ed for a h eating F 3 3 ( Q4 IG 2

sy st em or if economy is to be
.

, ,

disreg ard ed may be disch arged to the at mosph ere A l arg e flow
,
.
,

h ow ev er would m ai nt ain the pressure in v arious p ar t s of the

,

syst em th at would som ewh at simplify op erat ion .

Wh ere th ere a e num erous drip pock ets which drai n int o a com
r

mon drip m ai n th ey a e lik ely to be of di ff erent h eigh t s produci ng

r ,

di fferent pressures T he p ock ets which a e u nd er low er pressure

. r

must h av e suffi ci ent h ead in the drip branch so th at the w eigh t

of the column of cond ens atio n will exc eed t his pressure di fferenc e ,

thus i nsuri ng a disch arge ev en with the low er pressure branch es .

For i ns tanc e the reh eati ng coil in the low pressure rec eiv er may
,
-

h av e fi e pou nd s l ess pressure at its dri p di sch arg e and it may be

v
4 16 STE AM P O WE R P L A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

loc at ed within a foo t of the b as em ent floor ; th ere are t wo m eans

of removing such drips the simpl est b eing t o p ass the high est
,

pressure drips through the co ils and in this m anner m ak e th em all

low pressure drips The o th er m ethod is t o use a float op erated
- .
-

resis t anc e in the high pressure drip pock ets thus c ausing a
-
,

d ecreas e in pressure in the drip branch as soon as cond ensation is

disch arged and p ermitt ing the low pressure drips to disch arge
,
-
.

R eferring t o Fig 3 3 it will be no t ed th at a t r ap di sch arg e is

. 2

provid ed for rec eiv er sep arator this t rap op erat ing only wh en
-
,

the w at er in the r ec eiv er ris es abov e a c er t ain l ev el Th is w ater .

line an rise wh en all bo il ers are shu t off from the return drip
c ,

sys t em and also wh en t h er e i s no flow of s t eam t o the auxi li ary

m ain Wh enev er the ri ser t o rec eiv er sep arator fill s wi th w at er

.
-

the w eigh t i s incr eased u ntil it b ecom es h eavi er th an the c olumn

t o the boil er ; th en the w at er c eas es to return t o the boil er the ,

s team cond ens es in the ov erh ead r ec eiv er the w at er l evel ri s es ,

and di sch arg es w at er fro mthe tr ap N o w at er p ass es the boil er

.

ch eck v alv es u ntil s t eam ag ain flows t o the au ili ary m ain x .

I n pr actic e th er e is alw ays a f eed pump running and t h is al one is

su ffi ci ent to op er at e the drip ret urn syst em T he amount of s t eam .

r equir ed for the feed pump is abou t the s am e as the amount of

cond ens at ion M any drip ret urn sys t ems a e op erated by al low
. r

ing the s t eamt o w as t e t o the atmosph er e at the drip r ec eiver the ,

amou nt r equ ir ed b eing about one t wenti eth of per c ent of the
-
1

s t eam generat ed I n pr actic e a great er loss is nec ess a y t o insure

. r

the succ essful h andling of drips wh en the boil ers are throwing ov er
w at er I t is to insure an abu nd anc e of st eam t o r aise the drips
.

withou t an accomp anying l oss th at s t eam from the dri p rec eiv er
is delivered to som e pi ec e of s team app ar atus in const ant op era
tion I ns t ead of us ing the tr ap t o disch arge from an ov erh ead
.

receiver a pressure relief v alv e an be used op ening and reli ev ing

,
c ,

the st eam pr essure wh enev er th er e i s no m achinery using s t eam .

This typ e of drip return is more s atisfactory th an any pump return

drip syst emand is b eing ext ensiv ely employed .

Class Q5 St eam D r i p s from P ump B an hes I n lo ng pump r c .

branch es the consid erabl e cond ensation m ak es som e d evic e fo r

removing the st eam from the w ater absolut ely nec ess ary For .

t his purpose a rec eiv er s ep arator is oft en loc at ed at the pump

-

clo se to the throttl e v al v e B y connecting th is rec eiv er t o the drip

.

sys t em or by using a h and op erated bl eed er i t is possibl e t o get

,
-
,
4 18 STE AM P O WE R PL ANT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

l
C ass Q8 Stea m D ri ps from v r and R eheat e
E ng i ne R ecei e r.

I n an inst al l ati on h aving comp ou nd engines r eh eati ng r e eiv er , c ,

steam s ep ar ator c ondenser et as shown in F ig 3 5 ( Q7

, ,
c
.
,
. 2

th ere would be a l arge amou nt of drip s This figure also shows the .

cylind er drip c onnections which would be u sed in c as e a rel eas e

d evic e on the v al v e gear w ere not provi ded The by p ass from .
-

F IG .
32 5 (Q7

s t eam s ep arat or and drip line would be used only in an em ergency

wh en the r eh eating coil was out of servic e o wh en the drain would r

not p ass the w at er f as t enough I n c as e of high w at er or bad

.

wat er the use of t his w as t e would be nec ess ary to prev ent injury
to the eng ine .

The obj ect in p assing all drips t hrough the r eh eat er coil is as ,

p r eviou sly n ot ed to ins

,
ur e quick r em o v al and t o e limi nat e h and
l ing drips of di fferent pressures The warmi ng pip e is used .

b efor e st art ing up and should be i ns t all ed reg ardl ess of whet her the
v alves an be h and operat ed or not as it al lows s t eam t o be pu t
c ,

on bo th sid es of the p i sto n B y the use of th es e w arming pip es

.

the differ ent p ar t s of the eng ine may be h eat ed and e p and to th eir x

norm al si e and form b efor e mov ing ov er the w earing surf ac es

z .

I t is well k no wn th at a p erfec t d ense and glossy surf ac e is s ecur ed

,

in the cyl ind er on the p i st on and v alv es o nly aft er c onsid er abl e
,

time a nd c ar e h av e b een exp end ed to secur e it Th ese surfac es .

 STE AM DR IP S .
4 19

can ea sily bed estroy ed by movi ng one pa t o er anoth er wh en r v

th ey a e not at th eir norm al ru nni ng t emperature in which c ase

r , ,

i nstead of the pressure b ei ng l ow it is su ffi ci ently high to preclud e ,

the possib ility of oil r eachi ng the slidi ng surf ac es Wh en an .

engine gro ans in s t ar t i ng up it i s u nmi st ak abl e evid enc e t h at the

,

smooth surf ac e g ained by norm al op erati on is b ei ng i njured .

T he s t arti ng dr ain at the top of the throttl e is not a u niv ersal

d et ail as it is possibl e to p ass this cond ens ation throu gh the engi ne
,

by op ening the throttl e B y the use of the st arting dr ain the oil
.

is not so compl et ely w ash ed ou t of the cyli nd er T he cyli nd er .

drains should be pip ed t o one sid e so t h at an ext ension v alv e st em

and h and wh eel pl ac ed abov e the fl oor an be u sed Sp eci al c .

c ar e mus t be obs erv ed in ru nning cylind er drips to avoid the pos

si bil i ty of w at er b eing dr aw n b ack i nto the cyli nd ers wh en u nd er
a p ar t i al v acuum as will be the c as e wh en the eng ine is b ei ng
,

s tar t ed and the li ttl e s t eam admitted exp ands b elow atmosph eric
pressure O rdinarily each drain is un s ep ar at ely t o the exh au st
. r .

T he s af ety of t his arr ang em ent is co nt ing ent up on the c er t ai nty

of the exh aus t b eing fr ee fro m w at er T he arr ang em ent re om . c

m end ed by the eng ine build ers is t o run each dr ain s ep arat ely
t o a c at ch b asin in the b as em ent floor with the end of the drip ,

pip e abov e the floor l evel so th at it is impossibl e t o draw w at er

,

b ack into i t I n no c as e should the drain from one end of the

.

cylind er be connec t ed with the dr ain from the oth er end; each
drain should be s ep arat ely pip ed to the point of disch arg e so t h at ,

wh en one pip e is disch arging w at er and the oth er one sucking air
t h ere will be no d anger of w at er b eing dr awn b ack into the cylind er .

Wh ere esc aping s t eam is obj ecti onabl e a drip t ank an be u sed c ,

bu t it should alw ays be op en to the at mosph ere and t o the sew er .

Class Q9 D ri ps from St eam Loop I n Fig 3 6 (Q9 ) . . 2 —

1

cond ens at ion is b eing t ak en by the gr avi t y return loop from an

el ev ation low er th an the bo il er into which i t is disch arg ed To .

m aintain t his sys t em in op erat ion i t is nec ess ary t h at the w eigh t
of the colum n A sh all be l ess t h an the w eigh t of colu mn B
, ,
.

T he ri ser l eg A will co nt ain wh en working w at er at a t emp era

, , , ,

t ure of the st eam say 4 lb pressure which will m ak e

—
,
1 0 .
—

the w eigh t of the w at er lb pe cu f t T he drop l eg mus t . r . .

be su ffi ci ently expo sed to l ow er the t emp er ature of the w at er

1 00 d egrees say to 5 d egrees At this temp erature the wat er
, ,
2 0 .

would w eigh lb pe cu f t Wi t h th ese t emp eratures if

. r . . ,
42 0 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

riser A were 5 ft and di st anc e C one foot B plus C would

, ,
0 .
, , ,

h av e to be 4 7 ft and dist anc e D 3 ft to m ak e the syst em op er ative

.
, , .

wh en full of wat er This how ever is not the usu al method of

.
, ,

op eration T he dist anc e D is g enerally 5 or ft I n ord er

.
, ,
1 20 .

to m aint ain w at er in the l eg B continuously h eavi er th an l eg A

, , , ,

it will be nec ess ary th at the c ont ents of leg A be st eam and w at er , , ,

the s t eam flow i ng at suffi ci ent v elocity to c arry the cond ens at ion

F m3
. 26 ( 09

upw ard and int o the cond ens ation pip e T he ris er A mus t be .
, ,

suffi ci ently sm all to produc e this v elocity and the cond enser pip e
suffi ci ently l arg e to c ond ens e the st eam th at p asses through riser A , .

The di ff er enc e in w at er t emp er atur es of the two l egs is quit e a

negligibl e qu antity the syst em bei ng op er ativ e with w at er and
,

dri p l egs practic ally at the s am e t emp er ature as the st eam .

Th ere are m any features to be c onsid ered in connection wi th this

typ e of drip return which require extra judgm ent to d et ermine .

With a sm al l siz e of ri ser pip e a great er pr essur e drop is nec es sa y r ,

and t o p ermi t thi s gr eat er pr essur e drop the drop l eg B must be , ,

42 2 ST E AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

plu nger pump is obj ectionabl e fo two di stinct reasons one b eing r ,

th at the plu ng er p ack ing is difl ul t to m aint ain fo high t emp era i c r

tures and the oth erth at plu ngers must be p ack ed to stand high
,

pressure whil e the pump is only doing low pressure servic e I n

,
—
.

the l att er ev ent the p ow er r equ ir ed to mov e the plu ng er in the

p acking is much great er th an the pow er requir ed to pump the w ater .

T he pump show n in F ig 7 7 is suit ed for t his s ervic e as it has

. 2 ,

a pi ec e br ass lining in pl ac e of the p ack ing and gl and the sligh t

1- ,

loss by slipp age b eing much l ess th an the fricti onal lo ss in a p ack ed
pis ton I n the pump sh own wat er an flow from the r es ervoi
. c r

into the cylind er w ithou t low ering the pressure on op ening the
suction v alv es T he l owering of pr essur e on hi gh t emper at ur e
.

w at er is acco mp ani ed by e ev ap or ati on c ausing the pump t o r -

,

b ecom e st eam b ound and u nl ess the v alv es a e m ech anic ally
,
r

op er at ed the r ec eiv er should be pl ac ed not l ess th an 8 t o 4 in 1 2 .

abov e the pump .

Cl ass Q l l St eam D i p s f om E hau st M ain and B ran hes

r r x c .

T he coll ec t io n of drips fr om the e h aust m ain is a low pressur e x -

s ervic e and u nl ess the cos t of w ater is exc es sive

, ,

and an oil s ep ar at or u sed i t is d es i r abl e t o l et ,

th em go to w as t e E xh aus t m ains u nd er .

at mosph eric pr essur e a e quit e r eadil y dr ained r

by a U sh ap ed w at er s eal as shown in Figs

-
,
.

16 and 6 A v ery sim pl e dr ain tr ap an

1 1 2 . c

be us ed fo this s ervic e c onsi st i ng of a bu oy ant

r ,

e h au st v alv e as shown in F ig 3 8 ( Q
x ) ,
. 2 I I— I .

The w at er fil ls the t r ap body and the p ar t i al ,

v acuum c au ses the v al v e to rise to the surf ac e

of the w ater and return t o its s eat wh en the
w at er is d isch arg ed This tr ap is op erative .

u nd er a m ore limit ed r ange th an th at shown

in Fig s 6 and 6 Wh en poss ibl e the
. 1 1 1 2 .

br anch es and m ain sh ould be aid ou t so the

F10 3 8 (Qu )
. 2
-
r

dr ps W ll be deliv ered to one po nt

.

i
l
i i .

Class Q I Z St eam D r i p s f om V a uum Separato and St eam r c r

T rap s T he ordinary form of gr eas e ex tr act or is shown in Fig

.
54 . 1 .

The drip s from a v acuum l ine r equ ir e a sp eci al t r ap or entr ainer ,

which p art of the t im e may be u nd er the s am e pressure as the

v acuum line then ag ain u nd er su ffi ci ent pres sure to di sch arge
,

ag ains t the at mo sph er e This is accompli sh ed by h aving a s t eam

.
 STE AM DR IP S .
42 3

line ru nni ng to tr ap and v alv es in both the drip line and st eam
l ine one of which is closed wh en the oth er is op en a fl oat d evic e
, ,

being u sed to op er at e the v alv es Fig 3 9 (O ) sh ow s one

. . 2 I 2— 1

formof the d evic e in which the st eam line is clo sed wh en the dr ain
is op en Wh en the flo at ri ses the li ne to the v acuum drip is clos ed
.

and the st eam v alv e is op en f orcing the w at er in the t r ap through

,

the spring clos ed di sch arg e

-
I n som e t yp es the flo at op er at es
.

FI G 3 2 9 ( Q 1 2
. F I G 330
.
( Q1 2

a pilo t v alv e which admit s pr essure t o and op erates a multipor t ed

p s t on t h ere b ei ng but two working c ombi nations of port op enings
i , .

T he p ilo t v alv e c ont rol is v ery succ essfully u sed for st eam tr aps
of the typ e sh own in Fig 33 ( Q . 0 A v ery sm all flo at with
12 ,

but a fr ac t ion of an inch trav el w ill co ntrol a l arg e disch arg e v alv e
,
.

Two s t eam t raps of the s am e resist anc e a e abl e t o disch arge r

the s am e qu antity of w at er ag ai ns t the s am e h ead T he c ap aci t y .

of a s teamt r ap an be i ntelligently s tated by giving its h ead loss

c

wh en disch arging a giv en qu antity of w at er T he siz e of pip e .

connec t ions h ave littl e b earing on the c ap acity of a tr ap The .

h ead loss sh ould be the l oss in pressure as m easur ed at the inl et

and the outl et pi pes cl ose t o the tr aps b eing the l oss occ asioned
,

by resis t anc e I n sp ecifyi ng for a trap it sh ould be st at ed th at the

.

tr ap sh all h av e not l ess th an a given numb er of g allons c ap acity ,

wi th a loss of pres sure not to exc eed a c ert ain numb er of pou nds ,

wh en p as sing throu gh the t rap .

Cl ass Q 13 Steam D i ps fr om O utside B u i l di ng s

r This s e vic e . r

is in nearly ev ery c as e of a compl ex nature T he coll ectio n of .

drips from di ff erent p art s of the v ari ous build ings inv ari ably o ffers
m any ob st acl es t o syst em atic or r eli abl e arrangem ent So me .
42 4 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

dr ains may be d eliv ered at high el ev at ion oth ers at a low er one , .

T he pr es sur e may be high at t im es and at oth er tim es v ery l ow, .

A syst em for this purpo se mus t be abl e to t ak e drips at any tem

p re a tu e el
r ev,
atio n o pr essur e and inralmo st any qu ant i t y .

St eam lines an be c arri ed l ong dis t anc es fi rst to a high el ev ation

c , ,

th en t o a lower one and th en up and so on with out any oth er

, , ,

li mi t at ion t h an to c are for the exp ansion and the drips T he .

high pressure line an g eneral ly be dr ained by st eam traps at

—
c

the di ffer ent low po ints d eliv er ing into a sp eci al drip m ain the
, ,

pressure b eing su ffi ci ent to r eturn the drips to the b oil er room .

I n pl ac es t h at h av e drips of a l ower pr essure an aut om atic r ec eiv er

p ump would be u sed Such buildings or points h av ing drips of a
.

pressur e high er t h an the drip m ain would require s t eam tr aps t o

disch arge drips into the drip m ain .

When the pressure of the drip m ain is high er t h an th at of the

l ine drained a pump mu st be us ed Th es e limi t ations mus t be .

obs erv ed in all the drains provid ed ; t h at is the drips c anno t be ,

h andl ed if b elow the drip m ain pressure Anoth er diffi cul t y is .

in the m aint enanc e of a co nst ant drip m ain pr essure This is .

nec ess ary if r eturn drip pumps a e us ed and the pr essure an r , c

g eneral ly be m aint ained by using a r eli ef v al v e set at som e d es ired

pressure and all o w drips to p ass from the drip m ain through this
r elief v alv e .

Wh en drips a e ret urned from m any points in l arge qu ant i t ies

r

it is custom ary to use a dri p storage t ank and feed the w ater t o ,

the boil ers A pl ant h aving m any m ains and a great v ari et y of
.

st eam cond ensing d evic es an reduc e radi ation loss and insure
c

b etter results in general by us ing boil er feed regul ators th at w ill

increas e feed to boil ers at the s am e time the qu antity of returning
drips is increased Th ere a e so m any gov erning features in
. r

drip returns th at each s ep arat e feature mus t be consid ered The .

following points must be consid ered and each condition s afe

gu ard ed .

1 . T he drip s h av e appro im at ely the sam e t emp er atur e as

x

the st eam and on di sch arging int o a l ow er pressure much st eam

, ,

is formed .

2 . St eam tr aps inv ari ably disch arg e som e st eam b efore th ey
clo se .

3 W at er moving in slugs s ep ar at ed by st eam wil l s t ike the

. r

fi tting s m uch the s ame as if it w ere a solid bar .

426 S TE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

d itional h ead to c arry the w ater up the ri ser O rd inarily

a d .
,

much m ore th an one h al f the volume of the drip is s team and live
-

st eam w ill not be r equired t o light en the ri ser colu m ns I f liv e .

st eam were required it would t ak e but one pou nd of boil er w at er

g enerat ed i nto steam to light en l b of drip r et urn w at er
. .

T he ri ser sh ould be suffi ci ently sm all t o insur e high v eloci ty ,

and to suit v ari abl e conditio ns ris ers may be in p ai rs each p air ,

b eing of t wo siz es of pipe ,

say i i and in which -

h . 1- .
,

will p ermi t eith er b eing

used s ep arat ely o both in r

u nison giv ing c ap acity in ,

the proporti on of 9 to 6 1

t o 5 I f the drip system 2 .

sh own in Fig 33 is used . 1

t o remov e drips from pres

sure st eam m ains th ese ,

drips an be returned c

ag ainst boil er pr essur e ev en

if the drips a e at lb r 10 -
.

b elow the boil er pressure ,

in which ev ent how ev er it , ,

F IG.
33 ( Q 3
: 1 wil l be nec ess ary th at sufli

ci ent l eng th of drop l eg be

u sed to ov ercom e this difl e en e in pressure I f the drips a e solid
'

r c . r

w at er it w ill be nec ess a y to use the v aporiz er sho wn in Fig 33

r . 1

to r ai se th em t o the high horizo nt al co nd ens er pip e .

T he gr eat es t obj ectio n t o the loop drip syst em is th at the pr in

cipl e gov erning i ts op er ati on is not w ell u nd erstood by t hos e who
usu ally h av e it in ch arge .

A simpl er form alth ough poss ess ing more p ar t s is th at sho wn

, ,

in Fig 33
. 2 (Q 3 1 O n the scor e of simplicity it is l ar gely
u sed in coll ecting drip s from surrou nding buil d ings E ach .

building has a drip t ank provid ed with a v aporiz er pip e The .

w at er fl ow s by gr avity from th ese t anks to the m ain st ation Such .

buildings as A which h av e t anks loc at ed at a hi gh el ev ation may

, ,

h av e a low l ev el t ank to c atch all the buil ding drains and a pump
to raise t h ese drips to an ov erh ead t ank This would be strictl y
.

a gr avity sy st em and if gr eas e w er e r emov ed from the exh aus t

,

drips th ey could be r eturned in t his way Ano t h er m ethod is to .

 STE AM DR I P S .

42 7

use the drip t anks as shown in Fig 33 with each t ank loc ated to
,
. 2,

suit the r equir em ents I n a sm all flo at co ntr oll ed pump the dis
.
-

ch arg e from the di ff er ent buildings is t ak en from a low pressure -

m ain to an el ev at ed t ank in the pow er h ous e th en to an op en ,

h eat er T he drip m ains from buildi ng to buildi ng an be pl ac ed

. c

on differ ent el ev atio ns si nc e the ent ir e syst em is one of pr essur e

,

FI G 332
.
(Q 13

r et urn T he boil er room t ank is of nec essity high er t h an any of

.

the drip li nes This sys t em as w ell as th at shown in Fig 33

. . 2

would be free from w at er h amm er and oth er di ffi culti es arising

from s t eam and w at er in drip lines To avoid t roubl e from
.
.

st eam in drip pip es i t would be advis abl e to disch arge tr aps et

, ,
c .
,

i nt o a l arg e st andpip e v ent ed through the roof This will giv e .

storag e for t rap disch arg e and at the s am e t im e p ermit v apo s

_
r

to esc ap e or cond ens e T he st andpip e should h av e ab out t wic e the

.

di am et er of the t rap di sch arg e T he m et hod sho wn in Fig 33 . . 1

is g ood and modifi c at ions an be m ad e th at will p ermit its use

,
c

in m any pl ac es .

I f liv e st eam li nes w at er lines and el ec t ric wir es also un be

, r

t w een b uild ings t h en s ome form of t u nnel will be advis abl e The
, .

pip e lines should be loc ated over each

oth er and at one sid e whil e the wires ,

should be pl ac ed at the top I f the .

exp ense of such a t u nnel b ars its use ,

the nex t b es t pl an is to use a m aso nry

trench the sid es and bo ttom h avi ng
,

a cov er th at is a slow conduc t or of

h eat and w at erproof A concrete P
. 333 ( Q B 3) M -

trench with a wood en t op is shown

in Fig 333 ( Q 3
. A t op h aving si ngl e bo ard s is a poor
1

co nstructi on With h eat on one sid e and the outsid e expo sed to
.
,

the r ain and sun the bo ards s oo n w arp so th at th ey will l eak air
,
42 8 A
STE M P OWE R PL N T P I P I A NG SYSTE M S .

and w ater d am aging the pip e c ov ering E ach cov er s ect ion
, .

should be one sh eet of galv aniz ed iron wi t h the ends l app ed to

pro t ect the joi nts T he exc elsior filling improves the insul ating
.

prop erti es bu t t his typ e of trench cov er b eing doubl e thickness

,

with an air sp ac e m ak es a good non conduc tor withou t the filling -

.

Cl ass Q14 St eam D r i p s M i s ell aneous T he s afet y v alv e

c .

should h av e a dr ai n t o disch ar ge such co nd ens at i on as m ay be

c aus ed by s t eam l eak ag e p as t the v alve this d etail b eing shown ,

in Figs . 12 8 and 9 Th
12 e dr
. ains from the h eati ng syst em a e r

shown in Figs 7 8 79 and 8 D rains from surfac e onden

. 1 ,
1 1 0 . c

s ers are shown in Figs 6 and 8 T he drip m ain ret urning

. 22 22 .

drips t o boil ers is shown in Figs 36 3 7 4 4 and 44 T he drips .

, ,
0, 1 .

should not in any c ase be di sch arged into the feed m ain High .

t emp erature drips h av e more or l ess v apor or st eam c arri ed in

t h emand only wh en conditions a e regul arly m ai nt ained an th es e r c

high temp er ature drips be d elivered to a feed m ain withou t c ausing

s erious w ater h ammer T he branch es from drip m ains to boil er
.

should h av e s t op v alv es nex t t o the bo il er a ch eck v alve and ,

ano t h er s t op v alv e next to the drip m ai n .

I t is quit e s af e t o st at e th at in nearly ev ery c as e i t is a s avi ng t o

ret urn drips t o the boil er in some m anner I f but pe c ent of the . 1 r

s t eam generated in a hp pl ant is di sch arg ed in drips t h en

-
.

836 an be i nv es t ed t o s av e the h eat u nits and show

0 c pe c ent on 10 r

the inv estment . T he v alu e of r et urni ng pure w at er is in m any

c as es even great er t h an the g ain in s aving h eat u nits .
4 30 S TE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

u sed fo this purpose bu t a e obj ectionabl e as the pocket s

r ,
r ,

a e sm all
r .

T he drip m ai ns a e the m ai n s ew er with no h ead and ru nning

r , ,

p ar t full c arrying all the imp uriti es w ash ed i nto th em M uch

,
.

t roubl e is e p erienced with th ese drip li nes if m ade with st and ard
x

pip e and fi ttings T he d et ail s essenti al fo sewer connecti ons

. r

a e cl early sh own for the drip m ai n

r :

1 T he bottom of the dr ain must be a smooth u nbrok en

.
,

surf ac e free from pock ets o proj ecti ons r .

2 I n c ase it is nec ess ary to m ak e a drop m eans should be

.
,

provid ed fo cl eani ng out the trap t hu s formed

r .

3 A
. gr a du al f all sh oul d be g iv en the line .

4 A m eans fo cl eaning the line sh ould be av ail abl e

. r .

I f the l ength of the dri p m ai n i s not m or e th an one l ength of

pip e th en a l arge pip e of say
,
in an be u sed T he dr ai ns
, ,
. c .

a e t ak en in at the top of the pip e throu gh drill ed and t app ed h ol es

r , .

Wh ere more th an one l ength of pi pe is required the joint sh ould

be free from pock ets or sh ould ers About the o nly pr actic al .

m ethod of acc ompli shing t his is as shown in F ig 33 5 (R . I

A l ead ring is squ eez ed int o the j oint b etw een the fl ang e and pip e
at the t hreads The bor e of the fl ang e is .

m achined the s am e fo both fl anges and if r

this v ari es slightly the l ead ri ng is trimm ed

with a slight b evel from the end of pip e to the
fl ange Wh en thi s fl ange j oi nt is m ad e up the
.

b ore is smooth l eavi ng no proj ections to c aus e ,

F 1g 33 5 (
. 1
2 pr ecipit ati on
1 C onnecti ons an b e m ad e by . c

m eans of a T pl ac ed b etw een the fl anges shown

in Fig 33 5 bu t thi s will be mor e exp ensiv e th an to use a l arg er
.
,

m ain drill ed and t app ed on its u pp er sid e to rec eive the branch
, .

The pip e m ain shuts out the du st from the b asem ent and al so
p ermi ts steam b ei ng blo wn throu gh to cl ean it out as show n in ,

Fig 4 . 11 .

An op en m ain simil ar to a ro of gutt er an be m ad e of g al v aniz ed

, ,
c

sh eet iron or a w ood en trough c ov ered with tin an be used A

,
c .

fl at op en trough would r et ai n m any of the impuriti es and reli ev e

the fi l t er to t his ex t ent Co nsid ering the use of a d evic e c arrying
.

oil and op en t o the atm osph ere it must be exp ec t ed th at oil will
, ,

creep over the ent ire outsid e surf ac e D rip lines should be run .
 OI L P I P I NG .

in w arm pl ac es The w arm er the line s k ep t the l ess li abl e is

. i

precipit at e to lod ge .

Cl ass R 2 O i l and D r i p Li nes to Cu p s and M a hi nes

—
T he c .

following few ess entials in th ese drip connections should be

provid ed for .

1 The o nnections t o m ai n journals ecc ent rics and cr ank pi ns

. c ,
-

should be arrang ed so th at the journal c ap s or oil gu ards an c

be r emov ed whil e ru nni ng and withou t shu t ti ng off the oil supply .

2 D iff er ent lines and br anch es should h av e a gr adu al uphill

.

construction t h ere b ei ng a l ow p oint which all the branch es will

,

drain .

3 P ip es should be suppor t ed a su ffi ci ent dist anc e from the

.

machi ne to p ermit cl eaning .

4 The oiling syst em for each m achine should be a u ni t in

.

itself op erat iv e without the g ener al oiling sys t em and c ap abl e

of b eing ch ang ed ov er whil e the m achine is ru nni ng .

T he fi rs t r equir em ent is show n in Fig 336 ( R the pip es . 2

swinging on th eir thread ed joints I f v alv es w ere us ed in each .

of the swing connections th ey would be pl ac ed at A this b eing ,

nec ess ary in ord er t o disco nnec t the cups

from the journals V alve B is the thro ttl e
.

and the tee show n at C is poi nt e d down with ,

a v alv e or plug at its low er end For the .

t hird r equirem ent som e post form of suppor t

of the typ e us ed for plumbing fi x tures as ,

shown in Fig 337 (R . is v ery d esirabl e

2 .

Fig 338 ( R 3 ) is obj ectionabl e u nl ess the

. 2
—

post has a righ t and l ef t t hread T he screw

- -
.

hol es for the suppor t shown in Fig 33 7 an . c

be drill ed wi t h a br eas t dr ill but for Fig 338 ,

.

a r at ch et drill mus t be us ed The di st anc e .

from the pip e t o the engi ne fram e need not

sm ll pip
'

be g eat r
5 i
1n on a . e and in on 2 .

l arger o nes this dis t anc e b eing quit e co nv eni ent F o 336 ( R a
,
1 .

t o allow p assi ng a piec e of w ast e through .

The fourth requir em ent is quit e ess enti al as i t s non obs erv anc e -

affects co nti nuous op er at io n I t r equir es an em erg ency t ank

.
,

loc at ed b et w een the oil throttl e and the journals p ermitting ,

eng ine oil t o be suppli ed in l arg e qu ant i t i es E m erg ency t anks an . c

432 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

be k epty from the engine the v alv es pl ac ed at a high point

awa ,

and the t anks att ach ed wh en r equi ed using the oil in the c ombined r ,

cup unt il the em ergency tank an be attach ed and fil l ed t h ereb y c ,

m aking a v ery reli abl e arrangem ent .

T he difl e ent dr ains may be at t ach ed t o a drip po t loc at ed

r

in the m ain This av oids the nec essity of ru nning m any br anch es
. .

T he joining of drips wi th a tee is a v ery crud e d et ail I t should .

be an inv ari abl e rul e t h at no drip

branch sh all be run th at c anno t be
cl eaned from end to end by p assing
a w ir e t hrou gh it T he d ip pot . r ,

Fig 339 ( R is esp eci al ly suit ed

. 2

for b as ements wh er e the drips a e r

F1 33 7 ( R
0 F
2 338 ( R
l oc at
10
ed clo se to the c eil ing
2
Th at .

shown in Fig 34 (R 5 ) is suited

. .

. 0 2 —

for drip lines built in the c em ent floor Th es e drip po ts a e . r

of siz e t o tak e six or eight drains one pot to t ak e thr ee o four ,

r

drains at one point and disch arge into the next pot the nex t pot ,

to t ak e four or fi e more and disch arg e into ano th er one engine

v ,

FI G 339.
(R 2 F I G 34 0
.
(R a

h aving possibly t hr ee po ts including the one loc at ed in the main

, .

Wh en po ts a e us ed th ere is no occ asion for us ing v al ves in the

r

branch es or o th er m eans for cl eaning exc ep t by wire from pot

to pot .

T he ordinary m et hod of dr aining the engine bed and p ans

is to drill and tap a sm all op ening wi th which the drip pipes are
connect ed from b el ow Some eng ine b ed s h ave drains c arri ed
.

to one sid e possibly h alf in and h al f out of the fl oor the d etail s
, ,

employ ed being insu ffi ci ent t o provid e for the prop er flow of the

oil and l ik ely t o b ecom e d am ag ed T he drip po t sho wn in .

4 34 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

a mou nt of cond ens at ion in the cyl ind ers The anim al fats should .

h ave the l eas t possibl e exposure to high t emp er at ure s team .

Anim al f at s a e the o nly lubric ants t h at wil l adh er e to the wet

r

w alls of cyl ind ers th erefore the dri er the cylind er w alls the l ess
,

anim al fat will be r equir ed thus p er m itt ing ,

the use of a much h eavi er miner al oil This .

will require atomi ing at a consid erabl edis t anc e z

from the cylind er Such h eavy oil is a .

p erm anent lubric ant and w ill st and com ing

in co nt act with hi gh t em per atur e st eam .

Atomiz ers for use in st eam pip es s erv e the

s am e purpos e as feeding in the oil high er up
in the pip e T he oil is brok en up wh en i t .

l eav es the at omi er and do es not d ep end upo n z

FIG 34 ( R 2 2
the h eat of the s t eam to be thoroughl y
.

v aporiz ed A v aporiz er is p articul arly v al u abl e in the use of oil

.

cont aining anim al fats as i t shortens the dis tanc e and t im e th at

,

th ese fats a e expo sed to steam be

r

fore precipit at ion o cylind er w all s h .

O ne form of at omiz er is sho wn

i n Fig 3 4 .
(R 7 T he chi ef
2 2
—

requirem ent of this d evic e is th at

no p art an b ecom e loos ened and
c

c arri ed into the eng ine T he long .

foo t or stem proj ecting do wnw ard

from the atomiz er prev ents the h ead
from u nscrewing Anoth er m ethod .

of use is to h av e the atomiz er h ead

sm all er th an the op eni ng in the

pip e m ad e in one pi ece and screwed

,

in from the ou tsid e A mos t .

s atisfactory lubric ator is shown in

F ig.
3 3 (
4 R A s the 2 oil F 34 3 ( R IG 2

rec ept acl e meloses the ent e pump

.
. .

lr

m ech ani sm the rec ept acl e is free from al l working p arts b eing ,

h eld in pl ac e by two wi nged nuts on the end of two eyebolts .

T he r ec ept acl e an be r em ov ed whil e the pump i s in op er at ion

c

and oil fed t o the pump suctio n dir ect A strok e adjust er which .
,

mov es with the plu ng er shows the mov em ent of each of the,

plungers .
 OIL P I P I NG . s

S ome Corliss engines h av e lubric ators wi th fi e feeds bu t this v ,

is not the b es t prac t ic e for the economic al use of oil Th ere .

would be in this c ase one feed at each end of the t wo admission

v alves and the o th er feed i nto the p acking rings The l atter feed
,
.

is d esirabl e if fed b etw een the inner and ou ter ends of p acking ,

requiri ng in this c as e as much pressur e to d eliv er oil to p acking

as will be r equir ed t o d eliv er i t i nt o s t eam sp ac e The lubric a .

t or ordinarily should h ave three feeds one to the fod as no ted

and one a shor t dis t anc e abov e the t hro ttl e v alv e with an atom
i e as show n in Fig 34
z r, Th ere should be ano th er feed high er
. 2 .

up in the steam pip e for em ergency use .

Wi th four lubric ator feeds in use i t is diffi cul t t o get men ,

accustom ed t o prop er feedi ng T he g ener al t end ency is t o use

.

too much oil which is d etrim ent al t o prop er lubric at ion

,
i t is —

more diffi cult to break up a l arge drop of oil th an a sm all one .

T he oil cup sh ow n in Fig 3 44 ( R 9 ) has m any comm end abl e

—
. 2

features O il from the pip e line an be disch arged t o a journal or

. c

cup and oil from the cup an be disch arged t o the j ournal The
c .

cup an be fill ed by rot at ing the cock shown The h andl e of the
c .

cock is b al anc ed and shows the po si t ion of the p arts The ends .

of the cock a e p ack ed affording suffi ci ent friction t o hold it in

r ,

any posi t io n in which i t may be pl ac ed withou t l eak ag e T he , .

needl e v alv e u t iliz es its p acki ng mor e t o r et ain set t h an t o prev ent
,

l eak s as th ere is no pressure p as t the v alv e I n r egul ar op erat ion

,
.

the line is shu t off with the cock and the needl e v alv e l ef t u ndis
tu bed ready to f eed the d esir ed amou nt wh en the engine is ag ai n
r

st art ed I f the oiling sys tem is u nd er pressure b efore the engine

.

s tar t s the oil cups at the t op of the oil r egul at or a e l ef t off

,
r .

I ns t ead of usi ng gl ass b ody s t or ag e cups they may be m ad e of ,

ligh t sh eet m et al as shown in Fig 34 5 (R

, and sh ap ed to
. 2

st ack up in close qu ar t ers and be ready for use if required .

Ano t h er t yp e of oil f eed er is the au t om atic oil cup or v al v e

arr ang ed t o clos e wh en the oil t hro t tl e is clo sed and pen wi t h the c

t hrot tl e This typ e of v alv e is shown in Fig 346 (R

.
) a n d . 2— 1 1

to m ak e the sys t em reli abl e an em ergency t ank mus t be used as ,

shown in Fig 59 This autom at ic v alve co nsi sts prim aril y of

. .
, ,

a fr ee moving pis t on wi t h a v alv e at i t s low er end The pr essure .

moves the pis t on from the v al v e s eat as far as the set of the regu
l at ing screw will p ermit and a spri ng closes the v alv e wh en the oil
pressureis off Anyl eak ag e t h at may p ass the pis ton will flow ov er
.
4 36 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

its edge and be disch arged t hrough a por t in the c ent er of the
regul ating v alve When the pi ston clos es the regul at ing v alve
.

i t al so cl oses the v alve in the op en end of the pist on shutt ing off ,

any oil t h at o th erw i s e would l eak p as t the pis t on T he unio n .

FI G .
34 5 (R 2

FI G .
344 (R 2 FI G .
346 (R 2

connec t ion to the sight p os t is the s am e as sh own in F ig 344 . .

This p ermits a pip e c onnection and a p ositi on of sight s to suit the

requ irem ents T he v alv e in this cup r em ains at the end of the
.

pip e wh en the cup is di sconnected from the j ournal the s ame ,

as in Fig 344
. Wh en i t is nec essary t o ch ange over to the l ow
.

pres sure gr avi t y syst em the adjusting screw is un out and the r

v alv e m ech anic ally lifted from i ts s eat T he spring us ed fo low

. r

pressure cups is light so th at the pressure will forc e ba k the piston

,
c

and op en the v alv e T he hi gh pr essure r equir es a spr ing th at w ill

.

clo se more fi rmly but not so accurat ely as with fi tt ed v alv e f ac es .

T he p arts of t hi s cup a e few in numb er and as each is h eavy

r

th er e is pr actic ally no d anger of the p arts b ecoming d am ag ed .

Cl ass R 3 —
O i l and D r i p Li nes fo O i l P umps rAny of the .

pumps ord inarily u sed for w at er an be used to pump oil if the

c
4 38 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I N G S Y S TE M S .

rec eives the T end which is a p ar t of the pump cylind er The

,
.

ai r ch amb er G i s not absolu t ely nec es sary but serv es to m inimiz e

, , ,

v ari ations in the pressure The slo t in the connecting rod H .

, ,

mus t be of su ffi ci ent l ength to p ermi t a c ompl et e revolution of the

crank withou t moving the connecting o d T he spring cushi ons r .

the shock of the slid e box B s triking the op en end of the on , ,

c

ne ting rod and c ompress ing as w eigh t C ob t ains sp eed

c T he .

guid e K t ak es the sid e thru st of the pump rod I f a small motor

, ,
.

is us ed it will be advis abl e to use a cou nterw ei gh t opposi te the

,

p i n,
B as sho,
w n at L Thi s c ou nterw eigh t should h ave abou t
.

h alf the w eigh t of th at lift ed by the pin B T he pump an m ak e ,

. c

as high as s trok es pe minute with a

1 00 in plu ng er and
r .

3 in strok e and work s at isf ac t orily

-
. .

FI G .
348 (R 3 FI G 34 9.
(R 3

Ins tead of the oil pump b eing loc ated insid e of the tank it ,

may be loc ated els ewh ere with pip e c onnections as shown in
Figs 348 (R 3 ) and 3 49 (R 3
. The oil supply pip e A
—
2 , ,

s t andpip e B and por t t o suction v alve C a e at all t im es

, , , ,
r

op en to each oth er a por t ru nning from ch amb er B to por t C

, ,

with pip e A connecting th em A di sch arge por t D is c arri ed .

, ,

down to one sid e p ast the di sch arge v alve and connec ts with
disch arge pip e E I t will be not ed th at this pump is qui te free
,
.

fro m fric t i on and th ere is no ch anc e of oil sloppi ng around it .

T he v alv e and plu ng er st and v ertic ally Fig 3 49 sho ws the . .

p um p p o er at ed fr om a b el l cr ank The pum p show n in F i g 348 . .

 OIL P IP I NG .
4 39

is w ell ad ap ted to d eliv er oil t o an ov erh ead t ank the b ell crank ,
-

working full strok e all the t ime and if d esired the esc ap em ent ,

shown in Fig 3 47 may be omitted How ever this d et ail is so

. .
,

simpl e and has so littl e w ear th at its use w ould be advi sabl e if
fo no ot h er purpos e th an to be abl e t o m ai nt ai n oil pr essur e
r

wi th ou t the gravity t ank wh en this t ank i s b eing cl eaned or

rep aired I f the engine has an em erg ency oil supply assho wn in
.
,

Figs 344 and 345 i t will be s afe to op er at e withou t the gr avi t y

.
,

t ank using simply the fi l ter pump and oil s torage shown in
, , ,

Fig 349 t o which all the drains a e un and d eliver oil by h and
.
,
r r ,

t o the oil cups during such t im e th at any p or t ion of the syst em

is out of s ervic e .

P l acing al l the engi nes on one oili ng sys t emis not the b est pr ae
t ice as a slight troubl e will affec t the ent ire st ati on An ad an
, . v

t age in h aving a s ep arate sys t em for each engine is th at di fferent

oils an be used for di fferent engines acc ording to the needs
c ,
.

Cl ass R 4 O i l and D ri p L i nes fo F i lt er s and P ur i fi er srTh ere .

a e m any t yp es of app aratus fo r emovi ng u nd esir abl e prop erti es

r r

from the oil T he foll owi ng a e the im puriti es so c all ed th at

. r , .

must be removed to k eep the oil in the bes t conditio n :

1 .Solid sub st anc es of m easur abl e siz e r emov ed by fi l t r at ion , .

2 .Solid subst anc es of v ery sm all siz e rem ov ed by pr ecipi t ation , .

3 F ats and h eavy oils r emov ed by all owi ng oil t o s t and p erfec t ly
.
,

still and precipi t at e .

4 Fr ee w at er r em ov ed by pr ecipi t at io n
.
, .

5 W ater i ncorpor ated and h eld i n susp ension by the oil

.
,

r emoved by ev aporating the w at er from the oil .

T he ordi nary comm erci al fi l t er accompli sh es the fi rs t and

t o a slight ext ent the s econd bu t littl e at t emp t is m ad e to m eet
,

the third four t h and fi f t h r equir em ent s

,
To prop erly p erform .

the s eco nd and third r equir em ent s i t is nec ess ary to r emov e the oi l
,

entirely from circul atio n for a co nsid er abl e tim e say from four to ,

six w eeks The four th requirem ent an quickly be accomplish ed

. c

with an au tom at ic w at er disch arge pl ac ed b etw een the drip m ain

and the fil t er pr ev enti ng the fr ee w at er from r eachi ng the fi l t er
,
.

T he fi fth r equir em ent r equires a sp eci al d evic e which should be

us ed occ asi onally say onc e a mont h all the oil p assi ng t hrough
, ,

i t at that t ime .

Th ere a e t wo g eneral typ es of fi l ters one h avi ng a sm all

r ,

fil t ering area and r eat d epth the oth er h avi ng a l arge area and
g ,
4 40 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

sli ght d epth Wire screen trays a e easily cl eaned and a l arge
. r

p art of the fil tering an be done with th em the final fil t rat ion to be

c ,

c arri ed on through som e fine m esh m ateri al such as fel t or bone

ch arco al The screens should be so pl ac ed th at t h ey may be
.

remov ed one at a tim e and the d eposits blown ou t with s team .

T he fourth r equirem ent sho u l d be c ar ed fo b efore the oil r

reach es the fil ter as oil and w ater m ak e a wet greasy surfac e

, ,

which is r ep ell ent m aki ng the mov em ent t h ough the fil t er v ery
, r

slow W ater an readily be remov ed from the oil by the use of

. c

an autom at ic s ep ar at or as show n i n Fig 3 5, (R 4 T he . 0

oper ation of this s ep ar ator d ep ends upo n the di ff erenc e in gr avity

of oil and w at er The column of oil abov e li ne A i s m aint ai ned
.

at the s am e weigh t as a colu m n of w at er ab ov e the sam e l ine If .

an i ncrease in the amou nt of oil low ers the line A A sligh tl y th en —

,

the oil column will w eigh l ess t h an the w at er column and the t op

FIG .
3 50 ( R4 FI G 3 5 1
.
(R 4

su rfac e of the w ater will fall b elow the edge of overfl ow and c ause
the oil surf ac e to be rel ativ ely hi gh er The oil and w at er ov erflo ws
.

should be long so th at the di sch arge will not rise ov er th em suffi

ci entl y to gr eatly di sturb the line b etw een the oil and w at er Fo . r

each i nch di ff er enc e in the h ei gh t of the ov erflows a column of

10 in of oil an be c arri ed
. c O ne and one h alf inch es di ff er enc e
.
—

will p ermi t 5 in of oil abov e the water The inl et pip e crosses
1 . .

the s ep ar at ing t ank and has hol es alo ng the bott om and sid es ,

the w at er t end ing t o disch arg e through the lo wer and oil out of
the sid e hol es The i nl et i s sh own in the oil sp ac e as it is p ef
. r

e abl e t o br ing the oil in co nt ac t with as li t tl e w at er as possibl e and

r
44 2 STE A M P O WE R PL A NT P IPIN G S YSTE MS
.

the overflow D w ere onl y us ed as shown in the enl arged view

, , ,

the oil would li e on the t op surf ac e as at F and w at er would on c

tinue t o flow from u nd er i t .

Af ter the oil is r ais ed from the t ank th en the spread er is remov ed
by m eans of an ex tensi on h andl e and the insid e of the tank is ready
to be cl eaned A ve y s at isfac tory styl e of cl eaner is shown in
. r

Figs . and
111 T he t ank has a c one sh aped sh ell bo th t o
112 .
-
,

facili t ate cl eaning and al so to reduc e agit ation of the oil wh en it is

b eing rai sed wi th the w ater I nst ead of the cone b eing ent i rely
.

of gl ass i t may be of m etal with a sli t cov ered with a narrow s trip of
gl ass and the refl ec tors D and E att ach ed t o the cone A loos e
, , .

i nv er t ed cone top mus t in any c as e weigh more th an the oil i t

displ ac es to prev ent i t from flo at ing Fig 3 5 (R 4 3 ) shows
, . . 2 —

FIG 352 (R4

a m etal top and s ec t ion A B sh ows gl ass set in a fram e of sti ff

-

m et al The refl ec t or is set 3 in aw ay from the gl ass and has a

. .

su ffi ci ent numb er of hol es in i t t o p ermi t oil t o reach the gl ass at

all point s from the bo tt om to the t op T he gl ass al one is not .

su ffi ci ent t o i ndi c at e the co ntents I t is nec ess ary for ligh t to p ass
.

through the oil to enabl e the operator t o d etermine the co nt ents

of the t ank A cone top p ermi ts dr awing off prac t i al ly al l of
. c

each gr ad e of oil as t h er e will be but a narrow ring r em aini ng

,

at the ov erflow the entir e c ent er b ei ng t ak en up by the co ne

,
.

I ns t ead of oil 4 in d eep cov ering a 6 in round s ectio n th er e is

. 1 —
.

o nly a ri ng I in d eep and 1 in wid e of the s ame size section

.
«
. .

I n c onsid ering the use of a pr ecipi tati ng t ank the stor ag e sp ac e

in the filt er p ermi ts bu t a p arti al pr ecipi tat io n and the mos t
conclusive evid enc e th at something more th an a filter is required
c an be fou nd in the oil as us ed Wh en the oil is new i t wil l run
.

th ough the fil ter freely but wh en i t has b een us ed for some

r ,

t im e it is necess ary t o h eat it in ord er to force i t t hrough the fil ter .

T he lo ng er the oil is us ed the more sluggish i t b ecom es and the

m ore h eat is required I f the filter w ere removing all the u nd e
.

sirabl e prop ert i es i t would not be nec ess ary to h eat the oil to
,

enabl e i t t o pass the fil ter T he fil ter d oes the rou gh work in

.
 OIL P IP I NG .
44 3

purifying the oil bu t a precipitatio n t ank is need ed to compl et e

,

the proc ess B y the use of a pr ecipit at io n t ank imm easur ably
.

fine impuriti es and the h eavy oil and anim al f at s a e s ep arat ed and r

the oil d epriv ed of the m eans of co nv eyi ng w at er in susp ensio n .

O nly by allowi ng the mixtur e t o rem ain p erfectly still for abou t
a month an the h eavi er oils and i ncorpor at ed w at er be m
c ad e t o
precipitate .

Anoth er m ethod for r emovi ng w at er from oil u t iliz es a h eat er

and a blow er for p assi ng ai at a t emp er atur e of
r 4 d egr ees 1 0

through the oil This m ethod is u ns atisfactory b ec aus e i t do es

.

not r emove the fat s which ag ain t ak e up w ater .

F1?» 3 5 3 (R4

I n the pipi ng sys t em Fig in 3 53 (

. R 4 4 )l t rs a e shown
t he fi e —
r

half full it bei ng possibl

,
t im t o mp ty ither by dis
e at any e e e
ch arging the drips i nto the o t her .

A w at er s ep ar at or is shown so arr ang ed t h at wh en b ei ng cl eaned

i ts fil ter connec t ion F an be rais ed T he w ater in such fil ters an
, ,
c . c
44 4 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

be disch arged through the w ashou ts The t rap in drip m ain G .

, ,

prev ents any drips from p assing the w ater s ep arator wh en on c

ne tion F
c , is d own Trap H likewis e prev ents drips from
,
.
, ,

b acking into the w at er s ep arat or wh en i t is b eing cl eaned A .

swivel connection I p ermits the use of eith er or both of the filters

, , .

T he pr ecipi t ating t ank C is shown in Fig 3 5 ,

with the oil ov er
,
. 1,

fl ow suffi ci ently high so th at oil will disch arg e by gr avity into the
fi l t er T he pumps D a e lik e tho se show n in Fig 3 48 and
.
, ,
r .

prefer ably mo t or driv en as shown

in Fig 3 4 7 I t is nec es sary th at . .

two pumps be us ed t o enabl e rep airs

t o be m ad e t o the pumps and to
p ermit filling the precipitat ing t ank
with di rty oil from one of the fil ters
wh il e the oth er pump is supplying
the b eari ngs T he cro ssov er on . c

ne tion J enabl es both fil t ers t o c , ,

be in use with bu t one pump in

op eration The crossov er K is .
, ,

nec es sary to p er mi t the co nt ent s of

eith er fi lt er t o be disch arg ed into

F m 3 54
the preci pi tating tank T he nu
‘

. m
v lv s m i s
erous a e , L , in the oil an
insure t h at only one m achine will be shu t down if t h ere is any
troubl e with an oil m ain .

I f t wo or mor e fi lt ers w er e us ed connectio ns as sho wn in Fig 3 53 ,

.

woul d be u nsatisfactory b ec au se the drips would th en flow to

,

the l ow es t co nnectio n I n the a r ang em ent shown in Fig 3 5 4

. r .

( R 4 5)
—
th e oil fl ow s from on e fil t er into anoth er the cl ean filt ers ,

doing the l arg er amou nt of work This m ethod is obj ecti onabl e .

b ec aus e i t requires th at the joi nt A be brok en wh enev er the , ,

s torag e t ank is cl eaned .

T he w at er g ag e and the line t o the pump a e loc at ed at the r

low es t possibl e p oint T he l ev el s in the di fferent fil t ers a e

. r

m aint ained al ik e with the constructi on such as will p ermit oil to

flow from one t ank to anoth er T he c ent er of the fil t ering cylind er.

is op en and throu gh thi s c entral op eni ng at the bottom the fil te

,
r

ing tub e an be plu gged

c I n thi s m anner the cyli nd er s an be
. c

remov ed one at a t im e wi thout int erfering with the op er ation of

the oth er cylind ers .
44 6 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

sink a numb er of lines un to the filt ers and stock t anks Th es e

r .

s t ock t anks are simil ar to thos e shown in Fig 58 with the tanks .
,

ou tsid e of the b arr el room as it is d esir abl e to k eep the t anks

,

w ar mand also easi er to arr ang e a sc al e to show the amount of oil

used by each shift .

Anoth er arr ang em ent for oil s t or ag e is t h at shown in Fig 3 56 .

(R 5 which shows three storage tank s with a rec eiving s ink

loc at ed out sid e of the building this sink being provid ed with ,

w ast e o oth er filt ering m at eri al t o prevent impuriti es reaching

r

the stor ag e t ank .I f ai pr essur e i s av ail abl e th en the cylind er oil

r ,

t anks may h av e dish ed h eads both top and bottom and the air , ,

pressure be us ed to d eliv er oil to the engine room floor .

Cl ass R 6 O il and D r i p Lines fo Hand Devi es On r c .

accou nt of the num erou s pl ac es arou nd the engine room wh er e

eng ine oil is r equir ed it i s nec ess ary to pr ovid e s ev er a l oil taps .

I f the pl ant co nsis ts of l arg e u ni t s it w ould be w ell t o l oc at e an oil

,

tap at each m ach ine Such t aps coul d be att ach ed to the regul ar
.

pip ing sys t em of the u nit in some easil y accessibl e spot preferably
, ,

over some drip pan of the machine .

T he qu antity of oil us ed d aily is easily accou nt ed for wi th

the sy st em as shown in Fig 3 5 5 ; the records show jus t how m
. uch
cylind er oil has b een used al so how often a b arrel of engine oil is
,

add ed t o the oili ng syst em With the syst em shown in Fig 3 56

. .

i t is not so easy t o k eep the record from day t o day as the size of ,

the oil t anks m ak es accur at e r eadings impo ssibl e B y the use of .

one or two sm all t anks assh own in Fig 35 5 it is possi bl e t o k eep a

,
.
,

ve y accurate record of the oil consumption by h avi ng th es e tanks

r

fi ll ed to a c ert ai n l ev el each day and h aving each shift report the

oil l ev el at begi nning and end of the w at ch Wh at ev er m ethod is .

employ ed to supply the m easuri ng t anks should be s af egu ard ed

ag ainst the possib i liti es of any m anipul atio n .

T he sm all m easuri ng t ank show n in Fig 3 5 7 ( R 6 ) has a .

—
1

flo at tell t al e instead of gage gl ass The tell t al e is somewh at l ess

-
.
-

li abl e t o injury and d erangem ent as t h ere is neith er a p acking no,

r

gl ass t ube to k eep in ord er T he t ank should be of sm all di am et er

.
,

say 8 ih . and 5 ft lo ng if not ov er 8 gal of oil is us ed each day I n

,
. . .

c onsid ering the use of ai and water to rai se oil it must be noted
r ,

th at the storage t ank may require a l arge v olume of ai t o raise r

p ossibly one cubic foot of oil into the m easur ing t ank Water .

would be quick er to a t but if wat er were u sed sp eci al c are would

c ,
 OI L P I P I NG .
44 7

h ave to be t ak en to avoid the possibility of d es t ructive pressure

b eing pu t on the storage t ank T he use of w ater introduces a
.

feat ure which mi gh t c aus e

s erious oil loss due t o the fac t
th at w at er us ed t o r aise the oil
mus t be un to the s ew er wh enr

ev er the s t or ag e t ank is t o be
fi ll ed Unl ess clos ely w at ch ed the
.

w at er migh t all run ou t and on c

si de abl e oil w as t e t o the s ew er

r .

T he use of air eliminat es the pos

sibil i ty of oil loss es from t his c aus e .

The sys t em shown in Fig .

35 7 would s erv e for both the

high and low pressure cylind er
oils Th ere would be li t tl e or
.

no obj ec t in h avi ng a s ep ar at e
t ank for new engine oil T he .
F 35 7 ( R 6 IG .

operat ors would not use i t if

t h eir shif t were t o be ch arged with i t t h ey could get oil from the
—

return drip syst em T he use of oil in the boil er room for feed
.

pumps s t ok er engines et
, ,
c
.
,

an be b es t accou nt ed for by
c

m aking the engineer in ch arge

of the shif t accou nt abl e The .

usu al m ethod of recording at

the end of a shif t is for the
engi neer qui tt i ng and the one
coming on t o go t o all the
lubric at ors and o t h er d evic es
F
IG 3 58 ( R 6
th at hold a qu ant ity of oil and
.

see t h at the oil is brough t up t o the es t abli sh ed qui t ting “

line Wh en t anks a e restock ed the engineer in ch arge and

. r
44 8 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI NG SYSTE MS .

the s tockk eeper tak e readings togeth er and the tank is th en

ll d
fi e .

To facili t at e the emptying of the b arrels and to avoid pu t ting

vent h ol es in th em there should be a b arrel v alv e us ed as shown ,

i n Fig 3 5 8 ( R 6
. This b arrel v alve is screwed into the bung hol e
by a sp anner wrench T he v ent pip e is m ad e curv ed and of sm all
.

pip e so t h at if i t strik es the sid e of the b arrel it wil l not prev ent the
valve from b eing screw ed in The v alv e is of the regis t er type
.
,

with t wo or three oil openings and one air op ening P in s tops a e

. r

qui te nec ess ary t o insure t h at the v al ve will be fu lly op ened or

clos ed B y turning the spri ng up sid e down i t is possibl e t o grind
.

the v al v e t o i ts f a e
c .
4 50 STE AM P O WE R P L ANT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

The m ai n b ack of the boil ers should be i n an op en trench

, , .

The porti on of the tr ench betw een the boil er s should h av e a cover
pl at e to m ak e the fl oor c ontinuou s T he form of c as t pl ate .

sho wn in Fig 36 ( S ) is suit abl e fo such work as it does not

. 0 I ~
2 r ,

req uire a fram e T he rou nd o . c r

ne supp ort does not l et the pl at e r

d amage the c ement work T he .

pl ate i s s ecured on the form s

and the c em ent fi ni sh ed ag ains t
i t T he pip e li ne sh ould be com .

pl eted b efor e the c em ent w ork

F m36 ( S
is fi n
0
i sh ed thus s aving tim e and
1 ,

i nsuri ng a bett er loc ation of the

.

pip e and l ess d am ag e t o the concret e A brick t rench an in . c ,

m any c ases be c onstruct ed m ore quickly but c oncrete is b et ter for

, ,

t his work as it is more p erm anent

, .

T he cov er for the t r ench i s in som e c as es of pl ank or i t may

be of fl aggi ng I n l aying out the tr ench c are should be t ak en
.

th at su ffi ci ent room is provid ed so th at the low er bol ts of the “

FI G 36 1 .
(Sr K G 36 2 ( SI
.

m ain shown in Fig 36 may be reached Fig .

( S 3 ) shows
0 . . 6
3 1 I —

a wid e op en tr ench back of the boil er which giv es ampl e room

,

arou nd the fi tti ngs Fig 36 (S 4 ) shows a simil ar sp ac e back

. . 2 I-

of the boil er m ad e i nto a pit with a pl ank cov eri ng Th es e pl anks .

should be of oak and surf ac ed possibly 4 in wid e with a in ,

. I -
.

sp ac e b etween and all the pl ank s f as tened to angl e irons pl ac ed

at the end s T he pits b ack of the boil ers should h av e a s ew er
.

drain and the wid e trench Fig 36 may be pitch ed t o the c enter
, ,
. 2 ,

and one c atch b asi n s erv e m any boil ers I f the m ai n is of on . c

side abl e l ength and th er e a e short stiff br anch es connect ed t o it

r r , ,

i t may be nec ess ary t o use a U b end to provid e the nec ess ary -

el as t icity T he import anc e of el asticity should co ns t antly be

.
 B L O W— O F F P IP I NG .
451

k ep t in mind in l ayi ng ou t blow off c onnec t ions I f c ast ron -

. I

is us ed for the m ain it may be nec ess ary to all ow fo the m ov em ent r

in the boil er br anch es R ath er th an str ai n boil er c onnecti ons i t

.

would be b etter to use a slip joi nt in the m ai n and anchor the t wo

-

p arts of m ai n at about th eir c enter .

Cl ass 8 2 B l ow O fl B an hes fr om B oi l er s I t may be ne es

’
- r c . c

s ary to pl ac e the bl ow off m ain close t o the w all to s ecure el astici ty

-
.

As shown in Fig 3 63 ( S
.
) e pip e A provid es pr actic ally all
th 2 -
1 , ,

the el asticity b etw een the b oil er and the m ai n and sh ould be m ad e
of stand ard weigh t pip e T he sp ac e shown b ack of the boil er is
.

FI G .
36 3 (8 2

wid er t h an th at u su ally fou nd and if the p as sage is narro w simil ar

, ,

t o th at shown in Fig 36 t h en all the connecti ons would be v ery

. 2 ,

s t iff T he connections shown in Fig 364 ( 8 ) require a rath er

. . 2— 2

el abor at e b end but by m aki ng i t i n the form shown the nec ess ary
,

el asticity i s ob t ained I t will be not ed t h at the v alv es i n Fig 3 63

. .

close agai ns t the pressure and the v alv es shown in Fig 364 clos e .

wi th the pressure Th ese a e the t wo princip al typ es of blow off

. r -

v alv es.

O ne of the b es t form s of blow off co nnec t io ns is show n in -

Fig 36 5 (8
. 2 T he blow off m ai n is show n as b eing in the
-
4 52 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

engi ne room b as ement an exc ell ent arrangem ent when it an be

,
c

so pl ac ed as it requ ires no trench w ork i sal ways open to inspecti on

, ,

and may easily be rep air ed T he br anch es t o the boil er a e l ong

. r

and provid e the nec ess ary el as ticity The only t r ench th at is
.

FI G .
364 ( S2

requir ed is for the connection to the boil er The trench an be . c

qui te nar ow jus t wid e enough t o all ow fo the mov ement of

r r

the pip e . Y fi ttings should be us ed in the m ain as th ey offer the

-
,

l east resi st anc e and c aus e the l eas t w ater h ammer The v alve .

next t o the boil er should be l eft open wh i l e the boil er i s in oper ation ,

using the s econd v alve as the

regul ar op erat ing v al ve Any .

sc al e th at may pas s the val ve

plug wil l drop aw ay from the
seat and fall out .

D uplic at e v alv es a e ne es r c

s a y in the blow off connec r -

t ion T he s econd one permits .

of the operat ing v al e being v

shut off from the boil er wh en

ev er a l eak occurs aff ordi ng ,

an opportu nity for rep airs

wh il e the boil er is u nd er pres
F 36 5 ( 8
1g 2
sur e A seco nd r eason i s to.

insure the safety of a man

.

at work i nsid e of the b oil er Wh en w ashing the boil er the second

.

valve should be shu t and the bonnet or c ent er pi ec e of the fi rs t

valve next to boiler removed to al low w ater to disch arge into
the pi t und er the v alv es .
4 54 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

the e conomiz er blow off T he v alve nex t to the economizer

—
.

should be so l oc at ed th at i ts bonnet migh t be remov ed t o allow

w ashings t o accumul at e and w ater t o p ass t o the s ewer I f the .

boil er room floor has ampl e drainag e th en the v alve may be so ,

loc at ed th at any w ash ings will fal l on the floor allow ing the w at er ,

t o run t o the sewer The fi rs t blow off v al ve shoul d not be l oc ated

.
-

at a high l ev el asthe w at er di sch arg ed t hrough the bo nnet opening

,

would sp att er mos t obj ectio nably .

L oc at ed at the eco nomi z er blow off v al v e t h er e sho uld be -

a pressure g ag e t o show how much the pr essur e is b eing r educ ed

in the econom iz er The v alve an be so m anip ul ated th at the p res
. c

sure wil l not be suffi ci ently low t o l et st eam be g enerated In .

ord er t o di sch arge w ater from an economiz er i t is nec ess ary for the
pump t o speed up and supply w at er as f as t as i t is blown ou t ,

or s team will be form ed as a resul t of the drop in pressure and

the eco nomi er be p art i al ly emp t i ed of w at er
z T he amo unt of .

s t eam form ed is abou t the s am e qu ant i t y as th at of the water

disch arged This c aution should be obs erved o th erwise water
.
,

h amm er may occur .

A pressur e g ag e l oc at ed near the blow off will show wh en the —

pu mp has m aint ained the pressure I n cl os ing the v alve the g age .

will show wh eth er or not the pump slows down t o prevent exc essive
pressure in the economi er Fig 3 shows an econo mi er with
z . . 20 z

the f eed ent eri ng in one c as e at the end of the upper m

, anifold ,

t h en p assing t hrough t wo s ec t ions t o the low er m anifold I t al so .

shows in dot ted lines the usu al and more correct form h aving the ,

feed enter at one end of the low er m anifold with the blow ofi at ,
-

the o th er end .As the l ow er p ort ion of the eco nomiz er is much
cool er th an the tub es and upp er h ead ers i t is much bett er th at ,

the cool w at er ent er at the bo tt om t h er eby avoiding the extr em e ,

ch anges in t emp erat ure which c au se troubl e .

Class S4 B l ow-O f! B ranches fro m H eaters , P urifi ers, Etc

.

A closed h eat er requir es a blow off at the low es t point in the w at er

-

sp ac e the pr ecipit at ion b eing in the formof mud and not likel y
,

t o injure the v alv e How ever i t is b es t t o use two blow off v al v es

.
,
-
,

as wi t h boil ers I f only one v al v e w er e us ed i t would be nec ess ary

.

t o h ave a w ash ou t tee nex t t o the h eater L ive s t eam purifiers

-
.

shoul d h av e simil ar p ote tionand m eans for w ashing ou t The

r c .

w ash ings from any s t ation d evic e should be in pl ain vi ew so th at ,

the op er ator an see ex ac t ly wh at is b eing accomplish ed

c .
 BL O W O F F —
P IP I NG .
455

It is essent i al t h at the s t at ion op erat or be abl e t o k now wh at he

is doing and be abl e to prot ec t him self ag ains t accid ent Doubl e .

blow off v al ves and s ewer w ash ou t s a e nec essary t o c ar e for t h ese
- -
r

requirem ent s Small eco nomi es eff ect ed by s avi ng a few v alves
.

wil l be insigni fi c ant comp ared t o the p aym ent of d am ages in c ases
of injury .

Cl ass S5 B l ow O ns f om St eam Trap s and B l eede s St eam

’
— - r r .

tr ap drips which cont ain grease should be disch arged through a

blow off if prac t ic abl e t o avoid v apor in the s ew er Traps
-
, , .

disch arging w at er from the int erm edi ate r ec eiv er disch arge at
low pr essures and should be provid ed with ch eck v alves t o prevent
the possibili t y of w at er b acki ng t hrough t h em if a trap w er e op en
whil e a boil er was b ei ng blo wn .

Che k al es in blow off li nes a e li abl e t o c aus e t roubl e fi rs t

c . v v -
r ,

app eari ng with possibly d es t ructiv e r esul t s wh en w at er reach es

, ,

a low pr es sur e cyli nd er

-
B l eed ers fo r emovi ng cond ens at i on
. r

from boil ers and engine branch es should be un t o the h eat ers r ,

if such co nnec t io ns an be m ad e wi t hou t piping complic at ions

c .

St eam t r aps eith er a e furni sh ed with g ag e gl ass es or h av e

r ,

t app ed op eni ngs for th em As i t is impossibl e t o m aint ain a gl ass

.

wh ere the t emp erature is cons t antly ch anging a b ett er pl an is t o ,

arr ang e for an audibl e di sch arg e from the t r ap T he op er at or .

,

b ecoming accus t om ed t o this

s ou nd is w arned imm edi ately
,

upon i t s c easing Fig 36 7 . .

( 5 )
S —
1 sho w s a t r ap h avi ng
t wo differ ent sou nd m aking -

d evic es in i t s disch arge O ne .

has an air ch amb er which

fi lls wi t h v a or and ai af t er the r
p F o 3 6 7 ( S5 r

trap has d s ha ged Wh en

.

1 c r .

the t r ap ag ai n disch arg es the v apor and ai r are bl ow n ou t sou ndi ng ,

the whistl e T he oth er d evic e co nsi st s of a vibr ator pl ac ed in the

.

p at h of the di sch arg e the imp ac t of the w ater c ausi ng a vibrat ion
,

simil ar to t h at of a tu ning fork .

B l eed ers a e g enerally sm all and if much us ed should h av e

r ,

t wo v alv es pl aced t og eth er the v alve nex t t o the pressure b ei ng ,

used as a cont rolling v alv e the s eco nd one only as a s t op v alv e

,

.
,

Cl ass SG B l ow O h Tanks A blow off t ank is int end ed t o

’
— - .
—

p ro t ec t th e s ew er a g ai n st high t emp er at ur e w at er a n d st ea m .
4 56 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

I ts use i s comp ell ed by ordinanc e in m any citi es Th at th ese .

t anks a e oft en m ad e and us ed in a m anner u nfi t for the servic e

r

is shown by st eam esc api ng from m any s ew er gratings in the

streets The probl em is fa from simpl e and the arr ang em ents
. r ,

nec ess ary to ov ercom e the exist enc e of v apor and ho t w at er in

sew ers a e v ery ext ensiv e
r .

With a blow off t ank as som et im es d esigned the s t eam is allowed

-

t o esc ap e through a v ent pipe c arri ed t o a high el ev ation This .

t ank is all t h at is provid ed in m any c ases to c are for the boil er

blow off and the v ent oft en is too sm all not only allowi ng st eam
—
, ,

to be c arri ed i nt o the s ew ers bu t si nc e it also f ail s to r eli ev e

, ,

the pr essure allowi ng w at er t o be disch arged thr ough the v ent

, .

H igh t emp er at ure w at er fro m the boil er w ill exp and t o abou t
2 00 cu ft of s teamfor each cu bic foo t of wat er disch arged
. . .

The exh aus t an be c arri ed off with a l arg e v apor pip e run t o a
c

high el ev at ion so t h at the ai will flow i nto the s ew er op eni ngs and
r

ou t through the v ent pip e as shown in Fig ,

.

3 6 8 ( S6 A s sho wn th e disch a r g from

e ,

the blo w off m ai n is poi nt ed upw ard t o br eak

-

up the b oil er w ater and allow the greatest

p ossibl e amou nt of steam to esc ap e thi s b eing ,

the o nly poi nt for di sch argi ng the h eat from

the w at er o t h er t h an into the s ew er T he .

b affl e in the
blow off sys -

tem pr ev ents
the ho t wat er
from going
direc tly to the
s ewer T he .

v en t p i p e
F 3 68 ( se IG
should be v ery
l arge say 8
.

,
1

t o 4 in in di am et er and may be m ad e of m ateri als simil ar to

2 .
,

th os e used in a smok est ack T he j oint s should be l app ed so t h at

.

the wat er w ill un from the out sid e to the i nsid e

r A circul atio n .

down the s ewer m anhol e through the m ai n s ew er and blow off

,
-

to the cist ern t h en up the v ent pip e would prev ent l eak age at the
, ,

s ewer m anh ol es I n such blow off equipm ents the sew er l eading
.
-

from the cis t ern t o the m ain s ew er should be l arg e t h usenabling ,

 C HAP T E R XX IX .

GR E ASE SE W E R S .

l
C ass T 1 r G r eas e sewe s a e not g ener al ly
G ease Sewer M ai n . r r

digni fied as sy stems ; in fac t th ey a e usu ally given bu t littl e on

,
r c

sid er atio n I ns t ead of well pl anned sy st ems b eing ins t all ed one
.
,

finds t h at gr easy di sch arg es a e un int o the blo w off r Fig 46

r -
. .

sh ows in a general way the cold s ew ers and the hot s ewers each as ,

a s ep ar at e li ne Th ere a e m any greasy w ast es in a pl ant th at

. r

should not be di sch arg ed into the r egul ar gr avity s ewers T he .

grease s ewers should be constructed simil arly t o the blow off -

sys tems bu t if free from pres sure th ey may be buil t of iron soil
,

pip e wi th c al k ed l ead joints and run u nd ergrou nd I t is p artly .

due to the f ac t th at th es e gr easy drips ruin c em ent w ork t h at

s ep ar at e lines a e nec ess ary r .

T he v ari ous l oc ations of hot s ewer inl ets m ak e it qui t e impossibl e

t o use s t and ard w ought pipe and to pl ace the grease lines above
r

grou nd I n Fig 46 the pip e is shown res t ing on loose p acking

. .

FIG .
3 70 (T I

s and and provid ed with a sl eev e through the c ement floor which ,

l at t er d et ail allo ws fo the movem ent of the pipe I f screw ed

r .

w ough t iron pip e w er e u sed for the hot s ewer it would l ast
r -
,

ind efinit ely if the s ew er w er e not subj ect ed to pr essur e in blo w ing
off as oil would al so be di sch arg ed through the b lo w off cist ern
,
-
.

Fig 3 7 (T ) sh ow s good construction for a s ep ar at e blow off

. 0 I —
1
-

or grease s ep ar at ing t ank with a sm all v apor pipe As buil t .

458
 GRE A SE SE WE R S
.
4 59

the grease would rem ai n in t his t ank u nt il removed and as a ,

comp ar at ively l arge amou nt of oily drips would reach this tank
a co nsid er abl e amou nt of gr eas e would be coll ec t ed The drip .

line is c arri ed through a til e pip e the purpos e of which is t o hold ,

the soil aw ay from the li ne E ach br anch of the drip li ne should

.

h ave a tight connec t ion at i t s upp er end t o prev ent s t eam from
esc api ng . T he drip li ne should un dow n i nt o the t ank suffi r

c iently far t o pr ev ent much agit atio n of the gr eas e at the top .

T he disch arg e is show n with a tee at the upp er op eni ng t hus ,

prev ent ing the cont ents of the t ank from siphoning down t o the
s ew er l evel The drop pip e allows w at er t o be disch arged wi t h
.

ou t losing the greas e .

Som e form of tin pump migh t be us ed t o r emov e the gr eas e ,

which could be us ed for v arious purposes I n consid ering the .

s aving of oil and gr eas e no arr angem ent s should be m ad e t o dis

,

ch arge t his kind of gr eas e i nt o an oiling sys tem as i t is wholly ,

u nfi t for journals ; in fac t an oiling sys t em t o work mos t s at is

,

fa to il y mus t be abl e t o rid i t s elf of t his cl ass of gr eas e if onc e

c r

i t has t ak en i t up I t will be nec ess ary t o give the line consid er

.

abl e pi t ch t o avoid the possibili t y of dr awi ng b ack w at er s t andi ng

in the li ne .

Cl ass T2 G ease Sewe f om E ng i nes

—
r P r ac t ic ally all of the
r r .

cylind er oil t h at gets int o the oiling sys t em is disch arg ed from
the pis t o n and v alv e rod s t uffing box es Som e engine build ers .

provid e a greas e co mp art m ent b et ween the front h ead of the

cylinder and the cross h ead guid e wi t h a stu ffing box t o isol ate
-
,

t his comp artment I f pock et s t o c at ch oil drips a e also provid ed

. r

i n v alve bo nnet s t h en li t tl e cyli nd er oil will be disch arg ed i nt o the

oiling sys tem O rdinarily t h ese drips a e run t o the s ew er bu t
. r ,

wi t h the greas e s ewer sys t em as shown in Fig 3 7 much oil an ,

. 0, c

be s av ed and us ed O rdinarily a pock et an be put on the front

. c

h ead to c at ch drips from the pis t on rod as shown in Fig 3 7 ,

. 1

(T 2
Ifth ere a e bl eed ers at the ends of the cylind ers also from the
r ,

s team ch es t i t will be fou nd s afer t o di sch arg e th em i nt o the

,

exh aus t at the high es t po int possibl e r ath er th an i nto the gr ease
s ewer Th en the dr ai n from the exh au st line or r ec eiv er c ould
.

be run t o the gr eas e s ew er I f a tr ap is us ed to c arry aw ay drips

.

from the i nt erm edi ate r ec eiv er i t should disch arge i nt o the grease
,

s ew er and if the l ine is w ell pitch ed th ere will be bu t littl e w at er

,
46 0 STE A M
'

P O WE R PL A NT PIP I NG SYSTE MS .

for it t o suck b ack in c ase pressure on the r ec eiver fal ls b elow

th at of the atmosph er e To furth er prot ec t engines agains t w ater
.

b ei ng dr awn in it is advi sabl e to pl ac e a ch eck v al v e at a tee in

,

rg e the ch eck f all ing clo sed bu t fr ee to op en wh en

the tr ap di sch a , ,

und er a p arti al v acuum The exh aust th at runs to the cond ens er
.

FI G 3 7 1 ( 3 r)
—
.
(T a F I G 37 2 . T .

should al so h av e a ch eck in i t s drip line bu t the r ev erse of th at ,

for the interm edi at e r ec eiv er tr ap T he exh aus t should cl ose .

with a v acuum and be op en wh en u nder pres sure .

Th es e different oily steam drip l ines a e shown in Fig 3 5 r ,

. 2 ,

as ru nni ng to a drip t ank The drain from this t ank is un to a

. r

greas e s ew er A drip t ank should be of generous c ap acity say

.
, ,

for a hp engine
-
. i n di am et er by 4 ft high
,
12 . T he v ent . .

f om the t op t o the atmo sph eric pi pe shoul d be amply l arg e to

r

disch arge the steam blo wn into it say about 5 in in di am et er ,

2 . .

With such a dri p t ank but one und ergrou nd connecti on to the
greas e sewer will be r equired .

Class T3 G ease Sewer f om P um ps

—
r Al l pumps should be
r .

provid ed with a lipp ed c ast iro n pan the full s iz e of the pump
-
.

This pan should h ave rais ed spots fo the pump feet and a r

strainer fo the pip e disch arge T he pan sho wn in Fig 3 7

r . . 2

(T 3 ) is simpl e in design and eff ec t iv e T he t op s of the bo sses

—
1 .

a e set l ev el and the pan pitch ed to ward the dr ain

r A str ainer .

should be pl ac ed over the drip op ening .

A po ssibl e error in pan co nstructi on is to pl ac e the anchor

rod s cl ose to the edg e of the pan thu s m aking a good job of ,

m asonry of ei t h er brick or concret e impossibl e sinc e th ere will ,

be too littl e m at eri al outsid e of the rod T he rod boss es should .

 C HAP T E R XXX .

TIL E SE WE R S .

Class U I Til e Sewers o r pl ant s ewers ful fil l so

M ai n . P we
m any difl e ent servic es th at it may be fou nd bett er not to join th em
r

all. T he w ash wat er and r ain w at er s ewers an be joined but the c ,

greas e disch arges and soil pip e wast es shoul d be k ept ind epend ent .

I n a co nd ensi ng pl ant the w ash and r ain w at er an c

be un int o the disch arge w at erw ay

r The s ew ers .

und er a high h ead sh ould not be c onnect ed with

t hose of l ow h ead or th ey will flood the bas em ent
floors The requirem ents of each servic e must d et er
.

mi ne which br anch es sh all be u nit ed into one m ain .

I f gr eas e and w at er of extr em ely high t emp er atur e

a e k ept out of the s ew ers the m ain may be built
r

of the pip e with c em ent j oints O il c arri ed in a .

dr ain s erv es to preserve the i ron pipe bu t it will ,

d estroy the c ement j oints of til e pip e T he hoi t . c c

F10 37 3 (
. U 2 of m at eri al for s ew ers d ep ends u po n how much

gr ease is to be h andl ed and how much w at er will

flow with the grease .

Class U 2 Til e Sewe s f om R oof Condu tors

r r The m ain c .

branch es t h at c a ry the roof w at er a e su bj ect dur ing a h eavy r ain

r r

to suffi ci ent pr essur e to r ai se w at er out of the b as em ent c atch b as in .

I f pos sibl e the roof shoul d be divid ed so th at a sm all surf ac e will

drain int o the clo set sewe s and flu sh ou t the soil pip e
r .

T he co nductor s fr om high o hot r oofs should be run on the

r

insid e of the buil di ng in a w arm pl ac e The h eat of the roof .

of ten will m elt the snow in c old w eath er and th erefore the conduc t or
shoul d be prot ect ed fr om l ow t emp er atures F ig 3 73 ( U ) . . 2 —
1

shows a conductor arranged fo fl ashing j oined to a s ection of cop

r

p e r spout which is u n d o
rwn i nt o the iro n co nduct or T he iro n .

conductor may be of li ght c ast iron s oil pip e with c alk ed jo int s and
-

a c as t iron Y built into the w al l to r ec eiv e the low er end of the

-

down spou t T he di fferent pip e s ections should h ave substanti al

.

46 2
 TI LE SE WE R S .
46 3

w al l anchors and the Y at the bo t tom should h ave a ap with a

,
c

c em ent ed joint so th at i t an be removed if it b ecom es nec ess ary

,
c

to cl ean out the co nduct or or br anch to the s ew er .

T he out sid e s ew er co nnectio ns sho uld be of til e pip e as th er e ,

is no adv ant age in the use of m et al pip es u nl ess they p ass u nd er

w all s or fou nd ations I n est ablishing the d epth at which s ew ers
.

a e to be pl ac ed it mu st be r em em ber ed th at w at er may p as s from

r

the ro of ev en though the t emp er atur e of the gr ou nd be v ery l ow

, .

Al so the h eat of the p ow er pl ant and wat er p assi ng in sew er sr ais es

the t emp er atur e W at erw ork s li nes a e gener ally loc at ed 5 i t
. r .

b el ow the surfac e Sew ers cl ose to the buildings l aid 3 ft b elow the
. .

surfac e would be quit e as s afe as the w at er li nes I f the pl ant is .

l arge i t may be nec essa y to use l arge s ew ers with a sligh t pitch
r ,

so t h at the highest c onnection will not be l ess t h an 3 ft from the .

grou nd surface and the disch arge of sew er abov e norm al w at er

l evel
.

I t is not nec ess ary t h at the entire sew er sys t em di sch arging to the
river lie ab ov e ex t rem e high w at er As high w ater conditions .

a e of sh ort dur ati on w at er may be all ow ed to b ack i nto the m ain

r

as l ong as i t does not ov erflo w any of the floor dr ai ns T he f all .

,

how ever mus t be given c areful consid er ation if p ap er is t o be dis

,

ch arged i nto the sew er as a sli ght obstruction wh er e the flow is

,

very slow will c ause the p aper to block the li ne compl et ely T he .

sew ers from soil pip es should not be ret ard ed by w ater risi ng and
fi lli ng the disch arg e end of the s ew er .

Cl ass U 3 Ti l e Sew ers from P l um bi ng F i x t ur es Sew ers from .

the l av atori es a e g ener ally di ffi cult to l ay out

r I f the co nd ens er .

di sch arge w at erw ay is built of c oncrete t h en a sep ar at e soil pipe

may be c arri ed in the concr et e as show n in F ig 3 7 4 ( U 3 ,
.

Sew er t il e o a coll apsi bl e wood fr am e could be u sed t o form the

r

soil pip e op eni ng P robably it will be fou nd ch eap er to l ay the

.

s oil pip e in the fill over the concret e; or if thi s bri ngs it too cl ose
to the surf ace of the grou nd it might be l aid alongsi de as dot t ,

at A i n Fig 3 7 4
,
. Thi s sep arat e sewer pip e should ext end bey ond
.

the blow off cist ern i n the w at erw ay o t h erwis e it will co nt ami nat e
-
,

the co nd ens er disch arge w at erw ays B y thi s m ethod t h ere will
.

be no fum es risi ng from the w at erw ay i nto the st atio n .

T he l av at ory sh ould be loc at ed in the b asem ent at the out sid e

w all as sh own in Fig 3 7 5 (U3
,
I f the co nduct or sh ould be at
.

a corner as A th en i t an be un b ack alo ng the w all or the s ew er

, ,
c r ,
4 64 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG S YSTE MS .

can m ak e a loop t o includ e the conduc t or P lumb ing fixtures .

should be so arr anged th at the w ater from the w ash b asins ,

shower b ath and a sm all roof conduc tor is m ad e t o p ass t hrough

the line th at l ead s from the clos ets This will insure th at the .

line will be w ell flush ed .

FI G .
37 4 ( U3 FI G .
375 ( U3

Ano t h er d et ail in connection with the s ew ers from w at er clos ets

is th at as t h ey a e li abl e to become block ed th ey should not be
r

run u nd er eng i ne fou nd atio ns boil er room s or with m any br anches

, ,

and b ends in pl ac es wh er e t h ey c anno t r eadily be t ak en up .

R 0 .
376 ( U4 FI G 3 7 7 .
( U4

l
C ass U 4 r m Fl oo D ains T he boil er room
Til e Sewe s fro r r .

and bas em ent fl oors sh ould be so arr ang ed th at t h ey an be cl eaned c

with a ho se T o do this s atisf act orily it is nec essary to h ave a

.

l arg e number of c atch b asi ns and ampl e pitch to the floor .

Fig 3 76 (U4 ) sho ws a fl oor with the pitch un to suit the c atch
.
—
1 r

b asi ns T he pitch bo ards sh ould be set on the li nes A and

.

the gutt er s trips pl ac ed at B both strip s to be r emov ed aft er the

,

concret e and c ement t op is in pl ac e previous to finishing the ,

46 6 STE AM P O WE R P L A NT P IPI NG SYSTE MS .

gr at i ngs c arri ed in a squ ar e fr am e T he ru ns from

. b asin to b as in
should be shor t and s tr aigh t The l as t cistern in the seri es should
.

be much l arg er and d eep er th an the oth ers t o pro t ec t the s ew er

’

from th at point on I f nec ess ary a fine w ire cylindrical screen

.
,

can be pl ac ed at the l as t disch arg e .

F m 3 78
.
( 114 F m3 79
.
( 114

i room floor is of c em ent or t il e the drainwould beov er

I f the eng ne
a l ev el surf ac e b ec aus e in w ashing the floor but littl e w at er would be
used T he drains th en might be sm al l and loc at ed u nd er the hose
.

v alves A sm all c atch b asin should be pl ac ed b elow the surface

.

FIG .
380 ( U4 FI G .
38 1 ( U4

of the floor as sh own in Fig 38 (U 4

, . with the w at er
0

tion as p ass ing through a rai sed bo ss in the sm all drip sink Th is .

b oss prev ent s the drips from ru nning do wn the w at er pipe I f the .

fl oor is m arbl e or til e then the body of the s ink should be g al v anized
 TI L E SE WE R S .
46 7

t o prev ent i ts rus t ing and st ai ni ng the floor The sh ap e and siz e .

of th es e si nks should corr espond with the siz e of the t il e t o be us ed .

T he w at er v alv e should be att ach ed t o a 4 5 d egr ee elbow so t h at —

the h and wh eel will cl ear the w all .

I n m any pl ant s wh er e the b as em ents h av e pr actic ally no f al l ,

an op en s ew er an be us ed
c F ig 3 8 .
(U 4 6 ) sh ows two op en
. 1 —

s ewers one cover ed with a grat ing so i t may be step ped on and
, ,

the o t h er next t o a w all and wi t hou t a cov er T he wo od en form .

as sho wn in the u ncov er ed s ew er is r equir ed for pl aci ng the on c

crete flooring An advant age of t his t yp e of sew er is t h at bu t

.

lit tl e pi t ch is required Til e s ew ers should not be used if the pi t ch

.

be l ess t h an 5 in pe ft . r .

Cl ass U 5—
Ti l e Sew er s from A sh W ett i ng F l oor The c at ch .

b asin which rec eiv es ash l ad en w at er should be so d esigned t h at

the t end ency wil l be for h eavy ci nd ers t o f all aw ay from the s ew er
pip e disch arg es whil e fine p ar t icl es ris e and a e c arri ed by the slow r

mov em ent of w at er in the c at ch b asin t o the more r apid curr ent

i n the s ewer pip e Th es e r equir em ent s a e w ell provid ed for by
. r

the c at ch b as i n sh own in Fig 3 79 . .

O rdinary s ew er d et ails as employ ed for c arrying aw ay w at er

will not h andl e ash es withou t b ecomi ng block ed A sufli ient . c

flow t o c arry aw ay the pr ecipi t at io n is impossibl e Heavy m at e .

ri als such as ash es shoul d be s t ored in the sewer age system wh ere
they an be reach ed and not forced int o the m ain li ne
c .

Cl ass U 6 T i l e Sewe s from B oi l er W ashou t s

r Til e s ewers .

l eadi ng from boil er w ashou t s a e shown in Figs 365 and 366 r . .

These h av e c at ch b asins simil ar t o t h at shown in Fig 3 76 If . .

w at er and sc al e w ere disch arg ed on t o a floor or the bot t om of

pi t as shown in Fig 366 and if the dr ain from t his disch arge
.
,

w ere allowed t o flow ov er a wid e surfac e t o a sewer a consid er abl e

dis t anc e aw ay th en the v elocity of the w at er p assi ng ov er the
,

fl oor would be l ess t h an t hrough the s ew er and the fine p ar t icl es ,

c arri ed by the slow movi ng w ater would not be c arri ed wi th

-

suffi ci ent forc e to p ass t h em through the s ew ers .

An illu st r at io n of this principl e is show n in Fig 3 8 ( U6 . 2

The middl e boil er is sho wn disch argi ng w at er and sc al e i nto the

p i
,
t th e h eavy p a r t icl es f alli ng an d w at er ov erflo w i ng through the

blow off t rench es at A I n op erat ion the c atch b asi n b is shu t

-
.
, ,

off b efor e the workm an b egi ns to cl ean the b oil er Thus the pit .

b ecom es a precipit at i on ch amber T he light m ateri al ris es t o the

.
46 8 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

surf ac e and p as ses the ov erflow A reaching the sew er n a flow , , i

of high v eloci t y T he c at ch b asi ns h er e sho wn h av e the s am e

.

d esign as t hos e shown in Fig 3 79 I f the cl eaning of the c at ch

. .

b as in shown in Fig 3 79 is negl ec t ed it fills up t o the l ev el of the

.
,

disch arg e s ew er and the p ar t icl es w ill work i nto the m ain l ine .

FI G .
38 2 ( U6

Anoth er form of c at ch b asi n and one t h at shu ts 3 the w at er

, 0

disch arge wh enev er it b ecomes ch ok ed w ith d eposits is shown ,

in Fig 3 83 ( U 6
. This d esign is simil ar t o th at shown in
Fig 3 79 bu t it has a c ent al co ne sh ap ed feed er which wil l b ecome
.
,
r -

chok ed wh en the low er end com es in cont act with the d eposi t s

F IG .
38 3 ( U6 {FI G 38 4 ( U7

at the bottom of the c at ch b as in The b asin shown in Fig 383 . .

c an be us ed as shown in Figs 3 7 9 and 3 8 with the s ew er p assing

. 2,

through it or a ll the br anch es an be un to a s ew er line with

, c r

Y fi t t ings t hus offering littl e or no ch anc e for anything g et t ing

,

into the l ine th at wil l not p ass th ough it T he co ne sh aped f eed er

r .
-

is simil ar in op er ation t o the co al feed ers u sed in h ard co al s t ov es ,

the amou nt of m at eri al in the co ne h avi ng no eff ec t in r aising the

d ep osi t s in the cist ern abov e the bo ttom of the cone T he insid e .
4 70 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

end ru nni ng i nto the greas e s ewer This divisi on allows the .

w at er drips to di sch arge at all tim es .

Cl ass U I O T il e Sewe s f om F il ters

—
The cold w at er fil t ers
r r .

c an be dr ained to the sewer if the w ast e w at er is di sch arg ed i nt o a

w ell or b asin op en to the ai A seal ed connec t ion should not be r
.

used if the disch arg e is u nder pr essure b ec ause a pressure of one ,

or two pou nds would be su ffi ci ent to c au se d am ag e to the ord inary

s ewer I f the filt er is t o disch arg e u nd er pressure t h en it should
.
,

be c onnec t ed t o the blo w off sys t em O il fil t ers and t ank s should

—
.

disch arge th eir greas e togeth er with the hot wash w at er into the
, ,

greas e s ew er The autom atic w at er disch arge shown in F ig 3 5

. . 0

should disch arge to the til e s ew er Th ere will be no grease in .

t hi s w at er and the connection an be op en to the atmosph ere at c

all tim es .

The w ashings from the pr ecipit ating t ank Fig 3 5 should al so ,

. 1,

be run t o the gr eas e sew er I t may s eem at fi r st th at it i s po

. or
op eration t o di sch arge the c ont ent s of a gr eas e t r ap into a p e ipi r c

tati on t ank t h en w ash the gr eas e th at h angs to the si de of the

,

precipi t at i on t ank b ack into the grease trap This clinging .

greas e how ever is no mor e refuse th an th at which is drawn off

, ,

t o be used and if it is not recl aim ed at one t im e it w ill be at anoth er

,

if returned ag ain to the grease t rap .

Cl ass U l l D ai n Til e Sewe s T he t end ency of dr ain til e

r r .

is to produc e a u niform moisture condition of the soil by draining

w ater from wet to dry soil To prev ent d amp w all s the foll ow ing
.

features should be c onsid ered ( ) As much wat er as possibl e : 1

mu st be remov ed from the soil lying against wal l ( ) T he w all . 2

must be m ad e imp erviou s to w at er (3 ) The insid e f ac e of the .

w all should be suffi ci ently well v entil at ed to c arry off the moisture .

The fi rs t r equir em ent is the o nly one t h at an be improv ed by c

use of dr ai n til e and the mor e o pen the soil the mor e essenti al
,

b ec omes the use of t il e Wi th regard to the second requi em ent

. r ,

a w all may be w at ertight th ough c er tain portions and yet aff ord r

regul ar ch annel s at frequ ent int erv al s C oncrete l aid at different .

tim es offers fi ssures through which w at er an flow B rick work c .

and sto ne work h av e enough op en joint s to k eep m oi st the entir e

surfac e of a wall P l asteri ng the out si de of the w all if d one all
.
,

at one tim e will s erv e b est to m ak e the w al l w at ertight

,
I f dr ain .

til e is used at the bottom of the wall as shown in F ig 38 5 ( U ,

. 11

th en the di fferent s ections of grou nd would h av e v ari ed amounts

 TI L E SE WE R S .

47 1

of mois t ure T he di fferent d ays work of concrete a e shown by

.
’
r

the li nes at B I f a course must be st opp ed b efor e fini shi ng it

.

should be run do wn at an angl e as shown and the st ep m ai nt ained

as t hough it w er e longitudi nal T he dr ai n will pr ev ent w at er .

from filli ng the s oil and the joi nt s a e w eat h ered so t h at w ater r

c anno t flow t hrough .

T he dr ai n t il e at the bottom of the w all will dr ai n o nly the grou nd

abov e it so it is nec ess ary to pl ac e the dr ai n w ell b elow the floor
,

line I f the s ewer t h at the dr ain t il e empti es int o li es high ne essi

.
,
c

t ating pl aci ng the dr ai n at A t hen all the concr et e b elow the joint , ,

B should be l aid at one t im e

,
~

FIG .
38 5 (UI I —
r ) . F I G 386
.
(U m

U 12 w r Sumps I t is som et im es impossibl e

—
l
Ti e Se e s .

t o dr ai n p ar t s of a build ing by gr avity and t o r emov e such w at er ,

a sump is provid ed wi t h som e form of pump or ej ector I n loc ati ng .

a sump it should be r em emb er ed t h at ( ) as a sump mu st be pl ac ed 1

lower t h an the entir e drai nag e sys tem i t is u navoid ably in a d amp ,

pl ac e; ( ) through ov ersigh t or accid ent a sump may overflow ;

2

(3 ) b ei ng loc at ed in a remot e p ar t of the buildi ng i t wil l r ec eiv e ,

but li t tl e attention Thes e conditions m ak e the use of belt s and

.

el ectric al m achi nery v ery u nr eli abl e u nl ess pl ac ed with c ar e A .

c entrifug al pump is w ell sui t ed for t hi s servic e b ec au se it wil l

h andl e any s and ash es and gri t t h at may be c arri ed t o i t from
,

the dr ains .

A s ati sf ac t ory arr ang em ent for t his s ervic e is t h at show n in

Fig 386 (U. T he pump is loc at ed at the bo tt om of the
12
472 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IPI NG SYSTE MS .

sump and the motor wh ere it an h ave good c ar e The motor

c .

ru ns onl y wh en t here is work t o be done The high o low w ater

. r

al arm will r eli ev e the nec essity of w at chi ng the pump I f the
.

op er ati on of the pl ant is d epend ent upon k eeping w ater ou t of the

sump th en a s team ej ec t or of ampl e si e t o tak e c are of extreme
,
z

conditions should al so be i nst all ed The st eam line to the ej ec t or

.

should includ e a s top v al ve t o permi t of shu tt ing off

sump during the normal working of the pl ant .
4 74 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

gl ass es the dr af t is measured in the sm all er t ub es A colu mn

, .

of oil 10 in high has approxim at ely the s am e w eight as 9 in of

. .

w at er and for ev ery t enth of an inch dr aft the g age shows one inch .

If in dr af t w er e obs erv ed on the g ag e about s ev en inch es would

.

be i ndic at ed on the sc al e at t ach ed

t o g age A mov em ent of in . 10 .

i n the sm all gl ass es with in -

.

bore would c ause a movement

i n the l arg e gl as ses ( differ enc e in
l evels ) of i n so if prop erly .
,

seal ed the g ag e m ay show in .

draf t wh en a mov ement of in IO .

has occurr ed in the in gl asses -

. .

This g age an be readily m ad e c

by any engineer h avi ng a l ath e .

The p att ern work is extrem ely

simpl e and rods and gl asses a e r

s t and ard .

Cl ass V 2 Sund y W ater Col r

umn Conne t i ons and F eed c

R eg u l ators W ater columns and .

connecti ons a e show n in Figs r .

5 to 11 4 B oil er f e ed12r egu .

l at ors a e shown in Figs 94 r . 1

t o 99 Thes e illustrations
1 .

show the s t eam w at er and feed ,

v alv e connecti ons I n addition .

t o the usu al w at er column on c

ne tions th er e should be a blow

c

off co nnectio n from the bot t om

of the column t o the blow off line -
.

I n m any pl ant s the columns

F 38 7 (V
IG 1
a e blow n i
r n t o th e a sh pi t a s at i s :

fac tory pr actic e u nl ess too much

.

w at er is blown int o the pi t I f an ash hopp er is provid ed t o r et ain

.

ash es r eady for disch a g ing i nto an ash co nv eyor i t will be fou nd
r ,

b es t to k eep w at er out of the pit Water in the pi t c auses the

.

slid e grat es t o rus t and w ash es in grit m aki ng t h em troubl es om e

, ,

t o operate I f an op en fu nnel is used t o receive the blow off

.
-

from g age cocks i t should be drained t o the ash pi t As bu t li ttl e .

 A
G GE P I P I NG .
75

w at er will be disch arged from the fu nnel and as i t will alw ays ,

be op en to atmosph er e the blow off w at er may blow b ack t hrough

,
-

it This will nec essitate a ch eck v alve at the bo t tom of fu nnel

.

branch to m ak e it a s afe connection T he blow off lines from .

-

the bottoms of the c olumn and w at er g ag e should un s ep ar at ely r

dow n to a point within reach from the floor and a v alv e be pl ac ed

i n each co nnectio n before i t c onnects i nto a c omm on disch arg e .

St eam g ag es a e som etim es pl ac ed at the top of a colum n A

r .

gage shoul d not thu s be subj ect ed to the sudd en pr essure ch ang es
and the li ability of b ecomi ng shut with sc al e from the r ep eat ed
blowing of the w at er column T he b oil er feed r egul at or should
.

not be a p ar t of the w at er colum n but ind ep end ent h avi ng s ep ar at e

, ,

st eam and w ater c onnections so th at any sc aling in one will not

,

aff ec t the oth er . Wh en so connect ed if a w at er column does not

,

agr ee with the worki ng of the f eed v a l v e i t will be evid ent th at ,

somethi ng is wrong ; but if b oth c onnections w ere t ak en off of the

s ame st eam and w at er connecti ons t h ey might both show a fal se
w ater l ev el
.

Cl ass V 3 — Sundr y Conne t i ons fo D am p er R eg ul at or s

c r In .

g ener al the hydraulic d amp er r egul ator requires a pr essure li ne

from the bottom of the st eam h ead er a w at er li ne to the controlli ng
,

v alv e th at admits w at er to the plu ng er and a w aste w at er line ,

from this controlli ng v alv e t o reli ev e pr essure on the am Th ere r .

a e two g eneral cl ass es of r egul ators

r O ne typ e c aus es the.

d amp er to be op ened or clos ed c ompl et ely wh en the pressure

for which it is set is reach ed and to r emai n so u ntil the oth er
extr em e pr essure is r each ed T he oth er typ e is d esig ned to op en
.

and clos e the d amp er gr adu ally the po sitio n of the damp er at
,

al l t im es co r esp ondi ng with the v ari ous pr essur es

r R egul at ors .

of the l att er cl ass do not m ai nt ain the steam at a d efinite pressure ,

bu t control the fi e purely from a c ommerci al st andpoi nt Th ey

r .

obtai n from the co al the great est possi bl e numb er of h eat u nits
th at a e obt ai nabl e by d amper c ontrol Fig 3 88 ( V3 ) shows a
r . .
—
I

regul at or of this typ e; the pressure from the s t eam li ne is on ‘

ne ted t o the u nd er sid e of the di ap hr agm and the pr essur e on

c

di aphr agm is cou nt erb al anc ed by a w eight on a l ev er Som e .

t yp es use aw ei ght t o lo ad the l ev er oth ers use springs ; th at show n

,

is provid ed with both E ith er one alone will not give the d esired
.

adjustm ent for the r egul ator .

I t is g ener ally fou nd mos t eco nomic al t o allow abou t fi e v

476 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

pou nds v ari at ion in pressure from the t im e the d amp er s tarts
t o mov e u nt il i t is full open or clos ed Wh en t wo springs a e
. r

us ed the ful l r ange of pressure v ari at ion is adjus tabl e as follows :

I f the upper spri ng is lo ad ed t o lb in t ension and no load is pu t

10 .

on the bo t tom spring t h en the b al anc e l ev el w ill mov e from one

,

stop screw t o the o t h er wi t h a very sligh t add ed pressure I f .

FI G 388
.
(V 3

t op spring is lo ad ed t o 4 lb and low er one t o 3 lb

0 . 0th en
.
,

requir e a v ery consid erabl e pressure v ari ation to c arry the l ev er

from one stop t o the o t h er .

The most s at isf ac t ory op er at io n is ob tai ned by s etting the

spri ng l oad on the b al anc e l ever for the l ow es t pressure to be
c arri ed say lb and eith er slid e w ei gh t ou t or h ang on w eights
,
1 00 .
,

for the high er pressures I t w ill be not ed th at the di aph agm

. r

has bu t littl e tr av el and t h at i t is suppor t ed ov er i t s entire surf ac e .

The str ai n c aus ed by the pr essure is tr ansmi tt ed t o the s egm ent

jointed blocks shown .
478 STE AM P O WE R P L A NT PIP I NG SYSTE MS .

I t is a dvi sabl e to furni sh f eed pum p gov ernors with a by p ass —

.

Th en if the gov ernor is controlling the pum ps the feed v alv es ,

may be opened or clos ed t o regul at e the f eed to the boil ers I f a .

-

pump is h and controll ed regul ation requ ires th at the st eam

,

throttl e to the pump be ch anged This increas es or d ecreases .

the d eliv ery of the pump P ro bably the b est contr ol i s obt ained
.

w ith a w eight so hu ng on the pump gov ernor l ev er th at it may be

adjust ed by a scr ew and h and wh eel Th en for regul ation inst ead
.
,

of a l ter i ng the f eed v alv es the outpu t of the pump an be al t er ed

,
c .

A fi e pump should be provid ed with a by p ass around the

r —

gov ernor if th ere is any pos sibil ity of the g ov ernor b ei ng dis
arr anged whil e i n op er atio n I n c as e of fi e it would be fa
. r r

b ett er to h ave a man st and at the throttl e working it by h and , ,

th an to ri sk a poor governor inte feri ng wi th the w at er supply r .

The succ es sful co nt i nuous oper ation of a fi e pump should not be r

d ep end ent upon any d evic e th at c annot be h and op erated if

nec ess ary .

F o ev ery giv en sp eed of an engine driving an el ec t ric g ener ator

r

the g ov ernor op ens the v alv es a giv en amou nt m aking it impossi bl e ,

to secure the s am e sp eed with di ff erent amou nts of v al v e opening .

I f a co nd enser is throw n on it imm edi at ely r eli ev es the engine

,

of a l arge p art of i ts lo ad and to reduc e the st eam fed t o the

,

engi ne it i s nec ess ary for the eng ine to i ncrea se i ts sp eed u ntil
the p ort op eni ngs of v a l v es c orr espo nd with the sm al l er amou nt
of st eam required E ngine governors al so f ail to anticip ate
the on comi ng v ari ati ons
-
”.

The i nerti a g ov ernor has been in use for a co nsid er abl e tim e on
hi gh sp eed sh aft governor engi nes I t is the mos t approved
-
.

type and with it it is pos si bl e to secure high er sp eeds with a h eavy

l oad th an with a li ght lo ad This is bec au se the v alve o pening is
.

controll ed p artly by the ret ard ation of sh aft rot atio n Such ret ar .

datio n is wholly a r esul t of lo ad not sp eed Th ere a e a few

,
. r

types of Corliss inerti agov ernors bu t as th ey a e operat ed by belts

,
r

most of the sm all amount of acc el eration or ret ard ati on is l ost .

H i gh sp eed engi nes h av e their inert i a gov ernor s dir ectly at t ach ed
-

to the m ov ing p ar t s ; the b al anc e wh eel is r el ativ ely light and sub

j e
c t to r et ard atio n and a cc el er atio n H eavy C orliss eng ines a e . r

sl ow in thi s inerti a mov em ent and the f orc e i s l iabl e to be l ost in

the gov ernor belt Th es e corrections for v ari abl e l oad s and fo
.
,
r

v acuum should be refinem ents th at c ould be th own on and off

,
r
 GA G E P IP I NG .
479

at wil l and not m ak e the r egul ati on of the engi ne d ep endent upon
l
C ass V6 Su nd y L ubr i ato Conne t i ons
r c T he old styl e gl ass
r c .
-

sight t ub e gr avity lubric ator sh ould not be ord ered with new
-

equipm ent b ec aus e a m ech anic ally driv en forc e f eed pum p an c

be s ecur ed for a pric e t h at will enabl e it in a short tim e to eff ec t , ,

suffi ci ent s av ing in oil to pay fo itself T he l arger engi ne bu ild ers
r .

furnish good typ es of forc e feed pumps and all nec essary c onnec
t io ns An oil pump i nv ari ably d eliv ers fa more oil th an is
. r

required and if t wo feeds a e us ed th ey should bo th l ead to the

,
r

st eam line I t w ould oth erwise be quit e di ffi cult to cu t d own

.

the s t rok e or oil disch arg e su ffi ci ently if two w er e working T he .

s am e pri ncipl e should be observ ed for sm al l s tok er and fan

eng ines which get t oo much oil R ath er t h an use a t wo plu ng er
.
-

pump i t wil l be b ett er to use in conju ncti on with a sm all singl e

plu nger pump a pl ain gr avity cup av ail abl e for em erg ency c as es .

I f a pump is c omp ou nd t h en a l arg er oil pump an be u sed with c

i t h avi ng a divid ing p ar t itio n so th at two ki nds of oil may be

'
,

fed . I n pr ac t ic e how ev er it has b een f ou nd th at littl e or no

, ,

addi t io nal oil is r equi ed for low pr essur e cyli nd er oth er th an

r -

t h at which is c arri ed through from the high pressure end By -

.

usi ng a two comp ar t m ent pump each comp artm ent h aving one
-
,

plu ng er both feeds mays erv e the high pr essure cyli nd er or if

,
-
,

one pump will serv e the oth er m ay be h eld i n r eserv e or be u sed

with low pressure oil for low pressure cyli nd er
- -
.

Cl ass V 7 Su nd y T ap Conne ti ons

—
r r St eam tr aps a e comc . r

monly look ed up on as a nuis anc e but th ere a e situ ations which ,

r

will p ermit of no oth er m ethod of d oi ng th eir w ork I f a pl ant .

i s c ar efully l aid ou t it i s quit e pr ob abl e th at t r ap s will not be

r equired fo any of the st eam lines St eam m achines w ill t ak e
r .

through th em consid er abl e cond ens ati on and oft entim es a t r ap

need not be us ed ; bu t i n thi s c onnecti on it must be r em emb ered
t hat fo ev ery p ou nd of c ond ensation sent throu gh a st eam
r

m achine th ere is a loss of one p ou nd of st eam i n addition to the

loss of cond ensation by usi ng steam in t hi s c onditi on I f th ere .

is no oth er way of fr eei ng a st eam line of thi s entr ai nm ent th en ,

a t r ap should be u sed ev en if it is nec essary to bl ow the drip s to

,

w ast e .

T he i nt erm edi at e r ec eiv er has virtu ally no oth er way of dis

ch arging i t s drip s exc ept through a trap and to u nify the espon ,
r
48 0 STE AM P O WE R PL A NT P IP I NG SYSTE MS .

sibili ty s atisf ac t ory engine ins t all ation it w ill be fou nd

for a
advis abl e in ord ering an eng ine t o sp ecify t h at the build er furnish
the t r ap A t r ap for r ec eiv er s ervic e should be of l arg e c ap acity
. .

The use of t wo v alv es s eat ed simul t aneously is qu es t ioned b ec aus e ,

t his is a form of cons t ruction th at it is nex t t o impossibl e t o k eep

tight T he tr ap shown in Fig 33 is sui t abl e fo rec eiv er s ervic e
. . 0 r .

E i t h er of the t wo v alv es can be s eat ed s ep ar at ely To permit .

r ep airs i t is nec ess ary t o h ave a

by p ass with a v alv e and also
-

v alves in the t rap inl et and ou tl et .

I n ord eri ng a by p ass i t is g ener -

ally u nd ers t ood t h at th es e thr ee

v alv es a e r equired wh eth er the r

by p ass be for a t r ap gov ernor

-
, ,

reducing v al v e or any o t h er flow

regul at ing d evic e .

I n additio n t o the by p ass al l -

fi 38 9 G t raps should h av e a blow off on -

c

ne ted t o the t r ap disch arg e l ine

c Fig 389 ( V7 ) shows a tr ap
. .
—
1

wi t h a drip inl et A a drip di sch arge B a tr ap blow off C and a

, , , ,
-
, ,

by p ass v alv e D
-
I t will be not ed t h at the t hree u ni ons a e
, . r

loc ated b et w een the v alves and the tr ap p ermitting the tr ap to be ,

remov ed at any t im e ev en t hough t h ere is pressure on the drip

,

li ne I t will also be no ted th at all the connections drain int o the

.

w ast e and thus a e s afe agai ns t freezing if ou t of s ervic e

r .

Class V 8 Sund y P l ugg ed Openi ng s and Ai

r V ents The r .

bo ttoms of w at er pump cylind ers a e inv ari ably suppli ed with r

plugs bu t t h es e a e g enerally m ad e of c as t iron B rass should

,
r .

be us ed i ns t ead of iro n b ec aus e iro n plu gs a e li abl e to rus t in so r

t h ey c annot be remov ed I f a pl ant is t o be shut down and t here

.

is a possibility of w at er freezing i t is absolut ely nec ess ary t o drain

the w at er ou t of al l pip es and m achi nes t o pr ev ent t h em from
b ei ng d am aged Al l exh aus t and st eam branch es not h av ing
. .

p erm anent drains should be provid ed with plugged op enings at

each low poi nt A plugg ed op eni ng should be provid ed in the
.

feed m ain next to a pump and anoth er at the extrem e end of the
feed line so th at a g age may be us ed if d esired T app ed op enings .

should al so be provid ed in a compress ed ai line one clos e t o the r ,

compressor and anoth er at the extrem e end of the line T he .

v acuum lines should also h av e plu gg ed op enings at the cond ens er

 IN DE X

P A GE P AC E

Ai r cl i g h c nn c ti
ean n ose o 8e ons 40 l c
B ow-off ( on nued) ti
c mpr r c li g w t r t k it ck il r
.
, .

o esso oo n - a e an
7 40 p s ba of bo e s
r v l r rr
.
,

f fior re 4 10 em o ab e f omi ts unde g ound

hi f rt i w ll
t or a es an 366 e ondu c it 57 4
pr ur t k multi p rt d r ir t
. . 0

eq u em
0 0 0 0 0 0

ess e an s, -
o e en s 6 7 , 44 9 , 4 50 , 4 4
5
ch g v r v lv an e- o e a es t
s eam i n sewe s r 5 4 6
tr c vr lt
. .

pump c t r l w
en h and co e p a e, 4 5 0 , 4 5 2 , 53 4
Art i es an h nf on o e ar vc m
a uu p e en ed rv t 8 6
fr m pl o 35 7 3 5 8 3 6
ant
,

36 2, 4 v lv
a es i n pai s r
69 , 4 5 1 , 4 5 2 , 53 4
w t r i li ft vpr
.
, ,

ae , ar 3 66 a o 7 0

c d i ng pl t
on ens an 5 36 44, 4 4 s an t dpi p e 56 4
pr t c t i rd f u d rwrit r Fir
, 0 0 0 0 0

f fi or re o e on 3 63 B oa o n e e s, sec e

pumpi ng c t os 355 P r t cti

o e on
t rg B il r cl i g th u h bl w
.

so a e 3 5 7 3 58 36 36 2. 4 o e ean n , not ro g o
w ll l v t r h ft . .

e at e e a o s a 36 8 o ff 6 5
9, 4 1 , 4 2 . 4 5 53 67 4
c n t ructi n numb r f u i t
0 0 0 0 0 0
, ,

o s o 3 59 36 0 e o n s
5 2
,

cl b
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

36 1 s ae ox 6 4 9
why n i n p w r pl nt ot 3 58 o e a c mp u d c h mic l
o o n , e
3 93 a
A h s es, obj c t i ew tt i ng ons to 7 e 4 4 f d ut m t i c c t r l
ee a o a 5 6 on o , 2 2 4, 2 2 22

At m ph ic r li f v lv ti l , , ,

os er e e a e, essen a 412
f t ur ea es 8 1 0 b il r i l t t ub
o e ne e 222
v c uum r li f 7 7 78 79 c h tt ri g f v lv
. .

f or a e e s, 1 1 1 a e n o 3 a e 22
r gri di g , ,

ci ty w t r
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

e n n 78 1 ae 3 9 4
Au il i ri c nd i g c mbi d f d d c h ck
.

x a es, o ens n or non o ne ee an e 222

c d igon ens n 175 87 63 2 c diti

on c ry
ons ne essa 37
m t r driv n wh r c mic l 3 d ubl c ct i
, ,

oo e , e e e ono a 44 o e onne 39 on 2 2 1, 2
c iv pr ur
.

ex ess e ess es 2 1 4, 2 2 9
f or no o th r purp e 3 ose 0

B m k up w t r
a e C ae , see on
speci ficanons d ensers
l t Ofv ap r f rme m t ri l
“

d
.

B ow-off, amoun o o a e a s to se u 7 9 21 21
uct i c d r ,

i n blow mg s on et on ense
j 3 12

ci t rn away fr m buddi ng uf c c d r 8 6 6 65
.

se o s r a e on ense , 4 , 2 1 2 2, 2
ci t rn tank t h rm m t r p t
.

se or e o ee os 8 22
ci t rn w h u v nt
se 1t o t e u i f rm di t ri but i n
n o s o d an
ba i n i n c nd n r di c harg
s o e se s e pr ur
ess e 9 2 1 220
w t rw y v lv t i ,

ae a a e ex ens on 22 3
down fl w cr t d i n w r w t r W t r
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-
o ea e se e a e see ae
m nh l cl ni g F i lt r
.

a o es ea n , see e an d
la tic c nn t i n
e s o ec o s Gr
ease x E t r ct r
a o
fl w d n t d by pri mi g
. .

o e oe n 41 1
aut mat ic dr i p r m fl r dr i
. .

f or o oo oo a ns 4 0, 4 , 46 5 66 8
f t mh d r
or s ea ea e c l l mi t i
s a e, a na ons 92 3
fr d m p nd w h n u d r B il r h p w rk i ji t 7
. .

ee o to ex a e n e o e -s o o , ex ans on o n s, 1 2 ,
p
g r und o 7S I
nai n hi g h r t han b l r l rg pi p nd fitt i g 7 73 5
.

r e p n 01 e o e a e e a n s, 1 2, 1 19
w t r puri fi c t i
,

4 53 ae , a on
o 3 5 9
n otu d a b oil r wa h
se ut 6
s e s 9, 4 5 1 , B uil di g c
n , cr t w ll w t r
on ee a s, ae
pr f
,

4 5 2 , 4 53 oo
4 84 I ND E X .

P AC E P GEA
il i c t i
B u d ng ( on nued) i l t i r
Condens ng p an , on h gh g ound,
t il r vi t
.

de a s to p o de
cr
to se u e dry wa s
2 7 3 , 3 2 1 , 3 2 4, 3 68
ll
. .

on
j
y e et
p
0 , 0 3 5
hi g h g r und urf c typ
3 6 .

471 o , s ae 3 8 e,
B y pass, pa of a e
-
rt v lv 1 2 6, 1 2 7 , 1 2 8
p r ti
o e a on e ono sc mic 89
0

ii w i t h ut h t r
2
.
.

of p p ng 1 24 o ea e 7 2
C duc t r i jur d by v p r
on o s, n e a os
C tch b i ; f r mfl r 66 5 1 9
a as n gi
or en ne oo oo 4 l c ti
o a on 58
k p ci d r u f w r 66 68 ct i l g
1
.

to ee n e s o t o se e 4 4 C onne ons, on
Ch mic l pump
1 21, 122

tr i n d
, ,

e a 7 8 10 10 s a e 5 8 11 1 16
Ch mic l t r t m t f w t r
11

C t r ct r d d t il r
, ,

e a ea en o ae see on a o s an ea es 5
W t r bi d
,

ae s 6 20
Ci d r c t c h b i k p ci nd r wh t th y h ul d d
.
,

n e a as n to ee es a e s o o 4
u f
o t o sew e r 66 6 8 4 4 C li g p d c n t r uct i
oo n on , o s on 291

Ci ty w t r f m rg cy u 3 8 3 5 gr p r t r
.
,

a e , or e e en se, 4 1 ease se a a o 14 3
f or fi rervic
se e 38 5
,

r q uir m t f m
e e en s or sa e 2 1 9
m t r l c ti
ee o a on 3 7 4 u f c r q uir d
s ra e e e 0 3 5
bt i n d w i th ut m t ri g C li g t w r rt i w t r
.

o a e o 3 5 ee n oo n o e , a es an a e
4 44 , 4 5
uppl y fr m w di t nt p i t c f o vi g in p r ti g
. .

s o t o 35 sa ons 0 ase o n sa n o ea n
wa t se o f 3 3 8 42 , 4 os c t 2 3 5
Cl i fic ti T bl fC t t c t ructi
.

ass a on, see a e o on en s ons on 22 3

an s d ubcl
asses c t d ffi ci c 3 3 3 7
os an e en y, 04 2 2, 2

Cl i g b il r w h w t r k pt ffi ci cy ff c t d by d ign 3
,

ean n o e s; as ae e e en e e e es 24

o t o u f bl w ff
o -o , 4 1 , 4 5 5 53 2, 4 s urf c r q uir d
ae e e 3 5 0

l ctri c l pp r tu C li g w t r w i t h circ ul t i g
.

ee a a aa s 79 8 40 oo n ae a n
fl r wi th h
oo s; ose 8
,

2 1 an t k ,

83 8 7 2 2 4 , 40
il t k C r ug t d j i t f i
.
,

o an s 8 141, 2 2 o r ae o n s, or ex ans on p 7 1 4
w t r t ub b il C t i iti l f pi p w rk
.

ae e o ers 2 40 , 2 4 1 os , n a ; o e o 2

C l h yt m vi g
.

d
oa an as s s e 3 40 sa n s 5 6
C nd
o ensa o ti n l
osses 41 1 yt m
s s e , ex a a es t r v lv 3
,

4
l
a so see ea St m D ri p
s Cyli d r l ubric t i n
n e L ubrica
a o see
ti
.
,

C d
on ensers: on
l C li g T w r P ump
.

a so see oo n o e s, s
an aed W t r W y
a s D mp r r gul t r
a e e c n t ruc i n
ao , o s to
circ ul ti g w t r d p r ti n
.

a n ae an o ea o
circul ti ng w t r r i d t r
a a e a se to en e di phr m
a ag s
ea e h t r 2 63 p r t d wi t h l w p r
o e ae ur o ess e
c u t r c ur t w t r
.

o ne ren 1, 2 5 5 ae
di c h rg l v ti D ign r ( E gi r)
.

s a e, e e a on 0 3 8 es es see n nee s
l v tdj
ee a e et 44 , 0 , 0 ,3 5 3 6 3 5 3 6
1 , 1 D t ili n p i p w rk
ea g, e o 5 6 1 09

dv t g D i g r m c mp l t
, ,

a an a es 11 3 a a s, o e eness 20

d t rmi t i f q ui p m t
. .

i
a r coo er l 0 5 ee na on o e 7 en 1 09

i di c h rg d v l pm t
. . .
,

ar s a e 0, 1 5 5 e eo en 36
i ncli d t il pi p l v ti
.

ne a e 1 3 5 e e a ons 5 1

p ci l i j ct i g t il pi p fur i h d by c nt r ct r
.

s e a ar e e n a e 0 33 ns e o a o
f l i jci
a se n e t on 3 10 m ki g
a n 7 9 10

at m ph ric p r ti
.
,

f or os e 3 3 4 o e a on gui d e 7
h u o se a a w y f m p w r pl ro t 36 o e an 0 studi es 5 9 1 10
ill u t r ti f i d w t r D i phr g m j i t
. . . .
,

s a on a r an
o ae a a f o ns p or ex an
m v m t i w v c uum
o e en n et a i
s on 7 73 7 1 2, 1 1 4
D ivi i f pl t i nt ci n ,

s on o an o se t o s 24

i j cti c tr ll d by th rm
ne on, on o e e o D r ft g g
a a e, c t ruct i n f
ons o o sen

3 9 1 i i
st tp ve y e
p r t f
se a a e or f d w t r ee 85 ae 1 Dr i
a n, a r nesi li
suct i n j o b il r f d
et, o e 3 ee 12 l
a so see ea St m D ri p
s
D r i g pump ri wr
.

fli i
e c enc
y 3 9 0 a na e : to a se se e
surf c ae 5 6 65 4 2 1, 2 a e g
ai di c harg D rawi ng l E gi r C n
,

r s e S 5 I 2 s, a so see n nee s o
m k up w t r t r ct r d D t ili g
. .
, ,

a e 6
ae 65 2 1, 2 2 69 a o s an ea n
vac uum ff t d by ai tart i ng w rk
.
. .
,
.

a ec e 3 8 r . 2 s o
48 6 I ND E X .

P A GE
F irmai ns used for other
e se rvic e 3 86 Hea e s,t r i di charg ar s e
met er dir c t and c unt r c urr nt
.

34 5 e o e e
i li
p pe nes 37 1 l vat ry L v t ry
a o see a ao
r r r t i
oof sp aye and s and p pe 3 7 0 384 liv t am
e se
rt r liv t m P uri fi r
,

sepa a e oom for

.

37 2 e s ea see e
wa e t r mi
an 40, 4 1 , 3 76 numb r i n t ll
e to
,

3 sa
tr tr tr
2

wa e s o age, see Wa e o mitt d i n c nd n i ng p l ant

e 9 o e s 2

ir til lc trc l
.

F e e, i n p a e of wa e oo ed o e p n
l f di ng wat r und r pr
u

de es vic 85 2 oss ee
ur
e e es

F i tt i ng fl g d an e s e 77 2

fl g
an es on
s,

pi p
2 02
orcl d ose 33 68
‘
2

urf c c nd n r
e 9 1 4 ,

f pl t
ae s a e o 8 e se 4
o
w l d d pl t
5 19
t mtub nd wat r tub typ 3
.

ae s ea ea e e e 2 1
e e
rc dr ft fl u a 6 8 9
1 14
vac uum typ 5 e 4
w t r upp l y
o e es 2 2 2

Fl r dr i ,

oo a ns ae s 33 7 7 2
H at i ng y t m aut mat ic back
7 2
.
,

fl r pi tch
oo s 6 e s se o
pr sur v alv
4 4 , ,

g u rdi g g i t b c kw t r
es e e
b ck p ur c nt r l
a a a ns
n a 6 ae
.

4 2

F ri cti l i t c f pi pi g 68 3 6
. .

a ress e o o
dri p r t ur n
ona res s an e o n 1 2

F ut ur q ui pm t bli d fl g
.
,
e
hau t n n c nd n i ng
e e en n an es,
.

7 4
F ut ur q uir m nt E q ui p ex s, o -
o e s

p l nt
e re e e s, see
m t a
en
hau t t am c nd n i ng
.

ex s se o e s

p l ant
G ag b rd
2 10
e- oa s 5 53 1 2, 1 hau t upfl w f dri p
ex s, o o s
G g c ck f rc e dt i ght
211

liv t m c il and c ntrol

. .
.

a e o o 8 14 e s ea o o
d c pt iv pr ur r di g
141

u in c n mi r wat r
,

e e e 5 3ess e ea n I 1, 20 s g e o o 85 ze e
ill umi ti
na on 5 53 1 2 1 v cuum r turn
a e
. 2

hut ff dl v lv
9 20
H i gh w t r i n b il r
,

s -
o nee e a e 5 1 1 ae o es
i gl d d ubl tub
s n e an o e e 5 1 1 H ose, f fi or rvic ,

re se e
41 2

uct i
377
w hi g fl r
.

s on 56 2 for as n 8 oo s
wh r g r l ly r quire 2 1
e e ene a e d for w tt i ng d w n a h
e 8 o s
G lv i d p i p w h r r q uir d
2 1
a an ze e, e e e 3 8 e 4 u df
se m rg nci
or e 66 e e es
G k t f v c uumli 2
H w t r circ ul at i g y t m
.

as e s, or a nes 75 1 ot ae 87 n s se
G v r r i c mpr r 2
H w ll ai di c harg
,

o e no , a r o esso 3 1 0 ot e s
dr ft f n gi
r
5 33 e 2 2, 4
c n tructi n
, .

a a en ne 8 12 o s o3 6 3 3
gi
5 5 2 1, 2 2, 0 1
.

, ,
en ne
fum fr m f ul wat r
.

feed pump
.

12
7 es o 33 o e 4
g a di c h rg
fi re pump re se s a e
fl t H ydrant
5
F ir P r t c t i n
5 53 2 1, 2 2, 2
.

oa s, see e oe o
H ydraulic E l v t r E l v at r
.

for eng i nes 4 78 e ao o

t mc i see e
for a set of s eam a h nes
.
,

1 33 .

for oil pump 8 5, 43 7 , 4 38

r r r
ange of p essu es adjus ab e t l Ice, m uth f w at r way i nt k 99 3 3
oo e a e, 2 1

I nc n i t ci in y t m
132 ,

r t tiv vc m
.

o a e dry a uu pump
o s s en es, s se s I 4
I njury at m ph ric v lv p ni g
1 30
.

t
.

os 73 e a eo e n
s uffi ng
by p n bl w fl
1 29 ,

vc
a uum pump 12
9
I uranc
o e
F ir P t c t i n
69 5o 55 - o
’
.
, 4 2, 4
r t r ct r t
.

ex haus
ns e, see e ro e o
G ease ex a o
I t ak W t r way
sepa
.

rtr
ao 1 84 , 2 8 2
n e, see ae s .

f b il r f d w t r
or o e ee ae 53 2

p r t r c li g p d L av at ry arrang m nt f fi t ur
.

se a a o 3 oo n on 1 4, 3 1 5 o 64 e e o x es, 4
w r di c h rg f v p r w t r
, . .
,

se e s a e o a os 4 58 h ot ae 57 58 37 87 1 1 2 2

f il y dr i
or o
,

a ns l w pr
o ur wat r
ess 86
e e
, , ,

gr c tc h r il pi p
.

ease a e 4 58 so e 6 4 2
m vi g gr pr vi d d wi th fl u hi g a
.

f
eans o
n ease sa 46 1 o e s n r
c tc h c li d r i l dri p f
to a y n e o s of rang m nt 6e e s 4 4
pi t
s on o srd wa h t a d
s s u n s to 3 8 se 4
r c iv pump p dri p L wn p ri nkl r h c nn cti n
.

to e e e an s a s e s, ose o e o s 42
d rg u d li
Un e ro n ne fr
ee to ex L i ft seeEl v t r e ao
L iv t am puri fi r P uri fi r
.
,

pand . . e se e , see e .
 I ND E X .

A
P GE

Low p r
r rvic f ag i t
essu e se e, sa e a ns O il li ( c ti nu d)
nes on e
hi h r pr ur
g e ess es 2 71 m th b r
s oo oe
ur rvic u f 3 tight j i t
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

L ow p ress e se e, ses or 0, 271 o ns

L ubric t i t mi r f d pump cc umul t r typ g v r
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a on, a o ze ee 4 34 a ao e o e
c li d r il t k
,

y n e o an s
5 44 44 7 n or 3 4
d t uct iv f ct m t r driv
O O O O O O O O
.
, O O O O O O

es r ef udd n ef e o s e oo 37 e 4
t ti g f gi p w r dr i v
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o en ne
s ar n 4 18 o e 37 e 4
di ff r t il f di ff r nt pp li ubmrg d typ
O O O O O O O O O O O O

e en o s or ee a s e 37 e38 3 e 4 4 44
c ti
a ons t r g r q ui r m nt 8 38 7 5
s o a e, e
,

e e s 0,
. .

44
di f r t il f di ff r t pr t k ,
.

f e en o s or e en an s
t k cl ai ng
es
86 an , e n 1 01

f di
ee d vic
ng e 83 es
5 8 4 34 O ili g
n , ar i pr ur t k mul t i
ess e an s,
f rc d f d p rt d c h ng v r valv
, ,

o e ee 8 33 3 6, 4 4 4, 4 79 o e a eo e es 4 0 9
j ur l l ubric t i n O ili g ut m t ic p r t i n f il a d
,

o na a o see n a o a se a a o o o n
l w pr u c l i d r il w t r
.
,

o ess e y n e o ae
r
, 44 99
0 , 44 3
m eans f k pi g r c rd f
or ee n e o o d vic
e e to pr v t c yli nd r
e en e o il
c umpti n 86 3 5 5
ons o , 4 . 44 44 6 g tt i g i t
e n n o s se yt m
m t h d f f di g il i t t m ng i rr g d f y
. . 0 0 0 0 0

e o o ee n o n o s ea , 4 33 , e n
nes ot a an e or s s
43 5 89
pi p d y t m d ubt ful c
e s se my o e ono 83 , f di ng d vic
ee 9 9e 35 36 es 1, 2, 4 4
fi lt r
, , ,

8 86 4 433 e s 97 3 3 14 44 44 4
t m pump wi th pr ur
s ea ess
,

e
,

gr ease, wh r p r f r bl e e 9 ee a
,

e
. .

g v rn r o e o 84 h d f d wh r pr f r bl
an ee , e e 89 ee a e
u i ng c d ti w t l d w t r i c rp r t d
. .

s on ensa on a er co il
o an ae n o 95 3 o ae 44
umn p i t dr w i l
.
,

8 1, 82 4 79 o n s to a o 7 44
p r ci pi t t i n f i mpuri t i
,

e a o o 98 es, 44 0 ,
i
M a ns as eq ua ze li r 3 44 1 , 44 2 . 44
,

lc ir ct c c ti w r f w h ut
.
,

i n p a e of d e onne on se e s or 7as o s 4 0

t ri rtr t m f di g
.

s eam d p sepa a o s rea ee n 89

k tr r yt m c v i nc n a
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

M a e up wa e , see Condense s s se a on en e e, ot
t r ci t t r c iy
.
,

M e e , for y wa e 3 4 5 , 34 7 ne ess t 9 1
l ct ric l i i pr ur
.

ee a , at eng ne 1 76 ar ess e
9 4
c il i r q uir m nt
. o o o o o o o o o o o

for ea h shop or bu d ng 3 54 e e e 93 s
ricti r w b tc h
0 0 0 0 0 0

f on offe ed 2 34 t o a
i cc r ci
na u a es 41 wa e t r pr ur
ess e 9 5 3 53
dr i nd c v r d 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
,

oi l 8 7 , or Op en a ns, o en ap o ee , 4 66 0, 4
po ab ert l 235 Op w r wi t h
en se e , an d wi th ut
o
tr
wa e , for en e p an tir l t 34 c v r gr ti g
o e a n
O p r ti c ti nu u
.

33 e a on, on o s
p r t f chb0il e r c mic
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

se a a e or ea 38 e ono s
M i tu p i g th ugh wall i mplifi d
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

os re ass n ro s 471 s e
ti f ct ry c u d by im
.

u nsa s a o a se
O il b rr l p p r d ig
,

a e, ro e es n
mpt i ng i k O ut i d w rk S p rat buil d
.

e y sn s e o sce e a e
e mptyi ng v lv a e ig n s
,

trg
.

so a e
har c t ri t ic P cki ng Ga k t
’
’

a e s s a see s es
‘

c
cyli d r il d vic L ubrica P l umbi ng L v t ry
.
,

n e o e es, see see a ao

ti n P w r pl nt i t l v ti n n
.
,

o o e a s e, e e a o s to co
dri p li n id r
.

es s e 2 90
dri p m i n f l d ui t bl f c li g p d 9 3 5 5
0 0 0 0 0 0

a o s s oo n
a e or on , 2 1 ,
r dip p t
o s at e nes ng i w t r uppl y
ae s i v tig t
to n es a e, 2 90 , 3 55
ti l r q uir m t P r ci pi t t i t k f f d w t r 395
.

essen a e e en s e a on an , or ee ae ,
i mpuri ti
es, to e e o e b r mv d 96 3
,

i n eef d w t r
ae P ri mi g f b il r
n o o es 411
li ngi ti l
.

nes at e nes, essen a re P ump i b u d

ar o n
qu m n i re e ts rt i n Ar i an w t r
,

a es a , see tes ae
pi p upp rt rt i w ll 3 56 36 36 36 7 368
.

a t en gi nes, e s o s a es an e , 0, 1

fl u h bor u i ut m t ic d i p r t ur n
.
, , ,

s e n ons a o a r e 5 6 58 . . 42 t
 4 88 I ND E X .

P A GE P CE A
P ump c nti nu d)
( o e R oof l v f hau t pi p see es, or ex s e
c ntri fug l r m v l f ai f t y v lv pi p
.

e a, e o a o f r or sa e a e e
c h mic l purific at i n
e a, o
c nt r ll d by c nd n ti i n
o o e o e sa on S f ty v lv di t urbanc fr m ae a es, o
urfac c nd n r
s e
s e o e se 6 65 bl wi ng ff 2 1, 2 o o
contr ll d by
. .

o e 7 dr i n 2 4 a
c nt ll d by w t r in p n
o ro e ae
pul t i n wi t h ng i n
o e sa o e e
h t r ea e 65 r f c ll ar 2
oo o s
cyli d r c li ng
.

wh r c nn c t b il r
.

n e oo 5 79 1, 2 e e to o to o e
cyli d r dr i
n e a ns 7 S gg i ng pi p i mp rf ct dr i 41 a
e
an
dri p p n f p f f und t i
.
es, e e
a s or to o 6 o a on 4 0
d y v c uum 7 5
S mpl pl t
r a , 2 6 3 8 333 33 6
0, 2 0, 2

l ctric
ee
,

3 S vi g
,

O p r ti n a d C t
,

0
a e an

f dee d fi
an rrang d f dif
re, a
Sc l
e
t i
or
i h l di g
a n s, see e a o , n os .

f erent servic es
g b
b il r c l whil cl
f a e re a n n ox , or o n

c mpou d o e s ae e ean
.

fi re o n
c i d r t i n i n purcha
ons e a o s
Scr n h u e W t r w
s
ee o s see ae ays
S parat buil di ng h w t r up
ng
.
,
i

u d n l w pr ur rvic 3
.

e e s, ot ae s
se o o ess e se e, 0,
ply 87 2

l w pr ur wat r upp l y
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

f t v lv
87 35 o ess e e s 2 4
t dri p r turn
oo a es 8 ,

m
. .

7 24 24
f circ ul t i g w t r ft r r ac h
.
,
3 s ea e 42
Sp r t r hau t
or a n ae a e e
i ng b il r
8 e a ao ex s 1 4
f hi gh t mp r t ur
o e
d pr
.

t m 3 s ea
,

41 414
or ea e an
tt li g t nk P r ci pi t t i
. 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
,
e es
ur S n e a see e a on
t nk t r Ch mic l
s e ,

W
g v rn r G v rn r
.

a ae , e a
T r t m nt d O ili g
o e o s, see o e os ,

h t r upp l
.

ea e an n
S w r b ck w t r c h ck p l c d
ea e 6 6 68 69
.

s 3 y, 4, 2 0, 2 2 2 2

l c t d c t r f pl t
o ae en e oan 37 i n i n p ct i n pi
,
e es a -
ae e ,
a e

m c h ic ll y p r t d v lv s e o t
e
numb r r q uir d
an a o e ae 33 7
b l w f f
a es
B l w ff
.

o - o s, sec o - o
e e e
r il r t
.

m
3 0
oil 8 8 5 99 8
f b w h o u 5 5 5 3 o o e as s, 4 1, 4 2, 4 ,
4, 3 4
p ans, w i t h p rtai t i n p or t ,

to se a a e
mt i l u
,

7 46
w t r nd t mdri p
ae a s ea 69 6 a er a to se 4 2

pl u g r w t r p i t c h f
s 4
67 o 4
f
n e s or ot a eh 5
t c t r r t
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 1
ri m i n c
onne o s c t i n 8 p d f m f 3 ro e e o os 46
S w r g pump f l w dr i g
.

p g 7 24 2 0

r li f v lv
e e a e 5 8 5 6
Sh p t nd rd h v y w rk
21 21
,

7
2 29
e e a e or o a na e, 4 1

rvic r q uir m t
,
, , ,

en s o sa a s, ea o 111

Si d ni g c t c h b i v i
se e e e 3 1

w r g
. .

se e a e p d e o e n a as n, a o
i ng h l i fl r
7 4 1

suct i on li n Suct i
es, see on o es n oo
s ee
p d i
ao d ic nt r S i g h t o h w m u t f fl w i t s o a o n o o na
mc d ti n
. ,

stea on ensa o pi p 3 53 e
Y t m c n ct i n Sig l whi t l i
.

s ea o ne o na s es, a r 4 10
w et av cuum wi th ut uct i
o Ski mm r f s b il on 3 9 39 5 e or o ers 4,
a esv lv
,

33 7 Sm k fl u 6 8 9 o e
,

es 2 2 2

P u i fi r liv t m 63 33 393 3 S il pi p c nn ct d w r th t
, ,

r e e s ea 1 2 94 o es; o e e se e s a
ki mm r i n b il r
s
,

e o e
,

3
,

fl u h m
, ,

94 s sa e
di t i nc t bu i n m t r nc h a
.
.

s t sa e e s
R eco rd i l u d
s, o se c d r di ch rg 6 on ense s a e 4 4
R duci g v lv G v r r S t bl w r c rd v lv
.

e n
a es, see o e no s 36 oo o e o a e 1

R p ir rr g m t h i t l v rt ic l p
.

e a s, a an e en 7 or zon a or e a asses 1 3
pp rt u i t y f Sp ci fi c t i gi n p rt p i g
3

noo o n or 8 e a on, en e o o en n s, 1 2

p r ti n u i
o ea o n nter ere f d wi t h g ui d e 1 10

i bili ty d i gnand c tru Sp ci li t pi p w rk

.

R p
es ons es ons e e a s s, e o
5
o ti n
,

Sp ci l fitti g e a s, n s 112
m ki g bi d St m dri p t mi r f l
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

i ffic u
a n s ea s, a o ze or ee
R iv t d w rk d ltie”
.

ee
on
o
R oof c duc t r pr t c t d ag i t
,

o s, oe e
s i g d p ”
di c h rg d nt aux
ri a ns ili ary t m
vat n

s a e i o
s
.
0 0 0 0 0

s ea
0 0 0

mai n . 6 1 , 64
49 0 I ND E X .

A GE P more:
t r ch mic l t r at m nt ( c nt i
Wa e e a e e o nued) t r tank ( c nti nu d)
Wa e o e
c t i nu u p n y t m
,

fl t valv pil t c nt r l
. .

on o so e s se 7 10 oa e, 76 o o o 2
c nt i nu u pr ur y t m
o o s ess e s s e8 10 g ravi t y 3 7 2, 2 2
c t i n buil di ng pr c aut i n g ai n t
. .

os 4 00 e o a s
d m n t r ti n w at i ng and l ak ag
,

e o s a o 40 1 s e 73 e e 2
i nt rmi tt nt p n y t m 5 39
e e o e s se 10 0, i n m k flu
s o e e
39 0

Wat r hamm r bl w ff li n
, ,

3 99 e -
e 68 o o
-
es
c l umn bl w ff
o o 69o
-
c n mi r
e o o ze
,

69 5 4 4
br ck t uc t i n li n
, .
,

a e 1 44 s o es 5 2 0
l ct ric
ee 9 14 W r w y cc
ate a s, a w ll ess
97 e s 2
l w d wn t p
o o y6 e 14 arrang d f cl ani ng
e or e98 2

p rat i ng c h i n
o e mi tt d 8 a s etc o e 14 at hi gh bl uff 3 6 3 5 3 6 0 1 1

hut ff v lv d p i n gr u d
, ,
.

s -
o a es 5 14 ee o n 3 7 1

whi t l s e 5 1 0 faul ty d i g n es 3 3 0
c mp und f d bbile f undat i n
.

o o e393 to rs o o 3 02

dam pr v nt
to e e 9 2 1 g r avi ty fl w o 95 3 3 2 1

o r m i n w t r t i ght i n r ck
, ,

t e a 9 ae 2 2 o 97 2

filt r i ntak and di c harg al ng i d

. . .

es 8 53 5 10 2 2 4 e s e o s e
g ag ill umi nati n
e, 7 o
, ,

14 c h th r
ea o e a

lf cl i ng c li g p nd
.

se os 7 8 14 14 f or oo n o
h at r L av at ry and H t r th wi ng
,

e e see o ea e i ce a
p r ci pi t at i n aft r r achi ng l rg valv
.
,

e o e e a e e
b il r o e 3 96 of brick
Wat r pump c nt r l
e o 7 o 2 4 of f rm d c ncr t
o e o 98 99 ee 2 2
t ructur l upp rt
, ,

s a s 77 o 2 96 2

puri fi c at i on aft r nt ri ng b il r 39 5 e e e o e part f buil di ng f undat i n

o 3 o o 21
,

396
, ,

scr n h u anch rag

ee o se 3 3 o e 0

r li f f pump di charg
e e s, or 5 6 s es, 2 1 21 t l pi p
s ee e 97 2

t rag hi gh and l w l v ati

so e, 67 o ee ons
,

2 thr ugh mad gr und

o e 96 o 2

p nd o ba i n 5 7 3 5 7 3 58 36
or s 2 2. u d ase i th r i nt k f d
s e e a e o is

36
. . . .

4 c ha g r e 42
uppl y hi gh
s l vati n l ng ee o o m uth f i nt ak 99 3 3 3 3
o o e, 2 00 , 0 04 ,

di t nc c nt r l
, , , ,

sa e o o 3 6 3 3 3 5 3 6 0 1 1 1

tank pan i n Whi t l p rat d

.
. . .

ex so s e
s, a ir o e e 4 10

expan i n ai
,

so r c nd n ati n di ch g
o e s o s ar e 39 1