UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BKF3453 UNIT OPERATION

SEM II 2021/2022

(INTEGRATED PROJECT REPORT)

PRODUCTION OF PROPYLENE OXIDE

DR SUMAIYA BT ZAINAL ABIDIN@ MURAD

12th JUNE 2022

GROUP 1

NO. ID NAME

1. KA20006 SAVE LI HONG

2. KA20008 DIVYAMEENA ALAGU

3. KA20017 MUHAMMAD NUR AMIRUL FAIZ BIN MOHD NORAFIZD

4. KA19025 AARON RAJ A/L MOSES

5. KA19100 NAVINESH A/L BUBALAN

 Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 1
Introduction of Propylene Oxide 1
Physical Properties of Propylene Oxide 2
1.3 Application of Propylene Oxide 2
1.4 Synthesis Routes 3
1.4.1 Chlorohydrin Routes 4
1.4.2 Co-Products Routes 6
1.4.3 Hydrogen Peroxide Routes 8
1.4.4 Direct Oxidation Routes 8
1.5 Market Survey 9

CHAPTER 2 13
2.1 Selected Route 13
2.2 Process Flow Diagram 14
2.3 Overall Process Descriptions 19
2.4 Function of Equipment 21

CHAPTER 4 35
4.1 Energy Balance 35

CHAPTER 5 65
5.1 Process Equipment Sizing 65
REFERENCES 73
Appendix 1: Project Report Marking Rubrics 76
Appendix 2: Safety Precautions 78
Appendix 3: Physical Property Tables 82
 CHAPTER 1
1.0 Introduction of Propylene Oxide
Propylene oxide (PO), known as methyloxirane or 1,2-epoxypropane, is one of the main
natural synthetic compounds with an atomic formula CH3CHCH2O. It is a versatile chemical
intermediate utilized in the production of a wide scope in large-scale industrial production. Its
major application is its use for the production of polyether polyols commonly used for
producing polyurethane plastics.

PO is a vapid and a profoundly unpredictable liquid. It has high miscibility with most
common organic solvents, however it forms a two-stage system with water as the vapours
may travel long distances where it is heavier than the air, which also may cause flash fire or
explosion. As a result, the compound exists as two optical isomers, and the commercial PO is
a racemic mixture. The aqueous mixtures with PO are about 0.75% low in concentration
which are considered to be flammable.

Besides, an acute inhalation exposure to vapors of this compound can result in respiratory
tract irritation, coughing, difficulty in breathing (dyspnea) and build-up of fluid in the lungs
(pulmonary edema) that can possibly lead to pneumonia. Inhaling high concentrations of the
vapors for short time periods may cause headache, motor weakness. In addition, the chronic
effects of this chemical in animals have produced evidence that cancer is associated with
exposure to propylene oxide. Propylene oxide at room temperature is a volatile, colorless,
highly flammable liquid with a sweet, ether-like odor. The odor threshold for propylene oxide
vapour is reported to be 200 parts of propylene oxide per million parts of air (200ppm) in
humans.

A portion of the properties of PO are displayed in Table 1.1. PO forms azeotrope with
dichloromethane, diethyl ether, cyclopentene, isoprene, cyclopentane, 2-methyl-1-butene,
pentene, pentane, cyclohexane, hexene, and hexane.

1
2.0 Physical Properties of Propylene Oxide
Table 1.1 Physical properties of Propylene Oxide, C3H6O

Physical Properties Constant

Molecular Weight 58.08 g/mol

Boiling Point (101.32 kPa) 34.23°C

Melting Point -111.93°C

Flash Point -37°C

Critical Temperature 209.1°C

Critical Pressure 4920 kPa

Critical Density 312 kg/m³

Critical Compressibility Factor 0.2284

Heat of Combustion (25°C, 101.32kPa) -33035 kJ/kg

Heat of polymerization -1500 kJ/kg

Heat of Fusion 112.6 kJ/kg

Heat of Solubility in Water (25°C) -45 kJ/kg

Solubility of PO in Water (20°C) 40.5 wt%

Solubility of PO in Water (20°C) 12.8 wt%

1.3 Application of Propylene Oxide

Propylene oxide (epoxy propane) is a significant organic chemical product utilized essentially
as an intermediate reaction of development in a wide scope of industrial and commercial
products, with an ongoing worldwide demand of approximately 14 billion pounds per year. It
is among the top 50 synthetic substances created in the world, as well as being categorized as

2
a high creation volume (HPV) compound. Propylene oxide (PO) is fundamentally utilized in
the development of polyether polyols (poly-alcohols) for use in urethane applications like
rigid foam, flexible foam, and “Coatings, Adhesives, Sealants and Elastomer” (CASE)
systems.

Figure 1: Percentage of Common Propylene Oxide Uses

Source: Manz & Yang, 2014

Moreover, propylene oxide is additionally utilized in non-urethane applications like

surfactants and oil demulsifiers. The utilization in this area represents about 68% of the total
international output. Besides, another significant sector is the development of propylene
glycol for aeroplane de-icers, fiberglass-reinforced unsaturated polyester resins, and pressure
driven liquids; and the utilization in this area represents 22%. Apart from that, there is also
minor sectors which incorporate 6% of miscellaneous, glycol ethers (4%) and various
applications like fire-retarding agents, manufactured greasing up agents, oil field drilling
chemicals, butylene glycol, propylene carbonate, allyl alcohol, isopropanol amines, modified
carbohydrates (starches).

1.4 Synthesis Routes

There are several routes of production which may be decisively influenced by the application
and the market potential of the co-products, as well as the availability of raw materials
followed by the possibilities for by-product management. Figure 2 shows a summary of the
availability of various processes which can be used to produce propylene oxide. Basically,
propylene oxide can be developed by applying the chlorohydrin process, co-product process,
hydroxide peroxide process and direct oxidation process.

3
 Figure 2: Summary routes of propylene oxide production
1.4.1 Chlorohydrin Routes
The formation of propylene oxide through this process is known as a multi-step process that
proceeds via addition of hypochlorous acid to propylene in order to produce chlorohydrin
intermediate, which is subsequently dehydrochlorinated to the epoxide.

Cl2 + H2O → HOCl + HCl

OH Cl

CH3CH=CH2 + HOCl → CH3CHCH2Cl + CH3CHCH2Cl

OH Cl O

CH3CHCH2Cl + CH3CHCH2Cl 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒→ CH3CH-CH2 + Salt

The above equations are the routes of chlorohydrin which involves the oxidation of propylene
to propylene oxide by an organic hydroperoxide, which leads to the formation of an alcohol
as coproduct. During the process, equimolar amounts of propylene gas and chlorine are
mixed with an excess of water in order to generate propylene chlorohydrin, and a small
amount of chlorinated organic coproducts, primarily 1,2-dichloropropane. Epoxidation is
accomplished by treatment of the chlorohydrin solution with caustic soda (aqueous calcium
hydroxide). Propylene oxide and other organics are steam-stripped from the resulting sodium
4
chloride or calcium chloride brine. The brine is treated, usually by biological oxidation, to
reduce organic content prior to discharge. The propylene oxide is further purified to remove
lights and heavies via distillation.

Chlorohydrination

CH3-CH=CH2+Cl2 → CH3-CH-CH2

Propylene Cl+ Cl-

The chloronium ion intermediate can react with water to produce the desired propylene
chlorohydrin (PCH), with chloride ion to produce 1,2- dichloropropane (DCP), or with
propylene chlorohydrin to produce isomers of dichloro-dipropyl ether (DDE). Reactions are
given below:

There are two proposed alternative processes where the chlorine is replaced in the
Chlorohydrination reaction by hypochlorous acid or tert-butyl hypochlorite.

Epoxidation

OH O

CH3-CH-CH2Cl + HCl + Ca(OH)2 → CH3-CH-CH2 + CaCl2 + H2O

PCH-1 PO

Epoxidation of propylene chlorohydrin (both isomers) to propylene oxide is accomplished

using a base, usually aqueous sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide.

5
1.4.2 Co-Products Routes

Ethylbenzene Hydroperoxide Process (EBHP)

Liquid-phase oxidation of ethylbenzene with air or oxygen occurs at 206–275 kPa (30–40
psia) at 140–150 °C, and 2–2.5 hours are required for a 10–15% conversion to
hydroperoxide. EBHP is concentrated to 30–35% by distillation and it is mixed with a
catalyst solution and fed to a horizontally compartmentalized reactor where propylene is
introduced into each compartment. The reactor operates at 95–130 °C, and 2500–4000 kPa
(360–580 psi) for 1–2 hours for 92–96% selectivity of propylene oxide. The homogeneous
catalyst can be molybdenum, tungsten, or titanium, and an organic acid, such as acetate,
naphthenate, stearate, or heterogeneous catalysts which consist of titanium oxides on a silica
support. After epoxidation, propylene oxide, excess propylene, and propane are distilled
overhead. The by-products acetophenone and 1-phenyl ethanol undergo dehydration to form
styrene. The following reactions show the formation of EBHP, and the reaction of EBHP with
propylene to form PO.

Ethylbenzene EBHP Acetophenone

EBHP Propylene PO 1-Phenyl ethanol

Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide Process

6
The first step of this process involves the liquid-phase air oxidation of isobutane to tert-butyl
hydroperoxide (TBHP) in the presence of 10–30 wt% tert-butyl alcohol (TBA). This reaction
occurs at a temperature of 95–150 °C and a pressure of 2075–5535 kPa (300–800 psi),
resulting in a conversion of 20–30% of the isobutene, and a selectivity to TBHP of 60–80%,
and to TBA of 20-40%. Unreacted isobutane, and a portion of the TBA are separated from
the product and recycled back to the hydroperoxide-forming reactor. The reaction involving
isobutane and oxygen is shown below:

CH3

CH3-CH-CH3 + O2 → CH3-C(CH3)2OOH

Isobutane TBHP

The tert-butyl hydroperoxide is then mixed with a catalyst solution to react with propylene.
The catalyst is typically an organometallic that is soluble in the reaction mixture. The
reaction is illustrated as:

CH3-C(CH3)2OOH + CH2=CH-CH3 → H2C-CHCH3 + CH3C(CH3)2

TBHP Propylene PO TBA

An excess of propylene is used to maximize conversion of hydroperoxide and selectivity to

propylene oxide. This occurs at a temperature of 100–130 °C, the pressure is 1480–3550 kPa
(215–515 psi), and the residence time is sufficient (about 2 h) for >95% conversion of the
hydroperoxide. Selectivity of propylene oxide is 95–98% based on TBHP and 97–98% based
on propylene. The major by-products are propylene glycol, methyl formate, and a propylene
dimer. Separation of these by-products from the product propylene is difficult. Also, the
presence of acids, such as carboxylic acids, results in lower product selectivity. After
epoxidation, a distillation is performed to remove propylene, propylene oxide, and a portion
of the TBHP and TBA overhead. TBA then reacts with methanol to form methyl tert butyl
ether (MTBE). The recovered catalyst can be treated for recycling to the epoxidation
reaction. Methyl formate and propylene oxide have close boiling points, making separation

7
by distillation difficult. Final purification of propylene oxide is accomplished by a series of
conventional and extractive distillations.

Acetaldehyde
In order to produce propylene oxide through acetaldehyde, a side product of acetic acid will
form as well. This process begins by a metallic reactor which are charged the liquified
beginning parts and a powder-like catalyst is presented i.e., a boride of tantalum,
molybdenum, zirconium or nitrogen in a sum inside the scope of from 0.1 to 0.2% by weight
of the response blend; the tension is expanded to 40-50 atm and the temperature is kept up
with inside the scope of from 70 to 100°C, whereafter the oxygen-containing gas having an
oxygen content of from 10 to 100 percent by volume, is passed into the response blend at a
pace of from 10 to 12 l/hr. The response is directed for 1-90 minutes. On culmination of the
response, the ideal items are isolated by correction. It is desirable over use, as the oxidizing
gas, air and play out the response at a temperature of from 70 to 80 C. under the tension of 40
atm. The catalyst is delivered in a regular way as via a high temperature combination from
the suitable components. The utilization of a boride of tantalum, molybdenum, zirconium or
nitrogen as the catalyst in the process as per the current creation makes it conceivable to build
the selectivity of the development of propylene oxide up to 93 molar percent as determined
for the responded acetaldehyde.

1.4.3 Hydrogen Peroxide Routes

The hydroperoxide process to produce propylene oxide involves the basic steps of oxidation
of an organic to its hydroperoxide, epoxidation of propylene with the hydroperoxide,
purification of the propylene oxide, and conversion of the coproduct alcohol to a useful
product for sale. The coproducts are tert-butanol, which is converted to methyl tert-butyl
ether and 1-phenyl ethanol, converted to styrene.

1.4.4 Direct Oxidation Routes

The direct oxidation of propylene to propylene oxide (PO) utilizing molecular oxygen has
many advantages over existing chlorohydrin and hydroperoxide processes, which produce
side items and require complex decontamination schemes. Late advances in fluid stage and
gas-ease reactant oxidation of propylene within the sight of just atomic oxygen as oxidant and
without any lessening are summed up. Fluid stage PO processes including solvent or

8
insoluble Mo, W, or V catalysts have been accounted for which give moderate
transformations and selectivity, yet these include autoxidation by homogeneous chain
responses. Gas-stage PO catalysts have been generally Ag-, Cu-, or TiO2-based substances,
albeit different synthesis like Au-, MoO3-, Bi-based catalysts and photograph catalysts have
additionally been recommended as conceivable outcomes. Ag catalysts contrast from those
utilized for ethylene oxide creation in having high Ag contents and various added substances.
The added substances are strong stage salt metals, basic earth metals, and numerous
additives. The additives are solid-phase alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and halogens,
with the most common substances being NaCl and CaCO3. Nitrogen oxides in the form of
gas-phase species or nitrates have also been found to be effective in enhancing PO
production. Direct epoxidation by surface nitrates is a possibility. Titania catalysts supported
on silicates have also been reported. These have higher PO selectivity at high conversion than
silver catalysts.

1.5 Market Survey

Worldwide propylene oxide market is supposed to show critical development of expanding
polyurethanes' interest in different portions including bundling, auto, footwear, furniture, and
development. Rising utilization of polyurethanes in sealants, warm encasings, and ground
surface materials will drive industry development throughout the following seven years.
Rising foundation spending in China, Malaysia, Singapore, Brazil, India, UAE, Saudi Arabia,
and Qatar is supposed to drive interest over the gauge period. What's more, developing car
areas in different nations, remembering China, Mexico, the U.S., and India is supposed to
increase the market. Propylene glycol is generally conveyed as a development synthetic for
use in paints, grouts, cements, waterproofing materials, and coatings, in both foundation and
the development business.

A wide range of propylene glycol applications are expected to be a significant driver of the
propylene oxide market in the not so distant future. Another industry that is seeing a
resurgence lately is the car business. This ought to straightforwardly help the propylene oxide
market as the items are used in various parts like adaptable froths, paints, glues, and sealants.
Subsequently, one might say that the propylene oxide market is characteristically connected
to the car business.

9
Propylene is utilized to create adaptable froths for bedding, furniture, cover underlay, bedding
and seat padding in cars while polyurethanes are utilized to deliver unbending froths for
warm protection in the bundling and business refrigeration and development industry.
Harmful nature of propylene oxide, improvement of choices of oxide, adverse consequences
of the item in the climate, and the excessive cost of unrefined components will upset the
development of the market.

Propylene oxide finds its application in tub-shower, fuel tanks, and boat frames. A scene in
the utilization of items that incorporate polyalkylene glycols, propylene glycols, and
propylene glycol ethers will impel market extension. Maximum usage in ointments,
defoamers, lubes, oil-field synthetic substances, plastic paints, wetting specialists, and water
foragers will expand the income produced by the market.

Europe was the biggest regarding Propylene Oxide utilization. In any case, it is guessed that
it would lose its piece of the pie because of the financial emergency and expanding natural
guidelines and security.

The propylene oxide market is supposed to develop at a CAGR of around 5.9% during
2019-2024. The rising framework spending in arising economies, similar to China, India, and
Brazil is probably going to give potential open doors. The rising utilization of propylene
subordinate, polyurethane, in the development business, has generally assisted the propylene
oxide with showcasing to have serious areas of strength for an in the development and
foundation portions.

Graph 1: Global Propylene Oxide 2015-2023 (USD Million)

Source: www.entrepreneurindia.co

10
Propylene oxide belongs to the epoxide family of products, and is used principally in the
manufacture of polyether polyols, propylene glycols, glycol ethers, and polyalkylene glycols.
Overall, propylene oxide consumption is broadly tied to the general economy and has been
increasingly linked to emerging countries (China, in particular), where improvements in
living standards are driving an increasing use of a wide range of polymers and chemicals.
Table 1 shows the PO Technologies according to three different generations along with the
advantages and disadvantages.
Table 1: PO Technologies
Source: ICIS Consulting

Graph 2: Cash Costs per Technology

Source: ICIS Consulting

11
 ;
Graph 3: PO Supply from Each Technology
Source: ICIS Petrochemicals Supply/Demand Database
According to graph 2, we can clearly see that the chlorohydrin process has become stable
from 2017 until 2025, and is the most popular process utilized in the market. Meanwhile in
graph 3, about 1375 thousand tonnes/ year was estimated to be supplied for the production of
propylene oxide through the chlorohydrin process.

Graph 4: Global PO Capacities

Source: ICIS Petrochemicals Supply/Demand Database
Our proposed plant design produces 800 kta capacities of propylene oxide from propylene
according to the graph shown graph 4 which is based on the line in Asia and Pacific at the
year of 2022. Hence, our plant is divided into 2 reaction steps, namely chlorohydrination and
epoxidation followed by the by-product purification. The by-products include
1,2-dichloropropane which will be separated by distillation, and the PO product is 99.9%
pure by weight. The cost of purchase of propylene is $1,100/tonne and the selling cost of PO
is $2500/tonne.

12
 CHAPTER 2
2.1 Selected Route
Selection process is made based on the summarized table below compared with many
entities.
Table 2 Ranking of Synthesis Routes

Chlorohydrin Co-Products Hydrogen Direct Oxidation

Routes Routes Peroxide Routes
Routes

Raw -Chlorine -Propylene -Propylene -Propylene

Material -Propylene -Oxygen, O2 -Hydrogen -Oxygen, O2
Water Peroxide

Catalysts -Lime(CaCo3) -Ethylbenzene -Copper-chro -Solvent or insoluble

,Ca(OH)2 -Isobutene mium oxide Mo, W or V
-NaOH -Cumene -Gas stage Ag, Cu,
TiO2

Advantages -High -High -Produce less -High selectivity

Selectivity selectivity environmental -High conversion
-High -Reliable waste
Productivity - Selective
rate

Disadvanta - By products -Low -Fixed amount -Require complex

ges disposal conversion of co-products decontamination
problems percentages -Co-products system
-High cost and products -Complex and
related produce many side
causing products
problem for
product
demand

Selection 8 4 5 6
Rank (1-10)

Based on the above analysis we can conclude the traditional Chlorohydrin process can be
selected. This synthesis route is selected because of its high productivity rate as it can reach
roughly (>100000 tons/year). Not only that, these synthesis routes also have a selectivity of
90-95 percent for chlorohydrin isomers.One of the significant drawbacks of the chlorohydrin
process is that the amount of brine (5 percent CaCl2) produced is often 40 times that of

13
propene oxide, making it extremely difficult to extract all hydrocarbons from the wastewater
stream. Because of its poor commercial value, reusing calcium chloride is not economically
viable. Sodium hydroxide can also be substituted for calcium hydroxide. This has the
advantage of allowing the sodium chloride produced to be used in the manufacturing of
chlorine, which may then be discharged or recycled more easily. As a result, this alteration to
the process is capable of removing the process's environmental concern to a great extent.

14
2.2 Process Flow Diagram
PFD of Chlorohydrin Process by Lime in Propylene Oxide Production

14
 TABLE FLOWSHEET

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Un
Stream Name R-101
its Propylen C-101 H2O M-101 Ca(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 R-102 T-101 NaCl T-101
Cl2 Feed C3H6 Inlet Cl2 Inlet H2O Inlet Outlet
e Feed Outlet Feed Outlet Feed Inlet Inlet Inlet Feed Outlet
(Botom)

Temperature ˚C 25 25 25 25 25 50 50 50 30 25 30 30 150 25 150

at
Pressure 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
m

kg/ 12697.36
Total Mass Flow Rate 12697.360 10695.080 25443.560 12697.360 12697.360 10695.080 25443.560 18655.350 111183.440 111183.440 29839.800 30180.650 6348.680 36529.330
s 0

Mass Fraction (kg/kg)                                

Propylene, C3H6   0.950 1.000 - - 0.260 0.260 - - - - - 0.931 - - 0.045

Chlorine, Cl2   - - 0.219 - - - 0.219 - - - - 0.004 - - -

Water, H2O   - - - 1.000 - - - 0.521 - 1.000 1.000 0.037 - - -

Calcium Hydroxide, Ca(OH)2   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH   - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.130 -

Propylene Chlorohydrin,
  - - - - - - - - 0.040 - - - 0.071 - -
C3H7ClO

Propane, C3H8   - - - - - - - - 0.960 - - - - - 0.542

Hydrochloric Acid, HCl   - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.929 - -

Calcium Chloride, CaCl2   - - - - - - - - - - - 0.028 - - -

Propylene Oxide, C3H6O   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

15
Sodium Chloride, NaCl   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.174

Hypochlorous Acid, H2OCl   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0.239

Propylene Dichloride,
  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
C3H6Cl2

16
 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Stream Name Units Boiled- Boiled-

E-105 R-102 CaCl2 D-101 Light P-101 D-102 Total
Purge Recycle Steam Reflux C3H6O Up Up C3H6Cl2
Outlet Inlet Wastewater Inlet End Inlet Inlet Condenser
Liquid Vapor

Temperature ˚C 150 150 25 30 25 115 130 130 30 30 100 25 25 40 100 25

Pressure atm 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Total Mass Flow Rate kg/sec 34883.550 1645.770 1645.770 29839.800 952.302 117.206 28886.490 1010.910 27875.590 27875.590 27123.510 27123.510 27123.510 752.070 752.070 752.070

Mass Fraction (kg/kg)                                  

Propylene, C3H6   - 0.034 0.034 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Chlorine, Cl2   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Water, H2O   - - - 0.004 0.123 1.000     - - - - - - - -

Calcium Hydroxide,
  - - - 0.037     0.035 0.021 - - - - - - - -
Ca(OH)2

Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Propylene Chlorohydrin,
  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
C3H7ClO

Propane, C3H8   0.568 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Hydrochloric Acid, HCl   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Calcium Chloride, CaCl2   - - - 0.028 0.877 - - - - - - - - - - -

Propylene Oxide, C3H6O   - - - 0.931   - 0.962 - 0.971 0.971 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.050 0.050 0.050

Sodium Chloride, NaCl   0.182 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

17
Hypochlorous Acid,
  0.250 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
H2OCl

Propylene Dichloride,
  - - - - - - 0.002 - 0.029 0.029 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.950 0.950 0.950
C3H6Cl2

18
2.3 Overall Process Descriptions
Propylene oxide is produced in excess of 8 million tonnes per year all over the world
(Seubsai et al., 2011). In the past, chlorohydrin and indirect oxidation techniques were used
to produce Propylene oxide (PO) on a large scale. Historically, the chlorohydrin method was
used to generate propylene and ethylene oxide. Because of the development of more efficient
direct epoxidation processes, this approach is now rarely employed to synthesise ethylene
oxide, although it is still an important process for the industrial production of propylene
oxide. This procedure is used to produce a significant amount of propylene oxide, accounting
for roughly half of global output (Yudin, 2006).

The synthesis of propylene chlorohydrin (chlorination) and dehydrochlorination of propylene

chlorohydrin are the two primary phases in the commercial chlorohydrin process
(epoxidation or saponification). Following these stages, the product is purified.

Figure 3: Chloronium Synthesis reaction in chlorohydrin process

The two propylene chlorohydrin isomers (1-chloro-2-propanol, 2-chloro-1-propanol) and

hydrochloric acid are formed when this combination interacts with water. Figure 1.3 shows
that the first isomer (1-chloro-2-propanol) accounts for 90% of the chlorohydrin produced,
whereas the second isomer (2-chloro-1-propanol) accounts for 10%.

Figure 4: Chlorohydrin isomers synthesis reaction in chlorohydrin process

As a byproduct, the propylene-chloronium complex can react with the chloride ion to produce
1.2- dichloropropane or with propylene chlorohydrin to produce dichloroisopropyl ethers.
The use of extra water in chlorohydrination is an excellent strategy for reducing the
production of byproducts (Ulleman,1993). Depending on the plant's capacity, the
chlorohydrination reaction is normally carried out in one or more parallel reactors. The
19
reaction temperature is between 45 and 90 degrees Celsius, and the working pressure is little
over atmospheric pressure (1.1-1.9 bar). Aside from that, the corrosive nature of the reactant
mixture necessitates the use of brick, rubber, or plastic lined equipment as a construction
material. Dehydrochlorination (epoxidation or saponification), which takes place in the
second reactor in the flow chart, is the other reaction stage in the chlorohydrin process.
Propylene chlorohydrin combines with a base, commonly aqueous sodium hydroxide or
calcium hydroxide, to create crude propylene oxide and a dilute calcium chloride or sodium
chloride brine stream, in the process known as dehydrochlorination. Dehydrochlorination
using the base Ca(OH)2 is depicted in below figure.

Figure 5: Epoxidation of chlorohydrin isomers with calcium hydroxide

1. Raw material requirements:

● Propylene (98%)
● Water
● Chlorine
● Lime (CaOH2, CaCo3)
● NaOH
2. Design Bases & Process Conditions:
a. Chlrohydrination
● Type of reactor: Packed Column
● Temperature: 49°C
● Pressure: 17psia
b. Saponification
● Type of reactor: Tray Column
● Temperature: 92°C
● Pressure: 22psia

20
 3. Assumptions:
● Conversion of PO= 97%
● Selectivity PO= 95%
● Actual Yield= 89.40%
● Yield= Conversion* Selectivity

= (0.97*0.95)* 100%

= 92.15%

*Note: The calculation of the yield is approximate to the actual yield.

PO is then hydrolyzed to propylene glycol in a later process. PO is steam withdrawn from the
reactor to avoid this side reaction. Before being discharged, the brine from the bottom of the
reactor is treated using biological oxidation to remove glycols and tiny amounts of other
hydrocarbons. As an overhead stream, crude PO from the reactor comprises some organic
by-products and water. In a packed or tray distillation column, PO is further refined to meet
sales criteria. Two major disposal issues that make the process unprofitable are
environmentally unfavourable chlorinated side products and enormous amounts of salty
waste water. As a result, new chlorohydrin facilities are not being developed, and existing
ones are being closed rather than upgraded (Nijhuis et al., 2006).

2.4 Function of Equipment

Table 2.4.1 Equipment Analysis

Symbol Equipment

C-101 Compressor

M-101
Mixer
M-102

V-101 Gate Valve

E-101
E-102
Heater
E-103
E-104

E-105
Cooler
E-106
21
 E-107

P-101 Pump

T-101 Evaporator

R-101
Reactor
R-102

H-101 Reboiler Heat Exchanger

D-101
Distillation Column
D-102

Table 2.4.2 Stream Table

Stream Phase Pressure, Atm Temperature, ℃

S-1 Gas 0.5 25

S-2 Gas 1 25

S-3 Vapor 1 25

S-4 Liquid 1 25

S-5 Gas 1 25

S-6 Gas 1 50

S-7 Gas 1 50

S-8 Liquid 1 50

S-9 Liquid 1 30

S-10 Solid 1 25

S-11 Solid 1 30

S-12 Liquid/Solid 1 30

S-13 Gas 1 150

S-14 Solid 1 25

S-15 Gas/Solid/Vapor 1 150

S-16 Gas/Solid/Vapor 1 150

22
Stream Phase Pressure, Atm Temperature, ℃

S-1 Gas 0.5 25

S-2 Gas 1 25

S-3 Vapor 1 25

S-4 Liquid 1 25

S-5 Gas 1 25

S-6 Gas 1 50

S-7 Gas 1 50

S-17 Gas 1 150

S-18 Gas 1 25

S-19 Liquid/Solid 1 30

S-20 Liquid 1 25

S-21 Vapor 1 115

S-22 Gas/Liquid 1 130

S-23 Vapor 1 130

S-24 Liquid 1 30

S-25 Liquid 1 30

S-26 Gas/Vapor/Liquid 1 100

S-27 Liquid 1 25

S-28 Liquid 1 25

S-29 Liquid 1 40

S-30 Gas/Vapor 1 100

S-31 Liquid 1 25

Table 2.4.3 Function of Equipments

23
Symbol Equipment Name Function

C-101 Compressor Used to control the pressure of propylene by

reducing its volume
Operating condition : 25℃ , 1atm

M-101 Mixer Used to mix propylene, chlorine and water

from feed stream and excessive propylene
from the evaporator
Operating condition: 25℃ , 1atm

M-102 Mixer Used to mix Propylene hydro chlorine and

HCl from the reactor with Calcium
Hydroxide.
Operating condition: 25℃ ,1atm

V-101 Gate Valve Used as fully closed or fully opened to allow

compounds to pass through it or not
Operating condition: 30℃ , 1atm

E-101 Heater To increase the temperature of substance

entering and exiting one stream from another
Operating condition: 25℃ , 1atm

E-102 Heater To increase the temperature of substance

entering and exiting one stream from another
Operating condition: 25℃ , 1atm

E-103 Heater To increase the temperature of substance

entering and exiting one stream from another
Operating condition: 25℃ ,1atm

E-104 Heater To increase the temperature of substance

entering and exiting one stream from another
Operating condition: 25℃ , 1atm

E-105 Cooler To decrease the temperature of substance

entering and exiting one stream from another
Operating condition: 150℃ ,1atm

E-106 Cooler To decrease the temperature of substance

entering and exiting one stream from another
Operating condition: 40℃ , 1atm

E-107 Cooler To decrease the temperature of substance

entering and exiting one stream from another
Operating condition: 40℃ , 1atm

P-101 Pump To pump the product of distillation column

24
 one to the feed of second distillation column
Operating condition: 30℃ ,1atm

T-101 Evaporator To remove propylene by evaporation and

recycle it back to the mixer 1
Operating condition: 150℃ ,1atm

R-101 Reactor Reaction of Propylene chlorine and HCl takes

place
Operating condition: 50℃ , 1atm

R-102 Reactor Reaction between the compounds that comes

from the product stream of the mixer 2
Operating condition: 30℃ , 1atm

H-101 Reboiler Heat Exchanger Used to boil propylene dichloride from liquid
to change it to vapor
Operating condition: 40℃ , 1atm

D-101 Distillation column To separate H2O from Propylene dichloride

and Propylene oxide mixture
Operating condition: 130℃ , 1atm

D-102 Distillation column To separate Propylene dichloride liquid and

Propylene oxide vapor
Operating condition: 30℃ , 1atm

25
 CHAPTER 3
3.1 Material Balance
Objective:
To produce 800kta of propylene oxide, C3H6O

Assumptions:
1. Plant operation 7 days/week, 24 hours/day (3 shift operation) corresponding to plant
availability 91.3% which equals to 8000 annual operating hours (bimr, 2015).
2. The conversion of propylene chlorohydrin is 99%.
3. The conversion of propylene oxide is 97%.

Convert all quantities into mole basis:

800 KT 1000000 MT 1000 kg 1 yr 1 kmol C3H6O 1 hr

yr 1KT 1MT 8000 operating hr 58.08 kg 3600 sec

= 478.27 kmol/s C3H6O

= 27777.78 kg/s C3H6O

Main reactions:
C3H6 + Cl2 + H2O → C3H7ClO + HCl
Propylene Chlorine Water Propylene Chlorohydrin Hydrochloric Acid

2C3H7ClO + Ca(OH)2 → 2C3H6O + CaCl2 + 2H2O

Propylene Chlorohydrin Calcium Hydroxide Propylene Oxide Calcium Chloride Water

Side Reactions:
C3H6 + Cl2 → C3H6Cl2
Propylene Chlorine Propylene Dichloride

To obtain the required amount of reactant needed for PO production:

Correction Factor = required production × conversion
= (478.27)/0.97
= 493.06 kmol/s
Multiply equation with correction factor,
(493.06*2) 𝐶3𝐻6 + (493.06*2) 𝐶𝑙2 + 493.06 (𝑂𝐻)2 + 493.06 C3H7ClO →
14.80 𝐻𝐶𝑙 + (478.27*2) 𝐶3𝐻6𝑂 + 14.8 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2+ 14.8 𝐻2𝑂 + 14.8 𝐶3𝐻6𝐶𝑙2

Table mass flow rate and mass fraction for reactants and products:

Reactants Products

ṅ ṁ ṅ ṁ
  ẏin   ẏout
(kmol/s) (kg/s) (kmol/s) (kg/s)

𝐶3𝐻6 986.12 41495.93 0.260 𝐻𝐶𝑙 14.80 524.81 0.009

𝐶𝑙2 986.12 34957.95 0.219 𝐶3𝐻6𝑂 956.54 55555.84 0.931

𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 493.06 36530.82 0.229 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 14.80 1642.50 0.028

C3H7ClO 493.06 46613.8924 0.292 𝐻2𝑂 14.80 266.696 0.004

        𝐶3𝐻6𝐶𝑙2 14.80 1672.104 0.028

Total flow Total flow

2958.36 159598.59 1.000 1015.74 59661.96 1.000
rate rate

Compound MW (kg/kmol)

Propylene Oxide, C3H6O 58.08

Propylene Dichloride, C3H6Cl2 112.98

Water, H2O 18.02

Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH 40.00

Hydrochloric Acid, HCl 35.46

Propylene Chlorohydrin, C3H7ClO 94.54

Propylene, C3H6 42.08

Chlorine, Cl2 35.45

Calcium Hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 74.09

Calcium Chloride, CaCl2 110.98

Propane, C3H8 44.10

*Source: (Felder at.el, 2005)
R-101 Analysis:
Basis= 100kg

DOF Analysis:
No of unknown (m1, m2, m3) =3
No of independent (C3H7ClO, HCl) = -2
No of info (87% yield C3H7ClO) = -1
Total = 0
m1 = (100- 26- 21.9) kg
= 52.1 kg H2O
m2 = (inlet – outlet) kg
= (100 – 38.2) kg
= 61.8 kg

Assumption:
- The yield of the C3H7ClO is 87%
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = % 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
×100%
29.2𝑘𝑔 𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂
= 87%
×100%

= 33. 56 𝑘𝑔 𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂

m3= (38.2 – 33.56) kg

= 4.36 kg C3H7ClO
m4= (61.8- 4.36) kg
= 57.44 kg HCl
T-101 Analysis :
Basis: 100kg

DOF Analysis:
No of unknown (m1, m2, m3, m4) =4
No of independent (C3H8, H2OCl, C3H6 ) = -3
No of info (8vol% C3H6) = -1
Total = 0
Assumptions:
- C3H6 contains 8 vol% of propene
- NaOH and NaCl has the same weigh percent which equal to 13wt%
C3H7ClO + HCl + NaOH → C3H8 + NaCl + H2OCl

Inlet = Outlet
m1 = (61.8 + 13) kg
= 74.8 kg
Convert vol% → wt%

C3H6 (m4) C3H8 (m2)

8
100
×42. 08 = 3. 37 𝑘𝑔 92
100
×44. 1 = 40. 57 𝑘𝑔

m3 = 74.8 – 3.37 – 40.57 – 13

= 17.86 kg H2OCl (Hypochlorous Acid)
 Compositions

C3H8 𝐶3𝐻8 =
40.57
74.8
= 0. 542

NaCl 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 =
13
74.8
= 0. 174

C3H6 𝐶3𝐻6 =
3.37
74.8
= 0. 045

H2OCl 𝐻2𝑂𝐶𝑙 = 1 − 0. 542 − 0. 174 − 0. 045

= 0. 239

Recycle- Purge Splitting Analysis:

Basis: 100kg

*Let mp = Purge; mR = Recycle

Compositions (mp)

C3H8 𝐶3𝐻8 =
40.57
71.43
= 0. 568

NaCl 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 =
13
71.43
= 0. 182

H2OCl 𝐻2𝑂𝐶𝑙 = 1 − 0. 568 − 0. 182

= 0. 25
M-101 Analysis:
Basis: 100kg

Inlet = outlet
m1= (26- 3.37) kg
= 22.63kg

M-102 Analysis:
Basis: 100kg

Ca(OH)2 + C3H7ClO + HCl → C3H6 + CaCl2 + 2H2O

Inlet = Outlet
m1= (22.9 + 38.2) kg
= 61.1 kg
Mass
C3H6O = 0.931 × 61.1kg
= 56.88 kg
CaCl2 = 0.028 × 61.1kg
= 1.71 kg

H2O = 0.004 × 61.1kg

= 0.24 kg

Ca(OH)2 = (61.1 - 56.88 - 1.71 - 0.24) kg

= 2.27 kg

R-102 Analysis:
Basis: 100kg

DOF Analysis:
No of unknown (m1, m2, m3) =3
No of independent (C3H6Cl2, Ca(OH)2) = -2
No of info (9% conversion) = -1
Total = 0
Inlet = Outlet
m1= 61.1 – 1.95
= 59.15 kg
Assumption:
 - The conversion of the C3H6Cl2 is 9%
C3H6Cl2 = (59.15 – 56.88) × 0.09
= 0.20 kg
Ca(OH)2 = 59.16 – 56.88 – 0.20
= 2.07 kg
D-101 Analysis
Basis: 100kg

m1= (59.15 – 2.07) kg

= 57.08 kg
Mass:

C3H6O = 0.971 × 57.08 kg

= 55.42 kg

C3H6Cl2 = 0.029 × 57.08 kg

= 1.66 kg
D-102 Analysis
Basis: 100 kg

DOF Analysis:
No of unknown (m1, m2, m3, m4) =4
No of independent (C3H6O, C3H6Cl2) = -2
No of info (5% m2, 99wt% purity C3H6O) = -2
Total = 0

100
C3H6O = 55. 42 × 99.9

= 55.48 kg
C3H6Cl2 = (55.48-55.42) kg
= 0.06 kg
m2 = (57.08 – 55.54) kg
= 1.54 kg
m3 = 1.54 × 0.05
= 0.08 kg
m4 = (1.54 – 0.08) kg
= 1.46 kg
Flowchart Scaling:
Based on the assumed basis of 100kg feed to the reactor, the production of C3H6O is 56.88
kg. Noticed that the production rate of the C3H6O is 27777.78 kg/sec.
𝑘𝑔
27777.78 𝑠
56.88 𝑘𝑔
= 488. 36 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
 CHAPTER 4
4.1 Energy Balance
C-101 Compressor

references: C3H6 (g, 25C, 1 atm)

substances 𝑛𝑖𝑛 (kmol/s) ^

𝐻𝑖𝑛 (kJ/kmol) 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kmol/s) ^
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kJ/kmol)

C3H6 (g) 301.74 ^

𝐻1 = 0 301.74 0

^
𝐻1 = 0 kJ/kmol because the process occurs at constant T and constant Phases.
^
𝑄 = 0 𝑘𝑊

P-101 Heat Pump

substances 𝑛𝑖𝑛 (kmol/s) ^

𝐻𝑖𝑛 (kJ/kmol) 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kmol/s) ^
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kJ/kmol)

C3H6O (l) 27067.20 ^

𝐻1 = 0 27067.20 0

C3H6Cl2 808.39 ^
𝐻2 = 0 808.39 0

^
𝐻1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 = 0 kJ/kmol because the process occurs at constant T and constant Phases.
^
𝑄 = 0 𝑘𝑊
E-101 heater Heat Exchanger

references: C3H6 (g, 25C, 1 atm)

substances 𝑛𝑖𝑛 (kmol/s) ^

𝐻𝑖𝑛 (kJ/kmol) 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kmol/s) ^
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kJ/kmol)

C3H6 (g) 301.74 0 301.74 ^

𝐻1 = 1493. 92

^
𝐻1: C3H6 (g, 1atm, 25C)-----------> C3H6 (g, 1atm, 50C)
𝑇2
^
△𝐻 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

50
^ −3 −5 −8 −12
△𝐻 = ∫ 59. 580𝑥10 + 17. 71𝑥10 − 10. 17𝑥10 + 24. 60𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻 = 1. 49392 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
^
△𝐻 = 1493. 92 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

• •
• ^ ^
△ 𝐻 = ∑ 𝑛𝐻 − ∑ 𝑛𝐻
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛

•
△ 𝐻 = (301. 74)(1493. 92) − (301. 74)(0)
•
△ 𝐻 = 450775. 42 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
• •
𝑄 =△𝐻
•
𝑄 = 450775. 42 𝑘𝑊
E-102 heater Heat Exchanger

references: Cl2 (g, 25C, 1 atm)

substances 𝑛𝑖𝑛 (kmol/s) ^

𝐻𝑖𝑛 (kJ/kmol) 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kmol/s) ^
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kJ/kmol)

Cl2 (g) 301.69 0 301.69 ^

𝐻1 = 840
^
𝐻1: Cl2 (g, 1atm, 25C)-----------> Cl2 (g, 1atm, 50C)
𝑇2
^
△𝐻1 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

50
^ −3 −5 −8 −12
△𝐻1 = ∫ 33. 60𝑥10 + 1. 367𝑥10 − 1. 607𝑥10 + 6. 473𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻1 = 0. 840 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻1 = 840 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

• •
• ^ ^
△ 𝐻 = ∑ 𝑛𝐻 − ∑ 𝑛𝐻
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛

•
△ 𝐻 = (301. 69)(840) − (301. 69)(0)
•
△ 𝐻 = 253419. 6 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
• •
𝑄 =△𝐻
•
𝑄 = 253419. 6 𝑘𝑊
E-103 heater Heat Exchanger

references: Cl2 (g, 25C, 1 atm)

substances 𝑛𝑖𝑛 (kmol/s) ^

𝐻𝑖𝑛 (kJ/kmol) 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kmol/s) ^
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kJ/kmol)

H2O (l) 1411.95 0 1411.95 ^

𝐻1 = 1885
^
𝐻1: H2O (l, 1atm, 25C)-----------> H2O (g, 1atm, 50C)
𝑇2
^
△𝐻1 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

50
^ −3
△𝐻1 = ∫ 75. 4𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻1 = 1. 885𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻1 = 1885 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

• •
• ^ ^
△ 𝐻 = ∑ 𝑛𝐻 − ∑ 𝑛𝐻
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛

•
△ 𝐻 = (1411. 95)(1885) − (1411. 95)(0)
•
△ 𝐻 = 2661525. 75 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
• •
𝑄 =△𝐻
•
𝑄 = 2661525. 75 𝑘𝑊
 R-101 Reactor

references: C(s), H2(g), O2(g), Cl(g) at 25C and 1 atm

substances 𝑛𝑖𝑛 (kmol/s) ^

𝐻𝑖𝑛 (kJ/kmol) 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kmol/s) ^
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kJ/kmol)

HCl (g) — — 916.42 ^

𝐻1 =− 88668. 92

HCl (g) — — 548.17 ^

𝐻2 =− 92164. 36

C3H7ClO (g) — — 4496.29 ^

𝐻3 =− 263337. 50

C3H7ClO (l) — — 4933.19 ^

𝐻4 =− 319311. 90

C3H6 (g) 301.74 ^

𝐻5 = 21903. 92 — —

H2O (l) 1411.95 ^

𝐻6 =− 283745. 9 — —

Cl2 (g) 301.69 ^

𝐻7 = 840. 34 — —

∑ 𝑛∆𝐻 =− 393772325. 5 ∑ 𝑛∆𝐻 =− 2891047749

𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡
 ^
HCl: 𝐻1: HCl (g, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> HCl (g, 1atm, 150C)
^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐻𝐶𝑙) =− 92. 31𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐻𝐶𝑙) =− 92310𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻1 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

150
^ −3 −5 −8 −12
△𝐻1 = ∫ 29. 13𝑥10 − 0. 1341𝑥10 + 0. 9715𝑥10 − 4. 335𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻1 = 3. 64108𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻1 = 3641. 08 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻1 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐻𝐶𝑙) + △𝐻1
^
𝐻1 =− 92310 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 3641. 08𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻1 =− 88668. 92 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
HCl: 𝐻2: HCl (g, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> HCl (g, 1atm, 30C)
^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐻𝐶𝑙) =− 92. 31𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐻𝐶𝑙) =− 92310𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻2𝑎 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

30
^ −3 −5 −8 −12
△𝐻2𝑎 = ∫ 29. 13𝑥10 − 0. 1341𝑥10 + 0. 9715𝑥10 − 4. 335𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻2𝑎 = 0. 14564𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻2𝑎 = 145. 64 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻2 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐻𝐶𝑙) + △𝐻2𝑎
^
𝐻2 =− 92310 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 145. 64𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻2 =− 92164. 36 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
 ^
C3H7ClO: 𝐻3: C3H7ClO (g, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> C3H7ClO (g, 1atm, 150C)

Information:
Boiling point = 127 C refer references no [13]
^ ◦
△𝐻𝑓 =− 278. 50 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜 [14]

Cp (g) = 122.10 J/mol. C refer references no [14]

Cp (l) = 0.1213 kJ/mol. C refer references no [15]

^ ◦
△𝐻𝑣 = 41. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂) =− 278. 50 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂) =− 278500𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻3𝑎 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

150
^
△𝐻3𝑎 = ∫ 122. 10𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻3𝑎 = 15262. 5𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻3𝑎 = 15262. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻3 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂) + △𝐻3𝑎
^
𝐻3 =− 278500 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 15262. 5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻3 =− 263237. 50 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
C3H7ClO: 𝐻4: C3H7ClO (g, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> C3H7ClO (l, 1atm, 30C)
l ^
C3H7ClO (g, 1atm, 127C) —-------> C3H7ClO (l, 1atm, 127C)
Information:
Boiling point = 127 C refer references no [13]
^ ◦
△𝐻𝑓 =− 278. 50 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜 [14]
Cp (g) = 122.10 J/mol. C refer references no [14]
Cp (l) = 0.1213 kJ/mol. C refer references no [15]
^ ◦
△𝐻𝑣 = 41. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂) =− 278. 50 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂) =− 278500𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻4𝑎 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

127
^
△𝐻4𝑎 = ∫ 122. 10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻4𝑎 = 12454. 20𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻4𝑎 = 12454. 20𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ^◦
𝐻4𝑏 =− △𝐻 𝑣

^
𝐻4𝑏 =− 41. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻4𝑏 =− 41500 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻4𝑐 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

30
^
△𝐻4𝑐 = ∫ 0. 1213𝑑𝑇
127

^
△𝐻4𝑐 =− 11. 7661𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻2𝑐 =− 11766. 10 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^ ^ ^
thus, 𝐻4 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂) + △𝐻4𝑎 + △𝐻4𝑏 + △𝐻4𝑐
^
𝐻4 =− 278500 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 12454. 20 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + [− 41500 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 ] + [− 11766. 10 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙]
 ^
𝐻4 =− 319311. 90 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
C3H6: 𝐻5: C3H6 (g, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> C3H6 (g, 1atm, 50C)
^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6) = 20. 41𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6) = 20410𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻5𝑎 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

50
^ −3 −5 −8 −12
△𝐻5𝑎 = ∫ 59. 580𝑥10 + 17. 71𝑥10 − 10. 17𝑥10 + 24. 60𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻5𝑎 = 1. 49392𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻5𝑎 = 1493. 92𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻5 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6) + △𝐻5𝑎
^
𝐻5 = 20410 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 1493. 92𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻5 = 21903. 92𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
H2O: 𝐻6: H20 (g, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> H2O (l, 1atm, 50C)
l ^
H2O (g, 1atm, 100C) —-------> H2O (l, 1atm, 100C)

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐻2𝑂) =− 241. 83 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂) =− 241830 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻6𝑎 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

100
^ −3 −5 −8 −12
△𝐻6𝑎 = ∫ 33. 46𝑥10 + 0. 6880𝑥10 + 0. 7604𝑥10 − 3. 593𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻6𝑎 = 2. 51002𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻6𝑎 = 2510. 02 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ^◦
𝐻6𝑏 =− △𝐻 𝑣
 ^
𝐻6𝑏 =− 40. 656 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻6𝑏 =− 40656 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻6𝑐 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

50
^ −3
△𝐻6𝑐 = ∫ 75. 4𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
100

^
△𝐻6𝑐 =− 3. 77 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻6𝑐 =− 3770 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^ ^ ^
thus, 𝐻6 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐻2𝑂) + △𝐻6𝑎 + △𝐻6𝑏 + △𝐻6𝑐
^
𝐻6 =− 241830 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 2510. 02 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 40656 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 − 3770 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻6 =− 283745. 98 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
Cl2: 𝐻7: Cl2 (g, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> Cl2 (g, 1atm, 50C)
^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶𝑙2) = 0 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶𝑙2) = 0 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻7𝑎 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

50
^ −3 −5 −8 −12
△𝐻7𝑎 = ∫ 33. 60𝑥10 + 1. 367𝑥10 − 1. 607𝑥10 + 6. 473𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻7𝑎 = 0. 84034𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻7𝑎 = 840. 34 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻7 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶𝑙2) + △𝐻7𝑎
^
𝐻7 = 0 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 840. 34𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻7 = 840. 34 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

• •
• ^ ^
△ 𝐻 = ∑ 𝑛𝐻 − ∑ 𝑛𝐻
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛
 •
△ 𝐻 =− 2497275424 𝑘𝐽/𝑠

• •
𝑄 =△𝐻
•
𝑄 =− 2497275424 𝑘𝑊

R-102 Reactor

substances 𝑛𝑖𝑛 ^
𝐻𝑖𝑛 (kJ/kmol) 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kmol/s) ^
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kJ/kmol)
(kmol/s)

H2O (v) 117.206 ^

𝐻1 =− 241820 - -

H2O (l) 119.36 ^

𝐻2 =− 285820 117.13 ^
𝐻6 =− 285820

CaCl2 (s) 835.51 ^

𝐻3 = 447500 - -

Ca(OH)2 (l) 1104.07 ^

𝐻4 =− 97834. 5 1011.03 ^
𝐻7 =− 97834. 5

C3H60 (l) 27780.85 ^

𝐻5 =− 740140 - -

CaCl2 (l) - - 835.17 ^

𝐻8 =− 794960

C3H60 (g) - - 27789.2 ^

𝐻9 =− 740140

C3H6Cl2 (g) - - 57.738 ^

𝐻10 =− 48140
∑ 𝑛∆𝐻 =− 2. 7504𝑒10 ∑ 𝑛∆𝐻 =−
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡
5.8633e10

^
△𝐻1𝑉𝐴𝑃𝑂𝑅 = -241820 kj/mol

^ ^
△𝐻2𝐿𝐼𝑄𝑈𝐼𝐷 = -285820 kj/mol = △𝐻6𝐿𝐼𝑄𝑈𝐼𝐷 = -285820

𝑇2
^
△𝐻3 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

30
^
△𝐻3 = ∫ 89. 5 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻3 = 447. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻3 = 447500 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
Ca(OH)2: 𝐻4: Ca(OH)2 (l, 1 atm, 30C)-------> Ca(OH)2 (l, 1atm, 130C)
^ ◦
𝐻4𝑎 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2)
^
𝐻4𝑎 =− 986. 59 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
^
𝐻4𝑎 =− 986590 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

130
^ −3
△𝐻4𝑏 = ∫ 89. 5𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
30

^
△𝐻4𝑏 = 12755. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝐾𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻4 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2) + △𝐻4𝑏

^
𝐻4 =− 986590𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 12755. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻4 =− 973834. 5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
C3H6O: 𝐻5: C3H6O (l, 1 atm, 30C)-----------> C3H6O (l, 1atm, 130C)
^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6𝑂) =− 218. 51𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
 ^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6𝑂) =− 218510𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻5𝑎 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

30
^
△𝐻5𝑎 = ∫ 51. 73𝑑𝑇
130

^
△𝐻5𝑎 = 958. 65𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻5𝑎 = 958650𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻5 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6𝑂) + △𝐻5𝑎
^
𝐻5 =− 218510𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 958650𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻5 = 740140𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

CaCl2: CaCl2 (s, 1 atm, 30C)-----------> CaCl2l (l, 1atm, 25C)

^ ◦
△𝐻8 𝑓(𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2) =− 794. 96 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦
△𝐻8 𝑓(𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2) =− 794960 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
C3H6Cl2: 𝐻2: C3H6Cl2 (g, 1 atm, 130C)

Information:
Boiling point = 96 C
^ ◦
△𝐻𝑓 =− 4. 184 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Cp = 154.4 j/mol.k
^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6𝐶𝑙2) =− 4. 184 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

= 48140kj/kmol
 T-101 Evaporator

references: C(s), Na(s), H2(g), O2(g), Cl(g) at 25C and 1 atm

substances 𝑛𝑖𝑛 (kmol/s) ^

𝐻𝑖𝑛 (kJ/kmol) 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kmol/s) ^
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kJ/kmol)

HCl (g) 916.42 ^

𝐻1 =− 88668. 92 — —

C3H7ClO (g) 4495.29 ^

𝐻2 =− 263237. 50 — —

NaOH (s) 158.72 ^

𝐻3 =− 426600 — —

C3H6 (g) — — 19290.94 ^

𝐻4 = 27879. 62

H2ClO (l) — — 2913.50 ^

𝐻5=413529. 63

NaCl (s) — — 5248.47 ^

𝐻6 =− 34787. 5

C3H8 (g) — — 1528.28 ^

𝐻7 =− 95267. 78

∑ 𝑛∆𝐻 =− 1332296825 ∑ 𝑛∆𝐻 = 1414465661

𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡

^
HCl: 𝐻1: HCl (g, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> HCl (g, 1atm, 150C)
^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐻𝐶𝑙) =− 92. 31𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐻𝐶𝑙) =− 92310𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻1 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1
 150
^ −3 −5 −8 −12
△𝐻1 = ∫ 29. 13𝑥10 − 0. 1341𝑥10 + 0. 9715𝑥10 − 4. 335𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻1 = 3. 64108𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻1 = 3641. 08 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻1 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐻𝐶𝑙) + △𝐻1
^
𝐻1 =− 92310 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 3641. 08𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻1 =− 88668. 92 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
C3H7ClO: 𝐻2: C3H7ClO (g, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> C3H7ClO (g, 1atm, 150C)

Information:
Boiling point = 127 C refer references no [13]
^ ◦
△𝐻𝑓 =− 278. 50 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜 [14]
Cp (g) = 122.10 J/mol. C refer references no [14]
Cp (l) = 0.1213 kJ/mol. C refer references no [15]

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂) =− 278. 50 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂) =− 278500𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻2𝑎 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

150
^
△𝐻2𝑎 = ∫ 122. 10𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻2𝑎 = 15262. 5𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻2𝑎 = 15262. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻2 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂) + △𝐻2𝑎
^
𝐻2 =− 278500 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 15262. 5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻2 =− 263237. 50 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
NaOH: 𝐻3: NaOH (s, 1 atm, 25C)
 ^ ◦
𝐻3 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)
^
𝐻3 =− 426. 6 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
^
𝐻3 =− 426600 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
C3H6: 𝐻4: C3H6 (g, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> C3H6 (g, 1atm, 150C)
^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6) = 20. 41𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6) = 20410𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻4𝑎 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

150
^ −3 −5 −8 −12
△𝐻4𝑎 = ∫ 59. 580𝑥10 + 17. 71𝑥10 − 10. 17𝑥10 + 24. 60𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻4𝑎 = 7. 46962𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻4𝑎 = 7469. 62𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻4 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6) + △𝐻4𝑎
^
𝐻4 = 20410 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 7469. 62𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻4 = 27879. 62𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

H2OCl: H2OCl (g, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> H2OCl (g, 1atm, 150C)

Information:
^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐻2𝑂) =− 74. 48 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

2 3 𝐸
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝐶𝑝 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 + 𝐶𝑇 + 𝐷𝑇 + 2
𝑇

A 53.98406

B 1.452049

C -0.247662

D 0.035130

E -8.420845
refer references no[16]
 ^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐻2𝑂) =− 74. 48 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐻20) =− 74480𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻5𝑎 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

150
^ 2 3 8.420845
△𝐻5𝑎 = ∫ 53. 98406 + 1. 452049𝑇 − 0. 247662𝑇 + 0. 035130𝑇 − 2 𝑑𝑇
25 𝑇

^
△𝐻5𝑎 = 4188009. 63𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻5 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐻20) + △𝐻5𝑎
^
𝐻5 =− 74480 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 4188009. 63𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻5 = 413529. 63 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

NaCl: NaCl (s, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> NaCl (s, 1atm, 150C)

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙) =− 411. 0𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙) =− 411000𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

Information:
Cp (solid for NaCl)= 50.50 J/mol C refer references no [17]

𝑇2
^
△𝐻6𝑎 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

150
^
△𝐻6𝑎 = ∫ 50. 50𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻6𝑎 = 6312. 5𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻6𝑎 = 6312. 5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻6 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙) + △𝐻6𝑎
^
𝐻6 =− 411000𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 6312. 5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
 ^
𝐻6 =− 34787. 5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

C3H8: C3H8 (g, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> C3H8 (g, 1atm, 150C)

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻8) =− 103. 8𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻8) =− 103800𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻7𝑎 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

150
^ −3 −5 −8 −12
△𝐻7𝑎 = ∫ 68. 032𝑥10 + 22. 59𝑥10 − 13. 11𝑥10 + 31. 71𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻7𝑎 = 8. 53222𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻7𝑎 = 8532. 22𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻7 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻8) + △𝐻7𝑎
^
𝐻7 =− 103800𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 8532. 22𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻7 =− 95267. 78𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

• •
• ^ ^
△ 𝐻 = ∑ 𝑛𝐻 − ∑ 𝑛𝐻
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛

•
△ 𝐻 = (1414465661) − (− 1332296825)
•
△ 𝐻 = 2746762486 𝑘𝐽/𝑠

• •
𝑄 =△𝐻
•
𝑄 = 2746762486 𝑘𝑊
E-105 Cooler Heat Exchanger

references: C3H6 (g, 25C, 1 atm)

substances 𝑛𝑖𝑛 (kmol/s) ^

𝐻𝑖𝑛 (kJ/kmol) 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kmol/s) ^
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kJ/kmol)

C3H6 (g) 39.11 ^

𝐻1 = 7469. 62 39.11 0

^
𝐻1: C3H6 (g, 1atm, 25C)-----------> C3H6 (g, 1atm, 150C)
𝑇2
^
△𝐻 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

150
^ −3 −5 −8 −12
△𝐻 = ∫ 59. 580𝑥10 + 17. 71𝑥10 − 10. 17𝑥10 + 24. 60𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻 = 7. 46962 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
^
△𝐻 = 7469. 62 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

• •
• ^ ^
△ 𝐻 = ∑ 𝑛𝐻 − ∑ 𝑛𝐻
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛

•
△ 𝐻 = (39. 11)(0) − (39. 11)(7469. 62)
•
△ 𝐻 =− 292136. 84 𝑘𝐽/𝑠

• •
𝑄 =△𝐻
•
𝑄 =− 292136. 84 𝑘𝑊
 E-107 Cooler Heat Exchanger

references: C3H6O, C3H6Cl2 (l, 40C, 1 atm)

substances 𝑛𝑖𝑛 (kmol/s) ^

𝐻𝑖𝑛 (kJ/kmol) 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kmol/s) ^
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kJ/kmol)

C3H6O (l) 37.60 ^

𝐻1 = 775950 37.60 0

C3H6Cl2 714.47 ^
𝐻2 = 2316000 714.47 0

^
𝐻1: C3H6O (l, 1atm, 40C)-----------> C3H6 (L, 1atm, 25C)
𝑇2
^
△𝐻 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6𝑂) =− 218. 51𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6𝑂) =− 218510𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻1 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

40
^
△𝐻1 = ∫ 51. 73𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻1 = 775. 95𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻1 = 775950𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
 Information:
Boiling point = 96 C
^ ◦
△𝐻𝑓 =− 4. 184 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Cp = 154.4 j/mol.k

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6𝐶𝑙2) =− 4. 184𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

= 4184kj/kmol
𝑇2
^
△𝐻2 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

40
^
△𝐻2 = ∫ 154. 4𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻2 = 2316𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻2 = 2316000𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

E-106 Cooler Heat Exchanger

references: C3H6O, C3H6Cl2 (l, 100C, 1 atm)

substances 𝑛𝑖𝑛 (kmol/s) ^

𝐻𝑖𝑛 (kJ/kmol) 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kmol/s) ^
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kJ/kmol)

C3H6O (l) 27096.39 ^

𝐻1 = 3879950 27096.39 0

C3H6Cl2 27.12 ^
𝐻2 = 1158000 27.12 0

^
𝐻1: C3H6O (g, 1atm, 100C)-----------> C3H6 (L, 1atm, 25C)
 𝑇2
^
△𝐻 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6𝑂) =− 218. 51𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6𝑂) =− 218510𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻1 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

100
^
△𝐻1 = ∫ 51. 73𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻1 = 3879. 75𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻2 = 3879750𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

Information:
Boiling point = 96 C
^ ◦
△𝐻𝑓 =− 4. 184 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Cp = 154.4 j/mol.k

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6𝐶𝑙2) =− 4. 184𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

= 4184kj/kmol
𝑇2
^
△𝐻2 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

100
^
△𝐻2 = ∫ 154. 4𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻2 = 11580𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻2 = 1158000𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

H-101 Reboiler Heat Exchanger

 references: C3H6O, C3H6Cl2 (l, 100C, 1 atm)

substances 𝑛𝑖𝑛 (kmol/s) ^

𝐻𝑖𝑛 (kJ/kmol) 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kmol/s) ^
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kJ/kmol)

C3H6O (l) 37.60 ^

𝐻1 = 3879950 37.60 0

C3H6Cl2 714.47 ^
𝐻2 = 1158000 714.47 0

^
𝐻1: C3H6O (g, 1atm, 100C)-----------> C3H6 (L, 1atm, 25C)
𝑇2
^
△𝐻 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6𝑂) =− 218. 51𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6𝑂) =− 218510𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻1 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

100
^
△𝐻1 = ∫ 51. 73𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻1 = 3879. 75𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻2 = 3879750𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

Information:
Boiling point = 96 C
 ^ ◦
△𝐻𝑓 =− 4. 184 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Cp = 154.4 j/mol.k

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6𝐶𝑙2) =− 4. 184𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

= 4184kj/kmol
𝑇2
^
△𝐻2 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

100
^
△𝐻2 = ∫ 154. 4𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻2 = 11580𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻2 = 1158000𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

D-101 Distillation Column

E-104 heater Heat Exchanger

references: Ca(OH)2 (s, 25C, 1 atm)

substances 𝑛𝑖𝑛 (kmol/s) ^

𝐻𝑖𝑛 (kJ/kmol) 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kmol/s) ^
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kJ/kmol)

Ca(OH)2 (s) 150.92 0 150.92 ^

𝐻1 = 447500
 ^
𝐻1: Ca(OH)2 (s, 1atm, 25C)-----------> Ca(OH)2 (s, 1atm, 30C)
𝑇2
^
△𝐻1 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

30
^
△𝐻1 = ∫ 89. 5 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻1 = 447. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻1 = 447500 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

• •
• ^ ^
△ 𝐻 = ∑ 𝑛𝐻 − ∑ 𝑛𝐻
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛

•
△ 𝐻 = (150. 92)(447500) − (150. 92)(0)
•
△ 𝐻 = 67536700 𝑘𝐽/𝑠
• •
𝑄 =△𝐻
•
𝑄 = 67536700 𝑘𝑊

M-102 mixer

references: C(s), Ca(s), H2(g), O2(g), Cl(g) at 25C and 1 atm

substances 𝑛𝑖𝑛 (kmol/s) ^

𝐻𝑖𝑛 (kJ/kmol) 𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kmol/s) ^
𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑡 (kJ/kmol)

HCl (g) 548.17 ^

𝐻1 =− 92164. 36 — —

C3H7ClO (l) 4933.19 ^

𝐻2 =− 277893. 5 78907.87 ^
𝐻3 =− 277893. 5
Ca(OH)2 (s) 150.92 ^
𝐻4 =− 986142. 5 10068.77 ^
𝐻5 =− 986142. 5

H2O (l) — — 44754.78 ^

𝐻6 =− 285463

C3H6O (l) — — 554.85 ^

𝐻7 = 40140

CaCl (s) — — 9602.30 ^

𝐻8 =− 794447. 33

∑ 𝑛∆𝐻 =− 1570251 ∑ 𝑛∆𝐻 =− 5. 224𝑥1

𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡

^
HCl: 𝐻1: HCl (g, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> HCl (g, 1atm, 30C)
^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐻𝐶𝑙) =− 92. 31𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐻𝐶𝑙) =− 92310𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻1 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

30
^ −3 −5 −8 −12
△𝐻1 = ∫ 29. 13𝑥10 − 0. 1341𝑥10 + 0. 9715𝑥10 − 4. 335𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻1 = 0. 14564𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻1 = 145. 64 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻1 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐻𝐶𝑙) + △𝐻1
^
𝐻1 =− 92310 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 145. 64𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻1 =− 92164. 36 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
C3H7ClO: 𝐻2: C3H7ClO (l, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> C3H7ClO (l, 1atm, 30C)

Information:
Boiling point = 127 C refer references no [13]
^ ◦
△𝐻𝑓 =− 278. 50 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜 [14]
Cp (g) = 122.10 J/mol. C refer references no [14]
Cp (l) = 0.1213 kJ/mol. C refer references no [15]

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂) =− 278. 50 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂) =− 278500𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻2𝑎 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

30
^
△𝐻2𝑎 = ∫ 0. 1213𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻2𝑎 = 606. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻2 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂) + △𝐻2𝑎
^
𝐻2 =− 278500 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 606. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻2 =− 277893. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
C3H7ClO: 𝐻3: C3H7ClO (l, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> C3H7ClO (l, 1atm, 30C)

Information:
Boiling point = 127 C refer references no [13]
^ ◦
△𝐻𝑓 =− 278. 50 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜 [14]
Cp (g) = 122.10 J/mol. C refer references no [14]
Cp (l) = 0.1213 kJ/mol. C refer references no [15]

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂) =− 278. 50 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂) =− 278500𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻3𝑎 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

30
^
△𝐻3𝑎 = ∫ 0. 1213𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻3𝑎 = 606. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻3 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻7𝐶𝑙𝑂) + △𝐻3𝑎
^
𝐻3 =− 278500 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 606. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
^
𝐻3 =− 277893. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
Ca(OH)2: 𝐻4: Ca(OH)2 (s, 1 atm, 25C)-------> Ca(OH)2 (s, 1atm, 30C)
^ ◦
𝐻4𝑎 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2)
^
𝐻4𝑎 =− 986. 59 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
^
𝐻4𝑎 =− 986590 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

30
^ −3
△𝐻4𝑏 = ∫ 89. 5𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻4𝑏 = 447. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝐾𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻4 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2) + △𝐻4𝑏

^
𝐻4 =− 986590𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 447. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻4 =− 986142. 5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
Ca(OH)2: 𝐻5: Ca(OH)2 (s, 1 atm, 25C)-------> Ca(OH)2 (s, 1atm, 30C)
^ ◦
𝐻5𝑎 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2)
^
𝐻5𝑎 =− 986. 59 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
^
𝐻5𝑎 =− 986590 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

30
^ −3
△𝐻5𝑏 = ∫ 89. 5𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻5𝑏 = 447. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝐾𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻5 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2) + △𝐻5𝑏

^
𝐻5 =− 986590𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 447. 5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻5 =− 986142. 5𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻6: H2O (l, 1atm, 25C)-----------> H2O (l, 1atm, 30C)

^ ◦
𝐻6𝑎 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐻2𝑂)
^
𝐻6𝑎 =− 285840 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
 𝑇2
^
△𝐻6𝑏 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

30
^ −3
△𝐻6𝑏 = ∫ 75. 4𝑥10 𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻6𝑏 = 0. 377𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻6𝑏 = 377𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻6 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐻2𝑂) + △𝐻6𝑏

^
𝐻6 =− 285840𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 377 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻6 =− 285463𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
C3H6O: 𝐻7: C3H6O (l, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> C3H6O (l, 1atm, 300C)
^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6𝑂) =− 218. 51𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6𝑂) =− 218510𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝑇2
^
△𝐻7𝑎 = ∫ 𝐶𝑝(𝑇)𝑑𝑇
𝑇1

30
^
△𝐻7𝑎 = ∫ 51. 73𝑑𝑇
25

^
△𝐻7𝑎 = 258. 65𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
△𝐻7𝑎 = 258650𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻7 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶3𝐻6𝑂) + △𝐻7𝑎
^
𝐻7 =− 218510𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 258650𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻7 = 40140𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

CaCl2: CaCl2 (s, 1 atm, 25C)-----------> CaCl2l (s, 1atm, 30C)

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2) =− 794. 96 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

^◦
△𝐻 𝑓(𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2) =− 794960 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
 A 102.5331

B 2.006254x10^-8

C -9.234423x10^-9

D 1.407022x10-9

E 2.609206x10^-9
refer references no[18]
30 −9
^ −8 −9 2 −9 3 2.609206𝑥10
△𝐻8𝑎 = ∫ 102. 5331 + 2. 00625𝑥10 𝑇 − 9. 234423𝑥10 𝑇 + 1. 407022𝑥10 𝑇 − 2 𝑑𝑇
25 𝑇

^
△𝐻8𝑎 = 512. 67 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^ ◦ ^
thus, 𝐻8 = △𝐻 𝑓(𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2) + △𝐻8𝑎
^
𝐻8 =− 794960 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 + 512. 67𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

^
𝐻8 =− 794447. 33 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙

• •
• ^ ^
△ 𝐻 = ∑ 𝑛𝐻 − ∑ 𝑛𝐻
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛

• 10
△ 𝐻 = (− 5. 224𝑥10 ) − (− 1570251799)
• 10
△ 𝐻 =− 5. 07𝑥10 𝑘𝐽/𝑠

• •
𝑄 =△𝐻
• 10
𝑄 =− 5. 07𝑥10 𝑘𝑊
 CHAPTER 5
5.1 Process Equipment Sizing
CALCULATION FOR BUBBLE POINT AND DEW POINT
Distillation Column (D-101)

At the top, XD= 0.96, dew point = 54.50oC

At the bottom, XW= 0.97 , bubble point = -102.78oC

Average = 54.50oC + (-102.78OC) / 2

= -24.14OC

Viscosity of
C3H6O = 0.0004 Pas
Ca(OH)2 = 0.2 Pas
C3H6Cl2 = 0.003589 Pas
Molar average velocity,μL = 0.96(0.0004) + 0.03(0.003589) + 0.01(0.2)
= 2.492 x 10-3
 = 2.492 cP
There are two types of distillation columns which are the packed column and tray column.
Tray towers are designed to provide liquid holdup in order to achieve the proper vapor-liquid
mass transfer that the distillation process requires for separation. Holdup is accomplished by
aweir on each tray and having stacks of horizontal trays that allow liquid to run across a tray
before flowing over to a downcomer and moving across to the next stage of the distillation
process.In addition, flow across the trays allows upward moving vapors and downward
moving liquids to have intimate contact in strategically placed passages in the tray. These
include valve trays, bubble cap trays, and sieve trays.

Vapor Pressure:
C3H6O = 16.7968 mm Hg
Ca(OH)2 = 0 mm Hg
C3H6Cl2 = 40 mm Hg

Tower Height for Valve Tray

Relatively volatility,α = (40 / 16.7968 ) mm Hg
= 2.3814

Eo = 0.492(μLα)-0.245
= 0,492 (2.492 x 2.3814)-0.25
= 0.3175

Assume tray spacing = 0.4

HETP = T / Eo
= 0.4 / 0.3175
= 1.26m / theoretical tray
H = n (HETP)
= 10 (1.26)
= 12.6 m
Before we can determine the tower diameter, we need to determine the vapour velocity. The
vapour velocity can be derived from the flooding velocity. To limit our column from
flooding, We chose a velocity 85 percent of flooding velocity (Douglas, 1988). This is
assumed in the following equation:

Diameter of Distillation Column

V= Vapour velocity
V = 1.2
PG

MG = Molecular weight of fluid

= (0.96)(58.08) +( 0.01)(112.98) +( 0.03)(74.093)
= 55.757 + 1.1298 + 2.223
= 59.1098 g/mol

DM = Molar Density

PG = P(MW)
RT
= 101.325kPA (59.1098 g/mol)
8.314 x 327.63
= 2.199 g/m3
V = 1.2

2. 199
= 0.809 m/s

DT = Diameter of Tower

DT = 0.0162 𝑉(𝑀𝐺 /𝑃𝑀) 0.25

= 0.00162 0. 809 ( 59. 1098 /𝑃𝑀 ) 0.25

PM = M/W
= 148 000 g/m3
59.1098 g/mol
= 12 654.42 mol /m3

DT = (0.0161) (0. 809) (59. 1098/12654. 42) 0.25

= 3.809 x 10 -3 m

Volume = π𝑑2H
= π(3.809 X10 -3) ( 12.6)
= 5.743 m3

PARAMETERS VALUE

Tower height ,h 12.6 m

.
Tray spacing , b 0.4 m

Tower diameter ,DT 3.809 x10-3

Design type Vertical

Material Carbon steel

.
Column type Plate column

Plate type Sieve tray

Volume , V 5.743 m3
Distillation Column (D-102)

At dew point the temperature is = 1445.50oC

At bubble point the temperature is = 331.06oC

Average = 1445.50oC + (331.06OC) / 2 = 888.28 OC

For Viscosity of the components is as below:
C3H6O = 0.0004 Pas
C3H6Cl2 = 0.003589 Pas

Now we have to calculate the Molar average velocity,μL:

Molar average velocity,μL = 0.97(0.0004) + 0.03(0.003589)
= 4.96 x 10-4
Vapor Pressure:
C3H6O = 16.7968 mm Hg
C3H6Cl2 = 40 mm Hg

Tower Height for Valve Tray

Relatively volatility,α = (40 / 16.7968 ) mm Hg
= 2.3814
Eo = 0.492(μLα)-0.245
= 0.492 (4.96 x 2.3814)-0.25
= 0.265
Assume tray spacing = 0.4

HETP = T / Eo
= 0.4 / 0.265
= 1.51m / theoretical tray
H = n (HETP)
= 10 (1.51)
= 15.1 m
Before we can determine the tower diameter, we need to determine the vapour velocity. The
vapour velocity can be taken from the flooding velocity. To limit our column from flooding,
We chose a velocity 85 percent of flooding velocity (Douglas, 1988). This is assumed in the
following equation:

MG = Molecular weight of fluid

 = (0.97)(58.08) +( 0.03)(112.98)
= 56.33 + 3.39
= 59.72 g/mol
PG = P(MW)
RT
= 101.325kPA (59.72 g/mol)
8.314 x 1718.65
= 0.423 g/m3

V = 0.423
= 0.65 m/s

DT = (0.0161) (0. 65) (59. 72/12525. 11) 0.25

= 6.65 x 10 -3 m
Volume = π𝑑2H
= π(6.65 X10 -3) ( 15.1)
=0.31 m3

PARAMETERS VALUE

Tower height ,h 15.1 m

.
Tray spacing , b 0.4 m

Tower diameter ,DT 6.65 x10-3

Design type Vertical

Material Carbon steel

.
Column type Plate column

Plate type Sieve tray

Volume , V 0.31 m3
 REFERENCES & APPENDIX
REFERENCES
[1] Khatib, S. J., & Oyama, S. T. (2015). Direct Oxidation of Propylene to Propylene Oxide
with Molecular Oxygen: A Review. Catalysis Reviews - Science and Engineering, 57(3),
306–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614940.2015.1041849
[2] Office, C., Sector, P., & Office, R. P. (2010). L mexicana H4. 1–8.
[3] O’Connor, R. (2018). Will New Chinese Propylene Oxide (Po) Technology Impact the
World Balance? 1–28. www.icis.com1
[4] Kalyoncu, Ş. (2012). Catalytic Reaction of Propylene To Propylene Oxide on Various.
September.
[5] ABRAHAM, S. D., & Doskocil, E. J. (2007). Production of propylene oxide from
propylene glycol. Reactions, December.
[6] Nijhuis, T. A., Makkee, M., Moulijn, J. A., & Weckhuysen, B. M. (2006). The production
of propene oxide: Catalytic processes and recent developments. Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research, 45(10), 3447–3459. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0513090
[7] Manz, T. A., & Yang, B. (2014). Selective oxidation passing through η3-ozone
intermediates: Applications to direct propene epoxidation using molecular oxygen oxidant.
RSC Advances, 4(53), 27755–27774. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra03729d
[8] Towler, G., & Sinnott, R. (2021). Chemical Engineering Design: Principles, Practice and
Economics of Plant and Process Design. In Chemical Engineering Design: Principles,
Practice and Economics of Plant and Process Design.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821179-3.01001-3
[9] Schultz, E. W., Schwartz, M. B., Yu, K. M., & Schultz, E. W. ; (2016). Production of
Propylene Oxide from Propylene Using Patented Silver Based Catalyst.
http://repository.upenn.edu/cbe_sdr%5Cnhttp://repository.upenn.edu/cbe_sdr/86
[10] Project, M., Diesel, P. O. F., Aquilla, N. U. R., Binti, F., Sopian, M., Shuhada, N. O. R.,
Binti, S., Husna, H., & Mohd, B. (2022). Nur khaliesaturrohmah binti mohd ghazali.
[11] Y-1547 www.entrepreneurindia.co. (n.d.). Manufacturing of Propylene Oxide Investment
Opportunities in Checmical Industries, 1–74. www.entrepreneurindia.co
[12] Nikolai, M. (1981). United States Patent ( 19 ). 19.
[13] National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID
31370, 1-Chloro-2-propanol. Retrieved June 12, 2022 from
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1-Chloro-2-propanol.
[14] Chemeo High Quality Chemical Properties (2016). physical Properties for heat formation of
1-Chloro-2-propanol. retrieved from https://www.chemeo.com/cid/81-286-5/1-chloro-1-propanol

[15] Mol-Instincts (2022). A Fundamental Chemical Database powered by 41 patented

technologies based on Quantum Mechanics, Statistical Thermodynamics, Quantitative
Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR), and Neural Network based Artificial Intelligence
(A.I.). Retrieved June 12, 2022from
http://search.molinstincts.com/properties/tDependentProperty.ce?0001-q1s4
[16] Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem.
Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]. Retrieved from
https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C7790923&Mask=29
[17] Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem.
Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]. Retrieved from
https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C7647145&Mask=2&Type=JANAFS&Table=on
#JANAFS
[18] Chase, M.W., Jr., NIST-JANAF Themochemical Tables, Fourth Edition, J. Phys. Chem.
Ref. Data, Monograph 9, 1998, 1-1951. [all data]. Retrieved from
https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C10043524&Mask=2
Appendix 1: Project Report Marking Rubrics
 Appendix 2: Safety Precautions

PROPERTIES SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Warning Properties Propylene chemical compound contains a sweet, ether-like

odor that's promptly perceived at elevated concentrations. it's
not bound if sensory system fatigue happens promptly like
different similar compounds.

Eye Contact, Skin Immediately flush eyes with copious amounts of cold water
Contact
for at least 15 minutes, periodically lifting upper and lower
eyelids to relieve redness. People who have been splashed with
Propylene Oxide may need help locating Emergency Eyewash
Stations and flushing their eyes. Medical attention should be
provided as soon as possible and an ophthalmologist should
be available for consultation.

Inhalation If the victim is overwhelmed by inhalation of propylene oxide,

the victim should be evacuated immediately from the
contaminated atmosphere to fresh air by persons equipped
with the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) .
Treat shock if necessary. If the victim has stopped breathing,
immediately perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
Persons trained in first aid or equivalent must perform CPR.
Care should be taken not to expose the responder to the
victim's propylene oxide.After resuscitation, keep the victim
warm and calm. See a doctor immediately.

Site Facilities Where there is a possibility of contact with liquid propylene

oxide in work areas where it is handled or stored, rapid soak
facilities and equipment must be provided. This should
include
flood showers and eyewash stations. These items must be
installed, tested, and maintained in accordance with
established industry standards.Workers must be familiar with
 the location and operation of this safety equipment.When
contaminated clothing is laundered,appropriate facilities must
be provided.Propylene oxide evaporates from clothing,
potentially increasing the risk of fire, explosion, and exposure
to workers. Facilities at Site must include closed clothing
storage bins and
engineering controls to limit worker exposure. Personnel
handling contaminated clothing must be trained and fully
informed of the methods available for their own protection,
including the use of personal protective equipment and
methods for determining vapor concentrations.

Chemical Protective Personal protective equipment (PPE) must be provided to

Clothing
personnel during routine and non-routine handling, spill
cleanup, and firefighting of propylene oxide fires. Personal
protective equipment is required to prevent exposure to vapors
or liquids during routine and non-routine work activities.
Select PPE based on working conditions and potential for
exposure to liquids or vapors.PPE ensembles range from
goggles, hard hats and safety shoes to supplied air chemical
protective suits.Materials should be selected taking into
account the chemical properties of propylene oxide.Factors to
consider are chemical resistance, durability, flexibility, thermal
limits, cleanability, and shelf life of the material.

Eye Protection Chemical goggles with gas-tight plastic cups and

impact-resistant lenses should be worn whenever there is a
possibility of exposure to vapors or liquids. A face shield can
be worn in for additional splash protection. These eye
protection measures must meet ANSI Z87.1 specifications.

Head Protection Hard hats should be worn when there is a risk of objects
falling
 or being spilled overhead. Hard hats must meet the
requirements of ANSI Z89.1 specifications for
protection.Manufacturers have custom helmets so ear
protection and face protection can be easily donned. If a
helmet is not required due to special circumstances, a hood
made of chemically impermeable material can be used.

Direct Reading Propylene Oxide is easily analyzed using a variety of

Instruments
direct-read
instruments. The advantage of using direct reading
instruments is that real-time analysis and instantaneous air
concentrations can be determined by trained personnel. The
value of real-time analytics in injury and disease prevention is
significant.Direct reading instruments that have been used
successfully to measure propylene oxide include combustible
gas indicators,infrared spectrophotometers, flame ionization
detectors,photoionization detectors, and colorimetric detector
tubes. Limits of detection vary between these instruments and
should be evaluated to ensure proper use of the.Proper
selection, calibration, use and interpretation of direct read
instruments requires the services of a professional industrial
hygienist or other competent person. The output of these
instruments may need to be interpreted depending on the
presence of other chemicals.

Bulk Storage Construction of low pressure propylene oxide storage tanks

must be in accordance with American Petroleum Institute
(API) 620, 650 and National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) 30 and 30H. High-pressure storage vessels must
comply with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
(ASME) Code, Section VIII, Division 1.carbon steel is
acceptable, but must be clean and rust-free. Liquid Propylene
Oxide should enter through the bottom of the tank. Incoming
 liquid shall be prevented from falling freely through the tank
vapor space (see Section 8).

Piping Piping and piping components must meet the latest applicable
national standards. The minimum acceptable grade is 304
stainless steel where iron contamination is a concern. Carbon
steel is also acceptable. Welded or flanged connections are
preferred; The use of threaded connections should be avoided.
flange connections should be kept to a minimum.

Electrical Area All electrical equipment should conform to applicable national

Classification
regulations.

Chemical Compatibility Propylene oxide is incompatible with oxidizing materials,

anhydrous metal chlorides, acids, bases, clay-based adsorbent
materials, peroxides, inorganic chlorides and any
acetylide-forming metals, such as aluminum, copper and
copper alloys, including brass and bronze.
 Appendix 3: Physical Property Tables

Appendix B: Physical Property Tables from Elementary Principles of Chemical Process

(Third Edition)
This appendix is used for finding the heat capacity and heat formation of all components in
calculation of energy balance.