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ΕΦΗΜΕΡΙ∆Α
ΤΗΣ ΚΥΒΕΡΝΗΣΕΩΣ
ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗΣ ∆ΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑΣ
17 Ιανουαρίου 2023 ΤΕΥΧΟΣ ΠΡΩΤΟ Αρ. Φύλλου 9
NOMOΣ ΥΠ’ ΑΡΙΘΜ. 5011 Άρθρο XII Επίλυση διαφορών

Άρθρο XIII Υπογραφή, επικύρωση, αποδοχή, έγκριση
Κύρωση της Συμφωνίας για τη διατήρηση των
ή προσχώρηση
κητωδών του Εύξεινου Πόντου, της Μεσογείου
Άρθρο ΧΙV Έναρξη ισχύος
και της παρακείμενης περιοχής του Ατλαντικού,
Άρθρο ΧV Επιφυλάξεις
της συναφούς προς τη Συμφωνία Τελικής Πρά-
Άρθρο ΧVΙ Καταγγελία
ξης και των τροποποιήσεων που υιοθετήθηκαν
Άρθρο ΧVII Θεματοφύλακας
από τη Σύνοδο των συμβαλλομένων στη Συμ-
ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ 1
φωνία μερών με το Ψήφισμα Α/4.1 της 12ης Νο-
ΕΝΔΕΙΚΤΙΚΟΣ ΚΑΤΑΛΟΓΟΣ ΤΩΝ ΚΗΤΩΔΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΕΥΞΕΙ-
εμβρίου 2010.
ΝΟΥ ΠΟΝΤΟΥ ΓΙΑ ΤΑ ΟΠΟΙΑ ΙΣΧΥΕΙ Η ΣΥΜΦΩΝΙΑ
Η ΠΡΟΕΔΡΟΣ ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑ 2 ΣΧΕΔΙΟ ΔΙΑΤΗΡΗΣΗΣ
ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗΣ ΔΗΜΟΚΡΑΤΙΑΣ Τελική Πράξη της Διαπραγματευτικής Συνόδου για
την υιοθέτηση της Συμφωνίας για τη διατήρηση των
Εκδίδομε τον ακόλουθο νόμο που ψήφισε η Βουλή:
κητωδών του Εύξεινου Πόντου, της Μεσογείου και της
ΠΙΝΑΚΑΣ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΜΕΝΩΝ παρακείμενης περιοχής του Ατλαντικού
Άρθρο πρώτο Κύρωση Συμφωνίας ΨΗΦΙΣΜΑ Α/4.1ΤΡΟΠΟΠΟΙΗΣΕΙΣ: ΕΠΕΚΤΑΣΗ ΤΟΥ
Συμφωνία για τη διατήρηση των κητωδών του Εύξει- ΓΕΩΓΡΑΦΙΚΟΥ ΠΕΔΙΟΥ ΕΦΑΡΜΟΓΗΣ ΤΟΥ ACCOBAMS
νου Πόντου, της Μεσογείου και της παρακείμενης περι- Άρθρο δεύτερο Αρμόδια αρχή
οχής του Ατλαντικού, της συναφούς προς τη Συμφωνία Άρθρο τρίτο Εξουσιοδοτικές διατάξεις
Τελικής Πράξης και των τροποποιήσεων που υιοθετήθη- Άρθρο τέταρτο Έναρξη ισχύος
καν από τη Σύνοδο των συμβαλλομένων στη Συμφωνία
μερών με το Ψήφισμα Α/4.1 της 12ης Νοεμβρίου 2010 Άρθρο πρώτο
Άρθρο Ι Πεδίο εφαρμογής, ορισμοί και ερμηνεία Κύρωση Συμφωνίας
Άρθρο ΙΙ Σκοπός και μέτρα διατήρησης Κυρώνονται και έχουν την ισχύ, που ορίζει η παρ. 1 του
Άρθρο ΙΙΙ Σύνοδος των Συμβαλλόμενων Μερών άρθρου 28 του Συντάγματος, η Συμφωνία για τη διατή-
Άρθρο IV Γραμματεία της Συμφωνίας ρηση των κητωδών του Εύξεινου Πόντου, της Μεσογείου
Άρθρο V Συντονιστικές Μονάδες και της παρακείμενης περιοχής του Ατλαντικού και η
Άρθρο VI Το Προεδρείο συναφής στη Συμφωνία Τελική Πράξη, που υπογράφη-
Άρθρο VII Επιστημονική Επιτροπή καν στο Μονακό στις 24 Νοεμβρίου 1996, καθώς και οι
Άρθρο VIII Επικοινωνία και υποβολή εκθέσεων τροποποιήσεις που υιοθετήθηκαν από τη Σύνοδο των
Άρθρο ΙΧ Οικονομικές ρυθμίσεις συμβαλλομένων στη Συμφωνία μερών στις 12 Νοεμβρί-
Άρθρο Χ Τροποποίηση της Συμφωνίας ου 2010 στο Μονακό με το Ψήφισμα Α/4.1, το κείμενο
Άρθρο ΧΙ Επίπτωση της παρούσας Συμφωνίας στη των οποίων, σε πρωτότυπο στην αγγλική γλώσσα και σε
νομοθεσία και τις διεθνείς Συμβάσεις μετάφραση στην ελληνική γλώσσα, έχει ως εξής:
452 ΕΦΗΜΕΡΙ∆Α TΗΣ ΚΥΒΕΡΝΗΣΕΩΣ Τεύχος A’ 9/17.01.2023
AccordsurlaConservationdesCétacésdelaMerNoire,
delaMéditerranéeetdelazoneAtlantiqueadjacente
AgreementontheConservationofCetaceansoftheBlack
Sea,MediterraneanSeaandcontiguousAtlanticArea

AGREEMENTONTHECONSERVATIONOFCETACEANS
OFTHEBLACKSEA,MEDITERRANEANSEAAND
CONTIGUOUSATLANTICAREA

TheParties,

Recalling that the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals,
1979,encouragesinternationalcoͲoperativeactiontoconservemigratoryspecies;

RecallingfurtherthatthethirdmeetingoftheConferenceofthePartiestotheConvention,
held in Geneva in September 1991, urged Range States to collaborate with a view to concluding,
undertheConvention'sauspices,amultilateralagreementfortheconservationofsmallcetaceansof
theMediterraneanandBlackSeas;

Recognizing that cetaceans are an integral part of the marine ecosystem which must be
conservedforthebenefitofpresentandfuturegenerations,andthattheirconservationisacommon
concern;

Recognizing the importance of integrating actions to conserve cetaceans with activities
related to the socioͲeconomic development of the Parties concerned by this Agreement, including
maritimeactivitiessuchasfishingandthefreecirculationofvesselsinaccordancewithinternational
law;

Awarethattheconservationstatusofcetaceanscanbeadverselyaffectedbyfactorssuchas
degradation and disturbance of their habitats, pollution, reduction of food resources, use and
abandonmentofnonͲselectivefishinggear,andbydeliberateandincidentalcatches;

Convincedthatthevulnerabilityofcetaceanstosuchthreatswarrantstheimplementationof
specific conservation measures, where they do not already exist, by States or regional economic
integration organizations that exercise sovereignty and/or jurisdiction over any part of their range,
andbyStates,flagvesselsofwhichareengagedoutsidenationaljurisdictionallimitsinactivitiesthat
mayaffecttheconservationofcetaceans;

StressingtheneedtopromoteandfacilitatecoͲoperationamongStates,regionaleconomic
integrationorganizations,intergovernmentalorganizationsandthenongovernmentalsectorforthe
conservationofcetaceansoftheBlackSea,MediterraneanSea,thewaterswhichinterconnectthese
seas,andthecontiguousAtlanticarea;

Convinced that the conclusion of a multilateral agreement and its implementation through
coͲordinated, concerted actions will contribute significantly to the conservation of cetaceans and
theirhabitatsinthemostefficientmanner,andwillhaveancillarybenefitsforotherspecies;

Acknowledging that, despite past or ongoing scientific research, knowledge of the biology,
ecology, and population dynamics of cetaceans is deficient, and that it is necessary to develop coͲ
Τεύχος A’ 9/17.01.2023 ΕΦΗΜΕΡΙ∆Α TΗΣ ΚΥΒΕΡΝΗΣΕΩΣ 453
operation for research and monitoring of these species in order to fully implement conservation
measures;

Acknowledgingfurtherthateffectiveimplementationofsuchanagreementwillrequirethat
assistance be provided, in a spirit of solidarity, to some Range States for research, training, and
monitoring of cetaceans and their habitats, as well as for the establishment or improvement of
scientificandadministrativeinstitutions;

Recognizing the importance of other global and regional instruments of relevance to the
conservation of cetaceans, signed by many Parties, such as the International Convention for the
Regulation of Whaling, 1946; the Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against
Pollution, 1976, its related protocols and the Action Plan for the Conservation of Cetaceans inthe
Mediterranean Sea adopted under its auspices in 1991; the Convention on the Conservation of
EuropeanWildlifeandNaturalHabitats,1979;theUnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSea,
1982; the Convention onBiologicalDiversity,1992;theConventionfortheProtectionoftheBlack
Sea against Pollution, 1992; and the Global Plan of Action for the Conservation, Management and
UtilizationofMarineMammalsoftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme,adoptedin1984;as
well as initiatives of inter alia the General Fisheries Council for Mediterranean, the International
Commission for Scientific Exploration of the Mediterranean, and the International Commission for
theConservationofAtlanticTunas,

Haveagreedasfollows:

ArticleI
Scope,DefinitionsandInterpretation

1.a) ThegeographicscopeofthisAgreement,hereinafterreferredtoasthe"Agreementarea",is
constituted by all the maritime waters of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean and their
gulfs and seas, and the internal waters connected to or interconnecting these maritime
waters,andoftheAtlanticareacontiguoustotheMediterraneanSeawestoftheStraitsof
Gibraltar.ForthepurposeofthisAgreement:

Ͳ the Black Sea is bounded to the southwest by the line joining Capes Kelaga and
Dalyan(Turkey);

Ͳ theMediterraneanSeaisboundedtotheeastbythesouthernlimitsoftheStraitsof
theDardanellesbetweenthelighthousesofMehmetcikandKumkale(Turkey)andto
thewestbythemeridianpassingthroughCapeSpartellighthouse,attheentranceto
theStraitofGibraltar;and

Ͳ thecontiguousAtlanticareawestoftheStraitofGibraltarisboundedtotheeastby
the meridian passing through Cape Spartel lighthouse and to the west by the line
joiningthelighthousesofCapeSt.Vicente(Portugal)andCasablanca(Morocco).

b) NothinginthisAgreementnoranyactadoptedonthebasisofthisAgreementshallprejudice
therightsandobligations,thepresentandfutureclaimsorlegalviewsofanyStaterelating
tothelawoftheseaortotheMontreuxConventionof20July1936(Conventionconcernant
le régime des détroits), in particular the nature and the extent of marine areas, the
delimitation of marine areas between States with opposite or adjacent coasts, freedom of
navigationonthehighseas,therightandthemodalitiesofpassagethroughstraitsusedfor
internationalnavigationandtherightofinnocentpassageinterritorialseas,aswellasthe
natureandextentofthejurisdictionofthecoastalState,theflagStateandtheportState.

c) No act or activity undertaken on the basis of this Agreement shall constitute grounds for
claiming,contendingordisputinganyclaimtonationalsovereigntyorjurisdiction.

2. ThisAgreementappliestoallcetaceansthathavearangewhichliesentirelyorpartlywithin
the Agreement area or that accidentally or occasionally frequent the Agreement area, an
indicativelistofwhichiscontainedinAnnex1tothisAgreement.

3. ForthepurposeofthisAgreement:

a) "Cetaceans" means animals, including individuals, of those species, subspecies or
populationsofOdontocetiorMysticeti;

b) "Convention" means the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of
WildAnimals,1979;

c) "SecretariatoftheConvention"meansthebodyestablishedunderArticleIXofthe
Convention;

d) "Agreement secretariat" means the body established under Article III, paragraph7,
ofthisAgreement;

e) "ScientificCommittee"meansthebodyestablishedunderArticleIII,paragraph7,of
thisAgreement;

f) "Range" means all areas of water that a cetacean inhabits,staysintemporarily,or
crossesatanytimeonitsnormalmigrationroutewithintheAgreementarea.

g) "Range State" means any State that exercises sovereignty and/or jurisdiction over
any part of the range of a cetacean population covered by this Agreement, or a
State, flag vessels of which are engaged in activities in the Agreement area which
mayaffecttheconservationofcetaceans;

h) "Regionaleconomicintegrationorganization"meansanorganizationconstitutedby
sovereignStateswhichhascompetenceinrespectofthenegotiation,conclusionand
applicationofinternationalagreementsinmatterscoveredbythisAgreement;

i) "Party" means a Range State or a regional economic integration organization for
whichthisAgreementisinforce;

j) "SubͲregion", depending on the particular context, means either the region
comprisingthecoastalStatesofBlackSeaortheregioncomprisingthecoastalStates
of the Mediterranean Sea and the contiguous Atlantic area; any reference in the
AgreementtotheStatesofaparticularsubͲregionshallbetakentomeantheStates
which have any part of their territorial waters within that subͲregion, and States,
flagvesselsofwhichareengagedinactivitieswhichmayaffecttheconservationof
cetaceansinthatsubͲregion;and

k) "Habitat"meansanyareaintherangeofcetaceanswheretheyaretemporarilyor
permanentlyresident,inparticular,feedingareas,calvingorbreedinggrounds,and
migrationroutes.

Inaddition,thetermsdefinedinArticleI,subparagraphs1a)toe),andi)oftheConvention
shallhavethesamemeaning,mutatismutandis,inthisAgreement.

4. This Agreement is an agreement within the meaning of Article IV, paragraph 4, of the
Convention.

5. The annexes to this Agreement form an integral part thereof, and any reference to the
Agreementincludesareferencetoitsannexes.

ArticleII
PurposeandConservationMeasures

1. PartiesshalltakecoͲordinatedmeasurestoachieveandmaintainafavourableconservation
status for cetaceans. To this end, Parties shall prohibit and take all necessary measures to
eliminate, where this is not already done, any deliberate taking of cetaceans and shall coͲ
operatetocreateandmaintainanetworkofspeciallyprotectedareastoconservecetaceans.

2. AnyPartymaygrantanexceptiontotheprohibitionsetoutintheprecedingparagraphonly
inemergencysituationsasprovidedforinAnnex2,paragraph6,or,afterhavingobtainedthe
advice of the Scientific Committee, for the purpose of nonͲlethal in situ research aimed at
maintaining a favourable conservation status for cetaceans. The Party concerned shall
immediately inform the Bureau and the Scientific Committee, through the Agreement
secretariat, of any such exception that has been granted. The Agreement secretariat shall
informallPartiesoftheexceptionwithoutdelaybythemostappropriatemeans.

3. Inaddition,Partiesshallapply,withinthelimitsoftheirsovereigntyand/orjurisdictionandin
accordancewiththeirinternationalobligations,theconservation,researchandmanagement
measuresprescribedinAnnex2tothisAgreement,whichshalladdressthefollowingmatters:

a) adoptionandenforcementofnationallegislation;

b) assessmentandmanagementofhumanͲcetaceaninteractions;

c) habitatprotection;

d) researchandmonitoring;

e) capacitybuilding,collectionanddisseminationofinformation,trainingandeducation;
and

f) responsestoemergencysituations.

Measuresconcerningfisheriesactivitiesshallbeappliedinallwatersundertheirsovereignty
and/or jurisdiction and outside these waters in respect of any vessel under their flag or
registeredwithintheirterritory.

4. In implementing the measures prescribed above, the Parties shall apply the precautionary
principle.

ArticleIII
MeetingoftheParties

1. TheMeetingofthePartiesshallbethedecisionͲmakingbodyofthisAgreement.

2. TheDepositaryshallconvene,inconsultationwiththeSecretariatoftheConvention,asession
of the Meeting of the Parties to this Agreement not later than one year after the date of its
entryintoforce.Thereafter,theAgreementsecretariatshallconvene,inconsultationwiththe
SecretariatoftheConvention,ordinarysessionsoftheMeetingofthePartiesatintervalsofnot
morethanthreeyears,unlesstheMeetingofthePartiesdecidesotherwise.

3. TheAgreementsecretariatshallconveneanextraordinarysessionoftheMeetingoftheParties
onthewrittenrequestofatleasttwothirdsoftheParties.
4. TheUnitedNations,itsSpecializedAgencies,theInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency,anyState
not a Party to this Agreement, secretariats of other global and regional conventions or
agreements concerned inter alia with the conservation of cetaceans, and regional or subͲ
regionalfisheriesmanagementorganizationswithcompetenceforspeciesfoundtemporarilyor
permanently resident in the Agreement area may be represented by observers in sessionsof
theMeetingoftheParties.Anyotheragencyorbodytechnicallyqualifiedintheconservation
ofcetaceansmayberepresentedatsessionsoftheMeetingofthePartiesbyobservers,unless
atleastonethirdofthePartiespresentobject.OnceadmittedtoasessionoftheMeetingof
theParties,anobservershallcontinuetobeentitledtoparticipateinfuturesessionsunlessone
thirdofthePartiesobjectatleastthirtydaysbeforethestartofthesession.

5. Only Parties have the right to vote. Each Party shall have one vote. Regional economic
integrationorganizationswhicharePartiestothisAgreementshallexercise,inmatterswithin
their competence, their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their
member States which are Parties to the Agreement. A regional economic integration
organization shall not exercise its right to vote if its member States exercise theirs and vice
versa.

6. AlldecisionsoftheMeetingofthePartiesshallbeadoptedbyconsensusexceptasotherwise
providedinArticleXofthisAgreement.However,ifconsensuscannotbeachievedinrespect
of matters covered by the annexes to the Agreement, a decision may be adopted by a two
thirdsmajorityofthePartiespresentandvoting.Intheeventofavote,anyPartymay,within
onehundredandfiftydays,notifytheDepositaryinwritingofitsintentionnottoapplythesaid
decision.

7. Atitsfirstsession,theMeetingofthePartiesshall:

a) adoptitsrulesofprocedure;

b) establish an Agreement secretariat to perform the secretariat functions listed in
ArticleIVofthisAgreement;

c) designate in each subͲregion, within an existing institution, a CoͲordination unit to
facilitateimplementationofthemeasuresprescribedinAnnex2tothisAgreement;

d) electaBureauasprovidedforinArticleVI;

e) establishaScientificCommittee,asprovidedforinArticleVII;and

f) decide on the format and content of Party reports on the implementation of the
Agreement,asprovidedforinArticleVIII.

8. Ateachofitsordinarysessions,theMeetingofthePartiesshall:

a) reviewscientificassessmentsoftheconservationstatusofcetaceansoftheAgreement
areaandthehabitatswhichareimportanttotheirsurvival,aswellasthefactorswhich
mayaffectthemunfavourably;

b) review the progress made and any difficulties encountered in the implementation of
this Agreement on the basis of the reports of the Parties and of the Agreement
secretariat;

c) makerecommendationstothePartiesasitdeemsnecessaryorappropriateandadopt
specificactionstoimprovetheeffectivenessofthisAgreement;

d) examine and decide upon any proposals to amend, as may be necessary, this
Agreement;

e) adoptabudgetforthenextfinancialperiodanddecideuponanymattersrelatingto
thefinancialarrangementsforthisAgreement;
f) review the arrangements for the Agreement secretariat, the CoͲordination units and
theScientificCommittee;

g) adopt a report for communication to the Parties to this Agreement and to the
ConferenceofthePartiesoftheConvention;

h) agreeontheprovisionaltimeandvenueofthenextmeeting;and

i) dealwithanyothermatterrelatingtoimplementationofthisAgreement.

ArticleIV
AgreementSecretariat

1. Subject to the approval of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, an Agreement
secretariatshallbeestablishedwithintheSecretariatoftheConvention.IftheSecretariatof
the Convention is unable, at any time, to provide this function, the Meeting of the Parties
shallmakealternativearrangements.

2. ThefunctionsoftheAgreementsecretariatshallbe:

a) toarrangeandservicethesessionsoftheMeetingoftheParties;

b) toliaisewithandfacilitatecoͲoperationbetweenPartiesandnonͲPartyRangeStates,
andinternationalandnationalbodieswhoseactivitiesaredirectlyorindirectlyrelevant
totheconservationofcetaceansintheAgreementarea;

c) to assist the Parties in the implementation of this Agreement, ensuring coherence
betweenthesubͲregionsandwithmeasuresadoptedpursuanttootherinternational
instrumentsinforce;

d) toexecutedecisionsaddressedtoitbytheMeetingoftheParties;

e) to invite the attention of the Meeting of the Parties to any matter pertaining to this
Agreement;

f) toprovidetoeachordinarysessionoftheMeetingofthePartiesareportonthework
of the Agreement secretariat, the CoͲordination units, the Bureau, and the Scientific
Committee, and on the implementation of the Agreement based on information
providedbythePartiesandothersources;

g) toadministerthebudgetforthisAgreement;

h) to provide information to the general public concerning this Agreement and its
objectives;and

i) toperformanyotherfunctionentrustedtoitunderthisAgreementorbytheMeeting
oftheParties.

3. The Agreement secretariat, in consultation with the Scientific Committee and the CoͲ
ordinationunits,shallfacilitatethepreparationofguidelinescoveringinteralia:

a) thereductionorelimination,asfaraspossibleandforthepurposesofthisAgreement,
ofadversehumanͲcetaceaninteractions;

b) habitat protection and natural resource management methods as they relate to
cetaceans;
c) emergencymeasures;and

d) rescuemethods.

ArticleV
CoͲordinationUnits

1. ThefunctionsofthesubͲregionalCoͲordinationunitsshallbe:

a) tofacilitateimplementationintherespectivesubͲregionsoftheactivitiesprovidedfor
in Annex 2 to this Agreement, in accordance with instructions of the Meeting of the
Parties;

b) tocollectandevaluateinformationthatwillfurthertheobjectivesandimplementation
oftheAgreementandprovideforappropriatedisseminationofsuchinformation;and

c) to service meetings of the Scientific Committee and to prepare a report for
communicationtotheMeetingofthePartiesthroughtheAgreementsecretariat.

The designation of the CoͲordination units and their functions shall be reviewed, as
appropriate,ateachsessionoftheMeetingoftheParties.

2. Each CoͲordination unit, in consultation with the Scientific Committee and the Agreement
secretariat,shallfacilitatethepreparationofaseriesofinternationalreviewsorpublications,
tobeupdatedregularly,including:

a) reportsonthestatusandtrendsofpopulations,aswellasgapsinscientificknowledge;

b) asubͲregionaldirectoryofimportantareasforcetaceans;and

c) asubͲregionaldirectoryofnationalauthorities,researchandrescuecentres,scientists
andnonͲgovernmentalorganizationsconcernedwithcetaceans.

ArticleVI
Bureau

1. The Meeting of the Parties shall elect a Bureau consisting of the Chairperson and ViceͲ
ChairpersonsoftheMeetingoftheParties,andshalladoptrulesofprocedurefortheBureau,
asproposedbytheAgreementsecretariat.TheChairpersonoftheScientificCommitteeshall
beinvitedtoparticipateasanobserverinthemeetingsoftheBureau.Whenevernecessary,
theAgreementsecretariatshallprovidesecretariatservices.

2. TheBureaushall:

a) provide general policy guidance and operational and financial direction to the
AgreementsecretariatandtheCoͲordinationunitsconcerningtheimplementationand
promotionoftheAgreement;

b) carryout,betweensessionsoftheMeetingoftheParties,suchinterimactivitiesonits
behalfasmaybenecessaryorassignedtoitbytheMeetingoftheParties;and

c) representthePartiesvisͲàͲvistheGovernment(s)ofthehostcountry(orcountries)of
the Agreement secretariat and the Meeting of the Parties, the Depositary and other
internationalorganizationsonmattersrelatingtothisAgreementanditssecretariat.
3. At the request of its Chairperson, the Bureau shall normally meet once per annum at the
invitationoftheAgreementsecretariat,whichshallinformallPartiesofthedate,venueand
agendaofsuchmeetings.

4. The Bureau shall provide a report on its activities for each session of the Meeting of the
Parties which will be circulated to all Parties in advance of the session by the Agreement
secretariat.

ArticleVII
ScientificCommittee

1. A Scientific Committee, comprising persons qualified as experts in cetacean conservation
science,shallbeestablishedasanadvisorybodytotheMeetingoftheParties.TheMeeting
ofthePartieswillentrustthefunctionsoftheScientificCommitteetoanexistingorganization
intheAgreementareathatassuresgeographicallyͲbalancedrepresentation.

2. MeetingsoftheScientificCommitteeshallbeconvenedbytheAgreementsecretariatatthe
requestoftheMeetingoftheParties.

3. TheScientificCommitteeshall:

a) provideadvicetotheMeetingofthePartiesonscientificandtechnicalmattershaving
abearingontheimplementationoftheAgreement,andtoindividualPartiesbetween
sessions,asappropriate,throughtheCoͲordinationunitofthesubͲregionconcerned;

b) adviseontheguidelinesasprovidedforinArticleIV,paragraph3,assessthereviews
prepared in accordance with Annex 2 to this Agreement and formulate
recommendations to the Meeting of the Parties relating to their development,
contentsandimplementation;

c) conductscientificassessmentsoftheconservationstatusofcetaceanpopulations;

d) adviseonthedevelopmentandcoͲordinationofinternationalresearchandmonitoring
programmes, and make recommendations to the Meeting of the Parties concerning
furtherresearchtobecarriedout;

e) facilitatetheexchangeofscientificinformationandofconservationtechniques;

f) prepareforeachsessionoftheMeetingofthePartiesareportofitsactivitieswhich
shallbesubmittedtotheAgreementsecretariatnotlessthanonehundredandtwenty
daysbeforethesessionoftheMeetingofthePartiesandcirculatedforthwithbythe
AgreementsecretariattoallParties;

g) render timely advice on the exceptions of which it has been informed pursuant to
ArticleII,paragraph2;and

h) carryout,asmaybenecessary,othertasksreferredtoitbytheMeetingoftheParties.

4. The Scientific Committee, in consultation with the Bureau and the respective CoͲordination
units, may establish working groups as may be necessary to deal with specific tasks. The
MeetingofthePartiesshallagreeafixedbudgetallocationforthispurpose.

ArticleVIII
CommunicationandReporting

EachPartyshall:

a) designate a focal point for this Agreement, and shall communicate without delay the focal
point's name, address and telecommunication numbers to the Agreement secretariat, for
promptcirculationtotheotherPartiesandtotheCoͲordinationunits;and

b) prepare for each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties, beginning with the second
session, a report on its implementation of the Agreement with particular reference to the
conservationmeasuresandscientificresearchandmonitoringithasundertaken.Theformat
of such reports shall be determined by the first session of the Meeting of the Parties and
reviewedasmaybenecessaryatanysubsequentsession.Eachreportshallbesubmittedto
theAgreementsecretariatnotlessthanonehundredandtwentydaysbeforetheopeningof
thesessionoftheMeetingofthePartiesforwhichithasbeenprepared,andcopiesshallbe
circulatedforthwithtotheotherPartiesbytheAgreementsecretariat.

ArticleIX
FinancialArrangements

1. The scale of contributions to the budget of this Agreement shall be determined by the
Meeting of the Parties at its first session. No regional economic integration organization
shallberequiredtocontributemorethan2.5percentoftheadministrativecosts.

2. Decisionsrelatingtothebudgetandanychangestothescaleofcontributionsthatmaybe
foundnecessaryshallbeadoptedbytheMeetingofthePartiesbyconsensus.

3. TheMeetingofthePartiesmayestablishasupplementaryconservationfundfromvoluntary
contributionsofPartiesorfromanyothersourceinordertoincreasethefundsavailablefor
monitoring,research,trainingandprojectsrelatingtotheconservationofcetaceans.

4. Parties are also encouraged to provide technical and financial support on a bilateral or
multilateral basis to assist Range States which are developing countries or countries with
economiesintransitiontoimplementtheprovisionsofthisAgreement.

5. TheAgreementsecretariatshallundertakeperiodicallyareviewofpotentialmechanismsfor
providing additional resources, including funds and technical assistance, for the
implementationofthisAgreement,andshallreportitsfindingstotheMeetingoftheParties.

ArticleX
AmendmentoftheAgreement

1. ThisAgreementmaybeamendedatanyordinaryorextraordinarysessionoftheMeetingof
theParties.

2. Proposals for amendments to the Agreement may be made by any Party. The text of any
proposed amendment and the reasons for it shall be communicated to the Agreement
secretariatnotlessthanonehundredandfiftydaysbeforetheopeningofthesession.The
AgreementsecretariatshalltransmitcopiesforthwithtotheParties.Anycommentsonthe
textbythePartiesshallbecommunicatedtotheAgreementsecretariatnotlessthansixty
daysbeforetheopeningofthesession.TheSecretariatshallcommunicatetotheParties,as
soonaspossibleafterthelastdayforsubmissionofcomments,allcommentssubmittedby
thatday.

3. AnyadditionalannexoranyamendmenttotheAgreementotherthananamendmenttoits
annexesshallbeadoptedbyatwothirdsmajorityofthePartiespresentandvotingandshall
enterintoforceforthosePartieswhichhaveaccepteditonthethirtiethdayafterthedate
on which two thirds of the Parties to the Agreement at the date of the adoption of the
additional annex or amendment have deposited their instruments of acceptance with the
Depositary.ForanyPartythatdepositsaninstrumentofacceptanceafterthedateonwhich
two thirds of the Parties have deposited their instruments of acceptance, the additional
annex or amendment shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date on which it
depositsitsinstrumentofacceptance.

4. AnyamendmenttoanannextotheAgreementshallbeadoptedbyatwothirdsmajorityof
thePartiespresentandvotingandshallenterintoforceforallPartiesontheonehundred
and fiftieth day after the date of its adoption by the Meeting of the Parties, except for
Partiesthathaveenteredareservationinaccordancewithparagraph5ofthisArticle.

5. Duringtheperiodofonehundredandfiftydaysprovidedforinparagraph4ofthisArticle,
anyPartymaybywrittennotificationtotheDepositaryenterareservationwithrespectto
an amendment to an annex to the Agreement. Such reservation may be withdrawn by
writtennotificationtotheDepositary,andthereupontheamendmentshallenterintoforce
forthatPartyonthethirtiethdayafterthedateofwithdrawalofthereservation.

ArticleXI
EffectofthisAgreementonLegislationandInternationalConventions

1. TheprovisionsofthisAgreementshallnotaffecttherightofanyPartytomaintainoradopt
morestringentmeasuresfortheconservationofcetaceansandtheirhabitats,northerights
or obligations of any Party deriving from any existing treaty, convention or agreement to
whichitisaparty,exceptwheretheexerciseofthoserightsandobligationswouldthreaten
theconservationofcetaceans.

2. PartiesshallimplementthisAgreementconsistentlywiththeirrightsandobligationsarising
underthelawofthesea.

ArticleXII
SettlementofDisputes

1. AnydisputewhichmayarisebetweentwoormorePartieswithrespecttotheinterpretation
or application of the provisions of this Agreement shall be subject to negotiation between
thePartiesinvolvedinthedispute,ortomediationorconciliationbyathirdpartyifthisis
acceptabletothePartiesconcerned.

2. Ifthedisputecannotberesolvedinaccordancewithparagraph1ofthisArticle,theParties
maybymutualconsentsubmitthedisputetoarbitrationorjudicialsettlement.TheParties
submittingthedisputeshallbeboundbythearbitralorjudicialdecision.

ArticleXIII
Signature,Ratification,Acceptance,ApprovalorAccession

1. ThisAgreementshallbeopenforsignaturebyanyRangeState,whetherornotareasunder
itsjurisdictionliewithintheAgreementarea,orregionaleconomicintegrationorganization,
atleastonememberofwhichisaRangeState,eitherby:

a) signaturewithoutreservationinrespectofratification,acceptanceorapproval;or

b) signature with reservation in respect of ratification, acceptance or approval,
followedbyratification,acceptanceorapproval.

2. This Agreement shall remain open for signature at Monaco until the date of its entry into
force.

3. This Agreement shall be open for accession by any Range State or regional economic
integration organization mentioned in paragraph 1, above, on and after the date of entry
intoforceoftheAgreement.

4. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the
Depositary.

ArticleXIV
EntryintoForce

1. ThisAgreementshallenterintoforceonthefirstdayofthethirdmonthfollowingthedate
on which at least seven coastal States of the Agreement area or regional economic
integrationorganizations,comprisingatleasttwofromthesubͲregionoftheBlackSeaand
at least five from the subͲregion of the Mediterranean Sea and contiguous Atlantic area,
havesignedwithoutreservationinrespectofratification,acceptanceorapproval,orhave
deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval in accordance with
ArticleXIIIofthisAgreement.

2. ForanyRangeStateorregionaleconomicintegrationorganizationwhichhas:

a) signedwithoutreservationinrespectofratification,acceptance,orapproval;

b) ratified,accepted,orapproved;or

c) accededto

thisAgreementafterthedateonwhichthenumberofRangeStatesandregionaleconomic
integration organizations necessary to enable entry into force have signed it without
reservationorhaveratified,acceptedorapprovedit,thisAgreementshallenterintoforce
onthefirstdayofthethirdmonthfollowingthesignaturewithoutreservation,ordeposit,
by that State or organization, of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession.

ArticleXV
Reservations

TheprovisionsofthisAgreementshallnotbesubjecttogeneralreservations.However,aspecific
reservation may be entered by any State in respect of a specifically delimited part of its internal
waters,onsignaturewithoutreservationinrespectofratification,acceptanceorapprovalor,asthe
casemaybe,onthedepositofitsinstrumentofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccession.Such
a reservation may be withdrawn at any time by the State which had entered it by notification in
writing to the Depositary; the State concerned shall not be bound by the application of the
Agreementtothewaterswhicharetheobjectofthereservationuntilthirtydaysafterthedateon
whichthereservationhasbeenwithdrawn.

ArticleXVI
Denunciation

AnyPartymaydenouncethisAgreementatanytimebywrittennotificationtotheDepositary.The
denunciation shall take effect twelve months after the date on which the Depositary has received
thenotification.

ArticleXVII
Depositary

1. The original of this Agreement, in the Arabic, English, French, Russian and Spanish
languages,eachversionbeingequallyauthentic,shallbedepositedwiththeGovernment
ofthePrincipalityofMonaco,whichshallbetheDepositary.TheDepositaryshalltransmit
certified copies of the Agreement to all States and regional economic integration
organizations referred to in Article XIII, paragraph 1, of this Agreement, and to the
Agreementsecretariatafterithasbeenestablished.

2. AssoonasthisAgreemententersintoforce,acertifiedcopythereofshallbetransmitted
bytheDepositarytotheSecretariatoftheUnitedNationsforregistrationandpublication
inaccordancewithArticle102oftheCharteroftheUnitedNations.

3. TheDepositaryshallinformallStatesandregionaleconomicintegrationorganizationsthat
havesignedoraccededtotheAgreement,andtheAgreementsecretariat,of:

a) anysignature;

b) anydepositofaninstrumentofratification,acceptance,approvaloraccession;

c) thedateofentryintoforceofthisAgreementandofanyadditionalannexaswellas
ofanyamendmenttotheAgreementortoitsannexes;

d) anyreservationwithrespecttoanadditionalannexoranamendmenttoanannex;

e) anynotificationofwithdrawalofareservation;and

f) anynotificationofdenunciationofthisAgreement.

TheDepositaryshalltransmittoallStatesandregionaleconomicintegrationorganizations
thathavesignedoraccededtothisAgreement,andtotheAgreementsecretariat,thetext
of any reservation, any additional annex and any amendment to the Agreement or to its
annexes.

In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized to that effect, have signed this
Agreement.DoneatMonacoonthetwentyͲfourthdayofNovember1996.
ANNEX1

INDICATIVELISTOFCETACEANSOFTHEBLACKSEA
TOWHICHTHISAGREEMENTAPPLIES

PHOCOENIDAE
Phocoenaphocoena Harbourporpoise

DELPHINIDAE
Tursiopstruncatus Bottlenosedolphin
Delphinusdelphis Commondolphin

INDICATIVELISTOFCETACEANSOFTHEMEDITERRANEANSEAANDTHECONTIGUOUS
ATLANTICAREATOWHICHTHISAGREEMENTAPPLIES

PHOCOENIDAE
Phocoenaphocoena Harbourporpoise

DELPHINIDAE
Stenobredanensis RoughͲtootheddolphin

Grampusgriseus Risso’sdolphin
Tursiopstruncatus Bottlenosedolphin
Stenellacoeruleoalba Stripeddolphin
Delphinusdelphis ShortͲbeakedcommondolphin

Pseudorcacrassidens Falsekillerwhale
Orcinusorca Killerwhale
Globicephalamelas LongͲfinnedpilotwhale

ZIPHIIDAE
Mesoplodondensirostris Blainville’sbeakedwhale
Ziphiuscavirostris Cuvier’sbeakedwhale

PHYSETERIDAE
Physetermacrocephalus Spermwhale

KOGIIDAE
Kogiasimus Dwarfspermwhale

BALAENIDAE
Eubalaenaglacialis Northernrightwhale

BALAENOPTERIDAE
Balaenopteraacutorostrata Minkewhale
Balaenopteraborealis Seiwhale
Balaenopteraphysalus Finwhale

Megapteranovaeangliae Humpbackwhale

__________________

ThepresentAgreementshallalsoapplytoanyothercetaceansnotalreadylistedinthisannex,butwhichmayfrequent
theAgreementareaaccidentallyoroccasionally.
ANNEX2
CONSERVATIONPLAN

The Parties shall undertake, to the maximum extent of their economic, technical, and scientific
capacities, the following measures for the conservation of cetaceans, giving priority to conserving
those species or populations identified by the Scientific Committee as having the least favourable
conservationstatus,andtoundertakingresearchinareasorforspeciesforwhichthereisapaucity
ofdata.

1. Adoptionandenforcementofnationallegislation

PartiestothisAgreementshalladoptthenecessarylegislative,regulatoryoradministrative
measures to give full protection to cetaceans in waters under their sovereignty and/or
jurisdictionandoutsidethesewatersinrespectofanyvesselundertheirflagorregistered
withintheirterritoryengagedinactivitieswhichmayaffecttheconservationofcetaceans.
Tothisend,Partiesshall:

a) work out and implement measures to minimize the fishing negative effects on the
conservationofcetacean.Mostparticularly,novesselswillbeauthorizedtokeepon
boardortouseanydriftnets;

b) introduce or amend regulations with a view to preventing fishing gear from being
discarded or left adrift at sea, and to require the immediate release of cetaceans
caughtincidentallyinfishinggearinconditionsthatassuretheirsurvival;

c) requireimpactassessmentstobecarriedoutinordertoprovideabasisforeither
allowingorprohibitingthecontinuationorthefuturedevelopmentofactivitiesthat
may affect cetaceans or their habitat in the Agreement area, including fisheries,
offshore exploration and exploitation, nautical sports, tourism and cetaceanͲ
watching,aswellasestablishingtheconditionsunderwhichsuchactivitiesmaybe
conducted;

d) regulate the discharge at sea of, and adopt within the framework of other
appropriate legal instruments stricter standards for, pollutants believed to have
adverseeffectsoncetaceans;and

e) endeavour to strengthen or create national institutions with a view to furthering
implementationoftheAgreement.

2. AssessmentandmanagementofhumanͲcetaceaninteractions

Parties shall, in coͲoperation with relevant international organizations, collect and analyse
dataondirectandindirectinteractionsbetweenhumansandcetaceansinrelationtointer
aliafishing,industrialandtouristicactivities,andlandͲbasedandmaritimepollution.When
necessary, Parties shall take appropriate remedial measures and shall develop guidelines
and/orcodesofconducttoregulateormanagesuchactivities.

3. Habitatprotection

Parties shall endeavour to establish and manage specially protected areas for cetaceans
corresponding to the areas which serve as habitats of cetaceans and/or which provide
important food resources for them. Such specially protected areas should be established
within the framework of the Regional Seas Conventions (OSPAR, Barcelona and Bucharest
Conventions),orwithintheframeworkofotherappropriateinstruments.

4. Researchandmonitoring

Parties shall undertake coͲcoordinated, concerted research on cetaceans and facilitate the
developmentofnewtechniquestoenhancetheirconservation.Partiesshall,inparticular:

a) monitorthestatusandtrendsofspeciescoveredbythisAgreement,especiallythose
in poorly known areas, or species for which little data are available, in order to
facilitatetheelaborationofconservationmeasures;

b) coͲoperatetodeterminethemigrationroutesandthebreedingandfeedingareasof
the species covered by the Agreement in order to define areas where human
activitiesmayneedtoberegulatedasaconsequence;

c) evaluate the feeding requirements of the species covered by the Agreement and
adaptfishingregulationsandtechniquesaccordingly;

d) develop systematic research programmes on dead, stranded, wounded or sick
animals to determine the main interactions with human activities and to identify
presentandpotentialthreats;and

e) facilitate the development of passive acoustic techniques to monitor cetacean
populations.

5. Capacitybuilding,collectionanddisseminationofinformation,trainingandeducation

TakingintoaccountthedifferingneedsandthedevelopmentalstagesoftheRangeStates,
Partiesshallgiveprioritytocapacitybuildinginordertodevelopthenecessaryexpertisefor
the implementation of the Agreement. Parties shall coͲoperate to develop common tools
forthecollectionanddisseminationofinformationaboutcetaceansandtoorganizetraining
coursesandeducationprogrammes.SuchactionsshallbeconductedinconcertatthesubͲ
regional and Agreement level, supported by the Agreement secretariat, the CoͲordination
units and the Scientific Committee and carried out in collaboration with competent
internationalinstitutionsororganizations.TheresultsshallbemadeavailabletoallParties.
Inparticular,PartiesshallcoͲoperateto:

a) develop the systems for collecting data on observations, incidental catches,
strandings,epizooticsandotherphenomenarelatedtocetaceans;

b) preparelistsofnationalauthorities,researchandrescuecentres,scientistsandnonͲ
governmentalorganizationsconcernedwithcetaceans;

c) prepareadirectoryofexistingprotectedormanagedareaswhichcouldbenefitthe
conservation of cetaceans and of marine areas of potential importance for the
conservationofcetaceans;

d) prepareadirectoryofnationalandinternationallegislationconcerningcetaceans;

e) establish, as appropriate, a subͲregional or regional data bank for the storage of
informationcollectedunderparagraphsa)tod)above;

f) prepare a subͲregional or regional information bulletin on cetacean conservation
activitiesorcontributetoanexistingpublicationservingthesamepurpose;

g) prepareinformation,awarenessandidentificationguidesfordistributiontousersof
thesea;
h) prepare, on the basis of regional knowledge, a synthesis of veterinary
recommendationsfortherescueofcetaceans;and

i) develop and implement training programmes on conservation techniques, in
particular,onobservation,release,transportandfirstaidtechniques,andresponses
toemergencysituations.

6. Responsestoemergencysituations

Partiesshall,incoͲoperationwitheachother,andwheneverpossibleandnecessary,develop
and implement emergency measures for cetaceans covered by this Agreement when
exceptionallyunfavourableorendangeringconditionsoccur.Inparticular,Partiesshall:

a) prepare, in collaboration with competent bodies, emergency plans to be
implementedincaseofthreatstocetaceansintheAgreementarea,suchasmajor
pollutionevents,importantstrandingsorepizootics;and

b) evaluatecapacitiesnecessaryforrescueoperationsforwoundedorsickcetaceans;
and

c) prepareacodeofconductgoverningthefunctionofcentresorlaboratoriesinvolved
inthiswork.

In the event of an emergency situation requiring the adoption of immediate measures to
avoiddeteriorationoftheconservationstatusofoneormorecetaceanpopulations,aParty
may request the relevant CoͲordination unit to advise the other Parties concerned, with a
view to establishing a mechanism to give rapid protection to the population identified as
beingsubjecttoaparticularlyadversethreat.
Final Act
of the Negotiation Meeting
to adopt the
Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea,
Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area
An intergovernmental meeting was held in Monaco from 19 to 24 November 1996 for the
purpose of negotiating and adopting an Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black
Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area, an agreement pursuant to Article IV,
paragraph 4, of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals.
The Meeting was convened by the UNEP/CMS Secretariat, in its capacity as the Secretariat of
the Convention, in collaboration with the Government of the Principality of Monaco and the
Government of France. The following 17 Range States and one regional economic integration
organization were represented:
Albania, Croatia, Cyprus, European Community, France, Georgia, Greece, Israel, Italy, Monaco, Morocco,
Portugal, Romania, Spain, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Turkey, and Ukraine.
The following Range States attended the Meeting as observers:
Bulgaria, Egypt, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and Malta.
Representatives of the following intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations also
attended the Meeting as observers:
Black Sea Environmental Program, International Commission for the Scientific
Exploration of the Mediterranean Sea, International Convention for the Regulation of
Whaling (International Whaling Commission), Convention on the Conservation of
European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention), Regional Activity Center for
Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA);
Acquario Di Genova, Euronatur, Europe Conservation France, Europe Conservation Italia, Gesellschaft
zur Rettung der Delphine, International Marine Reserve in the Western Mediterranean (RIMMO),
MEDMARAVIS, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), S.O.S. Grand Bleu,
Tethys Research Institute, Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
The Meeting elected Mr. Patrick van Klaveren (Monaco) as Chairman, and Dr. Victor
Karamushka (Ukraine) and Mr. Mohamed Adel Hentati (Tunisia) as Vice-Chairmen. The
Secretary-General of the Meeting was Mr. Douglas Hykle (UNEP/CMS Secretariat).
The Meeting established a Credentials Committee with the following membership:
Mme Marie-Christine van Klaveren (Chairperson, Monaco)

H. E. Dr. Emmanuel Gounaris (Greece)

Pr. Tullio Scovazzi (Italy)
Mr Pamfil-Grigore Roman (Romania)
The Meeting adopted by consensus the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black
Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area in the Arabic, English, French and Russian
languages, appended as the annex to this Final Act. The Meeting accepted with appreciation the
offer of the Government of the Principality of Monaco to act as Depositary for the Agreement.
The Secretariat of the Convention on Migratory Species and the Government of the Principality
of Monaco undertook jointly to examine the possibilities of assuring the functions of an interim
secretariat pending entry into force of the Agreement and the establishment of a permanent
secretariat, in accordance with Article III, paragraph 7, of the Agreement.
The Meeting took note of the provisions of Resolution 4.4, adopted by the fourth meeting of the
Conference of the Parties to CMS (Nairobi, 1994) which, inter alia, resolves that Parties to
certain Agreements concluded under the Convention should be invited to consolidate secretariat
functions in a unit co-located with the Secretariat of the Convention, and that secretariats for
individual Agreements should be financed entirely by their Parties.
The Meeting examined favorably the proposal of the International Commission for the Scientific
Exploration of the Mediterranean Sea to offer its expert group on marine mammals to perform the
functions of the Scientific Committee provided for under Article VII of the Agreement and
requested the interim secretariat to take the necessary steps to elaborate this offer, subject to
formal adoption by the Meeting of the Parties at its first session.
The Meeting recommended that the interim secretariat approach relevant intergovernmental
organizations in Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea with a view to facilitating identification of the
sub-regional Co-ordination Units envisaged under Article V of the Agreement.
The Meeting expressed a vote of thanks to the Government of the Principality of Monaco for
having hosted the negotiation session, and to the Government of France, which provided
additional financial support.
Done at Monaco on the twenty-fourth day of November in the year One Thousand Nine Hundred
and Ninety-six in a single copy in the Arabic, English, French, and Russian languages, each
version being equally authoritative.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the following Representatives have signed this Final Act.
RESOLUTION A/4.1
AMENDMENTS:
EXTENSION OF THE ACCOBAMS GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE
The Meeting of the Parties to the Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea
and contiguous Atlantic area:
Noting that cetacean populations present in the North of Portugal, Galician and Cantabric Seas are connected, as
shown by the most recent scientific studies,
Noting that the European Directive 2008/56/EC, establishing a framework for Community action in the field of marine
environmental policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive), and the OSPAR Convention for the protection of the
marine environment of the North-East Atlantic, create the sub-region “Bay of Biscay and the Iberian Coast” in order
to implement their obligations,
Noting that the scopes of the ACCOBAMS Agreement and of the Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans
of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas (ASCOBANS) are slightly different, with the former including all
cetacean species, and the latter focusing only on small cetaceans,
Recognizing that the implementation of the above mentioned international Instruments together with the ACCOBAMS
Agreement, would be coherent,
Affirming their willingness to strengthen their collaboration with the ASCOBANS Parties and Secretariat in order to
establish synergies in matters and activities of common interests,
Recognizing that the implementation of conservation and management measures for all cetacean populations along
marine waters covered by the sovereignty or jurisdiction of both Portugal and Spain would benefit from the inclusion
of all species and populations within one single Agreement,
1. Replaces the name of the Agreement with: “Agreement on the Conservation of Cetaceans of the Black Sea,
Mediterranean Sea and neighbouring Atlantic Area”;
2. Replaces the Article I, paragraph 1.a) with:

“1. a) The geographic scope of this Agreement, hereinafter referred to as the "Agreement area", is constituted by all
the maritime waters of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean and their gulfs and seas, and the internal waters
connected to or interconnecting these maritime waters, and of the neighbouring Atlantic Area west of the Straits
of Gibraltar. For the purpose of this Agreement:
- the Black Sea is bounded to the southwest by the line joining Capes Kelaga and Dalyan (Turkey);
- the Mediterranean Sea is bounded to the east by the southern limits of the Straits of the Dardanelles
between the lighthouses of Mehmetcik and Kumkale (Turkey) and to the west by the meridian passing
through Cape Spartel lighthouse, at the entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar; and
- the neighbouring Atlantic Area west of the Strait of Gibraltar is bounded to the east by the meridian passing
through Cape Spartel lighthouse (Morocco); to the west by the line joining the lighthouses of Casablanca
(Morocco) and Cape St. Vicente (Portugal) until this line reaches the parallel of latitude 36° N, then by the
parallel of latitude 36° N until it reaches the external limit of marine waters covered by the sovereignty or
jurisdiction of Portugal, then by the external limit of marine waters covered by the sovereignty or jurisdiction
of Portugal and Spain until the land border between Spain and France.
3. Replaces the Article I, paragraph 3.j) with:

“"Subregion", depending on the particular context, means either the region comprising the coastal States of
Black Sea or the region comprising the coastal States of the Mediterranean Sea and neighboring Atlantic Area;
any reference in the Agreement to the States of a particular subregion shall be taken to mean the States which
have any part of their territorial waters within that subregion, and States, flag vessels of which are engaged in
activities which may affect the conservation of cetaceans in that subregion;”
4. Replaces the Article XIV (entry into force), paragraph 1, with:

“This Agreement shall enter into force on the first day of the third month following the date on which at least
seven coastal States of the Agreement area or regional economic integration organizations, comprising at least
two from the subregion of the Black Sea and at least five from the subregion of the Mediterranean Sea and
neighboring Atlantic Area, have signed without reservation in respect of ratification, acceptance or approval,
or have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval in accordance with Article XIII of
this Agreement”;
5. Replaces the headline of the second part of the Annex 1 with:

“Indicative List of cetaceans of the Mediterranean Sea and neighboring Atlantic Area to which this Agreement
applies”;
6. Replaces the paragraph 3 of the Annex 2 (Conservation Plan) with:

“3. Habitat protection.
Parties shall endeavor to establish and manage specially protected areas for cetaceans corresponding to the
areas which serve as habitats of cetaceans and/or which provide important food resources for them. Such
specially protected areas should be established within the framework of the Regional Seas Conventions
(OSPAR, Barcelona and Bucharest Conventions), or within the framework of other appropriate instruments”.
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ʏɻʎɇʐʆɽɼʃɻʎ͕ɻʉʋʉʀɲʋʌɲɶʅɲʏʉʋʉɿɼɽɻʃɸʍʏɻȳɸʆɸʑɻʏʉʆɇɸʋʏɹʅɴʌɿʉʏʉʐϭϵϵϭ͕ʃɳʄɸʍɸʏɲ
Ⱦʌɳʏɻ ʏɻʎ ȷʙʆɻʎ ȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎ ʆɲ ʍʐʆɸʌɶɲʍʏʉʑʆ ʅɸ ʍʃʉʋʊ ʏɻ ʍʑʆɲʗɻ͕ ʐʋʊ ʏɻʆ ɲɿɶʀɷɲ ʏɻʎ
ɇʐʆɽɼʃɻʎ͕ ʅɿɲʎ ʋʉʄʐʅɸʌʉʑʎ ʍʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɻ ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ ʅɿʃʌʙʆ ʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ ʏɻʎ
ɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐʃɲɿʏʉʐȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʐɅʊʆʏʉʐ
Ȱʆɲɶʆʘʌʀɺʉʆʏɲʎ ʊʏɿ ʏɲ ʃɻʏʙɷɻ ɲʋʉʏɸʄʉʑʆ ɲʆɲʋʊʍʋɲʍʏʉ ʅɹʌʉʎ ʏʉʐ ɽɲʄɳʍʍɿʉʐ
ʉɿʃʉʍʐʍʏɼʅɲʏʉʎ͕ ʏʉ ʉʋʉʀʉ ʋʌɹʋɸɿ ʆɲ ɷɿɲʏɻʌɻɽɸʀ ʋʌʉʎ ʊʔɸʄʉʎ ʏʘʆ ʍɻʅɸʌɿʆʙʆ ʃɲɿ ʏʘʆ
ʅɸʄʄʉʆʏɿʃʙʆɶɸʆɸʙʆ͕ʃɲɿʊʏɿɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɼʏʉʐʎɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʀʃʉɿʆɼɲʆɻʍʐʖʀɲ
Ȱʆɲɶʆʘʌʀɺʉʆʏɲʎʏɻʍɻʅɲʍʀɲʏɻʎʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎɷʌɳʍɸʘʆɶɿɲʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕ʅɸ
ɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɸʎ ʋʉʐ ɽɲ ʍʖɸʏʀɺʉʆʏɲɿ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ʃʉɿʆʘʆɿʃʉʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼ ɲʆɳʋʏʐʇɻ ʏʘʆ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆʋʉʐɲʔʉʌɳɻʋɲʌʉʑʍɲɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ͕ʍʐʅʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɲʆʊʅɸʆʘʆʃɲɿʏʘʆ
ɽɲʄɳʍʍɿʘʆɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʉʏɼʏʘʆ͕ʊʋʘʎɻɲʄɿɸʀɲʃɲɿɻɸʄɸʑɽɸʌɻʃʐʃʄʉʔʉʌʀɲʍʃɲʔʙʆʍʑʅʔʘʆɲ
ʅɸʏʉɷɿɸɽʆɹʎɷʀʃɲɿʉ
ȳʆʘʌʀɺʉʆʏɲʎʊʏɿʏʉʃɲɽɸʍʏʙʎɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆʅʋʉʌɸʀʆɲɸʋɻʌɸɲʍʏɸʀɲʌʆɻʏɿʃɳɲʋʊ
ʋɲʌɳɶʉʆʏɸʎ͕ʊʋʘʎɻʐʋʉɴɳɽʅɿʍɻʃɲɿɻɷɿɲʏɳʌɲʇɻʏʘʆʉɿʃʉʏʊʋʘʆʏʉʐʎ͕ɻʌʑʋɲʆʍɻ͕ɻʅɸʀʘʍɻ
ʏʘʆɸʋɿʍɿʏɿʍʏɿʃʙʆʋʊʌʘʆ͕ɻʖʌɼʍɻʃɲɿɻɸɶʃɲʏɳʄɸɿʗɻʅɻɸʋɿʄɸʃʏɿʃʙʆɲʄɿɸʐʏɿʃʙʆɸʌɶɲʄɸʀʘʆ͕
ʃɲɽʙʎʃɲɿɲʋʊɸʍʃɸʅʅɹʆɸʎʃɲɿʏʐʖɲʀɸʎʍʐʄʄɼʗɸɿʎ
Ʉʆʏɲʎ ʋɸʋɸɿʍʅɹʆɲ ʊʏɿ ɻ ɸʐɲɿʍɽɻʍʀɲ ʏʘʆ ʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ ʍɸ ɲʐʏɹʎ ʏɿʎ ɲʋɸɿʄɹʎ ɸʋɿʏɳʍʍɸɿ ʏɻʆ
ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼɸɿɷɿʃʙʆʅɹʏʌʘʆɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎ͕ʍʏɿʎʋɸʌɿʋʏʙʍɸɿʎʋʉʐɲʐʏɳɷɸʆʐʔʀʍʏɲʆʏɲɿɼɷɻ͕ɲʋʊ
Ⱦʌɳʏɻ ɼ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʉʑʎ ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɼʎ ʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎ ʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎ ʋʉʐ ɲʍʃʉʑʆ ɸɽʆɿʃɼ
ʃʐʌɿɲʌʖʀɲʃɲɿͬɼɷɿʃɲɿʉɷʉʍʀɲʍɸʉʋʉɿʉɷɼʋʉʏɸʅɹʌʉʎʏɻʎȷʙʆɻʎȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎ͕ʃɲɿɲʋʊȾʌɳʏɻ͕
ʏɲ ʍʃɳʔɻ ʍɻʅɲʀɲʎ ʏʘʆ ʉʋʉʀʘʆ ɸʅʋʄɹʃʉʆʏɲɿ͕ ɸʃʏʊʎ ʏʘʆ ʉʌʀʘʆ ɸɽʆɿʃɼʎ ɷɿʃɲɿʉɷʉʍʀɲʎ͕ ʍɸ
ɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɸʎʋʉʐɸʆɷɹʖɸʏɲɿʆɲɸʋɻʌɸɳʍʉʐʆʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ
Ɉʉʆʀɺʉʆʏɲʎ ʏɻʆ ɲʆɳɶʃɻ ʋʌʉʙɽɻʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ ɷɿɸʐʃʊʄʐʆʍɻʎ ʏɻʎ ʍʐʆɸʌɶɲʍʀɲʎ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ Ⱦʌɲʏʙʆ͕
ʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʙʆ ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɼʎ ʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎ ʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎ͕ ɷɿɲʃʐɴɸʌʆɻʏɿʃʙʆ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʙʆ ʃɲɿ
ʏʉʐʅɻʃʌɲʏɿʃʉʑʏʉʅɹɲ͕ɶɿɲʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆʏʉʐȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʐɅʊʆʏʉʐ͕ʏɻʎɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐ͕
ʏʘʆ ʐɷɳʏʘʆ ʋʉʐ ɷɿɲʍʐʆɷɹʉʐʆ ɲʐʏɹʎ ʏɿʎ ɽɳʄɲʍʍɸʎ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌɲʃɸʀʅɸʆɻʎ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎ ʏʉʐ
Ȱʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑ
Ʉʆʏɲʎ ʋɸʋɸɿʍʅɹʆɲʊʏɿɻʍʑʆɲʗɻʅɿɲʎ ʋʉʄʐʅɸʌʉʑʎʍʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ʃɲɿɻɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʏɻʎ͕ ʅɹʍʘ
ʍʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʅɹʆʘʆ͕ʃʉɿʆʙʆ͕ɷʌɳʍɸʘʆ͕ɽɲʍʐʅɴɳʄʄʉʐʆʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳʍʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ
ʃɲɿʏʘʆʉɿʃʉʏʊʋʘʆʏʉʐʎ͕ʃɲʏɳʏʉʆʋʄɹʉʆɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʍʅɲʏɿʃʊʏʌʊʋʉ͕ʃɲɿɽɲɲʋʉʔɹʌɸɿʉʔɹʄɻʃɲɿ
ɶɿɲɳʄʄɲɸʀɷɻ
Ȱʆɲɶʆʘʌʀɺʉʆʏɲʎʊʏɿ͕ʋɲʌɳʏɻʆʐʔɿʍʏɳʅɸʆɻɼʏɻʆɸʆɸʇɸʄʀʇɸɿɸʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼɹʌɸʐʆɲ͕ɻɶʆʙʍɻ
ʏɻʎɴɿʉʄʉɶʀɲʎ͕ʏɻʎʉɿʃʉʄʉɶʀɲʎʃɲɿʏɻʎɷʐʆɲʅɿʃɼʎʏʘʆʋʄɻɽʐʍʅʙʆʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆɸʀʆɲɿɸʄʄɿʋɼʎ͕
ʃɲɽʙʎ ʃɲɿ ʊʏɿ ɸʀʆɲɿ ɲʋɲʌɲʀʏɻʏʉ ʆɲ ɲʆɲʋʏʐʖɽɸʀ ɻ ʍʐʆɸʌɶɲʍʀɲ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɹʌɸʐʆɲ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʆ
ʋɲʌɲʃʉʄʉʑɽɻʍɻ ɲʐʏʙʆ ʏʘʆ ɸɿɷʙʆ͕ ʋʌʉʃɸɿʅɹʆʉʐ ʆɲ ɸʔɲʌʅʉʍʏʉʑʆ ʋʄɼʌʘʎ ʏɲ ʅɹʏʌɲ
ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎ
Ȱʆɲɶʆʘʌʀɺʉʆʏɲʎ͕ ɸʋɿʋʄɹʉʆ͕ ʊʏɿ ɻ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʍʅɲʏɿʃɼ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ ʅɿɲʎ ʏɹʏʉɿɲʎ ʍʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ɽɲ

ɲʋɲɿʏɼʍɸɿʏɻʆʋɲʌʉʖɼʍʐʆɷʌʉʅɼʎ͕ʍɸʋʆɸʑʅɲɲʄʄɻʄɸɶɶʑɻʎ͕ʋʌʉʎʅɸʌɿʃɳȾʌɳʏɻʏɻʎ ȷʙʆɻʎ
ȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎ͕ɶɿɲʏɻʆɹʌɸʐʆɲ͕ʏɻʆɸʃʋɲʀɷɸʐʍɻʃɲɿʏɻʆʋɲʌɲʃʉʄʉʑɽɻʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆʃɲɿʏʘʆ
ʉɿʃʉʏʊʋʘʆʏʉʐʎ͕ʃɲɽʙʎʃɲɿɶɿɲʏɻɷɻʅɿʉʐʌɶʀɲɼʏɻɴɸʄʏʀʘʍɻɸʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃʙʆʃɲɿɷɿʉɿʃɻʏɿʃʙʆ
ɽɸʍʅʙʆ
Ȱʆɲɶʆʘʌʀɺʉʆʏɲʎ ʏɻ ʍɻʅɲʍʀɲ ɳʄʄʘʆ ʋɲɶʃʊʍʅɿʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʙʆ ɸʋʀʍɻʅʘʆ ʋʌɳʇɸʘʆ
ʍʖɸʏɿʃʙʆ ʅɸ ʏɻ ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ ʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕ ʉɿ ʉʋʉʀɸʎ ɹʖʉʐʆ ʐʋʉɶʌɲʔɸʀ ɲʋʊ ʋʉʄʄɳ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ͕ ʊʋʘʎ ɻ ȴɿɸɽʆɼʎ ɇʑʅɴɲʍɻ ɶɿɲ ʏɻ ʌʑɽʅɿʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʔɲʄɲɿʆʉɽɻʌʀɲʎ͕ ʏʉʐ
ɹʏʉʐʎϭϵϰϲ͕ɻɇʑʅɴɲʍɻɶɿɲʏɻʆʋʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʏɻʎɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐɲʋʊʏɻʌʑʋɲʆʍɻ͕ʏʉʐɹʏʉʐʎϭϵϳϲ͕
ʏɲ ʍʐʆɲʔɼ ʏɻʎ Ʌʌʘʏʊʃʉʄʄɲ ʃɲɿ ʏʉ ɇʖɹɷɿʉ ȴʌɳʍɻʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɻ ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ ʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ ʏɻʎ
ɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐʋʉʐʐɿʉɽɸʏɼɽɻʃɲʆʐʋʊʏɻʆɲɿɶʀɷɲʏɻʎʏʉɹʏʉʎϭϵϵϭ͕ɻɇʑʅɴɲʍɻɶɿɲʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻ
ʏɻʎɳɶʌɿɲʎɺʘɼʎʃɲɿʏʉʐʔʐʍɿʃʉʑʋɸʌɿɴɳʄʄʉʆʏʉʎʏɻʎȵʐʌʙʋɻʎ͕ʏʉʐɹʏʉʐʎϭϵϳϵ͕ɻɇʑʅɴɲʍɻ
ʏʘʆ ȸʆʘʅɹʆʘʆ ȵɽʆʙʆ ɶɿɲ ʏʉ ȴʀʃɲɿʉ ʏɻʎ Ⱥɳʄɲʍʍɲʎ͕ ʏʉʐ ɹʏʉʐʎ ϭϵϴϮ͕ ɻ ɇʑʅɴɲʍɻ ɶɿɲ ʏɻ
ɴɿʉʄʉɶɿʃɼʋʉɿʃɿʄʊʏɻʏɲ͕ʏʉʐɹʏʉʐʎϭϵϵϮ͕ɻɇʑʅɴɲʍɻɶɿɲʏɻʆʋʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʏʉʐȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʐɅʊʆʏʉʐ
ɲʋʊ ʏɻ ʌʑʋɲʆʍɻ͕ ʏʉʐ ɹʏʉʐʎ ϭϵϵϮ ʃɲɿ ʏʉ Ʌɲɶʃʊʍʅɿʉ ɇʖɹɷɿʉ ȴʌɳʍɻʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɻ ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻ͕ ʏɻ
ɷɿɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʆ ɲʇɿʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ ɽɲʄɳʍʍɿʘʆ ɽɻʄɲʍʏɿʃʙʆ ʏʉʐ Ʌʌʉɶʌɳʅʅɲʏʉʎ ʏʘʆ
ȸʆʘʅɹʆʘʆ ȵɽʆʙʆ ɶɿɲ ʏʉ Ʌɸʌɿɴɳʄʄʉʆ͕ ʋʉʐ ʐɿʉɽɸʏɼɽɻʃɸ ʏʉ ɹʏʉʎ ϭϵϴϰ͕ ʃɲɽʙʎ ʃɲɿ ʉɿ
ʋʌʘʏʉɴʉʐʄʀɸʎ͕ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ɳʄʄʘʆ͕ ʏʉʐ ȳɸʆɿʃʉʑ ɇʐʅɴʉʐʄʀʉʐ Ȱʄɿɸʀɲʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɻ ɀɸʍʊɶɸɿʉ͕ ʏɻʎ
ȴɿɸɽʆʉʑʎ ȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼ ȴɿɸʌɸʑʆɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐ͕ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ȴɿɸɽʆʉʑʎ
ȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼʎɶɿɲʏɻȴɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆȺʐʆʆʉɸɿɷʙʆʏʉʐȰʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑ
ɇʐʅʔʙʆɻʍɲʆʍʏɲɸʇɼʎ͗

ȱʌɽʌʉȻ
Ʌɸɷʀʉɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʎ͕ʉʌɿʍʅʉʀʃɲɿɸʌʅɻʆɸʀɲ

ϭ͘ɲͿɈʉɶɸʘɶʌɲʔɿʃʊʋɸɷʀʉɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʎʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ɸʔɸʇɼʎɲʆɲʔɸʌʊʅɸʆʉʘʎɻ
ͨʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʎ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ͩ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʀʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʊʄɲ ʏɲ ɽɲʄɳʍʍɿɲ ʑɷɲʏɲ ʏʉʐ
ȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʐ Ʌʊʆʏʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʏʉʐʎ ʃʊʄʋʉʐʎ ʃɲɿ ʏɿʎ ɽɳʄɲʍʍɹʎ ʏʉʐʎ͕ ʃɲɿ ʏɲ
ɸʍʘʏɸʌɿʃɳʑɷɲʏɲʋʉʐʍʐʆɷɹʉʆʏɲɿɼɷɿɲʍʐʆɷɹʉʐʆɲʐʏɳʏɲɽɲʄɳʍʍɿɲʑɷɲʏɲ͕ʃɲɿʏɻʎʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎ
ʏʉʐȰʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑʋʉʐɶɸɿʏʆɿɳɺɸɿʅɸʏɻɀɸʍʊɶɸɿʉȺɳʄɲʍʍɲɷʐʏɿʃɳʏʘʆɇʏɸʆʙʆʏʉʐȳɿɴʌɲʄʏɳʌ͘
ȳɿɲʏʉʐʎʍʃʉʋʉʑʎʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͗
Ͳ ʉ ȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʎ Ʌʊʆʏʉʎ ʉʌɿʉɽɸʏɸʀʏɲɿ ʋʌʉʎ ʏɲ ʆʉʏɿʉɷʐʏɿʃɳ ɲʋʊ ʏɻ ɶʌɲʅʅɼ ʋʉʐ ɸʆʙʆɸɿ ʏɲ
ɲʃʌʘʏɼʌɿɲ<ĞůĂŐĂʃɲɿĂůǇĂŶ;ɈʉʐʌʃʀɲͿ͕
Ͳ ɻ ɀɸʍʊɶɸɿʉʎ Ⱥɳʄɲʍʍɲ ʉʌɿʉɽɸʏɸʀʏɲɿ ɲʆɲʏʉʄɿʃɳ ɲʋʊ ʏɲ ʆʊʏɿɲ ʊʌɿɲ ʏʘʆ ɇʏɸʆʙʆ ʏʘʆ
ȴɲʌɷɲʆɸʄʀʘʆ͕ʅɸʏɲʇʑʏʘʆʔɳʌʘʆʏʉʐDĞŚŵĞƚĐŝŬʃɲɿʏʉʐ<ƵŵŬĂůĞ;ɈʉʐʌʃʀɲͿʃɲɿɷʐʏɿʃɳɲʋʊ
ʏʉʆʅɸʍɻʅɴʌɿʆʊʋʉʐɷɿɹʌʖɸʏɲɿʅɹʍʘʏʉʐʔɳʌʉʐʏʉʐɲʃʌʘʏɼʌɿʉʐ^ƉĂƌƚĞů͕ʍʏɻʆɸʀʍʉɷʉʏʘʆ
ɇʏɸʆʙʆʏʉʐȳɿɴʌɲʄʏɳʌ͕ʃɲɿ
Ͳ ɻ ʋɲʌɲʃɸʀʅɸʆɻ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ ʏʉʐ Ȱʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑ ɷʐʏɿʃɳ ʏʘʆ ɇʏɸʆʙʆ ʏʉʐ ȳɿɴʌɲʄʏɳʌ ʉʌɿʉɽɸʏɸʀʏɲɿ
ɲʆɲʏʉʄɿʃɳɲʋʊʏʉʆʅɸʍɻʅɴʌɿʆʊʋʉʐɷɿɹʌʖɸʏɲɿʅɹʍʘʏʉʐʔɳʌʉʐʏʉʐɲʃʌʘʏɻʌʀʉʐ^ƉĂƌƚĞůʃɲɿ
ɷʐʏɿʃɳ ɲʋʊ ʏɻ ɶʌɲʅʅɼ ʋʉʐ ʍʐʆɷɹɸɿ ʏʉʐʎ ʔɳʌʉʐʎ ʏʉʐ ɲʃʌʘʏɻʌʀʉʐ ʏʉʐ Ȱɶʀʉʐ Ȳɿʃɸʆʏʀʉʐ
;ɅʉʌʏʉɶɲʄʀɲͿʃɲɿʏɻʎȾɲɺɲʅʋʄɳʆʃɲ;ɀɲʌʊʃʉͿ͘
ɴͿ Ⱦɲʅʀɲ ɷɿɳʏɲʇɻ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ʃɲɿ ʃɲʅʀɲ ʋʌɳʇɻ ʋʉʐ ʐɿʉɽɸʏɸʀʏɲɿ ɴɳʍɸɿ ʏɻʎ
ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ɷɸʆ ɽʀɶɸɿ ʏɲ ɷɿʃɲɿʙʅɲʏɲ ʃɲɿ ʏɿʎ ʐʋʉʖʌɸʙʍɸɿʎ͕ ʏɿʎ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɸʎ ʃɲɿ
ʅɸʄʄʉʆʏɿʃɹʎɲʋɲɿʏɼʍɸɿʎɼʆʉʅɿʃɹʎɽɹʍɸɿʎʉʋʉɿʉʐɷɼʋʉʏɸȾʌɳʏʉʐʎ͕ʍʖɸʏɿʃɳʅɸʏʉɷʀʃɲɿʉʏɻʎ
ɽɳʄɲʍʍɲʎ ɼ ʅɸ ʏɻ ɇʑʅɴɲʍɻ ʏʉʐ ɀʉʆʏʌɹ ʏɻʎ ϮϬɻʎ Ȼʉʐʄʀʉʐ ϭϵϯϲ ;ɇʑʅɴɲʍɻ ʍʖɸʏɿʃɳ ʅɸ ʏʉ
ʃɲɽɸʍʏʙʎ ʏʘʆ ʍʏɸʆʙʆͿ͕ ʃɲɿ ɿɷʀʘʎ ʏɻ ʔʑʍɻ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʆ ɹʃʏɲʍɻ ʏʘʆ ɽɲʄɳʍʍɿʘʆ ʋɸʌɿʉʖʙʆ͕ ʏɻʆ
ʉʌɿʉɽɹʏɻʍɻʏʘʆɽɲʄɳʍʍɿʘʆʋɸʌɿʉʖʙʆʅɸʏɲʇʑȾʌɲʏʙʆʅɸɲʆʏɿʃɸʀʅɸʆɸʎɼʋɲʌɲʃɸʀʅɸʆɸʎɲʃʏɹʎ͕
ʏɻʆ ɸʄɸʐɽɸʌʀɲ ʏɻʎ ʆɲʐʍɿʋʄʉʂɲʎ ʍʏɻʆ ɲʆʉɿʃʏɼ ɽɳʄɲʍʍɲ͕ ʏʉ ɷɿʃɲʀʘʅɲ ʃɲɿ ʏʉʐʎ ʏʌʊʋʉʐʎ
ɷɿɹʄɸʐʍɻʎ ʅɹʍʘ ʍʏɸʆʙʆ ʋʉʐ ʖʌɻʍɿʅʉʋʉɿʉʑʆʏɲɿ ɶɿɲ ɷɿɸɽʆɼ ʆɲʐʍɿʋʄʉʂɲ ʃɲɿ ʏʉ ɷɿʃɲʀʘʅɲ
ɲɴʄɲɴʉʑʎɷɿɹʄɸʐʍɻʎɲʋʊʖʘʌɿʃɳʑɷɲʏɲ͕ʃɲɽʙʎʃɲɿʏɻʔʑʍɻʃɲɿʏɻʆɹʃʏɲʍɻʏɻʎɷɿʃɲɿʉɷʉʍʀɲʎ
ʏʉʐʋɲʌɳʃʏɿʉʐȾʌɳʏʉʐʎ͕ʏʉʐȾʌɳʏʉʐʎʍɻʅɲʀɲʎʃɲɿʏʉʐȾʌɳʏʉʐʎʄɿʅɹʆɲ͘
ɶͿȾɲʅʀɲʋʌɳʇɻɼɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɲʋʉʐɲʆɲʄɲʅɴɳʆɸʏɲɿɴɳʍɸɿʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎɷɸʆ
ɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʀʄʊɶʉɶɿɲʏɻɷɿɸʃɷʀʃɻʍɻ͕ʏɻʆʐʋʉʍʏɼʌɿʇɻɼʏɻʆɲʅʔɿʍɴɼʏɻʍɻʉʋʉɿɲʍɷɼʋʉʏɸɲʇʀʘʍɻʎ
ɶɿɲɸɽʆɿʃɼʃʐʌɿɲʌʖʀɲɼɷɿʃɲɿʉɷʉʍʀɲ͘
Ϯ͘ ȸ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ ɿʍʖʑɸɿ ɶɿɲ ʊʄɲ ʏɲʃɻʏʙɷɻʅɸ ȷʙʆɻ ȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎ ʋʉʐ ɴʌʀʍʃɸʏɲɿ ɸʇ
ʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʉʐ ɼ ɸʆ ʅɹʌɸɿ ɸʆʏʊʎ ʏɻʎ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʎ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ɼ ʋʉʐ ʏʐʖɲʀɲ ɼ
ʋɸʌɿʍʏɲʍɿɲʃɳʍʐʖʆɳɺʉʐʆʍʏɻʆ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʎ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ ɸʆɷɸɿʃʏɿʃʊʎ ʃɲʏɳʄʉɶʉʎ
ʏʘʆʉʋʉʀʘʆʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɳʆɸʏɲɿʍʏʉɅɲʌɳʌʏɻʅɲȻʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘
ϯ͘ȳɿɲʏʉʐʎʍʃʉʋʉʑʎʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͗
ɲͿʉʊʌʉʎͨȾɻʏʙɷɻͩʍɻʅɲʀʆɸɿʏɲɺʙɲ͕ʍʐʅʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɲʆʊʅɸʆʘʆʃɲɿʏʘʆɲʏʊʅʘʆ͕ɸʃɸʀʆʘʆʏʘʆ
ɸɿɷʙʆ͕ʐʋʉɸɿɷʙʆɼʋʄɻɽʐʍʅʙʆʏʘʆKĚŽŶƚŽĐĞƚŝɼDǇƐƚŝĐĞƚŝ͕
ɴͿʉʊʌʉʎͨɇʑʅɴɲʍɻͩʍɻʅɲʀʆɸɿʏɻɇʑʅɴɲʍɻɶɿɲʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆɲʋʉɷɻʅɻʏɿʃʙʆɸɿɷʙʆʋʉʐ
ɲʆɼʃʉʐʆʍʏɻʆɳɶʌɿɲʋɲʆʀɷɲ͕ʏʉʐɹʏʉʐʎϭϵϳϵ͕
ɶͿʉʊʌʉʎͨȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʑʅɴɲʍɻʎͩʍɻʅɲʀʆɸɿʏʉʊʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʐɹʖɸɿʍʐʍʏɲɽɸʀʍʑʅʔʘʆɲʅɸ
ʏʉȱʌɽʌʉȻɍʏɻʎɇʑʅɴɲʍɻʎ͕
ɷͿʉʊʌʉʎͨȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎͩʍɻʅɲʀʆɸɿʏʉʊʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʐɹʖɸɿʍʐʍʏɲɽɸʀɴɳʍɸɿʏʉʐ
ȱʌɽʌʉʐ///͕ʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉʎϳ͕ʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕
ɸͿʉʊʌʉʎͨȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼͩʍɻʅɲʀʆɸɿʏʉʊʌɶɲʆʉʋʉʐɹʖɸɿʍʐʍʏɲɽɸʀɴɳʍɸɿʏʉʐȱʌɽʌʉʐ
ȻȻȻʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉʎϳ͕ʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʑʅɴɲʍɻʎ͕
ʍʏͿʉʊʌʉʎͨȷʙʆɻȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎͩʍɻʅɲʀʆɸɿʊʄɸʎʏɿʎʐɷɳʏɿʆɸʎʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎʍʏɿʎʉʋʉʀɸʎɹʆɲʃɻʏʙɷɸʎ
ʃɲʏʉɿʃɸʀ͕ɷɿɲʅɹʆɸɿʋʌʉʍʘʌɿʆɳɼɷɿɲʍʖʀɺɸɿ͕ɲʆɳʋɳʍɲʍʏɿɶʅɼ͕ʃɲʏɳʏɻʍʐʆɼɽɻɲʋʉɷɻʅɻʏɿʃɼ
ʏʉʐʋʉʌɸʀɲ͕ɸʆʏʊʎʏɻʎʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎɿʍʖʑʉʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕
ɺͿʉʊʌʉʎ ͨȾʌɳʏʉʎʏɻʎ ȷʙʆɻʎ ȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎͩʍɻʅɲʀʆɸɿʉʋʉɿʉɷɼʋʉʏɸȾʌɳʏʉʎ ɲʍʃɸʀʏɻʆɸɽʆɿʃɼ
ʃʐʌɿɲʌʖʀɲ ʃɲɿͬɼ ʏɻ ɷɿʃɲɿʉɷʉʍʀɲ ʏʉʐ͕ ʍɸ ʉʋʉɿʉɷɼʋʉʏɸ ʅɹʌʉʎ ʏɻʎ ȷʙʆɻʎ ȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎ ɸʆʊʎ
ʋʄɻɽʐʍʅʉʑʃɻʏʘɷʙʆʋʉʐʃɲʄʑʋʏɸʏɲɿɲʋʊʏɻʆʋɲʌʉʑʍɲɇʑʅɴɲʍɻ͕ɼɹʆɲȾʌɳʏʉʎ͕ʏɲʋʄʉʀɲ
ʍɻʅɲʀɲʎʏʉʐʉʋʉʀʉʐɸʅʋʄɹʃʉʆʏɲɿʍɸɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɸʎ͕ʍʏɻʆʋɸʌɿʉʖɼɿʍʖʑʉʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕
ʋʉʐɸʆɷɹʖɸʏɲɿʆɲɸʋɻʌɸɳʍʉʐʆʏɻʆʋʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕
ɻͿʉʊʌʉʎͨʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʊʎʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʊʎʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎͩʍɻʅɲʀʆɸɿɹʆɲʆʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʊ
ʋʉʐɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʀʏɲɿɲʋʊʃʐʌʀɲʌʖɲȾʌɳʏɻʃɲɿɹʖɸɿɲʌʅʉɷɿʊʏɻʏɲʍɸʍʖɹʍɻʅɸʏɻɷɿɲʋʌɲɶʅɳʏɸʐʍɻ͕
ʏɻ ʍʑʆɲʗɻ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʆ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ ɷɿɸɽʆʙʆ ʍʐʅʔʘʆɿʙʆ ʍɸ ɽɹʅɲʏɲ ʋʉʐ ʃɲʄʑʋʏʉʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ
ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ͕
ɽͿ ʉ ʊʌʉʎ ͨɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʉ ɀɹʌʉʎͩ ʍɻʅɲʀʆɸɿ ɹʆɲ Ⱦʌɳʏʉʎ ʏɻʎ ȷʙʆɻʎ ȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎ ɼ ɹʆɲʆ
ʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʊ ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɼʎ ʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎ ʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎ ɶɿɲ ʏʉʆ ʉʋʉʀʉ ɿʍʖʑɸɿ ɻ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ
ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ͕
ɿͿʉʊʌʉʎͨɉʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɹʌɸɿɲ͕ͩɲʆɳʄʉɶɲʅɸʏɲʍʐɶʃɸʃʌɿʅɹʆɲʍʐʅʔʌɲɺʊʅɸʆɲ͕ʍɻʅɲʀʆɸɿɸʀʏɸʏɻʆ
ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʋʉʐʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɳʆɸɿʏɲʋɲʌɳʃʏɿɲȾʌɳʏɻʏʉʐȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʐɅʊʆʏʉʐɸʀʏɸʏɻʆʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʋʉʐ
ʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɳʆɸɿʏɲʋɲʌɳʃʏɿɲȾʌɳʏɻʏɻʎɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐȺɳʄɲʍʍɲʎʃɲɿʏɻʎʋɲʌɲʃɸʀʅɸʆɻʎʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎ
ʏʉʐ Ȱʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑ͘ Ƀʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸ ɲʆɲʔʉʌɳ ʍʏɻ ɇʑʅɴɲʍɻ ʍɸ Ⱦʌɳʏɻ ʅɿɲʎ ɸɿɷɿʃʊʏɸʌɻʎ
ɉʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɹʌɸɿɲʎʋʌɹʋɸɿʆɲɽɸʘʌɸʀʏɲɿʊʏɿʍɻʅɲʀʆɸɿʏɲȾʌɳʏɻʏɲʉʋʉʀɲɹʖʉʐʆʉʋʉɿʉɷɼʋʉʏɸ
ʅɹʌʉʎʏʘʆʖʘʌɿʃʙʆʏʉʐʎʐɷɳʏʘʆɸʆʏʊʎʏɻʎɉʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɹʌɸɿɲʎ͕ʃɲɽʙʎʃɲɿʏɲȾʌɳʏɻ͕ʏɲʍʃɳʔɻ
ʍɻʅɲʀɲʎ ʏʘʆ ʉʋʉʀʘʆ ɸʅʋʄɹʃʉʆʏɲɿ ʍɸ ɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɸʎ ʋʉʐ ɸʆɷɹʖɸʏɲɿ ʆɲ ɸʋɻʌɸɳʍʉʐʆ ʏɻʆ
ʋʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆʍʏɻʆɸʆʄʊɶʘɉʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɹʌɸɿɲ͕ʃɲɿ
ɿɲͿ ʉ ʊʌʉʎ ͨʉɿʃʊʏʉʋʉʎͩ ʍɻʅɲʀʆɸɿ ʃɳɽɸ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ ʍʏɻ ȷʙʆɻ ȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ ʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕ ʊʋʉʐ
ɲʐʏɳ ʃɲʏʉɿʃʉʑʆ͕ ʋʌʉʍʘʌɿʆɳ ɼ ʅʊʆɿʅɲ͕ ʃɲɿ ɿɷʀʘʎ ʏɿʎ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎ ɸʋɿʍʀʏɿʍɻʎ͕ ʏʉʃɸʏʉʑ ɼ
ɲʆɲʋɲʌɲɶʘɶɼʎ͕ʃɲɿʏɿʎʅɸʏɲʆɲʍʏɸʐʏɿʃɹʎʉɷʉʑʎ͘
ȵʋɿʋʄɹʉʆ͕ʉɿʊʌʉɿʋʉʐʉʌʀɺʉʆʏɲɿʍʏʉȱʌɽʌʉů͕ʐʋʉʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉɿϭɲͿɹʘʎɸͿʃɲɿɽͿʏɻʎɇʐʆɽɼʃɻʎ͕
ɹʖʉʐʆʏɻʆʀɷɿɲɹʆʆʉɿɲ͕ʏɻʌʉʐʅɹʆʘʆʏʘʆɲʆɲʄʉɶɿʙʆ͕ʍʏɻʆʋɲʌʉʑʍɲɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ͘
ϰ͘ȸʋɲʌʉʑʍɲɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʀʍʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʃɲʏɳʏɻʆɹʆʆʉɿɲʏʉʐȱʌɽʌʉʐ/s͕ʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉʎ
ϰ͕ʏɻʎɇʑʅɴɲʍɻʎ͘
ϱ͘ Ɉɲ ʋɲʌɲʌʏɼʅɲʏɲ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ɲʋʉʏɸʄʉʑʆ ɲʆɲʋʊʍʋɲʍʏʉ ʅɹʌʉʎ ʏɻʎ͕ ʃɲɿ
ʉʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸɲʆɲʔʉʌɳʍʏɻɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɳʆɸɿʅɿɲɲʆɲʔʉʌɳʍʏɲʋɲʌɲʌʏɼʅɲʏɳʏɻʎ͘

ȱʌɽʌʉȻȻ
ɇʃʉʋʊʎʃɲɿʅɹʏʌɲɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎ

ϭ͘ Ɉɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ ʄɲʅɴɳʆʉʐʆ ʍʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʅɹʆɲ ʅɹʏʌɲ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɸʋʀʏɸʐʇɻ ʃɲɿ ʏɻ
ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻɸʆʊʎ ɸʐʆʉʁʃʉʑʃɲɽɸʍʏʙʏʉʎ ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎ ɶɿɲʏɲʃɻʏʙɷɻ͘ȳɿɲʏʉʆ ʍʃʉʋʊɲʐʏʊ͕ʏɲ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻɲʋɲɶʉʌɸʑʉʐʆʃɲɿʄɲʅɴɳʆʉʐʆʊʄɲʏɲɲʆɲɶʃɲʀɲʅɹʏʌɲɶɿɲʏɻʆɸʇɳʄɸɿʗɻ͕
ʊʋʉʐ ɲʐʏʊ ɷɸʆ ɹʖɸɿ ɼɷɻ ɶʀʆɸɿ͕ ʉʋʉɿɲʍɷɼʋʉʏɸ ʍʃʊʋɿʅɻʎ ʍʑʄʄɻʗɻʎ ʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ ʃɲɿ
ʍʐʆɸʌɶɳɺʉʆʏɲɿɶɿɲʏɻɷɻʅɿʉʐʌɶʀɲʃɲɿʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻɸʆʊʎɷɿʃʏʑʉʐɸɿɷɿʃɳʋʌʉʍʏɲʏɸʐʊʅɸʆʘʆ
ʋɸʌɿʉʖʙʆɶɿɲʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͘
Ϯ͘Ƀʋʉɿʉɷɼʋʉʏɸɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʉɀɹʌʉʎʅʋʉʌɸʀʆɲʖʉʌɻɶɸʀɸʇɲʀʌɸʍɻɲʋʊʏɻʆɲʋɲɶʊʌɸʐʍɻʋʉʐ
ʋʌʉɴʄɹʋɸʏɲɿʍʏɻʆʋʌʉɻɶʉʑʅɸʆɻʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉ͕ʅʊʆʉʍɸʋɸʌɿʋʏʙʍɸɿʎɹʃʏɲʃʏɻʎɲʆɳɶʃɻʎ͕ʊʋʘʎ
ʋʌʉɴʄɹʋɸʏɲɿʍʏʉɅɲʌɳʌʏɻʅɲϮ͕ʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉʎϲ͕ɼ͕ɲʔʉʑʄɳɴɸɿʏɻɶʆʙʅɻʏɻʎȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼʎ
ȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼʎ͕ʅɸʍʃʉʋʊʏɻʅɻɽɲʆɲʏɻʔʊʌʉɸʋɿʏʊʋɿɲɹʌɸʐʆɲʋʉʐɲʋʉʍʃʉʋɸʀʍʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻɸʆʊʎ
ɸʐʆʉʁʃʉʑʃɲɽɸʍʏʙʏʉʎʋʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʎɶɿɲʏɲʃɻʏʙɷɻ͘Ɉʉɸʆɷɿɲʔɸʌʊʅɸʆʉɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʉɀɹʌʉʎ
ɸʆɻʅɸʌʙʆɸɿɲʅɹʍʘʎ ʏʉɅʌʉɸɷʌɸʀʉʃɲɿʏɻʆȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼ͕ʅɹʍʘʏɻʎ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʎ
ʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ɶɿɲʃɳɽɸʏɹʏʉɿɲɸʇɲʀʌɸʍɻʋʉʐɹʖɸɿʖʉʌɻɶɻɽɸʀ͘ȸȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ
ɸʆɻʅɸʌʙʆɸɿʊʄɲʏɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻɶɿɲʏɻʆɸʇɲʀʌɸʍɻ͕ʖʘʌʀʎʃɲɽʐʍʏɹʌɻʍɻ͕ʅɸʏʉʋʄɹʉʆ
ʋʌʊʍʔʉʌʉʅɹʍʉ͘
ϯ͘ȵʋɿʋʄɹʉʆ͕ʏɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻɸʔɲʌʅʊɺʉʐʆ͕ɸʆʏʊʎʏʘʆʉʌʀʘʆʏɻʎɸɽʆɿʃɼʎʃʐʌɿɲʌʖʀɲʎ
ʃɲɿͬɼ ʏɻʎ ɷɿʃɲɿʉɷʉʍʀɲʎ ʏʉʐʎ ʃɲɿ ʍʑʅʔʘʆɲ ʅɸ ʏɿʎ ɷɿɸɽʆɸʀʎ ʐʋʉʖʌɸʙʍɸɿʎ ʏʉʐʎ͕ ʏɲ ʅɹʏʌɲ
ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎ͕ ɹʌɸʐʆɲʎ ʃɲɿ ɷɿɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻʎ ʋʉʐ ʋʌʉɴʄɹʋʉʆʏɲɿ ʍʏʉ Ʌɲʌɳʌʏɻʅɲ Ϯ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ
ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʏɲʉʋʉʀɲɳʋʏʉʆʏɲɿʏʘʆɲʃʊʄʉʐɽʘʆɽɸʅɳʏʘʆ͗
ɲͿʐɿʉɽɹʏɻʍɻʃɲɿɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʏɻʎɸɽʆɿʃɼʎʆʉʅʉɽɸʍʀɲʎ͕
ɴͿɲʇɿʉʄʊɶɻʍɻʃɲɿɷɿɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻʏʘʆɲʄʄɻʄɸʋɿɷʌɳʍɸʘʆɲʆɽʌʙʋʘʆͲʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕
ɶͿʋʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʏʘʆʉɿʃʉʏʊʋʘʆ͕
ɷͿɹʌɸʐʆɲʃɲɿʋɲʌɲʃʉʄʉʑɽɻʍɻ͕
ɸͿʉɿʃʉɷʊʅɻʍɻɷʐʆɲʅɿʃʉʑ͕ʍʐʄʄʉɶɼʃɲɿɷɿɳɷʉʍɻʋʄɻʌʉʔʉʌɿʙʆ͕ʃɲʏɳʌʏɿʍɻʃɲɿɸʃʋɲʀɷɸʐʍɻ͕
ʃɲɿ
ʍʏͿɲʆʏɲʋʊʃʌɿʍɻʍɸʃɲʏɲʍʏɳʍɸɿʎɹʃʏɲʃʏɻʎɲʆɳɶʃɻʎ͘
Dɹʏʌɲʋʉʐɲʔʉʌʉʑʆʍʏɿʎɲʄɿɸʐʏɿʃɹʎɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɸʎɸʔɲʌʅʊɺʉʆʏɲɿʍɸʊʄɲʏɲʑɷɲʏɲʐʋʊʏɻʆ
ɸɽʆɿʃɼ ʃʐʌɿɲʌʖʀɲ ʃɲɿͬɼ ʏɻ ɷɿʃɲɿʉɷʉʍʀɲ ʏʉʐʎ ʃɲɿ ɸʃʏʊʎ ʏʘʆ ʐɷɳʏʘʆ ɲʐʏʙʆ͕ ʍɸ ʍʖɹʍɻ ʅɸ
ʉʋʉɿʉɷɼʋʉʏɸʋʄʉʀʉʐʋʊʏɻʍɻʅɲʀɲʏʉʐʎɼʆɻʉʄʉɶɻʅɹʆʉʍʏɻʆɸʋɿʃʌɳʏɸɿɳʏʉʐʎ͘
ϰ͘Ⱦɲʏɳʏɻʆɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʏʘʆʅɹʏʌʘʆʋʉʐʋɸʌɿɶʌɳʔʉʆʏɲɿɲʆʘʏɹʌʘ͕ʏɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻ
ɸʔɲʌʅʊɺʉʐʆʏɻʆɲʌʖɼʏɻʎʋʌʉʔʑʄɲʇɻʎ͘

ȱʌɽʌʉȻȻȻ
ɇʑʆʉɷʉʎʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ

Ȼ͘ ȸ ɇʑʆʉɷʉʎ ʏʘʆ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʀ ʏʉ ʊʌɶɲʆʉ ʄɼʗɻʎ ɲʋʉʔɳʍɸʘʆ ʏɻʎ
ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘
Ϯ͘ Ƀ Ⱥɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲʎ ʍʐɶʃɲʄɸʀ͕ ʍɸ ʍʐʆɸʆʆʊɻʍɻ ʅɸ ʏɻ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʆɽɼʃɻʎ͕ ʅɿɲ
ʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʆʊɷʉʐ ʏʘʆ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ ʏʉ
ɲʌɶʊʏɸʌʉɹʆɲɹʏʉʎɲʋʊʏɻʆɻʅɸʌʉʅɻʆʀɲɹʆɲʌʇɻʎɿʍʖʑʉʎʏɻʎ͘ɇʏɻʍʐʆɹʖɸɿɲ͕ɻȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎ
ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎʍʐɶʃɲʄɸʀ͕ʍɸʍʐʆɸʆʆʊɻʍɻʅɸʏɻȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʑʅɴɲʍɻʎ͕ʏɲʃʏɿʃɹʎʍʐʆɸɷʌɿɳʍɸɿʎ
ʏɻʎɇʐʆʊɷʉʐʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͕ʃɲʏɳɷɿɲʍʏɼʅɲʏɲʊʖɿʅɸɶɲʄʑʏɸʌɲʏʘʆʏʌɿʙʆɸʏʙʆ͕
ɸʃʏʊʎɸɳʆɻɇʑʆʉɷʉʎʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆɲʋʉʔɲʍʀʍɸɿɷɿɲʔʉʌɸʏɿʃɳ͘
ϯ͘ ȸ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ʍʐɶʃɲʄɸʀ ɹʃʏɲʃʏɻ ʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʆʊɷʉʐ ʏʘʆ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ ʅɸʏɳ ɲʋʊ ɶʌɲʋʏʊ ɲʀʏɻʅɲ ʏʉʐʄɳʖɿʍʏʉʆ ʏʘʆ ɷʑʉ ʏʌʀʏʘʆ ʏʘʆ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͘
ϰ͘ Ɉɲ ȸʆʘʅɹʆɲ ȶɽʆɻ͕ ʉɿ ȵʇɸɿɷɿʃɸʐʅɹʆɸʎ ɉʋɻʌɸʍʀɸʎ ʏʉʐʎ͕ ʉ ȴɿɸɽʆɼʎ Ƀʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʊʎ Ȱʏʉʅɿʃɼʎ
ȵʆɹʌɶɸɿɲʎ͕ ʉʋʉɿʉɷɼʋʉʏɸ Ⱦʌɳʏʉʎ ʅɻ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʉ ɀɹʌʉʎ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ ʉɿ
ɶʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɸʎ ɳʄʄʘʆ ʋɲɶʃʊʍʅɿʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʙʆ ʍʐʅɴɳʍɸʘʆ ɼ ʍʐʅʔʘʆɿʙʆ ʋʉʐ
ɲʔʉʌʉʑʆ͕ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ɳʄʄʘʆ͕ ʏɻ ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ ʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕ ʃɲɿ ʉɿ ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʉʀ ɼ
ʐʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʉʀ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʉʀ ɷɿɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻʎ ʏɻʎ ɲʄɿɸʀɲʎ͕ ʅɸ ɲʌʅʉɷɿʊʏɻʏɲ ʍʏɲ ɸʀɷɻ ʋʉʐ
ʃɲʏʉɿʃʉʑʆ͕ ʋʌʉʍʘʌɿʆɳ ɼ ʅʊʆɿʅɲ͕ ʍʏɻʆ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ ɿʍʖʑʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ ʅʋʉʌʉʑʆ ʆɲ
ɸʃʋʌʉʍʘʋʉʑʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɻʏɹʎ ʍʏɿʎ ʍʐʆɸɷʌɿɳʍɸɿʎ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʆʊɷʉʐ ʏʘʆ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ
ɀɸʌʙʆ͘Ƀʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸɳʄʄɻʐʋɻʌɸʍʀɲɼʔʉʌɹɲʎʋʉʐɷɿɲɽɹʏɸɿʏɸʖʆʉɶʆʘʍʀɲʍʏʉʆʏʉʅɹɲʏɻʎ
ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ ʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ ʅʋʉʌɸʀ ʆɲ ɸʃʋʌʉʍʘʋɻɽɸʀ ʍʏɿʎ ʍʐʆɸɷʌɿɳʍɸɿʎ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʆʊɷʉʐ ʏʘʆ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ ʅɹʍʘ ʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɻʏʙʆ͕ ɸʃʏʊʎ ɸɳʆ ʏʉʐʄɳʖɿʍʏʉʆ ʏʉ ɹʆɲ ʏʌʀʏʉ ʏʘʆ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ ɷɿɲʏʐʋʙʍɸɿ ɲʆʏɿʌʌɼʍɸɿʎ͘ Ʉʏɲʆ ɹʆɲʎ ʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɻʏɼʎ ɶʀʆɸɿ ɷɸʃʏʊʎ ʍɸ
ʅɿɲ ʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʆʊɷʉʐ ʏʘʆ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ͕ ɸʇɲʃʉʄʉʐɽɸʀ ʆɲ ɷɿʃɲɿʉʑʏɲɿ ʆɲ
ʍʐʅʅɸʏɳʍʖɸɿʍɸʅɸʄʄʉʆʏɿʃɹʎʍʐʆɸɷʌɿɳʍɸɿʎ͕ɸʃʏʊʎɸɳʆɹʆɲʏʌʀʏʉʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ
ɷɿɲʏʐʋʙʍɸɿɲʆʏɿʌʌɼʍɸɿʎ͕ʏʉʐʄɳʖɿʍʏʉʆʏʌɿɳʆʏɲɻʅɹʌɸʎʋʌɿʆʏɻʆɹʆɲʌʇɻʏɻʎʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻʎ͘
ϱ͘ɀʊʆʉʏɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻɹʖʉʐʆɷɿʃɲʀʘʅɲʗɼʔʉʐ͘Ⱦɳɽɸɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʉɀɹʌʉʎɹʖɸɿ
ʅʀɲʗɼʔʉ͘Ƀɿʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʉʀʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʉʀʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎʋʉʐɸʀʆɲɿɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ
ɀɹʌɻ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ɲʍʃʉʑʆ͕ ʍɸ ɽɹʅɲʏɲ ʏɻʎ ɲʌʅʉɷɿʊʏɻʏɳʎ ʏʉʐʎ͕ ʏʉ ɷɿʃɲʀʘʅɲ
ʗɼʔʉʐʏʉʐʎʅɸɹʆɲʆɲʌɿɽʅʊʗɼʔʘʆʀʍʉʅɸʏʉʆɲʌɿɽʅʊʏʘʆȾʌɲʏʙʆͲɀɸʄʙʆʏʉʐʎʋʉʐɸʀʆɲɿ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘ ȶʆɲʎ ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʊʎ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʊʎ ʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎ
ʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎɷɸʆɲʍʃɸʀʏʉɷɿʃɲʀʘʅɲʗɼʔʉʐʏʉʐɸɳʆʏɲȾʌɳʏɻͲʅɹʄɻʏʉʐɲʍʃɼʍʉʐʆʏʉɷɿʃʊ
ʏʉʐʎʃɲɿɲʆʏʀʍʏʌʉʔɲ͘
ϲ͘Ʉʄɸʎʉɿɲʋʉʔɳʍɸɿʎʏɻʎɇʐʆʊɷʉʐʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆʐɿʉɽɸʏʉʑʆʏɲɿʅɸʉʅʉʔʘʆʀɲ͕
ɸʃʏʊʎɲʆʉʌʀɺɸʏɲɿɷɿɲʔʉʌɸʏɿʃɳʍʏʉȱʌɽʌʉɍʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘ɏʍʏʊʍʉ͕ʍɸʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻ
ʋʉʐɷɸʆʅʋʉʌɸʀʆɲɸʋɿʏɸʐʖɽɸʀʍʐʆɲʀʆɸʍɻ͕ʍɸʍʖɹʍɻʅɸʏɲɽɹʅɲʏɲʋʉʐʃɲʄʑʋʏʉʆʏɲɿɲʋʊʏɲ
ʋɲʌɲʌʏɼʅɲʏɲ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ ɻ ɲʋʊʔɲʍɻ ʅʋʉʌɸʀ ʆɲ ʐɿʉɽɸʏɻɽɸʀ ʅɸ ʋʄɸɿʉʗɻʔʀɲ ʏʘʆ ɷʑʉ
ʏʌʀʏʘʆʏʘʆʋɲʌʊʆʏʘʆʃɲɿʗɻʔɿɺʊʆʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͘ɇɸʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻʗɻʔʉʔʉʌʀɲʎ͕
ʃɳɽɸɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʉɀɹʌʉʎʅʋʉʌɸʀ͕ɸʆʏʊʎɸʃɲʏʊʆʋɸʆɼʆʏɲɻʅɸʌʙʆ͕ʆɲɸʆɻʅɸʌʙʍɸɿɶʌɲʋʏʙʎ
ʏʉʆȺɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲɶɿɲʏɻʆʋʌʊɽɸʍɼʏʉʐʆɲʅɻʆɸʔɲʌʅʊʍɸɿʏɻʆɸʆʄʊɶʘɲʋʊʔɲʍɻ͘
ϳ͘Ⱦɲʏɳʏɻʆʋʌʙʏɻʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻʏɻʎ͕ɻɇʑʆʉɷʉʎʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͗
ɲͿʐɿʉɽɸʏɸʀʏʉʆɸʍʘʏɸʌɿʃʊʃɲʆʉʆɿʍʅʊʏɻʎ͕
ɴͿ ʍʐɶʃʌʉʏɸʀ ʅɿɲ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɳʍʃɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ ɶʌɲʅʅɲʏɸɿɲʃʙʆ
ʄɸɿʏʉʐʌɶɿʙʆʋʉʐʋɲʌɲʏʀɽɸʆʏɲɿʍʏʉȱʌɽʌʉ/sʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕
ɶͿ ʉʌʀɺɸɿ͕ ʍɸ ʃɳɽɸ ɉʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɹʌɸɿɲ͕ ʍʏʉ ʋʄɲʀʍɿʉ ɸʆʊʎ ʐʔɿʍʏɳʅɸʆʉʐ ɽɸʍʅɿʃʉʑ ʉʌɶɳʆʉʐ͕ ʅɿɲ
ɇʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʏɿʃɼɀʉʆɳɷɲɶɿɲʏɻɷɿɸʐʃʊʄʐʆʍɻʏɻʎɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʎʏʘʆʅɹʏʌʘʆʋʉʐʋʌʉɴʄɹʋʉʆʏɲɿʍʏʉ
ɅɲʌɳʌʏɻʅɲϮʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕
ɷͿɸʃʄɹɶɸɿɹʆɲɅʌʉɸɷʌɸʀʉ͕ʊʋʘʎʋʌʉɴʄɹʋɸʏɲɿʍʏʉȱʌɽʌʉs/͕
ɸͿʍʐɶʃʌʉʏɸʀʅɿɲȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼ͕ʊʋʘʎʋʌʉɴʄɹʋɸʏɲɿʍʏʉȱʌɽʌʉs//͕ʃɲɿ
ʍʏͿɲʋʉʔɲʍʀɺɸɿɶɿɲʏɻʅʉʌʔɼʃɲɿʏʉʋɸʌɿɸʖʊʅɸʆʉʏʘʆɸʃɽɹʍɸʘʆʏʉʐɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʉʐɀɹʌʉʐʎ͕
ʍʖɸʏɿʃɳʅɸʏɻʆɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʊʋʘʎʋʌʉɴʄɹʋɸʏɲɿʍʏʉȱʌɽʌʉs/Ȼ/͘
ϴ͘ɇɸʃɳɽɸʏɲʃʏɿʃɼʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻ͕ɻɇʑʆʉɷʉʎʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͗
ɲͿɸʋɲʆɸʇɸʏɳɺɸɿʏɿʎɸʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɹʎɲʇɿʉʄʉɶɼʍɸɿʎʏʉʐʃɲɽɸʍʏʙʏʉʎɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ
ʏɻʎ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʎ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ʃɲɿ ʏʘʆʉɿʃʉʏʊʋʘʆ ʋʉʐ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃʉʀ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ
ɸʋɿɴʀʘʍɼʏʉʐʎ͕ʃɲɽʙʎʃɲɿʏʉʐʎʋɲʌɳɶʉʆʏɸʎʋʉʐʅʋʉʌʉʑʆʆɲʏʉʐʎɸʋɻʌɸɳʍʉʐʆɷʐʍʅɸʆʙʎ͕
ɴͿ ɸʋɲʆɸʇɸʏɳɺɸɿ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʊʉɷʉ ʋʉʐ ɹʖɸɿ ɸʋɿʏɸʐʖɽɸʀ ʃɲɿ ʏɿʎ ɸʆɷɸʖʊʅɸʆɸʎ ɷʐʍʃʉʄʀɸʎ ʋʉʐ
ɲʆɹʃʐʗɲʆ ʃɲʏɳ ʏɻʆ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ ʅɸ ɴɳʍɻ ʏɿʎ ɸʃɽɹʍɸɿʎ ʏʘʆ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆʃɲɿʏɻʎȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕
ɶͿ ɲʋɸʐɽʑʆɸɿ ʍʐʍʏɳʍɸɿʎ ʋʌʉʎ ʏɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ͕ ʊʋʘʎ ɲʐʏɼ ʃʌʀʆɸɿ ɲʆɲɶʃɲʀʉ ɼ
ʍʃʊʋɿʅʉ͕ʃɲɿʐɿʉɽɸʏɸʀʍʐɶʃɸʃʌɿʅɹʆɸʎɷʌɳʍɸɿʎɶɿɲʏɻɴɸʄʏʀʘʍɻʏɻʎɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʍʅɲʏɿʃʊʏɻʏɲʎʏɻʎ
ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕
ɷͿ ɸʇɸʏɳɺɸɿ ʃɲɿ ɲʋʉʔɲʍʀɺɸɿ ɸʋʀ ʏʐʖʊʆ ʋʌʉʏɳʍɸʘʆ ʏʌʉʋʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʎ͕ ɸʔʊʍʉʆ ɲʐʏʊ ɸʀʆɲɿ
ɲʆɲɶʃɲʀʉ͕ʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕
ɸͿ ɸɶʃʌʀʆɸɿ ʏʉʆ ʋʌʉʒʋʉʄʉɶɿʍʅʊ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɸʋʊʅɸʆɻ ʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼ ʋɸʌʀʉɷʉ ʃɲɿ ɲʋʉʔɲʍʀɺɸɿ ɶɿɲ
ʉʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸɽɹʅɲʏɲʍʖɸʏʀɺʉʆʏɲɿʅɸʏɿʎʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɹʎʌʐɽʅʀʍɸɿʎʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕
ʍʏͿɸʋɲʆɸʇɸʏɳɺɸɿʏɿʎʌʐɽʅʀʍɸɿʎɶɿɲʏɻȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʏɿʎɇʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʏɿʃɹʎɀʉʆɳɷɸʎ
ʃɲɿʏɻʆȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼ͕
ɺͿʐɿʉɽɸʏɸʀɹʃɽɸʍɻʋʌʉʎɸʋɿʃʉɿʆʘʆʀɲʅɸʏɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ
ʃɲɿʅɸʏɻɇʑʆʉɷʉʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆʏɻʎɇʐʆɽɼʃɻʎ͕
ɻͿʍʐʅʔʘʆɸʀʍʖɸʏɿʃɳʅɸʏʉʆʋʌʉʍʘʌɿʆʊʖʌʊʆʉʃɲɿʏʊʋʉʏɻʎɸʋʊʅɸʆɻʎʍʐʆɳʆʏɻʍɻʎ͕ʃɲɿ
ɽͿɸʇɸʏɳɺɸɿʃɳɽɸɳʄʄʉɺɼʏɻʅɲʍʖɸʏɿʃʊʅɸʏɻʆɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘

ȱʌɽʌʉ/s
ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ

ϭ͘ɀɸʏɻʆɸʋɿʔʑʄɲʇɻʏɻʎɹɶʃʌɿʍɻʎɲʋʊʏɻɇʑʆʉɷʉʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆʏɻʎɇʑʅɴɲʍɻʎ͕
ʍʐɶʃʌʉʏɸʀʏɲɿ ʅɿɲ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ ɸʆʏʊʎ ʏɻʎ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʎ ʏɻʎ ɇʑʅɴɲʍɻʎ͘ Ȱʆ ɻ
ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʑʅɴɲʍɻʎɷɸʆɸʀʆɲɿʍɸɽɹʍɻ͕ɲʆɳʋɳʍɲʍʏɿɶʅɼ͕ʆɲɲʍʃɸʀʏɲʃɲɽɼʃʉʆʏɲɲʐʏɳ͕
ɻɇʑʆʉɷʉʎʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆʋʌʉɴɲʀʆɸɿʍɸɸʆɲʄʄɲʃʏɿʃɹʎʌʐɽʅʀʍɸɿʎ͘
Ϯ͘Ɉɲʃɲɽɼʃʉʆʏɲʏɻʎȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎɸʀʆɲɿ͗
ɲͿʆɲʌʐɽʅʀɺɸɿʃɲɿʆɲɸʇʐʋɻʌɸʏɸʀʏɿʎʍʐʆɸɷʌɿɳʍɸɿʎʏɻʎɇʐʆʊɷʉʐʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͕
ɴͿʆɲɸʆɸʌɶɸʀʘʎʍʑʆɷɸʍʅʉʎʃɲɿʆɲɷɿɸʐʃʉʄʑʆɸɿʏɻʍʐʆɸʌɶɲʍʀɲʅɸʏɲʇʑʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ
ɀɸʌʙʆʃɲɿʏʘʆʅɻɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆͲȾʌɲʏʙʆʏɻʎȷʙʆɻʎȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎ͕ʃɲɽʙʎʃɲɿʏʘʆ
ɷɿɸɽʆʙʆ ʃɲɿ ʏʘʆ ɸɽʆɿʃʙʆ ʔʉʌɹʘʆ͕ ʏʘʆ ʉʋʉʀʘʆ ʉɿ ɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɸʎ ʍʖɸʏʀɺʉʆʏɲɿ͕ ɳʅɸʍɲ ɼ
ɹʅʅɸʍɲ͕ʅɸʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆʍʏɻʆʋɸʌɿʉʖɼɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕
ɶͿ ʆɲ ʍʐʆɷʌɳʅɸɿ ʏɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ ʍʏɻʆ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕
ɷɿɲʍʔɲʄʀɺʉʆʏɲʎ ʏɻ ʍʐʆʉʖɼ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʘʆ ʐʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿʙʆ ʃɲɿ ʅɸ ʅɹʏʌɲ ʋʉʐ ɽɸʍʋʀɺʉʆʏɲɿ
ʍʑʅʔʘʆɲʅɸɳʄʄɸʎɷɿɸɽʆɸʀʎɿʍʖʑʉʐʍɸʎɸʋʀʍɻʅɸʎʋʌɳʇɸɿʎ͕
ɷͿʆɲɸʃʏɸʄɸʀɲʋʉʔɳʍɸɿʎʋʉʐʏɻʎɷɿɲɴɿɴɳɺʉʆʏɲɿɲʋʊʏɻɇʑʆʉɷʉʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͕
ɸͿ ʆɲ ɸʔɿʍʏɳ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʉʍʉʖɼ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʆʊɷʉʐ ʏʘʆ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ ʍɸ ʃɳɽɸ ɺɼʏɻʅɲ ʋʉʐ
ʍʖɸʏʀɺɸʏɲɿʅɸʏɻʆʋɲʌʉʑʍɲɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ͘
ʍʏͿ ʆɲ ʐʋʉɴɳʄʄɸɿ ʍɸ ʃɳɽɸ ʏɲʃʏɿʃɼ ʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʆʊɷʉʐ ʏʘʆ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ͕
ɹʃɽɸʍɻʍʖɸʏɿʃɳʅɸʏʉɹʌɶʉʏɻʎȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʏʘʆɇʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʏɿʃʙʆ ɀʉʆɳɷʘʆ͕
ʏʉʐ Ʌʌʉɸɷʌɸʀʉʐ͕ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼʎ ȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼʎ ʃɲɿ ʍʖɸʏɿʃɳ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ ʏɻʎ
ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʅɸɴɳʍɻʏɿʎʋʄɻʌʉʔʉʌʀɸʎʋʉʐʋɲʌɹʖʉʆʏɲɿɲʋʊʏɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻʃɲɿɲʋʊ
ɳʄʄɸʎʋɻɶɹʎ͕
ɺͿʆɲɷɿɲʖɸɿʌʀɺɸʏɲɿʏʉʆʋʌʉʒʋʉʄʉɶɿʍʅʊʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕
ɻͿ ʆɲ ʋɲʌɹʖɸɿ ʋʄɻʌʉʔʉʌʀɸʎ ʍʏʉ ɸʐʌʑ ʃʉɿʆʊ ʍʖɸʏɿʃɳ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ ʃɲɿ ʏʉʐʎ
ʍʃʉʋʉʑʎʏɻʎ͕ʃɲɿ
ɽͿʆɲɲʍʃɸʀʉʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸɳʄʄɲʃɲɽɼʃʉʆʏɲʏɻʎɲʆɲʏʀɽɸʆʏɲɿɴɳʍɸɿʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ
ɼɲʋʊʏɻɇʑʆʉɷʉʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͘
ϯ͘ ȸ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ ʍɸ ʍʐʆɸʆʆʊɻʍɻ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼ ȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼ ʃɲɿ ʏɿʎ
ɇʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʏɿʃɹʎ ɀʉʆɳɷɸʎ͕ ɷɿɸʐʃʉʄʑʆɸɿ ʏɻʆ ɸʃʋʊʆɻʍɻ ʃɲʏɸʐɽʐʆʏɼʌɿʘʆ ɶʌɲʅʅʙʆ͕ ʉɿ ʉʋʉʀɸʎ
ʃɲʄʑʋʏʉʐʆ͕ʅɸʏɲʇʑɳʄʄʘʆ͗
ɲͿʏɻʅɸʀʘʍɻɼʏɻʆɸʇɳʄɸɿʗɻ͕ʍʏʉʅɹʏʌʉʏʉʐɷʐʆɲʏʉʑʃɲɿɶɿɲʏʉʐʎʍʃʉʋʉʑʎʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ
ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʏʘʆɷʐʍʅɸʆʙʆɲʄʄɻʄɸʋɿɷʌɳʍɸʘʆɲʆɽʌʙʋʘʆͲʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕
ɴͿ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲ ʏʘʆ ʉɿʃʉʏʊʋʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʏɿʎ ʅɸɽʊɷʉʐʎ ɷɿɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ ʔʐʍɿʃʙʆ ʋʊʌʘʆ ʋʉʐ
ɹʖʉʐʆʍʖɹʍɻʅɸʏɲʃɻʏʙɷɻ͕
ɶͿʏɲʅɹʏʌɲɹʃʏɲʃʏɻʎɲʆɳɶʃɻʎ͕ʃɲɿ
ɷͿʏɿʎʅɸɽʊɷʉʐʎɷɿɳʍʘʍɻʎ͘

ȱʌɽʌʉs
ɇʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʏɿʃɹʎɀʉʆɳɷɸʎ

ϭ͘Ⱦɲɽɼʃʉʆʏɲʏʘʆʐʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʙʆɇʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʏɿʃʙʆɀʉʆɳɷʘʆɸʀʆɲɿ͗
ɲͿʆɲɷɿɸʐʃʉʄʑʆʉʐʆʏɻʆɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ͕ʍʏɿʎɲʆʏʀʍʏʉɿʖɸʎ ɉʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɹʌɸɿɸʎ͕ʏʘʆɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʉʏɼʏʘʆ
ʋʉʐʋʌʉɴʄɹʋʉʆʏɲɿʍʏʉɅɲʌɳʌʏɻʅɲϮʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʍʑʅʔʘʆɲʅɸʏɿʎʉɷɻɶʀɸʎʏɻʎ
ɇʐʆʊɷʉʐʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͕
ɴͿʆɲʍʐʄʄɹɶʉʐʆʃɲɿʆɲɲʇɿʉʄʉɶʉʑʆʏɿʎʋʄɻʌʉʔʉʌʀɸʎ͕ʉɿʉʋʉʀɸʎɽɲʋʌʉʘɽʉʑʆʏʉʐʎʍʏʊʖʉʐʎ
ʃɲɿ ʏɻʆ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ʃɲɿ ʆɲ ʋʌʉɴʄɹʋʉʐʆ ʏɻʆ ʃɲʏɳʄʄɻʄɻ ɷɿɳɷʉʍɻ ʏʘʆ
ʋʄɻʌʉʔʉʌɿʙʆɲʐʏʙʆ͕ʃɲɿ
ɶͿ ʆɲ ɸʇʐʋɻʌɸʏʉʑʆ ʏɿʎ ʍʐʆɸɷʌɿɳʍɸɿʎ ʏɻʎ ȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼʎ ȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼʎ ʃɲɿ ʆɲ ʋʌʉɸʏʉɿʅɳɺʉʐʆ
ɸʃɽɹʍɸɿʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɸʋɿʃʉɿʆʘʆʀɲ ʅɸ ʏɻ ɇʑʆʉɷʉ ʏʘʆ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ͕ ʅɹʍʘ ʏɻʎ
ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘
Ƀʉʌɿʍʅʊʎʏʘʆɇʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʏɿʃʙʆɀʉʆɳɷʘʆʃɲɿʏɲʃɲɽɼʃʉʆʏɳʏʉʐʎɸʋɲʆɸʇɸʏɳɺʉʆʏɲɿ͕ɲʆɳʄʉɶɲ
ʅɸʏɻʆʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻ͕ʍɸʃɳɽɸʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻʏɻʎɇʐʆʊɷʉʐʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͘
Ϯ͘ Ⱦɳɽɸ ɇʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʏɿʃɼ ɀʉʆɳɷɲ͕ ʍɸ ʍʐʆɸʆʆʊɻʍɻ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼ ȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼ ʃɲɿ ʏɻ
ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ɷɿɸʐʃʉʄʑʆɸɿʏɻʆɸʃʋʊʆɻʍɻʅɿɲʎʍɸɿʌɳʎɷɿɸɽʆʙʆɲʇɿʉʄʉɶɼʍɸʘʆɼ
ɷɻʅʉʍɿɸʑʍɸʘʆ͕ʉɿʉʋʉʀɸʎɸʋɿʃɲɿʌʉʋʉɿʉʑʆʏɲɿʏɲʃʏɿʃɳ͕ʍʐʅʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɲʆʊʅɸʆʘʆ͗
ɲͿʏʘʆɸʃɽɹʍɸʘʆɶɿɲʏɻʆʃɲʏɳʍʏɲʍɻʃɲɿʏɿʎʏɳʍɸɿʎʏʘʆʋʄɻɽʐʍʅʙʆ͕ʃɲɽʙʎʃɲɿɶɿɲʏɲʃɸʆɳ
ʍʏɻʆɸʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼɶʆʙʍɻ͕
ɴͿɸʆʊʎʐʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʉʑʃɲʏɲʄʊɶʉʐʏʘʆʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃʙʆʋɸʌɿʉʖʙʆɶɿɲʏɲʃɻʏʙɷɻ͕ʃɲɿ
ɶͿ ɸʆʊʎ ʐʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʉʑ ʃɲʏɲʄʊɶʉʐ ʏʘʆ ɸɽʆɿʃʙʆ ɲʌʖʙʆ͕ ʏʘʆ ʃɹʆʏʌʘʆ ɹʌɸʐʆɲʎ ʃɲɿ
ɷɿɳʍʘʍɻʎ͕ʏʘʆɸʋɿʍʏɻʅʊʆʘʆʃɲɿʏʘʆʅɻʃʐɴɸʌʆɻʏɿʃʙʆʉʌɶɲʆʙʍɸʘʆʋʉʐɲʍʖʉʄʉʑʆʏɲɿʅɸʏɲ
ʃɻʏʙɷɻ͘

ȱʌɽʌʉs/
ɈʉɅʌʉɸɷʌɸʀʉ

ϭ͘ȸɇʑʆʉɷʉʎʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆɸʃʄɹɶɸɿɹʆɲɅʌʉɸɷʌɸʀʉʏʉʉʋʉʀʉɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʀʏɲɿɲʋʊ
ʏʉʆɅʌʊɸɷʌʉʃɲɿʏʉʐʎȰʆʏɿʋʌʉɹɷʌʉʐʎʏɻʎɇʐʆʊɷʉʐʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͕ʃɲɿɽɸʍʋʀɺɸɿ
ɷɿɲɷɿʃɲʍʏɿʃʉʑʎʃɲʆʊʆɸʎɶɿɲʏʉɅʌʉɸɷʌɸʀʉ͕ʊʋʘʎɲʐʏʉʀʋʌʉʏɸʀʆʉʆʏɲɿɲʋʊʏɻȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎ
ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘ Ƀ Ʌʌʊɸɷʌʉʎ ʏɻʎ ȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼʎ ȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼʎ ʃɲʄɸʀʏɲɿ ʆɲ ʍʐʅʅɸʏɳʍʖɸɿ ʘʎ
ʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɻʏɼʎʍʏɿʎʍʐʆɸɷʌɿɳʍɸɿʎʏʉʐɅʌʉɸɷʌɸʀʉʐ͘Ʉʋʉʏɸʃʌʀʆɸʏɲɿɲʋɲʌɲʀʏɻʏʉ͕ɻȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲ
ʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎʋɲʌɹʖɸɿɶʌɲʅʅɲʏɸɿɲʃɹʎʐʋɻʌɸʍʀɸʎ͘
Ϯ͘ɈʉɅʌʉɸɷʌɸʀʉ͗
ɲͿʋɲʌɹʖɸɿɶɸʆɿʃɼʃɲɽʉɷɼɶɻʍɻʋʉʄɿʏɿʃɼʎʃɲɿʄɸɿʏʉʐʌɶɿʃɹʎʃɲɿʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɹʎʃɲʏɸʐɽʑʆʍɸɿʎʍʏɻ
ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎʃɲɿʍʏɿʎɇʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʏɿʃɹʎɀʉʆɳɷɸʎʍʖɸʏɿʃɳʅɸʏɻʆɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʃɲɿʏɻʆ
ʋʌʉʙɽɻʍɻʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕
ɴͿ ɷɿɸʆɸʌɶɸʀ͕ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʘʆ ʍʐʆɸɷʌɿɳʍɸʘʆ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʆʊɷʉʐ ʏʘʆ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ͕ ʊʍɸʎ
ɸʆɷɿɳʅɸʍɸʎɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɸʎʃʌʀʆʉʆʏɲɿɲʆɲɶʃɲʀɸʎɶɿɲʄʉɶɲʌɿɲʍʅʊʏɻʎɼʏɻʎɹʖʉʐʆɲʆɲʏɸɽɸʀ
ɲʋʊʏɻɇʑʆʉɷʉʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͕ʃɲɿ
ɶͿɸʃʋʌʉʍʘʋɸʀʏɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻɸʆʙʋɿʉʆʏʘʆȾʐɴɸʌʆɼʍɸʘʆʏɻʎʖʙʌɲʎ;ɼʏʘʆʖʘʌʙʆͿ
ʐʋʉɷʉʖɼʎ͕ʏɻʎ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʎ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎʃɲɿʏɻʎ ɇʐʆʊɷʉʐ ʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͕
ʏʉʐɽɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲʃɲɿʏʘʆʄʉɿʋʙʆɷɿɸɽʆʙʆʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʙʆ͕ʍɸɽɹʅɲʏɲʍʖɸʏɿʃɳʅɸʏɻʆʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ
ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʃɲɿʏɻȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎ͘
ϯ͘ɀɸʏɳɲʋʊɲʀʏɻʅɲʏʉʐɅʌʉɹɷʌʉʐʏʉʐ͕ʏʉɅʌʉɸɷʌɸʀʉʍʐʆɸɷʌɿɳɺɸɿʏɲʃʏɿʃɳʅʀɲʔʉʌɳɸʏɻʍʀʘʎ͕
ʅɸʏɳ ɲʋʊ ʋʌʊʍʃʄɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʎ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ ɻ ʉʋʉʀɲ ɸʆɻʅɸʌʙʆɸɿ ʊʄɲ ʏɲ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɻʅɸʌʉʅɻʆʀɲ͕ʏʉʆʏʊʋʉʃɲɿ ʏɻʆ ɻʅɸʌɼʍɿɲ ɷɿɳʏɲʇɻ ɲʐʏʙʆ ʏʘʆ
ʍʐʆʊɷʘʆ͘
ϰ͘ɈʉɅʌʉɸɷʌɸʀʉʐʋʉɴɳʄʄɸɿɹʃɽɸʍɻʍʖɸʏɿʃɳʅɸʏɿʎɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɹʎʏʉʐʍɸʃɳɽɸʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻ
ʏɻʎ ɇʐʆʊɷʉʐ ʏʘʆ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ͕ ɻ ʉʋʉʀɲ ɷɿɲʆɹʅɸʏɲɿ ʍɸ ʊʄɲ ʏɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ
ɀɹʌɻ͕ʋʌɿʆʏɻɇʑʆʉɷʉ͕ɲʋʊʏɻȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘

ȱʌɽʌʉs//
ȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼ

ϭ͘ɇʐɶʃʌʉʏɸʀʏɲɿʅɿɲȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼ͕ɲʋʉʏɸʄʉʑʅɸʆɻɲʋʊʋʌʊʍʘʋɲʋɿʍʏʉʋʉɿɻʅɹʆɲʘʎ
ɸʅʋɸɿʌʉɶʆʙʅʉʆɸʎʍʏɻʆɸʋɿʍʏɼʅɻʏɻʎʋʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʎʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕ʘʎʍʐʅɴʉʐʄɸʐʏɿʃʊʊʌɶɲʆʉ
ʏɻʎɇʐʆʊɷʉʐʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͘ȸɇʑʆʉɷʉʎʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆɲʆɲɽɹʏɸɿ
ʏɲʃɲɽɼʃʉʆʏɲʏɻʎȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼʎȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼʎʍɸɹʆɲʆʐʔɿʍʏɳʅɸʆʉʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʊ͕ʍʏɻʆʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ
ɿʍʖʑʉʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʉʉʋʉʀʉʎɷɿɲʍʔɲʄʀɺɸɿʅɿɲɶɸʘɶʌɲʔɿʃɳɿʍʉʌʌʉʋɻʅɹʆɻɸʃʋʌʉʍʙʋɻʍɻ͘
Ϯ͘ Ƀɿ ʍʑʆʉɷʉɿ ʏɻʎ ȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼʎ ȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼʎ ʍʐɶʃɲʄʉʑʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɻ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲ ʏɻʎ
ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʅɸʏɳɲʋʊɲʀʏɻʅɲʏɻʎɇʐʆʊɷʉʐʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͘
ϯ͘ȸȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼ͗
ɲͿʋɲʌɹʖɸɿʍʐʅɴʉʐʄɹʎʍʏɻɇʑʆʉɷʉʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͕ʍɸɸʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɳʃɲɿʏɸʖʆɿʃɳ
ɽɹʅɲʏɲʋʉʐɹʖʉʐʆʍɻʅɲʍʀɲɶɿɲʏɻʆɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʃɲɽʙʎʃɲɿʍɸʅɸʅʉʆʘʅɹʆɲ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʘʆ ʍʐʆɸɷʌɿɳʍɸʘʆ͕ ɲʆɳʄʉɶɲ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻ͕ ʅɹʍʘ ʏɻʎ
ɇʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʏɿʃɼʎɀʉʆɳɷɲʎʏɻʎɸʆʄʊɶʘɉʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɹʌɸɿɲʎ͕
ɴͿʋɲʌɹʖɸɿʍʐʅɴʉʐʄɹʎʍʖɸʏɿʃɳʅɸʏɿʎʃɲʏɸʐɽʐʆʏɼʌɿɸʎɶʌɲʅʅɹʎ͕ʊʋʘʎʋʌʉɴʄɹʋɸʏɲɿʍʏʉȱʌɽʌʉ
/s͕ʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉʎϯ͕ɲʋʉʏɿʅɳʏɿʎɲʇɿʉʄʉɶɼʍɸɿʎʋʉʐʃɲʏɲʌʏʀɺʉʆʏɲɿʍʑʅʔʘʆɲʅɸʏʉɅɲʌɳʌʏɻʅɲ
Ϯʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎʃɲɿɷɿɲʏʐʋʙʆɸɿʍʐʍʏɳʍɸɿʎɶɿɲʏɻɇʑʆʉɷʉʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ
ɀɸʌʙʆ͕ʍʖɸʏɿʃɳʅɸʏɻʆɲʆɳʋʏʐʇɻ͕ʏʉʋɸʌɿɸʖʊʅɸʆʉʃɲɿʏɻʆɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʏʉʐʎ͕
ɶͿ ɷɿɸʇɳɶɸɿ ɸʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɹʎ ɲʇɿʉʄʉɶɼʍɸɿʎ ʏʉʐ ʃɲɽɸʍʏʙʏʉʎ ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ ʋʄɻɽʐʍʅʙʆ ʏʘʆ
ʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕
ɷͿ ʋɲʌɹʖɸɿ ʍʐʅɴʉʐʄɹʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɲʆɳʋʏʐʇɻ ʃɲɿ ʏʉʆ ʍʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʅʊ ʏʘʆ ɷɿɸɽʆʙʆ ʋʌʉɶʌɲʅʅɳʏʘʆ
ɹʌɸʐʆɲʎ ʃɲɿ ʋɲʌɲʃʉʄʉʑɽɻʍɻʎ͕ ʃɲɿ ɲʋɸʐɽʑʆɸɿ ʍʐʍʏɳʍɸɿʎ ʋʌʉʎ ʏɻ ɇʑʆʉɷʉ ʏʘʆ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆʍʖɸʏɿʃɳʅɸʋɸʌɲɿʏɹʌʘɹʌɸʐʆɸʎʋʉʐʋʌɹʋɸɿʆɲʋʌɲɶʅɲʏʉʋʉɿɻɽʉʑʆ͕
ɸͿɷɿɸʐʃʉʄʑʆɸɿʏɻʆɲʆʏɲʄʄɲɶɼɸʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃʙʆʋʄɻʌʉʔʉʌɿʙʆʃɲɿʏɸʖʆɿʃʙʆɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎ͕
ʍʏͿʋʌʉɸʏʉɿʅɳɺɸɿ͕ɶɿɲʃɳɽɸʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻʏɻʎɇʐʆʊɷʉʐʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͕ʅɿɲɹʃɽɸʍɻ
ʏʘʆɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʉʏɼʏʘʆʏɻʎ͕ɻʉʋʉʀɲʐʋʉɴɳʄʄɸʏɲɿʍʏɻȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʏʉʐʄɳʖɿʍʏʉʆ
ɸʃɲʏʊʆ ɸʀʃʉʍɿ ɻʅɹʌɸʎ ʋʌɿʆ ʏɻ ʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʆʊɷʉʐ ʏʘʆ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ ʃɲɿ
ɷɿɲʆɹʅɸʏɲɿʋɳʌɲʐʏɲɲʋʊʏɻȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎʍɸʊʄɲʏɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻ͕
ɺͿ ʋɲʌɹʖɸɿ ɹɶʃɲɿʌɸʎ ʍʐʅɴʉʐʄɹʎ ʍʖɸʏɿʃɳ ʅɸ ʏɿʎ ɸʇɲɿʌɹʍɸɿʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɿʎ ʉʋʉʀɸʎ ɹʖɸɿ ɸʆɻʅɸʌʘɽɸʀ͕
ʍʑʅʔʘʆɲʅɸʏʉȱʌɽʌʉȻȻ͕ʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉʎϮ͕ʃɲɿ
ɻͿɲʍʃɸʀ͕ɸʔʊʍʉʆɲʐʏʊɸʀʆɲɿɲʆɲɶʃɲʀʉ͕ɳʄʄɲʃɲɽɼʃʉʆʏɲʋʉʐʏɻʎɲʆɲʏʀɽɸʆʏɲɿɲʋʊʏɻɇʑʆʉɷʉ
ʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͘
ϰ͘ ȸ ȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼ ȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼ͕ ʍɸ ʍʐʆɸʌɶɲʍʀɲ ʅɸ ʏʉ Ʌʌʉɸɷʌɸʀʉ ʃɲɿ ʏɿʎ ɲʆʏʀʍʏʉɿʖɸʎ
ɇʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʏɿʃɹʎɀʉʆɳɷɸʎ͕ʅʋʉʌɸʀʆɲʍʐʍʏɼʍɸɿʉʅɳɷɸʎɸʌɶɲʍʀɲʎ͕ʊʋʘʎɲʐʏʊɽɲɸʀʆɲɿɲʆɲɶʃɲʀʉ
ɶɿɲʏɻʆɳʍʃɻʍɻɸɿɷɿʃʙʆʃɲɽɻʃʊʆʏʘʆ͘ȸɇʑʆʉɷʉʎʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆʍʐʅʔʘʆɸʀɶɿɲ
ʏɻɷɿɳɽɸʍɻɸʆʊʎʍʐɶʃɸʃʌɿʅɹʆʉʐʃʉʆɷʐʄʀʉʐʏʉʐʋʌʉʒʋʉʄʉɶɿʍʅʉʑɶɿɲʏʉʆʍʃʉʋʊɲʐʏʊ͘

ȱʌɽʌʉs///
ȵʋɿʃʉɿʆʘʆʀɲʃɲɿʐʋʉɴʉʄɼɸʃɽɹʍɸʘʆ

Ⱦɳɽɸɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʉɀɹʌʉʎ͗
ɲͿ ʐʋʉɷɸɿʃʆʑɸɿ ɹʆɲʆ ɲʌʅʊɷɿʉ ɸʋɿʃʉɿʆʘʆʀɲʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ͕ ʃɲɿ ʃʉɿʆʉʋʉɿɸʀ
ɲʅɸʄʄɻʏʀ͕ʏʉʊʆʉʅɲ͕ʏɻɷɿɸʑɽʐʆʍɻʃɲɿʏʉʐʎɲʌɿɽʅʉʑʎʏɻʄɸʔʙʆʉʐʏʉʐɲʌʅʊɷɿʉʐɸʋɿʃʉɿʆʘʆʀɲʎ
ʍʏɻȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ɶɿɲɳʅɸʍɻɷɿɲʆʉʅɼʍʏɲʐʋʊʄʉɿʋɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻʃɲɿ
ʍʏɿʎɇʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʏɿʃɹʎɀʉʆɳɷɸʎ͕ʃɲɿ
ɴͿ ʋʌʉɸʏʉɿʅɳɺɸɿ ɶɿɲ ʃɳɽɸ ʏɲʃʏɿʃɼ ʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʆʊɷʉʐ ʏʘʆ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ͕
ɲʌʖɼʎɶɸʆʉʅɹʆɻʎɲʋʊʏɻɷɸʑʏɸʌɻʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻ͕ʅɿɲɹʃɽɸʍɻɶɿɲʏɻʆɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕
ʅɸ ɿɷɿɲʀʏɸʌɻ ɲʆɲʔʉʌɳ ʍʏɲ ʅɹʏʌɲ ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʆ ɸʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼ ɹʌɸʐʆɲ ʃɲɿ
ʋɲʌɲʃʉʄʉʑɽɻʍɻʋʉʐɹʖɸɿɲʆɲʄɳɴɸɿ͘ȸʅʉʌʔɼʏʘʆɸʆʄʊɶʘɸʃɽɹʍɸʘʆ ʃɲɽʉʌʀɺɸʏɲɿɲʋʊʏɻʆ
ʋʌʙʏɻ ʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʆʊɷʉʐ ʏʘʆ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ ʃɲɿ ɸʋɲʆɸʇɸʏɳɺɸʏɲɿ͕ ɸʔʊʍʉʆ
ɲʐʏʊ ɸʀʆɲɿ ɲʋɲʌɲʀʏɻʏʉ͕ ʍɸ ʃɳɽɸ ɸʋɲʃʊʄʉʐɽɻ ʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻ͘ Ⱦɳɽɸ ɹʃɽɸʍɻ ʐʋʉɴɳʄʄɸʏɲɿ ʍʏɻ
ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ʏʉʐʄɳʖɿʍʏʉʆ ɸʃɲʏʊʆ ɸʀʃʉʍɿ ɻʅɹʌɸʎ ʋʌɿʆ ʏɻʆ ɹʆɲʌʇɻ ʏɻʎ
ʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻʎʏɻʎɇʐʆʊɷʉʐʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆɶɿɲʏɻʆʉʋʉʀɲɹʖɸɿʃɲʏɲʌʏɿʍʏɸʀ͕ɸʆʙ
ɲʆʏʀɶʌɲʔɲ ɷɿɲɴɿɴɳɺʉʆʏɲɿ ʋɳʌɲʐʏɲ ʃɲɿ ʍʏɲ ʐʋʊʄʉɿʋɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ͕ ɲʋʊ ʏɻ
ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘

ȱʌɽʌʉȻɍ
Ƀɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɹʎʌʐɽʅʀʍɸɿʎ

ϭ͘ȸʃʄʀʅɲʃɲʍʐʆɸɿʍʔʉʌʙʆʍʏʉʆʋʌʉʒʋʉʄʉɶɿʍʅʊʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎʃɲɽʉʌʀɺɸʏɲɿɲʋʊ
ʏɻɇʑʆʉɷʉʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʉʅɹʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͕ʍʏɻʆʋʌʙʏɻʏɻʎʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻ͘Ⱦɲʆɹʆɲʎʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʊʎ
ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɼʎ ʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎ ʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎ ɷɸʆ ʐʋʉʖʌɸʉʑʏɲɿ ʆɲ ʍʐʆɸɿʍʔɹʌɸɿ ʋɸʌɿʍʍʊʏɸʌʉ
ɲʋʊϮ͕ϱʏʉɿʎɸʃɲʏʊʏʘʆɷɿʉɿʃɻʏɿʃʙʆɷɲʋɲʆʙʆ͘
Ϯ͘ Ƀɿ ɲʋʉʔɳʍɸɿʎ ʍʖɸʏɿʃɳ ʅɸ ʏʉʆ ʋʌʉʒʋʉʄʉɶɿʍʅʊ ʃɲɿ ʉɿ ʏʐʖʊʆ ɲʄʄɲɶɹʎ ʍʏɻʆ ʃʄʀʅɲʃɲ
ʍʐʆɸɿʍʔʉʌʙʆ ʋʉʐ ɸʆɷɸʖʉʅɹʆʘʎ ʃʌʀʆʉʆʏɲɿ ɲʆɲɶʃɲʀɸʎ͕ ɸɶʃʌʀʆʉʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɻ ɇʑʆʉɷʉ ʏʘʆ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʉʅɹʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆʅɸʉʅʉʔʘʆʀɲ͘
ϯ͘ȸɇʑʆʉɷʉʎʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆʅʋʉʌɸʀʆɲʍʐʍʏɼʍɸɿɹʆɲʍʐʅʋʄɻʌʘʅɲʏɿʃʊʏɲʅɸʀʉ
ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎ͕ɲʋʊɸɽɸʄʉʆʏɿʃɹʎʍʐʆɸɿʍʔʉʌɹʎʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆɼɲʋʊʉʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸ
ɳʄʄɻʋɻɶɼ͕ʋʌʉʃɸɿʅɹʆʉʐʆɲɲʐʇɼʍɸɿʏɲɷɿɲɽɹʍɿʅɲʃɸʔɳʄɲɿɲɶɿɲʏɻʆʋɲʌɲʃʉʄʉʑɽɻʍɻ͕ʏɻʆ
ɹʌɸʐʆɲ͕ʏɻʆɸʃʋɲʀɷɸʐʍɻʃɲɿʏɲɹʌɶɲʋʉʐʍʖɸʏʀɺʉʆʏɲɿʅɸʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͘
ϰ͘ Ɉɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ ɸʆɽɲʌʌʑʆʉʆʏɲɿ͕ ɸʋʀʍɻʎ͕ ʆɲ ʋɲʌɹʖʉʐʆ ʏɸʖʆɿʃɼ ʃɲɿ ʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼ
ʐʋʉʍʏɼʌɿʇɻ͕ʍɸɷɿʅɸʌɼɼʋʉʄʐʅɸʌɼɴɳʍɻ͕ʋʌʉʃɸɿʅɹʆʉʐʆɲʍʐʆɷʌɳʅʉʐʆʏɲȾʌɳʏɻʏɻʎȷʙʆɻʎ
ȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎʋʉʐɸʀʆɲɿɲʆɲʋʏʐʍʍʊʅɸʆɸʎʖʙʌɸʎɼʖʙʌɸʎʅɸʉɿʃʉʆʉʅʀɸʎʍɸʅɸʏɳɴɲʍɻ͕ɶɿɲʏɻʆ
ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʏʘʆɷɿɲʏɳʇɸʘʆʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘
ϱ͘ȸȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎʋʌʉɴɲʀʆɸɿʏɲʃʏɿʃɳʍɸɲʇɿʉʄʊɶɻʍɻʏʘʆʋɿɽɲʆʙʆʅɻʖɲʆɿʍʅʙʆ
ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ʋɲʌʉʖɼ ʋʌʊʍɽɸʏʘʆ ʋʊʌʘʆ͕ ʍʐʅʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɲʆʊʅɸʆʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʏʘʆ ʃɸʔɲʄɲʀʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ
ʏɸʖʆɿʃɼʎʍʐʆɷʌʉʅɼʎ͕ɶɿɲʏɻʆɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʃɲɿʐʋʉɴɳʄʄɸɿɸʃɽɹʍɸɿʎ
ɶɿɲʏɲɸʐʌɼʅɲʏɳʏɻʎʍʏɻɇʑʆʉɷʉʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͘

ȱʌɽʌʉɍ
Ɉʌʉʋʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ

ϭ͘ ȸ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ ʅʋʉʌɸʀ ʆɲ ʏʌʉʋʉʋʉɿɻɽɸʀ ʍɸ ʉʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸ ʏɲʃʏɿʃɼ ɼ ɹʃʏɲʃʏɻ
ʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻʏɻʎɇʐʆʊɷʉʐʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͘
Ϯ͘Ʌʌʉʏɳʍɸɿʎɶɿɲʏʌʉʋʉʋʉɿɼʍɸɿʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎʅʋʉʌʉʑʆʆɲʐʋʉɴʄɻɽʉʑʆɲʋʊʉʋʉɿʉɷɼʋʉʏɸ
ɲʋʊʏɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻ͘ɈʉʃɸʀʅɸʆʉʃɳɽɸʋʌʉʏɸɿʆʊʅɸʆɻʎʏʌʉʋʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʎʃɲɿʉɿʄʊɶʉɿɶɿΖ
ɲʐʏɼʃʉɿʆʉʋʉɿʉʑʆʏɲɿʍʏɻȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ʏʉʐʄɳʖɿʍʏʉʆɸʃɲʏʊʆʋɸʆɼʆʏɲɻʅɹʌɸʎ
ʋʌɿʆ ʏɻʆ ɹʆɲʌʇɻ ʏɻʎ ʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻʎ͘ ȸ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ɷɿɲɴɿɴɳɺɸɿ͕ ʋɳʌɲʐʏɲ͕
ɲʆʏʀɶʌɲʔɲ ʍʏɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ͘ Ɉʐʖʊʆ ʍʖʊʄɿɲ ʍʖɸʏɿʃɳ ʅɸ ʏʉ ʃɸʀʅɸʆʉ͕ ɲʋʊ ʏɲ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻ͕ʃʉɿʆʉʋʉɿʉʑʆʏɲɿʍʏɻȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎʏʉʐʄɳʖɿʍʏʉʆɸʇɼʆʏɲ
ɻʅɹʌɸʎ ʋʌɿʆ ʏɻʆ ɹʆɲʌʇɻ ʏɻʎ ʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻʎ͘ ȸ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲ ʃʉɿʆʉʋʉɿɸʀ ʍʏɲ ɀɹʌɻ͕ ʏʉ
ʍʐʆʏʉʅʊʏɸʌʉ ɷʐʆɲʏʊ ʅɸʏɳ ʏɻʆ ʏɸʄɸʐʏɲʀɲ ɻʅɹʌɲ ʐʋʉɴʉʄɼʎ ʍʖʉʄʀʘʆ͕ ʊʄɲ ʏɲ ʍʖʊʄɿɲ ʋʉʐ
ʐʋʉɴʄɼɽɻʃɲʆɹʘʎɸʃɸʀʆɻʏɻʆɻʅɹʌɲ͘
ϯ͘Ƀʋʉɿʉɷɼʋʉʏɸʋʌʊʍɽɸʏʉʋɲʌɳʌʏɻʅɲɼʉʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸʏʌʉʋʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ɸʃʏʊʎ
ɲʋʊʏɻʆʏʌʉʋʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʏʘʆʋɲʌɲʌʏɻʅɳʏʘʆʏɻʎ͕ʐɿʉɽɸʏɸʀʏɲɿʅɸʋʄɸɿʉʗɻʔʀɲɷʑʉʏʌʀʏʘʆʏʘʆ
ʋɲʌʊʆʏʘʆʃɲɿʗɻʔɿɺʊʆʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆʃɲɿʏʀɽɸʏɲɿʍɸɿʍʖʑɶɿɲʏɲɀɹʌɻʋʉʐʏɲ
ɹʖʉʐʆɲʋʉɷɸʖɽɸʀʏɻʆʏʌɿɲʃʉʍʏɼɻʅɹʌɲʅɸʏɳʏɻʆɻʅɸʌʉʅɻʆʀɲʃɲʏɳʏɻʆʉʋʉʀɲʏɲɷʑʉʏʌʀʏɲʏʘʆ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʃɲʏɳʏɻʆɻʅɸʌʉʅɻʆʀɲʏɻʎɹɶʃʌɿʍɻʎʏʉʐʋʌʊʍɽɸʏʉʐ
ʋɲʌɲʌʏɼʅɲʏʉʎ ɼ ʏɻʎ ʏʌʉʋʉʄʉɶʀɲʎ͕ ɹʖʉʐʆ ʃɲʏɲɽɹʍɸɿ ʏɿʎ ɸʋʀʍɻʅɸʎ ʋʌɳʇɸɿʎ ɲʋʉɷʉʖɼʎ ʍʏʉʆ
Ⱥɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲ͘ ȳɿɲ ʃɳɽɸɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʉ ɀɹʌʉʎ ʋʉʐ ʃɲʏɲɽɹʏɸɿʋʌɳʇɻ ɲʋʉɷʉʖɼʎ ʅɸʏɳʏɻʆ
ɻʅɸʌʉʅɻʆʀɲʃɲʏɳʏɻʆʉʋʉʀɲʏɲɷʑʉʏʌʀʏɲʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆɹʖʉʐʆʃɲʏɲɽɹʍɸɿʏɿʎ
ɸʋʀʍɻʅɸʎʋʌɳʇɸɿʎɲʋʉɷʉʖɼʎʏʉʐʎ͕ʏʉʋʌʊʍɽɸʏʉʋɲʌɳʌʏɻʅɲɼɻʏʌʉʋʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʏʀɽɸʆʏɲɿʍɸɿʍʖʑ
ʏɻʆʏʌɿɲʃʉʍʏɼɻʅɹʌɲʅɸʏɳʏɻʆɻʅɸʌʉʅɻʆʀɲʃɲʏɳʏɻʆʉʋʉʀɲʃɲʏɹɽɸʍɸʏɻʆʋʌɳʇɻɲʋʉɷʉʖɼʎ͘
ϰ͘Ⱦɳɽɸʏʌʉʋʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʋɲʌɲʌʏɼʅɲʏʉʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎʐɿʉɽɸʏɸʀʏɲɿʅɸʋʄɸɿʉʗɻʔʀɲɷʑʉʏʌʀʏʘʆ
ʏʘʆ ʋɲʌʊʆʏʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʗɻʔɿɺʊʆʏʘʆ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ ʃɲɿ ʏʀɽɸʏɲɿ ʍɸ ɿʍʖʑ ɶɿɲ ʊʄɲ ʏɲ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻʃɲʏɳʏɻʆɸʃɲʏʉʍʏɼʋɸʆʏɻʃʉʍʏɼɻʅɹʌɲʅɸʏɳʏɻʆɻʅɸʌʉʅɻʆʀɲɹɶʃʌɿʍɼʎ
ʏɻʎ ɲʋʊ ʏɻ ɇʑʆʉɷʉ ʏʘʆ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ͕ ɸʃʏʊʎ ɲʋʊ ʏɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ ʋʉʐ
ɹʖʉʐʆɷɿɲʏʐʋʙʍɸɿɸʋɿʔʐʄɳʇɸɿʎ͕ʍʑʅʔʘʆɲʅɸʏɻʆʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉϱʏʉʐʋɲʌʊʆʏʉʎȱʌɽʌʉʐ͘
ϱ͘Ⱦɲʏɳʏɻʆʋɸʌʀʉɷʉʏʘʆɸʃɲʏʊʋɸʆɼʆʏɲɻʅɸʌʙʆʋʉʐʋʌʉɴʄɹʋɸʏɲɿɲʋʊʏɻʆʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉϰʏʉʐ
ʋɲʌʊʆʏʉʎ ȱʌɽʌʉʐ͕ ʃɳɽɸ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʉ ɀɹʌʉʎ ʅʋʉʌɸʀ͕ ʅɸ ɶʌɲʋʏɼ ʃʉɿʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʋʌʉʎ ʏʉʆ
Ⱥɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲ͕ʆɲɷɿɲʏʐʋʙʍɸɿɸʋɿʔʐʄɳʇɸɿʎʍʖɸʏɿʃɳʅɸʅʀɲʏʌʉʋʉʄʉɶʀɲɸʆʊʎʋɲʌɲʌʏɼʅɲʏʉʎ
ʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘Ƀɿɸʆʄʊɶʘɸʋɿʔʐʄɳʇɸɿʎʅʋʉʌʉʑʆʆɲɲʆɲʃʄɻɽʉʑʆ͕ʅɸɶʌɲʋʏɼʃʉɿʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ
ʋʌʉʎʏʉʆȺɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲʃɲɿ͕ʃɲʏʊʋɿʆɲʐʏʉʑ͕ɻʏʌʉʋʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʏʀɽɸʏɲɿʍɸɿʍʖʑɶɿɲʏʉɸʆʄʊɶʘ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʉ ɀɹʌʉʎ ʃɲʏɳ ʏɻʆ ʏʌɿɲʃʉʍʏɼ ɻʅɹʌɲ ʅɸʏɳ ʏɻʆ ɻʅɸʌʉʅɻʆʀɲ ɲʆɳʃʄɻʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ
ɸʋɿʔʐʄɳʇɸʘʆ͘

ȱʌɽʌʉɍȻ
ȵʋʀʋʏʘʍɻʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎʍʏɻʆʉʅʉɽɸʍʀɲʃɲɿʏɿʎɷɿɸɽʆɸʀʎʍʐʅɴɳʍɸɿʎ

ϭ͘ Ƀɿ ɷɿɲʏɳʇɸɿʎ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ɷɸʆ ɽʀɶʉʐʆ ʏʉ ɷɿʃɲʀʘʅɲ ʉʋʉɿʉʐɷɼʋʉʏɸ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʉʐɀɹʌʉʐʎʆɲɷɿɲʏɻʌɸʀɼʆɲɽɸʍʋʀɺɸɿɲʐʍʏɻʌʊʏɸʌɲʅɹʏʌɲɶɿɲʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆ
ʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ ʃɲɿ ʏʘʆ ʉɿʃʉʏʊʋʘʆ ʏʉʐʎ͕ ʉʑʏɸ ʏɲ ɷɿʃɲɿʙʅɲʏɲ ɼ ʏɿʎ ʐʋʉʖʌɸʙʍɸɿʎ ʉʋʉɿʉʐɷɼʋʉʏɸ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʉʐ ɀɹʌʉʐʎ ʋʉʐ ɲʋʉʌʌɹʉʐʆ ɲʋʊ ɹʆɲ ʐʔɿʍʏɳʅɸʆʉ ʍʑʅʔʘʆʉ͕ ʍʐʆɽɼʃɻ ɼ
ʍʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ ʏʘʆ ʉʋʉʀʘʆ ɸʀʆɲɿ ʍʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʉ ʅɹʌʉʎ͕ ɸʃʏʊʎ ɸɳʆ ɻ ɳʍʃɻʍɻ ɲʐʏʙʆ ʏʘʆ
ɷɿʃɲɿʘʅɳʏʘʆʃɲɿʐʋʉʖʌɸʙʍɸʘʆɽɹʏɸɿʍɸʃʀʆɷʐʆʉʏʉʃɲɽɸʍʏʙʎɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͘
Ϯ͘ Ɉɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ ɸʔɲʌʅʊɺʉʐʆ ʏɻʆ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ ʍɸ ʍʐʆɹʋɸɿɲ ʅɸ ʏɲ
ɷɿʃɲɿʙʅɲʏɲʃɲɿʏɿʎʐʋʉʖʌɸʙʍɸɿʎʏʉʐʎʋʉʐɲʋʉʌʌɹʉʐʆɲʋʊʏʉɷʀʃɲɿʉʏɻʎɽɳʄɲʍʍɲʎ͘

ȱʌɽʌʉy//
ȵʋʀʄʐʍɻɷɿɲʔʉʌʙʆ

ϭ͘Ƀʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸɷɿɲʔʉʌɳʋʌʉʃʑʋʏɸɿʅɸʏɲʇʑɷʑʉɼʋɸʌɿʍʍʉʏɹʌʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͕
ʍɸ ʍʖɹʍɻ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ɸʌʅɻʆɸʀɲ ɼ ʏɻʆ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ ʏʘʆ ɷɿɲʏɳʇɸʘʆ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕
ɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʀ ɲʆʏɿʃɸʀʅɸʆʉ ɷɿɲʋʌɲɶʅɲʏɸʑʍɸʘʆ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʘʆ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɀɸʌʙʆ ʋʉʐ
ɸʅʋʄɹʃʉʆʏɲɿʍʏɻɷɿɲʔʉʌɳɼʍɸɷɿɲʅɸʍʉʄɳɴɻʍɻɼʍɸʍʐʅɴɿɴɲʍʅʊɲʋʊʏʌʀʏʉʐʎ͕ɸɳʆɲʐʏʊɸʀʆɲɿ
ɲʋʉɷɸʃʏʊɲʋʊʏɲɸʆɷɿɲʔɸʌʊʅɸʆɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻ͘
Ϯ͘ Ȱʆ ɻ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳ ɷɸʆ ʅʋʉʌɸʀ ʆɲ ɸʋɿʄʐɽɸʀ ʍʑʅʔʘʆɲ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉ ϭ ʏʉʐ ʋɲʌʊʆʏʉʎ
ȱʌɽʌʉʐ͕ ʏɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ ʅʋʉʌʉʑʆ͕ ʅɸ ɲʅʉɿɴɲʀɲ ʍʐʆɲʀʆɸʍɻ͕ ʆɲ ʐʋʉɴɳʄʉʐʆ ʏɻ
ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳʍɸɷɿɲɿʏɻʍʀɲɼɷɿʃɲʍʏɿʃɼɷɿɸʐɽɹʏɻʍɻ͘Ɉɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻʋʉʐʐʋʉɴɳʄʄʉʐʆʏɻ
ɷɿɲʔʉʌɳɷɸʍʅɸʑʉʆʏɲɿɲʋʊʏɻɷɿɲɿʏɻʏɿʃɼɼʏɻɷɿʃɲʍʏɿʃɼɲʋʊʔɲʍɻ͘

ȱʌɽʌʉy///
ɉʋʉɶʌɲʔɼ͕ɸʋɿʃʑʌʘʍɻ͕ɲʋʉɷʉʖɼ͕ɹɶʃʌɿʍɻɼʋʌʉʍʖʙʌɻʍɻ

ϭ͘ȸʋɲʌʉʑʍɲɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲɸʀʆɲɿɲʆʉɿʃʏɼʋʌʉʎʐʋʉɶʌɲʔɼɲʋʊʉʋʉɿʉɷɼʋʉʏɸȾʌɳʏʉʎʏɻʎȷʙʆɻʎ
ȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎ͕ ɸʀʏɸ ʉɿ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎ ʋʉʐ ʐʋʊʃɸɿʆʏɲɿ ʍʏɻ ɷɿʃɲɿʉɷʉʍʀɲ ʏʉʐ ɴʌʀʍʃʉʆʏɲɿ ɸʆʏʊʎ ʏɻʎ
ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎ ɿʍʖʑʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ɸʀʏɸ ʊʖɿ͕ ɼ ɲʋʊ ʉʋʉɿʉʆɷɼʋʉʏɸ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʊ ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɼʎ
ʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎ ʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎ͕ ʏʉʐʄɳʖɿʍʏʉʆ ɹʆɲ ʅɹʄʉʎ ʏʉʐ ʉʋʉʀʉʐ ɸʀʆɲɿ Ⱦʌɳʏʉʎ ʏɻʎ ȷʙʆɻʎ
ȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎ͕ʅɹʍʘ͗
ɲͿʏɻʎʐʋʉɶʌɲʔɼʎʖʘʌʀʎɸʋɿʔʑʄɲʇɻ͕ʊʍʉʆɲʔʉʌɳʍʏɻʆɸʋɿʃʑʌʘʍɻ͕ɲʋʉɷʉʖɼɼɹɶʃʌɿʍɻ͕ɼ
ɴͿ ʏɻʎ ʐʋʉɶʌɲʔɼʎ ʅɸ ɸʋɿʔʑʄɲʇɻ ʊʍʉʆ ɲʔʉʌɳ ʍʏɻʆ ɸʋɿʃʑʌʘʍɻ͕ ɲʋʉɷʉʖɼ ɼ ɹɶʃʌɿʍɻ͕
ɲʃʉʄʉʐɽʉʑʅɸʆɸʎɲʋʊɸʋɿʃʑʌʘʍɻ͕ɲʋʉɷʉʖɼɼɹɶʃʌɿʍɻ͘
Ϯ͘ ȸ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ ʋɲʌɲʅɹʆɸɿ ɲʆʉɿʃʏɼ ʋʌʉʎ ʐʋʉɶʌɲʔɼ ʍʏʉ ɀʉʆɲʃʊ͕ ʅɹʖʌɿ ʏɻʆ
ɻʅɸʌʉʅɻʆʀɲɹʆɲʌʇɻʎɿʍʖʑʉʎʏɻʎ͘
ϯ͘ȸʋɲʌʉʑʍɲɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲɸʀʆɲɿɲʆʉɿʃʏɼɶɿɲʋʌʉʍʖʙʌɻʍɻɲʋʊʉʋʉɿʉɷɼʋʉʏɸȾʌɳʏʉʎʏɻʎȷʙʆɻʎ
ȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎɼʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʊʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɼʎʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎʋʉʐɲʆɲʔɹʌʉʆʏɲɿʍʏɻʆ
ʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉϭɲʆʘʏɹʌʘ͕ʃɲʏɳʃɲɿʅɸʏɳʏɻʆɻʅɸʌʉʅɻʆʀɲɹʆɲʌʇɻʎɿʍʖʑʉʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘
ϰ͘ Ƀɿ ʋʌɳʇɸɿʎ ɸʋɿʃʑʌʘʍɻʎ͕ ɲʋʉɷʉʖɼʎ͕ ɹɶʃʌɿʍɻʎ ɼ ʋʌʉʍʖʙʌɻʍɻʎ ʃɲʏɲʏʀɽɸʆʏɲɿ ʍʏʉʆ
Ⱥɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲ͘

ȱʌɽʌʉɍȻs
ȶʆɲʌʇɻɿʍʖʑʉʎ

ϭ͘ȸʋɲʌʉʑʍɲɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʏʀɽɸʏɲɿʍɸɿʍʖʑʃɲʏɳʏɻʆʋʌʙʏɻɻʅɹʌɲʏʉʐʏʌʀʏʉʐʅɼʆɲʋʉʐɹʋɸʏɲɿ
ʏɻʎɻʅɸʌʉʅɻʆʀɲʎʃɲʏɳʏɻʆʉʋʉʀɲʏʉʐʄɳʖɿʍʏʉʆɸʋʏɳʋɲʌɳʃʏɿɲȾʌɳʏɻʏɻʎȷʙʆɻʎȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎ
ʏɻʎʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎɿʍʖʑʉʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎɼʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʉʀʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɼʎʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎ͕
ʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɲʆʊʅɸʆʘʆ ʏʉʐʄɳʖɿʍʏʉʆ ɷʑʉ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ɉʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɹʌɸɿɲ ʏʉʐ ȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʐ Ʌʊʆʏʉʐ ʃɲɿ
ʏʉʐʄɳʖɿʍʏʉʆʋɹʆʏɸɲʋʊʏɻʆɉʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɹʌɸɿɲʏɻʎɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐʃɲɿʏɻʎʋɲʌɲʃɸʀʅɸʆɻʎʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎ
ʏʉʐȰʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑ͕ɽɲɹʖʉʐʆʐʋʉɶʌɳʗɸɿ͕ʖʘʌʀʎɸʋɿʔʑʄɲʇɻ͕ɲʆɲʔʉʌɿʃɳʅɸʏɻʆɸʋɿʃʑʌʘʍɻ͕ʏɻʆ
ɲʋʉɷʉʖɼ ɼ ʏɻʆ ɹɶʃʌɿʍɻ͕ ɼ ʃɲʏɲɽɹʍɸɿ ʏɿʎ ʋʌɳʇɸɿʎ ɸʋɿʃʑʌʘʍɻʎ͕ ɲʋʉɷʉʖɼʎ ɼ ɹɶʃʌɿʍɼʎ ʏʉʐʎ͕
ʍʑʅʔʘʆɲʅɸʏʉȱʌɽʌʉy//Ȼʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘
Ϯ͘ ȳɿɲ ʃɳɽɸ Ⱦʌɳʏʉʎ ʏɻʎ ȷʙʆɻʎ ȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎ ɼ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʊ ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɼʎ ʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎ
ʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎ͕ʋʉʐ͗
ɲͿʐʋɹɶʌɲʗɸʖʘʌʀʎɸʋɿʔʑʄɲʇɻ͕ɲʆɲʔʉʌɿʃɳʅɸʏɻʆɸʋɿʃʑʌʘʍɻ͕ʏɻʆɲʋʉɷʉʖɼ͕ɼʏɻʆɹɶʃʌɿʍɻ͕
ɴͿɸʋɿʃʑʌʘʍɸ͕ɲʋʉɷɹʖɽɻʃɸɼɸʆɹʃʌɿʆɸ͕ɼ
ɶͿʋʌʉʍʖʙʌɻʍɸ
ʍʏɻʆʋɲʌʉʑʍɲɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʅɸʏɳʏɻʆɻʅɸʌʉʅɻʆʀɲʃɲʏɳʏɻʆʉʋʉʀɲʉɲʌɿɽʅʊʎʏʘʆȾʌɲʏʙʆʏɻʎ
ȷʙʆɻʎ ȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ ʏʘʆ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʙʆ ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɼʎ ʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎ ʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎ ʋʉʐ
ɲʋɲɿʏʉʑʆʏɲɿ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɹʆɲʌʇɻ ɿʍʖʑʉʎ ʏɻʆ ɹʖʉʐʆ ʐʋʉɶʌɳʗɸɿ ʖʘʌʀʎ ɸʋɿʔʐʄɳʇɸɿʎ ɼ ʏɻʆ ɹʖʉʐʆ
ɸʋɿʃʐʌʙʍɸɿ͕ ɲʋʉɷɸʖɽɸʀ ɼ ɸɶʃʌʀʆɸɿ͕ ɻ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ ʏʀɽɸʏɲɿ ʍɸ ɿʍʖʑ ʃɲʏɳ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʙʏɻ
ɻʅɹʌɲʏʉʐʏʌʀʏʉʐʅɼʆɲʋʉʐɹʋɸʏɲɿʏɻʎʖʘʌʀʎɸʋɿʔʐʄɳʇɸɿʎʐʋʉɶʌɲʔɼʎɼʃɲʏɳɽɸʍɻʎ͕ɲʋʊʏʉ
ɸʆ ʄʊɶʘ Ⱦʌɳʏʉʎ ɼ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʊ͕ ʏɻʎ ɷɿʃɼʎ ʏʉʐ ʋʌɳʇɻʎ ɸʋɿʃʑʌʘʍɻʎ͕ ɲʋʉɷʉʖɼʎ͕ ɹɶʃʌɿʍɻʎ ɼ
ʋʌʉʍʖʙʌɻʍɻʎ͘

ȱʌɽʌʉɍs
ȵʋɿʔʐʄɳʇɸɿʎ

Ƀɿɷɿɲʏɳʇɸɿʎʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎɷɸʆʐʋʊʃɸɿʆʏɲɿʍɸɶɸʆɿʃɹʎɸʋɿʔʐʄɳʇɸɿʎ͘ɏʍʏʊʍʉ͕ʅɿɲ
ʍʐɶʃɸʃʌɿʅɹʆɻɸʋɿʔʑʄɲʇɻʅʋʉʌɸʀʆɲɷɿɲʏʐʋʘɽɸʀɲʋʊʉʋʉɿʉɷɼʋʉʏɸȾʌɳʏʉʎ͕ʍɸʍʖɹʍɻʅɸɹʆɲ
ɸɿɷɿʃɳ ʉʌɿʉɽɸʏɻʅɹʆʉ ʏʅɼʅɲ ʏʘʆ ɸʍʘʏɸʌɿʃʙʆ ʏʉʐ ʐɷɳʏʘʆ͕ ʃɲʏɳ ʏɻʆ ʐʋʉɶʌɲʔɼ ʖʘʌʀʎ
ɸʋɿʔʐʄɳʇɸɿʎ͕ʊʍʉʆɲʔʉʌɳʍʏɻʆɸʋɿʃʑʌʘʍɻ͕ʏɻʆɲʋʉɷʉʖɼɼʏɻʆɹɶʃʌɿʍɻɼ͕ʃɲʏɳʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻ͕
ʃɲʏɳ ʏɻʆ ʃɲʏɳɽɸʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʋʌɳʇɻʎ ɸʋɿʃʑʌʘʍɻʎ͕ ɲʋʉɷʉʖɼʎ͕ ɹɶʃʌɿʍɻʎ ɼ ʋʌʉʍʖʙʌɻʍɻʎ͘ ȸ

ɸʋɿʔʑʄɲʇɻɲʐʏɼʅʋʉʌɸʀʆɲɲʆɲʃʄɻɽɸʀɲʆɳʋɳʍɲʍʏɿɶʅɼ͕ɲʋʊʏʉȾʌɳʏʉʎʋʉʐʏɻɷɿɲʏʑʋʘʍɸ͕
ʅɸɶʌɲʋʏɼɶʆʘʍʏʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʋʌʉʎʏʉʆȺɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲ͘ɈʉɸʆʄʊɶʘȾʌɳʏʉʎɷɸʆɷɸʍʅɸʑɸʏɲɿɲʋʊ
ʏɻʆɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎʍʏɲʑɷɲʏɲʋʉʐɲʋʉʏɸʄʉʑʆʏʉɲʆʏɿʃɸʀʅɸʆʉʏɻʎɸʋɿʔʑʄɲʇɻʎ͕ɹʘʎ
ʏʌɿɳʆʏɲɻʅɹʌɸʎʅɸʏɳʏɻʆɻʅɸʌʉʅɻʆʀɲʃɲʏɳʏɻʆʉʋʉʀɲɹʖɸɿɲʆɲʃʄɻɽɸʀɻɸʋɿʔʑʄɲʇɻ͘

ȱʌɽʌʉɍsȻ
Ⱦɲʏɲɶɶɸʄʀɲ

Ƀʋʉɿʉɷɼʋʉʏɸ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʉ ɀɹʌʉʎ ʅʋʉʌɸʀ ʆɲ ʃɲʏɲɶɶɸʀʄɸɿ ʏɻʆ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ ɲʆɳ
ʋɳʍɲʍʏɿɶʅɼ͕ʅɸɶʌɲʋʏɼʃʉɿʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʋʌʉʎʏʉʆȺɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲ͘ȸʃɲʏɲɶɶɸʄʀɲʏʀɽɸʏɲɿʍɸɿʍʖʑ
ɷʙɷɸʃɲ ʅɼʆɸʎ ʅɸʏɳ ʏɻʆ ɻʅɸʌʉʅɻʆʀɲ ʃɲʏɳ ʏɻʆ ʉʋʉʀɲ ʉ Ⱥɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲʎ ʋɲʌɹʄɲɴɸ ʏɻʆ
ʃʉɿʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ͘

ȱʌɽʌʉɍs//
Ⱥɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲʎ

ϭ͘ Ɉɲ ʋʌʘʏʊʏʐʋɲ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ʍʏɻʆ ɲʌɲɴɿʃɼ͕ ɲɶɶʄɿʃɼ͕ ɶɲʄʄɿʃɼ͕ ʌʘʍɿʃɼ ʃɲɿ
ɿʍʋɲʆɿʃɼ ɶʄʙʍʍɸʎ͕ ʃɸʀʅɸʆɲ ʊʆʏɲʎ ɸʇʀʍʉʐ ɲʐɽɸʆʏɿʃɳ͕ ʃɲʏɲʏʀɽɸʆʏɲɿ ʍʏɻʆ Ⱦʐɴɹʌʆɻʍɻ ʏʉʐ
Ʌʌɿɶʃɿʋɳʏʉʐ ʏʉʐ ɀʉʆɲʃʊ͕ ɻ ʉʋʉʀɲ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʀ ʏʉʆ Ⱥɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲ͘ Ƀ Ⱥɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲʎ
ɷɿɲɴɿɴɳɺɸɿɸʋɿʃʐʌʘʅɹʆɲɲʆʏʀɶʌɲʔɲʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎʍɸʊʄɲʏɲȾʌɳʏɻʃɲɿʏʉʐʎʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʉʑʎ
ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɼʎʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎʋʉʐɲʆɲʔɹʌʉʆʏɲɿʍʏʉȱʌɽʌʉy///͕ʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉʎϭ͕
ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ ʃɲɽʙʎ ʃɲɿ ʍʏɻ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ɲʔʉʑ ɲʐʏɼ
ʍʐɶʃʌʉʏɻɽɸʀ͘
Ϯ͘ɀʊʄɿʎɻʋɲʌʉʑʍɲɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʏɸɽɸʀʍɸɿʍʖʑ͕ɹʆɲɸʋɿʃʐʌʘʅɹʆʉɲʆʏʀɶʌɲʔʊʏɻʎɷɿɲɴɿɴɳɺɸʏɲɿ
ɲʋʊ ʏʉʆ Ⱥɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲ ʍʏɻ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲ ʏʘʆ ȸʆʘʅɹʆʘʆ ȵɽʆʙʆ͕ ɶɿɲ ʃɲʏɲʖʙʌɿʍɻ ʃɲɿ
ɷɻʅʉʍʀɸʐʍɻ͕ʍʑʅʔʘʆɲʅɸʏʉȱʌɽʌʉϭϬϮʏʉʐȾɲʏɲʍʏɲʏɿʃʉʑɍɳʌʏɻʏʘʆȸʆʘʅɹʆʘʆȵɽʆʙʆ͘
ϯ͘ Ƀ Ⱥɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲʎ ɸʆɻʅɸʌʙʆɸɿ ʊʄɲ ʏɲ Ⱦʌɳʏɻ ʃɲɿ ʏʉʐʎ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʉʑʎ ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɼʎ
ʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎʋʉʐɹʖʉʐʆʐʋʉɶʌɳʗɸɿɼʋʌʉʍʖʘʌɼʍɸɿʍʏɻɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ͕ʃɲɽʙʎʃɲɿ
ʏɻȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ɶɿɲ͗
ɲͿʉʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸʐʋʉɶʌɲʔɼ͕
ɴͿʉʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸʃɲʏɳɽɸʍɻʋʌɳʇɻʎɸʋɿʃʑʌʘʍɻʎ͕ɲʋʉɷʉʖɼʎ͕ɹɶʃʌɿʍɻʎɼʋʌʉʍʖʙʌɻʍɻʎ͕
ɶͿ ʏɻʆ ɻʅɸʌʉʅɻʆʀɲ ɹʆɲʌʇɻʎ ɿʍʖʑʉʎ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ʃɲɿ ʏʘʆ ʏʐʖʊʆ ʋʌʊʍɽɸʏʘʆ
ʋɲʌɲʌʏɻʅɳʏʘʆ ʏɻʎ͕ ʃɲɽʙʎ ʃɲɿ ɶɿɲ ʉʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸ ʏʌʉʋʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ɼ ʏʘʆ
ʋɲʌɲʌʏɻʅɳʏʘʆʏɻʎ͕
ɷͿʉʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸɸʋɿʔʑʄɲʇɻ͕ʊʍʉʆɲʔʉʌɳʍɸɹʆɲʋʌʊʍɽɸʏʉʋɲʌɳʌʏɻʅɲɼʏɻʆʏʌʉʋʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ
ɸʆʊʎʋɲʌɲʌʏɼʅɲʏʉʎ͕
ɸͿʉʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸʃʉɿʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻɼɲʆɳʃʄɻʍɻɸʋɿʔʑʄɲʇɻʎ͕ʃɲɿ
ʍʏͿʉʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸʃʉɿʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʃɲʏɲɶɶɸʄʀɲʎʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘
Ƀ Ⱥɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲʎ ɷɿɲɴɿɴɳɺɸɿ ʍɸ ʊʄɲ ʏɲ Ⱦʌɳʏɻ ʃɲɿ ʏʉʐʎ ʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʉʑʎ ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɼʎ
ʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎʋʉʐɹʖʉʐʆʐʋʉɶʌɳʗɸɿɼʋʌʉʍʖʘʌɼʍɸɿʍʏɻʆʋɲʌʉʑʍɲɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ͕
ʃɲɽʙʎ ʃɲɿ ʍʏɻ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ ʏʉ ʃɸʀʅɸʆʉ ʉʋʉɿɲʍɷɼʋʉʏɸ ɸʋɿʔʑʄɲʇɻʎ͕ ʏʐʖʊʆ
ʋʌʊʍɽɸʏʘʆʋɲʌɲʌʏɻʅɳʏʘʆ͕ʃɲɽʙʎʃɲɿʉʋʉɿɲʍɷɼʋʉʏɸʏʌʉʋʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎɼʏʘʆ
ʋɲʌɲʌʏɻʅɳʏʘʆʏɻʎ͘
ɇɸ ʋʀʍʏʘʍɻ ʏʘʆ ɲʆʘʏɹʌʘ͕ ʉɿ ʐʋʉɶʌɳʔʉʆʏɸʎ͕ ʊʆʏɲʎ ʆʊʅɿʅɲ ɸʇʉʐʍɿʉɷʉʏɻʅɹʆʉɿ ɶɿΖ ɲʐʏʊ͕
ʐʋɹɶʌɲʗɲʆʏɻʆʋɲʌʉʑʍɲɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ͘
ȶɶɿʆɸʍʏʉɀʉʆɲʃʊ͕ʍʏɿʎɸʀʃʉʍɿʏɹʍʍɸʌɿʎɁʉɸʅɴʌʀʉʐϭϵϵϲ͘

ɅȰɆȰɆɈȸɀȰϭ

ȵɁȴȵȻȾɈȻȾɃɇȾȰɈȰȿɃȳɃɇɈɏɁȾȸɈɏȴɏɁɈɃɉȵɉɂȵȻɁɃɉɅɃɁɈɃɉȳȻȰɈȰɃɅɃȻȰȻɇɍɉȵȻȸ
ɇɉɀɌɏɁȻȰ
ɌɏȾȰȻɁȻȴȵɇ
WŚŽĐŽĞŶĂƉŚŽĐŽĞŶĂ Ɍʙʃɲɿʆɲ
ȴȵȿɌȻɁȻȴȵɇ
dƵƌƐŝŽƉƐ ƚƌƵŶĐĂƚƵƐ Ɇɿʆʉɷɹʄʔɿʆʉ
ĞůƉŚŝŶƵƐ ĚĞůƉŚŝƐ ȴɸʄʔʀʆɿ

ȵɁȴȵȻȾɈȻȾɃɇ ȾȰɈȰȿɃȳɃɇ ɈɏɁ ȾȸɈɏȴɏɁ Ɉȸɇ ɀȵɇɃȳȵȻɃɉ ȾȰȻ Ɉȸɇ ɅȰɆȰȾȵȻɀȵɁȸɇ
ɅȵɆȻɃɍȸɇɈɃɉȰɈȿȰɁɈȻȾɃɉȳȻȰɈȰɃɅɃȻȰȻɇɍɉȵȻȸɅȰɆɃɉɇȰɇɉɀɌɏɁȻȰ
ɌɏȾȰȻɁȻȴȵɇ
WŚŽĐŽĞŶĂƉŚŽĐŽĞŶĂ Ɍʙʃɲɿʆɲ
ȴȵȿɌȻɁȻȴȵɇ
^ƚĞŶŽďƌĞĚĂŶĞŶƐŝƐ ɇʏɸʆʊʌʐɶʖʉɷɸʄʔʀʆɿ
'ƌĂŵƉƵƐŐƌŝƐĞƵƐ ɇʏɲʖʏʉɷɹʄʔɿʆʉ
dƵƌƐŝŽƉƐƚƌƵŶĐĂƚĞƐ Ɇɿʆʉɷɹʄʔɿʆʉ
^ƚĞŶĞůůĂĐŽĞƌƵůĞŽĂůďĂ ȷʘʆʉɷɹʄʔɿʆʉ
ĞůƉŚŝŶƵƐĚĞůƉŚŝƐ ȴɸʄʔʀʆɿ
WƐĞƵĚŽƌĐĂĐƌĂƐƐŝĚĞŶƐ Ɏɸʐɷʊʌʃɲ
KƌĐŝŶƵƐŽƌĐĂ Ƀʌʃɲ
'ůŽďŝĐĞƉŚĂůĂŵĞůĂƐ ɀɲʐʌʉɷɹʄʔɿʆʉ
ȷȻɌȻȻȴȵɇ
DĞƐŽƉůŽĚŽŶĚĞŶƐŝƌŽƐƚƌŝƐ Ʌʐʃʆʊʌʐɶʖʉʎʅɸʍʉʋʄʊɷʉʆʏɲʎ
ŝƉŚŝƵƐĐĂǀŝƌŽƐƚƌŝƐ ȷɿʔɿʊʎ
ɌɉɇȸɈȸɆȵɇ
WŚǇƐĞƚĞƌŵĂĐƌŽĐĞƉŚĂůƵƐ Ɍʐʍɻʏɼʌɲʎ
<K'//
<ŽŐŝĂƐŝŵƵƐ Ɂɳʆʉʎʔʐʍɻʏɼʌɲʎ
ɌȰȿȰȻɁȻȴȵɇ
ƵďĂůĂĞŶĂŐůĂĐŝĂůŝƐ ɌɳʄɲɿʆɲɻȲɿʍʃɲɿʃɼ
ɌȰȿȰȻɁɃɅɈȵɆȻȴȵɇ
ĂůĂĞŶŽƉƚĞƌĂĂĐƵƚŽƌŽƐƚƌĂƚĂ Ɇʐɶʖʉʔɳʄɲɿʆɲ
ĂůĂĞŶŽƉƚĞƌĂďŽƌĞĂůŝƐ Ȳʉʌɸɿʉʔɳʄɲɿʆɲ
ĂůĂĞŶŽƉƚĞƌĂƉŚǇƐĂůƵƐ Ʌʏɸʌʉʔɳʄɲɿʆɲ
DĞŐĂƉƚĞƌĂEŽʆĂĞĂŶŐůŝĂĞ ɀɸɶɳʋʏɸʌɻʔɳʄɲɿʆɲ
ȸʋɲʌʉʑʍɲɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲɸʔɲʌʅʊɺɸʏɲɿ͕ɸʋʀʍɻʎ͕ʍɸʉʋʉɿɲɷɼʋʉʏɸɳʄʄɲ ʃɻʏʙɷɻʋʉʐ ɷɸʆɹʖʉʐʆ
ɼɷɻʃɲʏɲʖʘʌɿʍɽɸʀʍʏʉʋɲʌɳʌʏɻʅɲɲʐʏʊ͕ɲʄʄɳʏɲʉʋʉʀɲʅʋʉʌɸʀʆɲʍʐʖʆɳɺʉʐʆʍʏɻʆʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ
ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʏʐʖɲʀɲɼʋɸʌɿʍʏɲʍɿɲʃɳ͘
ɅȰɆȰɆɈȸɀȰϮ
ɇɍȵȴȻɃȴȻȰɈȸɆȸɇȸɇ

Ɉɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ ɲʆɲʄɲʅɴɳʆʉʐʆ ʏɻʆ ʐʋʉʖʌɹʘʍɻ͕ ʍʏʉʆ ʅɹɶɿʍʏʉ ɴɲɽʅʊ ʏʘʆ
ʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃʙʆ͕ʏɸʖʆɿʃʙʆʃɲɿɸʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃʙʆɷʐʆɲʏʉʏɼʏʘʆʏʉʐʎ͕ʆɲʄɲʅɴɳʆʉʐʆʏɲɲʃʊʄʉʐɽɲ
ʅɹʏʌɲɶɿɲʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕ɷʀʆʉʆʏɲʎʋʌʉʏɸʌɲɿʊʏɻʏɲʍʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻɸʃɸʀʆʘʆʏʘʆ
ɸɿɷʙʆ ɼ ʋʄɻɽʐʍʅʙʆ ʋʉʐ ʋʌʉʍɷɿʉʌʀɺʉʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼ ȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼ ʘʎ ɹʖʉʆʏɲ ʏʉ
ʄɿɶʊʏɸʌʉɸʐʆʉʁʃʊʃɲɽɸʍʏʙʎɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎʃɲɿʍʏɻɷɿɸʆɹʌɶɸɿɲɸʌɸʐʆʙʆʍɸʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎɼɶɿɲɸʀɷɻ
ɶɿɲʏɲʉʋʉʀɲʐʋɳʌʖɸɿɹʄʄɸɿʗɻɷɸɷʉʅɹʆʘʆ͘
ϭ͘ɉɿʉɽɹʏɻʍɻʃɲɿɸʆʀʍʖʐʍɻʏɻʎɸɽʆɿʃɼʎʆʉʅʉɽɸʍʀɲʎ
Ɉɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ʐɿʉɽɸʏʉʑʆ ʏɲ ɲʆɲɶʃɲʀɲ ʆʉʅʉɽɸʏɿʃɳ͕
ʃɲʆʉʆɿʍʏɿʃɳɼɷɿʉɿʃɻʏɿʃɳʅɹʏʌɲɶɿɲʏɻʆʋʄɼʌɻʋʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕ʍɸʑɷɲʏɲʐʋʊʏɻʆ
ɸɽʆɿʃɼʃʐʌɿɲʌʖʀɲʃɲɿͬɼʏɻɷɿʃɲɿʉɷʉʍʀɲʏʉʐʎʃɲɿɸʃʏʊʎʏʘʆʐɷɳʏʘʆɲʐʏʙʆʍɸʍʖɹʍɻʅɸʃɳɽɸ
ʋʄʉʀʉ ʐʋʊ ʏɻ ʍɻʅɲʀɲ ʏʉʐʎ ɼ ʆɻʉʄʉɶɻʅɹʆʉ ʍʏɻʆ ɸʋɿʃʌɳʏɸɿɳ ʏʉʐʎ ʋʉʐ ɸʅʋʄɹʃɸʏɲɿ ʍɸ
ɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɸʎʋʉʐɸʆɷɹʖɸʏɲɿʆɲɸʋɻʌɸɳʍʉʐʆʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͘ȳɿɲʏʉʆʍʃʉʋʊ
ɲʐʏʊ͕ʏɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻ͗
ɲͿɸʋɸʇɸʌɶɳɺʉʆʏɲɿʃɲɿɸʔɲʌʅʊɺʉʐʆʅɹʏʌɲɶɿɲʏɻʆɸʄɲʖɿʍʏʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʏʘʆɲʌʆɻʏɿʃʙʆʍʐʆɸʋɸɿʙʆ
ʏɻʎ ɲʄɿɸʀɲʎ ʍʏɻ ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ ʃɻʏʉɸɿɷʙʆ͘ Ʌɿʉ ʍʐɶʃɸʃʌɿʅɹʆɲ͕ ʃɲʆɹʆɲ ʍʃɳʔʉʎ ɷɸʆ
ɸʋɿʏʌɹʋɸʏɲɿʆɲɷɿɲʏɻʌɸʀɸʆʏʊʎʏʉʐʍʃɳʔʉʐʎʏʉʐɼʆɲʖʌɻʍɿʅʉʋʉɿɸʀʋɲʌɲʍʐʌʊʅɸʆɲɷʀʖʏʐɲ͕
ɴͿ ɽɸʍʋʀɺʉʐʆ ɼ ʏʌʉʋʉʋʉɿʉʑʆ ʃɲʆʉʆɿʍʅʉʑʎ ʅɸ ʍʃʉʋʊ ʏɻʆ ɲʋʉʏʌʉʋɼ ʏɻʎ ɲʋʊʌʌɿʗɻʎ ɼ ʏɻʎ
ɸɶʃɲʏɳʄɸɿʗɻʎ ʏʘʆ ɲʄɿɸʐʏɿʃʙʆ ɸʌɶɲʄɸʀʘʆ ʍʏɻ ɽɳʄɲʍʍɲ͕ ʃɲɿ ɲʋɲɿʏʉʑʆ ʏɻʆ ɳʅɸʍɻ
ɲʋɸʄɸʐɽɹʌʘʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆʋʉʐɲʄɿɸʑʉʆʏɲɿʏʐʖɲʀɲʍɸɲʄɿɸʐʏɿʃɳɸʌɶɲʄɸʀɲʐʋʊʍʐʆɽɼʃɸʎ
ʋʉʐʆɲɷɿɲʍʔɲʄʀɺʉʐʆʏɻʆɸʋɿɴʀʘʍɼʏʉʐʎ͕
ɶͿ ɲʋɲɿʏʉʑʆ ʆɲ ɷɿɸʆɸʌɶʉʑʆʏɲɿ ɲʇɿʉʄʉɶɼʍɸɿʎ ʏʘʆ ɸʋɿʋʏʙʍɸʘʆ͕ ʋʌʉʃɸɿʅɹʆʉʐ ɲʐʏɹʎ ʆɲ
ɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍʉʐʆ ʏɻ ɴɳʍɻ ɸʀʏɸ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɲʆʉʖɼ ɸʀʏɸ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɲʋɲɶʊʌɸʐʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʍʐʆɹʖɿʍɻʎ ɼ ʏɻʎ
ʅɸʄʄʉʆʏɿʃɼʎɲʆɳʋʏʐʇɻʎʏʘʆɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʉʏɼʏʘʆʋʉʐɸʆɷɹʖɸʏɲɿʆɲɸʋɻʌɸɳɺʉʐʆʏɲʃɻʏʙɷɻɼʏʉʆ
ʉɿʃʊʏʉʋʊʏʉʐʎʍʏɻʆʋɸʌɿʉʖɼɿʍʖʑʉʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʍʐʅʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɲʆʉʅɹʆɻʎʃɲɿʏɻʎɲʄɿɸʀɲʎ͕
ʏʘʆʐʋɸʌɳʃʏɿʘʆɸʌɸʐʆʙʆʃɲɿɸʃʅɸʏɲʄʄɸʑʍɸʘʆ͕ʏʘʆɽɲʄɳʍʍɿʘʆɲɽʄɻʅɳʏʘʆ͕ʏʉʐʏʉʐʌɿʍʅʉʑ
ʃɲɿʏɻʎʋɲʌɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕ʃɲɽʙʎʃɲɿʏʉʆʃɲɽʉʌɿʍʅʊʏʘʆʊʌʘʆʐʋʊʏʉʐʎʉʋʉʀʉʐʎ
ʅʋʉʌʉʑʆʆɲɷɿɸʇɳɶʉʆʏɲɿʉɿɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɸʎɲʐʏɹʎ͕
ɷͿ ʌʐɽʅʀɺʉʐʆ ʏɻʆ ɲʋʊʌʌɿʗɻ ʍʏɻ ɽɳʄɲʍʍɲ ʃɲɿ ʐɿʉɽɸʏʉʑʆ͕ ɸʆʏʊʎ ʏʉʐ ʋʄɲɿʍʀʉʐ ɳʄʄʘʆ
ʋʌʊʍʔʉʌʘʆʆʉʅɿʃʙʆʋʌɳʇɸʘʆ͕ɲʐʍʏɻʌʊʏɸʌɲʋʌʊʏʐʋɲɶɿɲʏʉʐʎʌʑʋʉʐʎʋʉʐʋɿʍʏɸʑɸʏɲɿʊʏɿ
ɹʖʉʐʆɲʌʆɻʏɿʃɹʎʍʐʆɹʋɸɿɸʎɶɿɲʏɲʃɻʏʙɷɻ͕ʃɲɿ
ɸͿʋʌʉʍʋɲɽʉʑʆʆɲɸʆɿʍʖʑʍʉʐʆɼʆɲɷɻʅɿʉʐʌɶɼʍʉʐʆɸɽʆɿʃɳɽɸʍʅɿʃɳʊʌɶɲʆɲ͕ʅɸʍʃʉʋʊʏɻʆ
ʋʌʉʙɽɻʍɻʏɻʎɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘
Ϯ͘ȰʇɿʉʄʊɶɻʍɻʃɲɿɷɿɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻʏʘʆɲʄʄɻʄɸʋɿɷʌɳʍɸʘʆɲʆɽʌʙʋʘʆͲʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ
Ɉɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻ͕ʍɸʍʐʆɸʌɶɲʍʀɲʅɸɲʌʅʊɷɿʉʐʎɷɿɸɽʆɸʀʎʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʉʑʎ͕ʍʐʄʄɹɶʉʐʆʃɲɿ
ɲʆɲʄʑʉʐʆɷɸɷʉʅɹʆɲʍʖɸʏɿʃɳʅɸʏɿʎɳʅɸʍɸʎʃɲɿɹʅʅɸʍɸʎɲʄʄɻʄɸʋɿɷʌɳʍɸɿʎʅɸʏɲʇʑɲʆɽʌʙʋʘʆ
ʃɲɿ ʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕ ʍɸ ʍʖɹʍɻ͕ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ɳʄʄʘʆ͕ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ ɲʄɿɸʀɲ͕ ʏɿʎ ɴɿʉʅɻʖɲʆɿʃɹʎ ʃɲɿ ʏʉʐʌɿʍʏɿʃɹʎ
ɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɸʎ͕ ʃɲɽʙʎ ʃɲɿ ʅɸ ʏɻ ʖɸʌʍɲʀɲ ʃɲɿ ɽɲʄɳʍʍɿɲ ʌʑʋɲʆʍɻ͘ Ʉʏɲʆ ɲʐʏʊ ɸʀʆɲɿ
ɲʋɲʌɲʀʏɻʏʉ͕ʏɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻʄɲʅɴɳʆʉʐʆʏɲʃɲʏɳʄʄɻʄɲʅɹʏʌɲɲʋʉʃɲʏɳʍʏɲʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ
ɸʃʋʉʆʉʑʆ ʃɲʏɸʐɽʐʆʏɼʌɿɸʎ ɶʌɲʅʅɹʎ ɼͬʃɲɿ ʃʙɷɿʃɸʎ ɷɸʉʆʏʉʄʉɶʀɲʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɻ ʌʑɽʅɿʍɻ ɼ ʏɻ
ɷɿɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻʏʘʆɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʉʏɼʏʘʆɲʐʏʙʆ͘
ϯ͘Ʌʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʏʘʆʉɿʃʉʏʊʋʘʆ
Ɉɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻʋʌʉʍʋɲɽʉʑʆʆɲɽɸʍʋʀʍʉʐʆʃɲɿʆɲɷɿɲʖɸɿʌʀɺʉʆʏɲɿʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎɸɿɷɿʃɼʎ
ʋʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɲ ʃɻʏʙɷɻ͕ ʉɿ ʉʋʉʀɸʎ ʆɲ ɲʆʏɿʍʏʉɿʖʉʑʆ ʍʏɿʎ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎ ʋʉʐ ʖʌɻʍɿʅɸʑʉʐʆ ʘʎ
ʉɿʃʊʏʉʋʉɿʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆʃɲɿͬɼʉɿʉʋʉʀɸʎʋɲʌɹʖʉʐʆʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃʉʑʎʋʊʌʉʐʎɶɿɲʏɻʆʏʌʉʔɼʏʉʐʎ͘
Ɉɹʏʉɿɸʎ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎ ɸɿɷɿʃɼʎ ʋʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʎ ɽɸʍʋʀɺʉʆʏɲɿ ʍʏʉ ʋʄɲʀʍɿʉ ʏʘʆ Ʌɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʙʆ
ɇʐʅɴɳʍɸʘʆ ɶɿɲ ʏɿʎ Ⱥɳʄɲʍʍɸʎ ;ɇʐʅɴɳʍɸɿʎ K^WZ͕ Ȳɲʌʃɸʄʙʆɻʎ ʃɲɿ ȲʉʐʃʉʐʌɸʍʏʀʉʐͿ͕ ɼ ʍʏʉ
ʋʄɲʀʍɿʉɳʄʄʘʆʋʌʊʍʔʉʌʘʆʆʉʅɿʃʙʆʋʌɳʇɸʘʆ͘
ϰ͘ȶʌɸʐʆɲ ʃɲɿʋɲʌɲʃʉʄʉʑɽɻʍɻ
Ɉɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻɲʆɲʄɲʅɴɳʆʉʐʆ ʍʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʅɹʆɻ͕ʃʉɿʆɼɹʌɸʐʆɲɶɿɲ ʏɲ ʃɻʏʙɷɻʃɲɿ
ɷɿɸʐʃʉʄʑʆʉʐʆ ʏɻʆ ɲʆɳʋʏʐʇɻʆɹʘʆ ʏɸʖʆɿʃʙʆɶɿɲ ʏɻʆɸʆʀʍʖʐʍɻ ʏɻʎɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɼʎʏʉʐʎ͘ Ɉɲ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ ɸɿɷɿʃʊʏɸʌɲ͗
ɲͿʋɲʌɲʃʉʄʉʐɽʉʑʆʏʉʃɲɽɸʍʏʙʎʃɲɿʏɿʎʏɳʍɸɿʎʏʘʆɸɿɷʙʆʋʉʐʃɲʄʑʋʏʉʆʏɲɿɲʋʊʏɻʆʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ
ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ͕ɿɷʀʘʎɸʃɸʀʆʘʆʋʉʐɴʌʀʍʃʉʆʏɲɿʍɸɸʄɳʖɿʍʏɲɶʆʘʍʏɹʎʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎ͕ɼʏʘʆɸɿɷʙʆɶɿɲʏɲ
ʉʋʉʀɲ ʐʋɳʌʖʉʐʆ ʄʀɶɲ ɷɸɷʉʅɹʆɲ͕ ʋʌʉʃɸɿʅɹʆʉʐ ʆɲ ɷɿɸʐʃʉʄʑʆʉʐʆ ʏɻʆ ɸʃʋʊʆɻʍɻ ʅɹʏʌʘʆ
ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎ͕
ɴͿʍʐʆɸʌɶɳɺʉʆʏɲɿ͕ʋʌʉʃɸɿʅɹʆʉʐʆɲʃɲɽʉʌʀʍʉʐʆʏɿʎɷɿɲɷʌʉʅɹʎʅɸʏɲʆɳʍʏɸʐʍɻʎ͕ʃɲɽʙʎʃɲɿʏɿʎ
ʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎ ɲʆɲʋɲʌɲɶʘɶɼʎ ʃɲɿ ɸʋɿʍɿʏɿʍʅʉʑ ʏʘʆ ɸɿɷʙʆ ʋʉʐ ʃɲʄʑʋʏʉʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɻ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ͕
ʋʌʉʃɸɿʅɹʆʉʐʆɲʃɲɽʉʌʀɺʉʐʆʏɿʎʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎʊʋʉʐʉɿɲʆɽʌʙʋɿʆɸʎɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɸʎɸʆɷɹʖɸʏɲɿʆɲ
ʖʌɸɿɲʍʏɸʀʆɲʌʐɽʅɿʍʏʉʑʆʍʐʆɸʋɸʀɲɲʐʏʉʑ͕
ɶͿ ɲʇɿʉʄʉɶʉʑʆ ʏɿʎ ɷɿɲʏʌʉʔɿʃɹʎ ɲʆɳɶʃɸʎ ʏʘʆ ɸɿɷʙʆ ʋʉʐ ʃɲʄʑʋʏʉʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɻ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ ʃɲɿ
ɲʆɲʋʌʉʍɲʌʅʊɺʉʐʆɲʆɳʄʉɶɲʏʉʐʎɲʄɿɸʐʏɿʃʉʑʎʃɲʆʉʆɿʍʅʉʑʎʃɲɿʏɿʎʏɸʖʆɿʃɹʎ͕
ɷͿ ɲʆɲʋʏʑʍʍʉʐʆ ʋʌʉɶʌɳʅʅɲʏɲ ʍʐʍʏɻʅɲʏɿʃɼʎ ɹʌɸʐʆɲʎ ɶɿɲ ʆɸʃʌɳ͕ ʋʌʉʍɲʌɲɶʅɹʆɲ͕
ʏʌɲʐʅɲʏɿʍʅɹʆɲɼɳʌʌʘʍʏɲɺʙɲ͕ʋʌʉʃɸɿʅɹʆʉʐʆɲʃɲɽʉʌʀʍʉʐʆʏɿʎʃʑʌɿɸʎɲʄʄɻʄɸʋɿɷʌɳʍɸɿʎʅɸ
ʏɿʎ ɲʆɽʌʙʋɿʆɸʎ ɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɸʎ ʃɲɿ ʆɲ ɸʆʏʉʋʀʍʉʐʆ ʏɿʎ ʐʔɿʍʏɳʅɸʆɸʎ ʃɲɿ ʏɿʎ ɸʆ ɷʐʆɳʅɸɿ
ɲʋɸɿʄɹʎ͕ʃɲɿ
ɸͿɷɿɸʐʃʉʄʑʆʉʐʆʏɻʆɲʆɳʋʏʐʇɻʋɲɽɻʏɿʃʙʆɲʃʉʐʍʏɿʃʙʆʏɸʖʆɿʃʙʆɶɿɲʏɻʆʋɲʌɲʃʉʄʉʑɽɻʍɻʏʘʆ
ʋʄɻɽʐʍʅʙʆʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͘
ϱ͘ Ƀɿʃʉɷʊʅɻʍɻ ɷʐʆɲʅɿʃʉʑ͕ ʍʐʄʄʉɶɼ ʃɲɿ ɷɿɳɷʉʍɻ ʋʄɻʌʉʔʉʌɿʙʆ͕ ʃɲʏɳʌʏɿʍɻ ʃɲɿ
ɸʃʋɲʀɷɸʐʍɻ
ȿɲʅɴɳʆʉʆʏɲʎ ʐʋʊʗɻ ʏɿʎ ɷɿɲʔʉʌɸʏɿʃɹʎ ɲʆɳɶʃɸʎ ʃɲɿ ʏɲ ʍʏɳɷɿɲ ɲʆɳʋʏʐʇɻʎ ʏʘʆ Ⱦʌɲʏʙʆ ʏɻʎ
ȷʙʆɻʎ ȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎ͕ ʏɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ ɷʀʆʉʐʆ ʋʌʉʏɸʌɲɿʊʏɻʏɲ ʍʏɻʆ ʉɿʃʉɷʊʅɻʍɻ
ɷʐʆɲʅɿʃʉʑ͕ ʋʌʉʃɸɿʅɹʆʉʐ ʆɲ ɲʆɲʋʏʑʇʉʐʆ ʏɻʆ ɲʋɲʌɲʀʏɻʏɻ ɸʅʋɸɿʌʉɶʆʘʅʉʍʑʆɻ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ
ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘Ɉɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻʍʐʆɸʌɶɳɺʉʆʏɲɿɶɿɲʏɻʆɲʆɳʋʏʐʇɻʃʉɿʆʙʆ
ɸʌɶɲʄɸʀʘʆ ɶɿɲ ʏɻ ʍʐʄʄʉɶɼ ʃɲɿ ʏɻ ɷɿɳɷʉʍɻ ʋʄɻʌʉʔʉʌɿʙʆ ʍʖɸʏɿʃɳ ʅɸ ʏɲ ʃɻʏʙɷɻ ʃɲɿ ʏɻ
ɷɿʉʌɶɳʆʘʍɻ ɸʋɿʅʉʌʔʘʏɿʃʙʆ ʍɸɿʌʙʆ ʅɲɽɻʅɳʏʘʆ ʃɲɿ ɸʃʋɲɿɷɸʐʏɿʃʙʆ ʋʌʉɶʌɲʅʅɳʏʘʆ͘ Ƀɿ
ɸʆɹʌɶɸɿɸʎɲʐʏɹʎ ɷɿɸʇɳɶʉʆʏɲɿʍʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʅɹʆɲ͕ʏʊʍʉʍɸʐʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʊɸʋʀʋɸɷʉʊʍʉʃɲɿʍɸ
ɸʋʀʋɸɷʉɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʅɸʏɻʆʐʋʉʍʏɼʌɿʇɻʏɻʎȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʏʘʆɇʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʏɿʃʙʆ
ɀʉʆɳɷʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼʎ ȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼʎ ʃɲɿ ɷɿɸʆɸʌɶʉʑʆʏɲɿ ʍɸ ʍʐʆɸʌɶɲʍʀɲ ʅɸ ʏʉʐʎ
ɲʌʅʊɷɿʉʐʎɷɿɸɽʆɸʀʎʔʉʌɸʀʎɼʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʉʑʎ͘Ɉɲɲʋʉʏɸʄɹʍʅɲʏɲʃɲɽʀʍʏɲʆʏɲɿɷɿɲɽɹʍɿʅɲʍɸʊʄɲ
ʏɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻ͘ȵɿɷɿʃʊʏɸʌɲ͕ʏɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻʍʐʆɸʌɶɳɺʉʆʏɲɿɶɿɲ͗
ɲͿʏɻʆɲʆɳʋʏʐʇɻʍʐʍʏɻʅɳʏʘʆɶɿɲʏɻʍʐʄʄʉɶɼɷɸɷʉʅɹʆʘʆʍʖɸʏɿʃɳʅɸʏɿʎʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɼʍɸɿʎ͕ʏɿʎ
ʏʐʖɲʀɸʎʍʐʄʄɼʗɸɿʎ͕ʏɿʎʋʌʉʍɲʌɳʇɸɿʎ͕ʏɿʎɸʋɿɺʘʉʏʀɸʎʃɲɿɳʄʄɲʔɲɿʆʊʅɸʆɲʋʉʐʍʖɸʏʀɺʉʆʏɲɿʅɸ
ʏɲʃɻʏʙɷɻ͕
ɴͿʏɻʆʃɲʏɳʌʏɿʍɻʃɲʏɲʄʊɶʘʆʏʘʆɸɽʆɿʃʙʆɲʌʖʙʆ͕ʏʘʆʃɹʆʏʌʘʆɹʌɸʐʆɲʎʃɲɿɷɿɳʍʘʍɻʎ͕ʏʘʆ
ɸʋɿʍʏɻʅʊʆʘʆʃɲɿʏʘʆʅɻʃʐɴɸʌʆɻʏɿʃʙʆʉʌɶɲʆʙʍɸʘʆʋʉʐɲʍʖʉʄʉʑʆʏɲɿʅɸʏɲʃɻʏʙɷɻ͕
ɶͿ ʏɻʆ ʃɲʏɳʌʏɿʍɻ ʃɲʏɲʄʊɶʉʐ ʏʘʆ ʐʔɿʍʏɳʅɸʆʘʆ ʋʌʉʍʏɲʏɸʐʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɼ ɷɿɲʖɸɿʌɿɺʊʅɸʆʘʆ
ʋɸʌɿʉʖʙʆʋʉʐɽɲʅʋʉʌʉʑʍɲʆʆɲʘʔɸʄɼʍʉʐʆʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆʃɲɿʏʘʆɽɲʄɳʍʍɿʘʆ
ʋɸʌɿʉʖʙʆɷʐʆɻʏɿʃɼʎʍʋʉʐɷɲɿʊʏɻʏɲʎɶɿɲʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕
ɷͿ ʏɻʆ ʃɲʏɳʌʏɿʍɻ ɸʆʊʎ ʃɲʏɲʄʊɶʉʐ ʏɻʎ ɸɽʆɿʃɼʎ ʃɲɿʏɻʎ ɷɿɸɽʆʉʑʎ ʆʉʅʉɽɸʍʀɲʎ ʍʖɸʏɿʃɳʅɸ ʏɲ
ʃɻʏʙɷɻ͕
ɸͿ ʏɻ ɷɻʅɿʉʐʌɶʀɲ͕ ʃɲʏɳ ʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻ͕ ʅʀɲʎ ʐʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɼʎ ɼ ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɼʎ ʏʌɳʋɸɺɲʎ
ɷɸɷʉʅɹʆʘʆ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ɲʋʉɽɼʃɸʐʍɻ ʏʘʆ ʋʄɻʌʉʔʉʌɿʙʆ ʋʉʐ ʍʐʄʄɹɶʉʆʏɲɿ ɷʐʆɳʅɸɿ ʏʘʆ
ʋɲʌɲɶʌɳʔʘʆɲͿɹʘʎʃɲɿɷͿɲʆʘʏɹʌʘ͕
ʍʏͿʏɻʆɸʃʋʊʆɻʍɻɸʆʊʎʐʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʉʑɼʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʉʑɸʆɻʅɸʌʘʏɿʃʉʑɷɸʄʏʀʉʐʍʖɸʏɿʃɳ
ʅɸ ʏɿʎ ɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɸʎ ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ ʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ ɼ ʏɻ ʍʐʅɴʉʄɼ ʍɸ ʅɿɲ ʐʔɿʍʏɳʅɸʆɻ
ɷɻʅʉʍʀɸʐʍɻʋʉʐɽɲɸʇʐʋɻʌɸʏɸʀʏʉʆʀɷɿʉʍʃʉʋʊ͕
ɺͿ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʉɸʏʉɿʅɲʍʀɲ ʉɷɻɶʙʆ ʋʄɻʌʉʔʊʌɻʍɻʎ͕ ɸʐɲɿʍɽɻʏʉʋʉʀɻʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ ʋʌʉʍɷɿʉʌɿʍʅʉʑ͕ ɶɿɲ
ɷɿɲʆʉʅɼʍʏʉʐʎʖʌɼʍʏɸʎʏɻʎɽɳʄɲʍʍɲʎ͕
ɻͿ ʏɻʆ ɸʃʋʊʆɻʍɻ͕ ʅɸ ɴɳʍɻ ʏɿʎ ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɹʎ ɶʆʙʍɸɿʎ͕ ʅɿɲʎ ʍʑʆɽɸʍɻʎ ʃʏɻʆɿɲʏʌɿʃʙʆ
ʍʐʍʏɳʍɸʘʆɶɿɲʏɻɷɿɳʍʘʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕ʃɲɿ
ɽͿ ʏɻʆ ɲʆɳʋʏʐʇɻ ʃɲɿ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ ʋʌʉɶʌɲʅʅɳʏʘʆ ɸʃʋɲʀɷɸʐʍɻʎ ʍʖɸʏɿʃʙʆ ʅɸ ʏɿʎ ʏɸʖʆɿʃɹʎ
ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎ͕ɿɷʀʘʎɶɿɲʏɿʎʏɸʖʆɿʃɹʎʋɲʌɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎ͕ɲʋɸʄɸʐɽɹʌʘʍɻʎ͕ʅɸʏɲʔʉʌɳʎʃɲɿʋʌʙʏʘʆ
ɴʉɻɽɸɿʙʆ͕ʃɲɽʙʎʃɲɿʅɸʏɻʆɲʆʏɲʋʊʃʌɿʍɻʍɸʃɲʏɲʍʏɳʍɸɿʎɹʃʏɲʃʏɻʎɲʆɳɶʃɻʎ͘
ϲ͘Ȱʆʏɲʋʊʃʌɿʍɻʍɸʃɲʏɲʍʏɳʍɸɿʎɹʃʏɲʃʏɻʎɲʆɳɶʃɻʎ
Ɉɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ͕ ʍɸ ʍʐʆɸʌɶɲʍʀɲ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ʏʉʐʎ͕ ʃɲɿ ʊʋʉʏɸ ɲʐʏʊ ɸʀʆɲɿ ɸʔɿʃʏʊ ʃɲɿ
ɲʆɲɶʃɲʀʉ͕ ɲʆɲʋʏʑʍʍʉʐʆ ʃɲɿ ɸʔɲʌʅʊɺʉʐʆ ʅɹʏʌɲ ɹʃʏɲʃʏɻʎ ɲʆɳɶʃɻʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɲ ʃɻʏʙɷɻ ʋʉʐ
ʃɲʄʑʋʏʉʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ͕ ʊʏɲʆ ɲʆɲʃʑʋʏʉʐʆ ɸʇɲɿʌɸʏɿʃɳ ɷʐʍʅɸʆɸʀʎ ɼ
ɸʋɿʃʀʆɷʐʆɸʎʍʐʆɽɼʃɸʎ͘ȵɿɷɿʃʊʏɸʌɲ͕ʏɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻ͗
ɲͿ ʃɲʏɲʌʏʀɺʉʐʆ͕ ʍɸ ʍʐʆɸʌɶɲʍʀɲ ʅɸ ʏʉʐʎ ɲʌʅʊɷɿʉʐʎ ʔʉʌɸʀʎ͕ ʍʖɹɷɿɲ ɹʃʏɲʃʏɻʎ ɲʆɳɶʃɻʎ͕ ʏɲ
ʉʋʉʀɲ ɸʔɲʌʅʊɺʉʆʏɲɿ ʍɸ ʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻ ɲʋɸɿʄʙʆ ɶɿɲ ʏɲ ʃɻʏʙɷɻ ʍʏɻʆ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ ɿʍʖʑʉʎ ʏɻʎ
ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ʊʋʘʎʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɳʋɸʌɿʍʏɲʏɿʃɳʌʑʋɲʆʍɻʎ͕ʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃɹʎʋʌʉʍɲʌɳʇɸɿʎɼɸʋɿɺʘʉʏʀɸʎ͕
ɴͿ ɲʇɿʉʄʉɶʉʑʆ ʏʉ ɷʐʆɲʅɿʃʊ ʋʉʐ ɲʋɲɿʏɸʀʏɲɿ ɶɿɲ ɸʋɿʖɸɿʌɼʍɸɿʎ ɷɿɳʍʘʍɻʎ ʏʌɲʐʅɲʏɿʍʅɹʆʘʆ ɼ
ɳʌʌʘʍʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕ʃɲɿ
ɶͿ ɸʃʋʉʆʉʑʆ ʃʙɷɿʃɲ ʍʐʅʋɸʌɿʔʉʌɳʎ ʉ ʉʋʉʀʉʎ ɷɿɹʋɸɿ ʏɻ ʄɸɿʏʉʐʌɶʀɲ ʏʘʆ ʃɹʆʏʌʘʆ ɼ ʏʘʆ
ɸʌɶɲʍʏɻʌʀʘʆʋʉʐʍʐʅʅɸʏɹʖʉʐʆʍʏʉɹʌɶʉɲʐʏʊ͘
ɇɸ ʋɸʌʀʋʏʘʍɻ ʃɲʏɳʍʏɲʍɻʎ ɹʃʏɲʃʏɻʎ ɲʆɳɶʃɻʎ ʋʉʐ ɲʋɲɿʏɸʀ ʏɻ ʄɼʗɻ ɳʅɸʍʘʆ ʅɹʏʌʘʆ
ʋʌʉʃɸɿʅɹʆʉʐ ʆɲ ɲʋʉʔɸʐʖɽɸʀ ɻ ɸʋɿɷɸʀʆʘʍɻ ʏʉʐ ʃɲɽɸʍʏʙʏʉʎ ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎ ɸʆʊʎ ɼ
ʋɸʌɿʍʍʊʏɸʌʘʆʋʄɻɽʐʍʅʙʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕ɹʆɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʉɀɹʌʉʎʅʋʉʌɸʀʆɲɺɻʏɼʍɸɿɲʋʊʏɻ
ʍʖɸʏɿʃɼɇʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʏɿʃɼɀʉʆɳɷɲʆɲɸʆɻʅɸʌʙʍɸɿʏɲʐʋʊʄʉɿʋɲɸʆɷɿɲʔɸʌʊʅɸʆɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ
ɀɹʌɻ͕ ʅɸ ʍʃʉʋʊ ʏɻ ɷɻʅɿʉʐʌɶʀɲ ɸʆʊʎ ʅɻʖɲʆɿʍʅʉʑ ʋʉʐ ɽɲ ʋɲʌɹʖɸɿ ɳʅɸʍɻ ʋʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲ ʍʏʉʆ
ʋʄɻɽʐʍʅʊʋʉʐʃʌʀɽɻʃɸʊʏɿɲʆʏɿʅɸʏʘʋʀɺɸɿɿɷɿɲʀʏɸʌɲʍʉɴɲʌɼɲʋɸɿʄɼ͘

ɈɸʄɿʃɼɅʌɳʇɻ
ʏɻʎȴɿɲʋʌɲɶʅɲʏɸʐʏɿʃɼʎɇʐʆʊɷʉʐ
ɶɿɲʏɻʆʐɿʉɽɹʏɻʍɻ
ʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎɶɿɲʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆʏʉʐȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʐɅʊʆʏʉʐ͕ʏɻʎɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐʃɲɿ
ʏɻʎʋɲʌɲʃɸʀʅɸʆɻʎʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎʏʉʐȰʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑ

ɀɿɲ ɷɿɲʃʐɴɸʌʆɻʏɿʃɼ ʍʑʆʉɷʉʎ ʋʌɲɶʅɲʏʉʋʉɿɼɽɻʃɸ ʍʏʉ ɀʉʆɲʃʊ͕ ɲʋʊ ʏɿʎ ϭϵ ɹʘʎ ʏɿʎ Ϯϰ
Ɂʉɸʅɴʌʀʉʐϭϵϵϲ͕ʅɸʍʃʉʋʊʏɻɷɿɲʋʌɲɶʅɳʏɸʐʍɻʃɲɿʏɻʆʐɿʉɽɹʏɻʍɻʅɿɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎɶɿɲʏɻ
ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ ʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ ʏʉʐ ȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʐ Ʌʊʆʏʉʐ͕ ʏɻʎ ɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌɲʃɸʀʅɸʆɻʎ
ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎʏʉʐȰʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑ͕ʅɿɲʎʍʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎʍɸɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʏʉʐȱʌɽʌʉʐ/s͕ʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉʎϰ͕ʏɻʎ
ɇʑʅɴɲʍɻʎɶɿɲʏɻȴɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆȰʋʉɷɻʅɻʏɿʃʙʆȵɿɷʙʆȱɶʌɿɲʎɅɲʆʀɷɲʎ͘
ȸ ɇʑʆʉɷʉʎ ʍʐɶʃʄɼɽɻʃɸ ɲʋʊ ʏɻ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲ ʏɻʎ ɇʑʅɴɲʍɻʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɻ ȴɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ
ɀɸʏɲʆɲʍʏɸʐʏɿʃʙʆȵɿɷʙʆȱɶʌɿɲʎɅɲʆʀɷɲʎ͕ʍʏʉʋʄɲʀʍɿʉʏʉʐɅɸʌɿɴɲʄʄʉʆʏɿʃʉʑɅʌʉɶʌɳʅʅɲʏʉʎ
ʏʘʆȸʆʘʅɹʆʘʆȵɽʆʙʆ;hEWͬD^Ϳ͕ʐʋʊʏɻʆɿɷɿʊʏɻʏɳʏɻʎʘʎȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʎʏɻʎɇʑʅɴɲʍɻʎ͕ʍɸ
ʍʐʆɸʌɶɲʍʀɲʅɸʏɻʆȾʐɴɹʌʆɻʍɻʏʉʐɅʌɿɶʃɿʋɳʏʉʐʏʉʐɀʉʆɲʃʊʃɲɿʏɻʆȾʐɴɹʌʆɻʍɻʏɻʎȳɲʄʄʀɲʎ͘
ȵʃʋʌʉʍʘʋɼɽɻʃɲʆ ʏɲ ɲʃʊʄʉʐɽɲ ϭϳ Ⱦʌɳʏɻ ʏɻʎ ȷʙʆɻʎ ȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ ɹʆɲʎ ʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʊʎ
ʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʊʎʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎ͗
Ȱʄɴɲʆʀɲ͕Ⱦʌʉɲʏʀɲ͕Ⱦʑʋʌʉʎ͕ȵʐʌʘʋɲʁʃɼȾʉɿʆʊʏɻʏɲ͕ȳɲʄʄʀɲ͕ȳɸʘʌɶʀɲ͕ȵʄʄɳɷɲ͕Ȼʍʌɲɼʄ͕Ȼʏɲʄʀɲ͕
ɀʉʆɲʃʊ͕ ɀɲʌʊʃʉ͕ Ʌʉʌʏʉɶɲʄʀɲ͕ Ɇʉʐʅɲʆʀɲ͕ Ȼʍʋɲʆʀɲ͕ Ȱʌɲɴɿʃɼ ȴɻʅʉʃʌɲʏʀɲ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʌʀɲʎ͕
Ɉʐʆɻʍʀɲ͕ɈʉʐʌʃʀɲʃɲɿɃʐʃʌɲʆʀɲ͘
ɈɲɲʃʊʄʉʐɽɲȾʌɳʏɻʏɻʎȷʙʆɻʎȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎʍʐʅʅɸʏɸʀʖɲʆʍʏɻɇʑʆʉɷʉʘʎʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɻʏɹʎ͗
Ȳʉʐʄɶɲʌʀɲ͕Ȱʀɶʐʋʏʉʎ͕Ȱʌɲɴɿʃɼȴɻʅʉʃʌɲʏʀɲʏɻʎȿɿɴʑɻʎ͕ʃɲɿɀɳʄʏɲ͘
ȵʃʋʌʊʍʘʋʉɿ ʏʘʆ ɲʃʊʄʉʐɽʘʆ ɷɿɲʃʐɴɸʌʆɻʏɿʃʙʆ ʃɲɿ ʅɻ ʃʐɴɸʌʆɻʏɿʃʙʆ ʉʌɶɲʆʙʍɸʘʆ
ʍʐʅʅɸʏɸʀʖɲʆ͕ɸʋʀʍɻʎ͕ʍʏɻɇʑʆʉɷʉʘʎʋɲʌɲʏɻʌɻʏɹʎ͗ɅɸʌɿɴɲʄʄʉʆʏɿʃʊɅʌʊɶʌɲʅʅɲʏʉʐȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʐ
Ʌʊʆʏʉʐ͕ ȴɿɸɽʆɼʎ ȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼ ȴɿɸʌɸʑʆɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ ɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐ͕ ȴɿɸɽʆɼʎ
ɇʑʅɴɲʍɻɶɿɲʏɻɆʑɽʅɿʍɻʏɻʎɌɲʄɲɿʆʉɽɻʌʀɲʎ;ȴɿɸɽʆɼʎȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼɌɲʄɲɿʆʉɽɻʌʀɲʎͿ͕ɇʑʅɴɲʍɻ
ɶɿɲʏɻȴɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏɻʎȱɶʌɿɲʎȷʘɼʎʃɲɿʏʉʐɌʐʍɿʃʉʑɅɸʌɿɴɳʄʄʉʆʏʉʎʏɻʎȵʐʌʙʋɻʎ;ɇʑʅɴɲʍɻ
ʏɻʎȲɹʌʆɻʎͿ͕ɅɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʊȾɹʆʏʌʉȴʌɳʍɻʎɶɿɲʏɿʎȵɿɷɿʃɳɅʌʉʍʏɲʏɸʐʊʅɸʆɸʎɅɸʌɿʉʖɹʎ;Zͬ
^WȰͿ͕ ȵʆʐɷʌɸʀʉ ʏɻʎ ȳɹʆʉɴɲʎ ;ĐƋƵĂƌŝŽ Ěŝ 'ĞŶŽʆĂͿ͕ ƵƌŽEĂƚƵƌ͕ Ʌʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲ ʏɻʎ ȵʐʌʙʋɻʎ Ͳ
ȳɲʄʄʀɲ;ƵƌŽƉĞŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶ&ƌĂŶĐĞͿ͕ɅʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʏɻʎȵʐʌʙʋɻʎͲȻʏɲʄʀɲ;ƵƌŽƉĞŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƚŝŽŶ
/ƚĂůǇͿ͕ ȵʏɲɿʌɸʀɲ ɶɿɲ ʏɻ ȴɿɳʍʘʍɻ ʏʘʆ ȴɸʄʔɿʆɿʙʆ ;'ĞƐĞůůƐĐŚĂĨƚ ǌƵƌ ZĞƚƚƵŶŐ ĚĞƌ ĞůƉŚŝŶĞͿ͕
ȴɿɸɽʆɹʎ Ⱥɲʄɳʍʍɿʉ Ⱦɲʏɲʔʑɶɿʉ ʍʏɻ ȴʐʏɿʃɼ ɀɸʍʊɶɸɿʉ ;Z/DDKͿ͕ ȶʆʘʍɻ Ⱥɲʄɳʍʍɿɲʎ
Ƀʌʆɿɽʉʋɲʆʀɷɲʎ ɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐ ;DDZs/^Ϳ͕ Ȳɲʍɿʄɿʃɼ ȵʏɲɿʌɸʀɲ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ Ʌʌʊʄɻʗɻ ʏɻʎ
Ⱦɲʃʉʅɸʏɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻʎ ʏʘʆ ȷʙʘʆ ;Z^WͿ͕ ^K^ 'ƌĂŶĚ ůĞƵ͕ ȵʌɸʐʆɻʏɿʃʊ Ȼʆʍʏɿʏʉʑʏʉ Ɉɻɽʑʘʆ͕
ȵʏɲɿʌɸʀɲɅʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʎɌɲʄɲɿʆʙʆʃɲɿȴɸʄʔɿʆɿʙʆ͕ɅɲɶʃʊʍʅɿʉɈɲʅɸʀʉɶɿɲʏɻɌʑʍɻ;tt&Ϳ͘
ȸɇʑʆʉɷʉʎɸʇɹʄɸʇɸʏʉʆʃ͘WĂƚƌŝĐŬǀĂŶȾůĂǀĞƌĞŶ;ɀʉʆɲʃʊͿʘʎɅʌʊɸɷʌʉ͕ʃɲɿʏʉʐʎȴʌɲ͘sŝĐƚŽƌ
<ĂƌĂŵƵƐŚŬĂ ;ɃʐʃʌɲʆʀɲͿ ʃɲɿ ʃ͘ DŽŚĂŵĞĚ ĚĞů ,ĞŶƚĂƚŝ ;ɈʐʆɻʍʀɲͿ ʘʎ Ȱʆʏɿʋʌʉɹɷʌʉʐʎ͘ Ƀ
ȳɸʆɿʃʊʎȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɹɲʎʏɻʎɇʐʆʊɷʉʐɼʏɲʆʉʃ͘ŽƵŐůĂƐ,ǇŬůĞ;hEWͬD^ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲͿ͘
ȸɇʑʆʉɷʉʎʍʐɶʃʌʊʏɻʍɸʅɿɲȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼȴɿɲʋɿʍʏɸʐʏɻʌʀʘʆʅɸʏɲɲʃʊʄʉʐɽɲʅɹʄɻ͗
Ͳʃɲ͘DĂƌŝĞͲŚƌŝƐƚŝŶĞǀĂŶȾůĂǀĞƌĞŶ;Ʌʌʊɸɷʌʉʎ͕ɀʉʆɲʃʊͿ
ͲȰȵ͘ȴʌɲ͘ȵʅʅɲʆʉʐɼʄȳʉʑʆɲʌɻ;ȵʄʄɳɷɲͿ
ͲȾɲɽ͘dƵůůŝŽ^ĐŽǀĂǌǌŝ;ȻʏɲʄʀɲͿ
ͲʃWĂŵĨŝůͲ'ƌŝŐŽƌĞZŽŵĂŶ;ɆʉʐʅɲʆʀɲͿ
ȸɇʑʆʉɷʉʎʐɿʉɽɹʏɻʍɸʉʅʊʔʘʆɲʏɻɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲɶɿɲʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆʏʉʐȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʐ
Ʌʊʆʏʉʐ͕ ʏɻʎ ɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌɲʃɸʀʅɸʆɻʎ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎ ʏʉʐ Ȱʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑ͕ ʍʏɿʎ ɶʄʙʍʍɸʎ
ɲʌɲɴɿʃɼ͕ɲɶɶʄɿʃɼ͕ɶɲʄʄɿʃɼʃɲɿʌʘʍɿʃɼ͕ʋʉʐɸʋɿʍʐʆɳʋʏʉʆʏɲɿʘʎɅɲʌɳʌʏɻʅɲʍʏɻʆʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ
ɈɸʄɿʃɼɅʌɳʇɻ͘
ȸ ɇʑʆʉɷʉʎ ɷɹʖɽɻʃɸ ʅɸ ɿʃɲʆʉʋʉʀɻʍɻ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʉʍʔʉʌɳ ʏɻʎ Ⱦʐɴɹʌʆɻʍɻʎ ʏʉʐ Ʌʌɿɶʃɿʋɳʏʉʐ ʏʉʐ
ɀʉʆɲʃʊʆɲɸʆɸʌɶɸʀʘʎɽɸʅɲʏʉʔʑʄɲʃɲʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘ȸȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʑʅɴɲʍɻʎɶɿɲʏɲ
ɲʋʉɷɻʅɻʏɿʃɳɸʀɷɻʃɲɿɻȾʐɴɹʌʆɻʍɻʏʉʐɅʌɿɶʃɿʋɳʏʉʐʏʉʐɀʉʆɲʃʊɷɸʍʅɸʑʏɻʃɲʆɲʋʊʃʉɿʆʉʑ
ʆɲɸʇɸʏɳʍʉʐʆʏɿʎɷʐʆɲʏʊʏɻʏɸʎɷɿɲʍʔɳʄɿʍɻʎʏʘʆʄɸɿʏʉʐʌɶɿʙʆʅɿɲʎʋʌʉʍʘʌɿʆɼʎȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʎ͕
ɸʆ ɲʆɲʅʉʆɼ ʏɻʎ ɹʆɲʌʇɻʎ ɿʍʖʑʉʎ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ɷɻʅɿʉʐʌɶʀɲʎ ʅɿɲʎ ʅʊʆɿʅɻʎ
ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʎ͕ʍʑʅʔʘʆɲʅɸʏʉȱʌɽʌʉȻȻȻ͕ʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉʎϳ͕ʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘
ȸ ɇʑʆʉɷʉʎ ɹʄɲɴɸ ʐʋʊʗɻ ʏɿʎ ɷɿɲʏɳʇɸɿʎ ʏʉʐ Ɏɻʔʀʍʅɲʏʉʎ ϰ͘ϰ͕ ʋʉʐ ʐɿʉɽɸʏɼɽɻʃɸ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ
ʏɹʏɲʌʏɻʍʑʆʉɷʉʏɻʎȴɿɳʍʃɸʗɻʎʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆʏɻʎɇʑʅɴɲʍɻʎɶɿɲʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻ
ʏʘʆ ʅɸʏɲʆɲʍʏɸʐʏɿʃʙʆ ɸɿɷʙʆ ɳɶʌɿɲʎ ʋɲʆʀɷɲʎ ;Ɂɲʁʌʊʅʋɿ͕ ϭϵϵϰͿ ʏʉ ʉʋʉʀʉ͕ ʅɸʏɲʇʑ ɳʄʄʘʆ͕
ɲʋʉʔɲʍʀɺɸɿ ʊʏɿ ʏɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ ʉʌɿʍʅɹʆʘʆ ɇʐʅʔʘʆɿʙʆ ʋʉʐ ɹʖʉʐʆ ʍʐʆɲʔɽɸʀ ʍʏʉ
ʋʄɲʀʍɿʉʏɻʎɇʑʅɴɲʍɻʎʋʌɹʋɸɿʆɲʃɲʄʉʑʆʏɲɿʆɲɸʆʉʋʉɿʉʑʆʏɲɶʌɲʅʅɲʏɸɿɲʃɳʃɲɽɼʃʉʆʏɲʍɸ
ʅɿɲʅʉʆɳɷɲʋʉʐɽɲʍʐʍʏɸɶɳɺɸʏɲɿʅɸʏɻȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʏɻʎɇʐʆɽɼʃɻʎ͕ʃɲɿʊʏɿʉɿɶʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɸʎʏʘʆ
ɸʋɿʅɹʌʉʐʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆɿʙʆ ʋʌɹʋɸɿ ʆɲ ʖʌɻʅɲʏʉɷʉʏʉʑʆʏɲɿ ɸʇ ʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʉʐ ɲʋʊ ʏɲ ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ
ɀɹʌɻʏʉʐʎ͘
ȸ ɇʑʆʉɷʉʎ ɸʇɹʏɲʍɸ ɸʐʆʉʁʃɳ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʊʏɲʍɻ ʏɻʎ ȴɿɸɽʆʉʑʎ ȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼʎ ɶɿɲ ʏɻʆ ȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼ
ȴɿɸʌɸʑʆɻʍɻʏɻʎɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐʆɲʋʌʉʍʔɹʌɸɿʏɻʆʉʅɳɷɲɸʅʋɸɿʌʉɶʆʘʅʊʆʘʆʏɻʎɶɿɲʏɲɽɲʄɳʍʍɿɲ
ɽɻʄɲʍʏɿʃɳ͕ʋʌʉʃɸɿʅɹʆʉʐɲʐʏɼʆɲɲʍʃɼʍɸɿʏɲʃɲɽɼʃʉʆʏɲʏɻʎȵʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɼʎȵʋɿʏʌʉʋɼʎʋʉʐ
ʋʌʉɴʄɹʋɸʏɲɿɲʋʊʏʉȱʌɽʌʉs//ʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎʃɲɿɺɼʏɻʍɸɲʋʊʏɻʆʋʌʉʍʘʌɿʆɼȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʆɲ
ʄɳɴɸɿ ʏɲ ɲʋɲʌɲʀʏɻʏɲ ʅɹʏʌɲ͕ ʋʌʉʃɸɿʅɹʆʉʐ ʆɲ ɸʋɸʇɸʌɶɲʍʏɸʀ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʉʍʔʉʌɳ ɲʐʏɼ͕ ʅɸ ʏɻʆ
ɸʋɿʔʑʄɲʇɻʏɻʎɸʋʀʍɻʅɻʎɹɶʃʌɿʍɻʎɲʋʊʏɻɇʑʆʉɷʉʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆ͕ʍʏɻʆʋʌʙʏɻ
ʏɻʎʍʐʆɸɷʌʀɲʍɻ͘
ȸɇʑʆʉɷʉʎʋʌʊʏɸɿʆɸɻʋʌʉʍʘʌɿʆɼȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲʆɲʋʌʉʍɸɶɶʀʍɸɿɲʆʏʀʍʏʉɿʖɸʎɷɿɲʃʐɴɸʌʆɻʏɿʃɹʎ
ʉʌɶɲʆʙʍɸɿʎʍʏʉʆȵʑʇɸɿʆʉɅʊʆʏʉʃɲɿʏɻɀɸʍʊɶɸɿʉ͕ʅɸʍʃʉʋʊʆɲɷɿɸʐʃʉʄʐʆɽɸʀʉɸʆʏʉʋɿʍʅʊʎ
ʏʘʆʐʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃʙʆɇʐʆʏʉʆɿʍʏɿʃʙʆɀʉʆɳɷʘʆʋʉʐʋʌʉɴʄɹʋʉʆʏɲɿɴɳʍɸɿʏʉʐȱʌɽʌʉʐsʏɻʎ
ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͘
ȸɇʑʆʉɷʉʎɸʇɹʔʌɲʍɸʏɿʎɸʐʖɲʌɿʍʏʀɸʎʏɻʎʋʌʉʎʏɻʆȾʐɴɹʌʆɻʍɻʏʉʐɅʌɿɶʃɿʋɳʏʉʐʏʉʐɀʉʆɲʃʊ
ɶɿɲ ʏɻ ʔɿʄʉʇɸʆʀɲ ʏɻʎ ʍʐʆʊɷʉʐ ɷɿɲʋʌɲɶʅɲʏɸʑʍɸʘʆ͕ ʃɲɽʙʎ ʃɲɿ ʋʌʉʎ ʏɻʆ Ⱦʐɴɹʌʆɻʍɻ ʏɻʎ
ȳɲʄʄʀɲʎ͕ɻʉʋʉʀɲʋʌʉʍɹʔɸʌɸɸʋɿʋʄɹʉʆʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼɸʆʀʍʖʐʍɻ͘
ȶɶɿʆɸʍʏʉɀʉʆɲʃʊ͕ʍʏɿʎɸʀʃʉʍɿʏɹʍʍɸʌɿʎɁʉɸʅɴʌʀʉʐʏʉʐɹʏʉʐʎʖʀʄɿɲɸʆʆɿɲʃʊʍɿɲɸʆɸʆɼʆʏɲɹʇɿ͕
ʍɸɹʆɲʅʊʆʉɲʆʏʀʏʐʋʉʍʏɻʆɲʌɲɴɿʃɼ͕ɲɶɶʄɿʃɼ͕ɶɲʄʄɿʃɼʃɲɿʌʘʍɿʃɼɶʄʙʍʍɸʎ͕ʊʄɲʏɲʃɸʀʅɸʆɲ
ʊʆʏɲʎɸʇʀʍʉʐɲʐɽɸʆʏɿʃɳ͘
ɇȵ ɅȻɇɈɏɇȸ ɈɏɁ ȰɁɏɈȵɆɏ ʉɿ ɲʃʊʄʉʐɽʉɿ Ȱʆʏɿʋʌʊʍʘʋʉɿ ʐʋɹɶʌɲʗɲʆ ʏɻʆ ʋɲʌʉʑʍɲ Ɉɸʄɿʃɼ
Ʌʌɳʇɻ͘
ɎȸɌȻɇɀȰȰͬϰ͘ϭ
ɈɆɃɅɃɅɃȻȸɇȵȻɇ͗
ȵɅȵȾɈȰɇȸɈɃɉȳȵɏȳɆȰɌȻȾɃɉɅȵȴȻɃɉȵɌȰɆɀɃȳȸɇɈɃɉKD^

ȸɇʑʆʉɷʉʎʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆʘʆɀɸʌʙʆʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎɶɿɲʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆʏʉʐ
ȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʐ Ʌʊʆʏʉʐ͕ ʏɻʎ ɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ Ʌɲʌɲʃɸʀʅɸʆɻʎ Ʌɸʌɿʉʖɼʎ ʏʉʐ Ȱʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑ
;KD^Ϳ͗
ȿɲʅɴɳʆʉʆʏɲʎʐʋʊʗɻʊʏɿʉɿʋʄɻɽʐʍʅʉʀʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆʋʉʐɸʆʏʉʋʀɺʉʆʏɲɿʍʏʉɴʊʌɸɿʉʏʅɼʅɲʏɻʎ
Ʌʉʌʏʉɶɲʄʀɲʎ͕ ʍʏɿʎ ɽɳʄɲʍʍɸʎ ʏɻʎ ȳɲʄɿʃʀɲʎ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ Ⱦɲʆʏɲɴʌʀɲʎ ʍʖɸʏʀɺʉʆʏɲɿ͕ ʊʋʘʎ
ɲʋʉɷɸɿʃʆʑɸʏɲɿɲʋʊʏɿʎʋʄɹʉʆʋʌʊʍʔɲʏɸʎɸʋɿʍʏɻʅʉʆɿʃɹʎʅɸʄɹʏɸʎ
ȿɲʅɴɳʆʉʆʏɲʎ ʐʋʊʗɻ ʊʏɿ ɻ ȵʐʌʘʋɲʁʃɼ Ƀɷɻɶʀɲ ϮϬϬϴͬϱϲͬȵȾ ɻ ʉʋʉʀɲ ɽɸʍʋʀɺɸɿ ɹʆɲ ʋʄɲʀʍɿʉ
ʃʉɿʆʉʏɿʃɼʎɷʌɳʍɻʎʍʏʉʆʏʉʅɹɲʏɻʎɽɲʄɳʍʍɿɲʎʋɸʌɿɴɲʄʄʉʆʏɿʃɼʎʋʉʄɿʏɿʃɼʎ;ɃɷɻɶʀɲɅʄɲʀʍɿʉ
ɶɿɲʏɻɽɲʄɳʍʍɿɲʍʏʌɲʏɻɶɿʃɼͿ͕ʃɲɽʙʎʃɲɿɻɇʐʆɽɼʃɻK^WZɶɿɲʏɻʆʋʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʏʉʐɽɲʄɳʍʍɿʉʐ
ʋɸʌɿɴɳʄʄʉʆʏʉʎ ʏʉʐ Ȳʉʌɸɿʉɲʆɲʏʉʄɿʃʉʑ Ȱʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑ͕ ɷɻʅɿʉʐʌɶʉʑʆ ʏɻʆ ɉʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɹʌɸɿɲ ʏʉʐ
ͨȲɿʍʃɲʁʃʉʑȾʊʄʋʉʐʃɲɿʏɻʎȻɴɻʌɿʃɼʎȰʃʏɼʎ͕ͩʋʌʉʃɸɿʅɹʆʉʐʆɲʐʄʉʋʉɿɼʍʉʐʆʏɿʎʐʋʉʖʌɸʙʍɸɿʎ
ʏʉʐʎ
ȿɲʅɴɳʆʉʆʏɲʎʐʋʊʗɻʊʏɿʏɲʋɸɷʀɲɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʎʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎKD^ʃɲɿʏɻʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ
ɶɿɲʏɻɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆʅɿʃʌʙʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆʏɻʎȲɲʄʏɿʃɼʎ͕ʏʉʐȲʉʌɸɿʉɲʆɲʏʉʄɿʃʉʑȰʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑ͕ʏɻʎ
ȻʌʄɲʆɷɿʃɼʎʃɲɿʏɻʎȲʊʌɸɿɲʎȺɳʄɲʍʍɲʎ;^KE^Ϳɷɿɲʔɹʌʉʐʆ ɸʄɲʔʌʙʎ͕ʅɸʏɻʆʋʌʙʏɻʆɲ
ʍʐʅʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɳʆɸɿʊʄɲʏɲɸʀɷɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕ʃɲɿʏɻʆʏɸʄɸʐʏɲʀɲʆɲɸʍʏɿɳɺɸɿʅʊʆʉʍʏɲʅɿʃʌɳ
ʃɻʏʙɷɻ
Ȱʆɲɶʆʘʌʀɺʉʆʏɲʎ ʊʏɿ ɻ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ ʏʘʆ ʋʌʉɲʆɲʔɸʌʊʅɸʆʘʆ ɷɿɸɽʆʙʆ ɸʋʀʍɻʅʘʆ ʋʌɳʇɸʘʆ͕ ʍɸ
ʍʐʆɷʐɲʍʅʊʅɸʏɻɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲKD^͕ɽɲɸʀʆɲɿʍʐʆɸʃʏɿʃɼ
ȵʋɿɴɸɴɲɿʙʆʉʆʏɲʎ ʏɻʆ ʋʌʉɽʐʅʀɲ ʏʉʐʎ ʆɲ ɴɸʄʏɿʙʍʉʐʆ ʏɻ ʍʐʆɸʌɶɲʍʀɲ ʏʉʐʎ ʅɸ ʏɲ
ɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲ ɀɹʌɻ ʃɲɿ ʏɻ ȳʌɲʅʅɲʏɸʀɲ ʏɻʎ ^KE^͕ ʋʌʉʃɸɿʅɹʆʉʐ ʆɲ ɷɻʅɿʉʐʌɶɻɽʉʑʆ
ʍʐʆɹʌɶɸɿɸʎʍɸɽɹʅɲʏɲʃɲɿʍɸɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɸʎ ʃʉɿʆʉʑ ɸʆɷɿɲʔɹʌʉʆʏʉʎ
Ȱʆɲɶʆʘʌʀɺʉʆʏɲʎ ʊʏɿ ɻ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ ʏʘʆ ʅɹʏʌʘʆ ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎ ʃɲɿ ɷɿɲʖɸʀʌɿʍɻʎ͕ ɶɿɲ ʊʄʉʐʎ ʏʉʐʎ
ʋʄɻɽʐʍʅʉʑʎ ʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ͕ ʍʏɲ ɽɲʄɳʍʍɿɲ ʑɷɲʏɲ ʋʉʐ ʐʋɳɶʉʆʏɲɿ ʍʏɻʆ ɸɽʆɿʃɼ ʃʐʌɿɲʌʖʀɲ ɼ ʏɻ
ɷɿʃɲɿʉɷʉʍʀɲ ʏʊʍʉʏɻʎ Ʌʉʌʏʉɶɲʄʀɲʎ ʊʍʉ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ Ȼʍʋɲʆʀɲʎ͕ ɽɲ ɸʋʘʔɸʄɻɽɸʀ ɲʋʊʏɻʆ ɹʆʏɲʇɻ
ʊʄʘʆʏʘʆɸɿɷʙʆʃɲɿʏʘʆʋʄɻɽʐʍʅʙʆʍɸʅɿɲʅʊʆʉɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ͕
ϭ͘ Ȱʆʏɿʃɲɽɿʍʏɳ ʏʉʆ ʏʀʏʄʉ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ʅɸ ʏʉʆ ɸʇɼʎ͗ ͨɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ ɶɿɲ ʏɻ ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻ ʏʘʆ
ʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ ʏʉʐ ȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʐ Ʌʊʆʏʉʐ͕ ʏɻʎ ɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ Ʌɲʌɲʃɸʀʅɸʆɻʎ Ʌɸʌɿʉʖɼʎ ʏʉʐ
Ȱʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑͩ͘
Ϯ͘ȰʆʏɿʃɲɽɿʍʏɳʏʉȱʌɽʌʉϭɲͿʅɸʏʉɸʇɼʎ͗
ͨϭ͘ɲͿɈʉɶɸʘɶʌɲʔɿʃʊʋɸɷʀʉɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʎʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ɸʔɸʇɼʎɲʆɲʔɸʌʊʅɸʆʉʘʎ
ɻ ͨʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼʎ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ͩ ɲʋɲʌʏʀɺɸʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʊʄɲ ʏɲ ɽɲʄɳʍʍɿɲ ʑɷɲʏɲ ʏʉʐ
ȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʐ Ʌʊʆʏʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʏʘʆ ʃʊʄʋʘʆ ʃɲɿ ʏʘʆ ɽɲʄɲʍʍʙʆ ʏʉʐʎ͕ ʃɲɿ ʏɲ
ɸʍʘʏɸʌɿʃɳ ʑɷɲʏɲ ʋʉʐ ʍʐʆɷɹʉʆʏɲɿ ɼ ɷɿɲʍʐʆɷɹʉʐʆ ɲʐʏɳ ʏɲ ɽɲʄɳʍʍɿɲ ʑɷɲʏɲ͕ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ
ʋɲʌɲʃɸʀʅɸʆɻʎʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎʏʉʐȰʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑ͕ɷʐʏɿʃɳʏʘʆɇʏɸʆʙʆʏʉʐȳɿɴʌɲʄʏɳʌ͘ȳɿɲʏʉʐʎʍʃʉʋʉʑʎ
ʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͗
Ͳ ʉ ȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʎ Ʌʊʆʏʉʎ ʉʌɿʉɽɸʏɸʀʏɲɿ ʋʌʉʎ ʏɲ ʆʉʏɿʉɷʐʏɿʃɳ ɲʋʊ ʏɻ ɶʌɲʅʅɼ ʋʉʐ ɸʆʙʆɸɿ ʏɲ
ɲʃʌʘʏɼʌɿɲ<ĞůĂŐĂʃɲɿĂůǇĂŶ;ɈʉʐʌʃʀɲͿ͕
Ͳ ɻ ɀɸʍʊɶɸɿʉʎ ʉʌɿʉɽɸʏɸʀʏɲɿ ɲʆɲʏʉʄɿʃɳ ɲʋʊ ʏɲ ʆʊʏɿɲ ʊʌɿɲ ʏʘʆ ɇʏɸʆʙʆ ʏʘʆ ȴɲʌɷɲʆɸʄʀʘʆ͕
ʅɸʏɲʇʑʏʘʆʔɳʌʘʆʏʉʐDĞŚŵĞƚĐŝŬʃɲɿʏʉʐ<ƵŵŬĂůĞ;ɈʉʐʌʃʀɲͿʃɲɿɷʐʏɿʃɳɲʋʊʏʉʆʅɸʍɻʅɴʌɿʆʊ
ʋʉʐ ɷɿɹʌʖɸʏɲɿ ʅɹʍʘ ʏʉʐ ʔɳʌʉʐ ʏʉʐ ɲʃʌʘʏɻʌʀʉʐ ^ƉĂƌƚĞů͕ ʍʏɻʆ ɸʀʍʉɷʉ ʏʘʆ ɇʏɸʆʙʆ ʏʉʐ
ȳɿɴʌɲʄʏɳʌ͕ʃɲɿ
Ͳ ɻ ʋɲʌɲʃɸʀʅɸʆɻ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼ ʏʉʐ Ȱʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑ͕ ʍʏɲ ɷʐʏɿʃɳ ʏʘʆ ɇʏɸʆʙʆ ʏʉʐ ȳɿɴʌɲʄʏɳʌ͕
ʉʌɿʉɽɸʏɸʀʏɲɿ͕ ɲʆɲʏʉʄɿʃɳ ɲʋʊ ʏʉʆ ʅɸʍɻʅɴʌɿʆʊ ʋʉʐ ɷɿɹʌʖɸʏɲɿ ʅɹʍʘ ʏʉʐ ʔɳʌʉʐ ʏʉʐ
ɲʃʌʘʏɻʌʀʉʐ ^ƉĂƌƚĞů ;ɀɲʌʊʃʉͿ͕ ɷʐʏɿʃɳ ɲʋʊ ɶʌɲʅʅɼ ɻ ʉʋʉʀɲ ʍʐʆɷɹɸɿ ʏʉʐʎ ʔɳʌʉʐʎ ʏɻʎ
Ⱦɲɺɲʅʋʄɳʆʃɲ;ɀɲʌʊʃʉͿʃɲɿʏʉɲʃʌʘʏɼʌɿʉʏʉʐȰɶʀʉʐȲɿʃɸʆʏʀʉʐ;ɅʉʌʏʉɶɲʄʀɲͿ͕ʅɹʖʌɿʎʊʏʉʐɻ
ɶʌɲʅʅɼɲʐʏɼʔɽɳʍɸɿʏʉʆʋɲʌɳʄʄɻʄʉʏʉʐɶɸʘɶʌɲʔɿʃʉʑʋʄɳʏʉʐʎϯϲΣɴʊʌɸɿɲ͕ʍʏɻʍʐʆɹʖɸɿɲ
ɲʋʊ ʏʉʆ ʋɲʌɳʄʄɻʄʉ ʏʉʐ ɶɸʘɶʌɲʔɿʃʉʑ ʋʄɳʏʉʐʎ ϯϲΣ ɴʊʌɸɿɲ͕ ʅɹʖʌɿʎ ʊʏʉʐ ʔɽɳʍɸɿ ʍʏʉ
ɸʇʘʏɸʌɿʃʊ ʊʌɿʉ ʏʘʆ ɽɲʄɳʍʍɿʘʆ ʐɷɳʏʘʆ ʋʉʐ ʃɲʄʑʋʏʉʆʏɲɿ ɲʋʊ ʏɻʆ ɸɽʆɿʃɼ ʃʐʌɿɲʌʖʀɲ ɼ ʏɻ
ɷɿʃɲɿʉɷʉʍʀɲ ʏɻʎ Ʌʉʌʏʉɶɲʄʀɲʎ͕ ɹʋɸɿʏɲ ɲʋʊ ʏʉɸʇʘʏɸʌɿʃʊʊʌɿʉʏʘʆɽɲʄɳʍʍɿʘʆ ʐɷɳʏʘʆ ʋʉʐ
ʃɲʄʑʋʏʉʆʏɲɿɲʋʊʏɻʆɸɽʆɿʃɼʃʐʌɿɲʌʖʀɲɼʏɻɷɿʃɲɿʉɷʉʍʀɲʏɻʎɅʉʌʏʉɶɲʄʀɲʎʃɲɿʏɻʎȻʍʋɲʆʀɲʎ͕
ʅɹʖʌɿʏɲʖɸʌʍɲʀɲʍʑʆʉʌɲʅɸʏɲʇʑʏɻʎȻʍʋɲʆʀɲʎʃɲɿʏɻʎȳɲʄʄʀɲʎ͘
ϯ͘ȰʆʏɿʃɲɽɿʍʏɳʏʉȱʌɽʌʉȻ͕ʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉʎϯ͘ɿͿʅɸʏʉɸʇɼʎ͗
ͨɃʊʌʉʎͨɉʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɹʌɸɿɲ͕ͩɲʆɳʄʉɶɲʅɸʏɲʍʐɶʃɸʃʌɿʅɹʆɲʍʐʅʔʌɲɺʊʅɸʆɲ͕ʍɻʅɲʀʆɸɿɸʀʏɸʏɻʆ
ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʋʉʐʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɳʆɸɿʏɲʋɲʌɳʃʏɿɲȾʌɳʏɻʏʉʐȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʐɅʊʆʏʉʐɸʀʏɸʏɻʆʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʋʉʐ
ʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɳʆɸɿ ʏɲ ʋɲʌɳʃʏɿɲ Ⱦʌɳʏɻ ʏɻʎ ɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌɲʃɸʀʅɸʆɻʎ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎ ʏʉʐ
Ȱʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑ͘ Ⱦɳɽɸ ɲʆɲʔʉʌɳ͕ ʍʏʉ ʃɸʀʅɸʆʉ ʏɻʎ ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ ʍʏɲ Ⱦʌɳʏɻ ʅɿɲʎ ʍʐɶʃɸʃʌɿʅɹʆɻʎ
ɉʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɹʌɸɿɲʎɽɸʘʌɸʀʏɲɿʊʏɿʍɻʅɲʀʆɸɿʏɲȾʌɳʏɻʏɲʉʋʉʀɲɹʖʉʐʆʉʋʉɿʉɷɼʋʉʏɸʅɹʌʉʎʏʘʆ
ʖʘʌɿʃʙʆʏʉʐʎʐɷɳʏʘʆɸʆʏʊʎʏɻʎɸʆʄʊɶʘɉʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɹʌɸɿɲʎ͕ʃɲɽʙʎʃɲɿʏɲȾʌɳʏɻ͕ʏɲʍʃɳʔɻʅɸ
ʏɻ ʍɻʅɲʀɲ ʏʘʆ ʉʋʉʀʘʆ ɸʅʋʄɹʃʉʆʏɲɿ ʍɸ ɷʌɲʍʏɻʌɿʊʏɻʏɸʎ ʋʉʐ ɸʆɷɹʖɸʏɲɿ ʆɲ ɸʋɻʌɸɳʍʉʐʆ ʏɻ
ɷɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆʍʏɻʆɸʆʄʊɶʘɉʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɹʌɸɿɲ͕ͩ
ϰ͘Ȱʆʏɿʃɲɽɿʍʏɳʏʉȱʌɽʌʉy/s;ɹʆɲʌʇɻɿʍʖʑʉʎͿ͕ʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉʎϭ͕ʅɸʏʉɸʇɼʎ͗
ͨȸʋɲʌʉʑʍɲɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ ʏʀɽɸʏɲɿʍɸɿʍʖʑʏɻʆʋʌʙʏɻɻʅɹʌɲʏʉʐʏʌʀʏʉʐ ʅɼʆɲʋʉʐɹʋɸʏɲɿʏɻʎ
ɻʅɸʌʉʅɻʆʀɲʎʃɲʏɳʏɻʆʉʋʉʀɲʏʉʐʄɳʖɿʍʏʉʆɸʋʏɳʋɲʌɳʃʏɿɲȾʌɳʏɻʏɻʎȷʙʆɻʎȵʇɳʋʄʘʍɻʎʏɻʎ
ɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎɼʉʌɶɲʆɿʍʅʉʀʋɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɼʎʉɿʃʉʆʉʅɿʃɼʎʉʄʉʃʄɼʌʘʍɻʎ͕ʍʐʅʋɸʌɿʄɲʅɴɲʆʉʅɹʆʘʆ
ʏʉʐʄɳʖɿʍʏʉʆɷʑʉɲʋʊʏɻʆɉʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɹʌɸɿɲʏʉʐȵʑʇɸɿʆʉʐɅʊʆʏʉʐʃɲɿʏʉʐʄɳʖɿʍʏʉʆʋɹʆʏɸɲʋʊ
ʏɻʆɉʋʉʋɸʌɿʔɹʌɸɿɲʏɻʎɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐʃɲɿʏɻʎʋɲʌɲʃɸʀʅɸʆɻʎʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎʏʉʐȰʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑ͕ɽɲɹʖʉʐʆ
ʐʋʉɶʌɳʗɸɿ͕ʖʘʌʀʎɸʋɿʔʐʄɳʇɸɿʎɲʆɲʔʉʌɿʃɳʅɸʏɻʆɸʋɿʃʑʌʘʍɻ͕ʏɻʆɲʋʉɷʉʖɼɼʏɻʆɹɶʃʌɿʍɻ͕ɼ
ɽɲɹʖʉʐʆʃɲʏɲɽɹʍɸɿʏɿʎɸʋʀʍɻʅɸʎʋʌɳʇɸɿʎɸʋɿʃʑʌʘʍɻʎ͕ɲʋʉɷʉʖɼʎɼɹɶʃʌɿʍɻʎ͕ʍʑʅʔʘʆɲʅɸʏʉ
ȱʌɽʌʉɍȻȻȻʏɻʎʋɲʌʉʑʍɲʎɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ͕ͩ
ϱ͘ȰʆʏɿʃɲɽɿʍʏɳʏɻʆɸʋɿʃɸʔɲʄʀɷɲʏʉʐɷɸʑʏɸʌʉʐʅɹʌʉʐʎʏʉʐɅɲʌɲʌʏɼʅɲʏʉʎϭʅɸʏɻʆɸʇɼʎ͗
ͨȵʆɷɸɿʃʏɿʃʊʎ ʃɲʏɳʄʉɶʉʎ ʏʘʆ ʃɻʏʘɷʙʆ ʏɻʎ ɀɸʍʉɶɸʀʉʐ ʃɲɿ ʏɻʎ ʋɲʌɲʃɸʀʅɸʆɻʎ ʋɸʌɿʉʖɼʎ ʏʉʐ
Ȱʏʄɲʆʏɿʃʉʑɶɿɲʏɲʉʋʉʀɲɿʍʖʑɸɿɻʋɲʌʉʑʍɲɇʐʅʔʘʆʀɲ͕ͩ
ϲ͘ȰʆʏɿʃɲɽɿʍʏɳʏɻʆʋɲʌɳɶʌɲʔʉϯʏʉʐɅɲʌɲʌʏɼʅɲʏʉʎϮ;ɇʖɹɷɿʉȴɿɲʏɼʌɻʍɻʎͿʅɸʏɲɸʇɼʎ͗
ͨϯ͘Ʌʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʏʘʆʉɿʃʉʏʊʋʘʆ͘
Ɉɲɇʐʅɴɲʄʄʊʅɸʆɲɀɹʌɻɽɲʋʌʉʍʋɲɽɼʍʉʐʆʆɲʃɲɽʉʌʀʍʉʐʆʃɲɿʆɲɷɿɲʖɸɿʌʀɺʉʆʏɲɿʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎ
ɸɿɷɿʃɼʎʋʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʎɶɿɲʏɲʃɻʏʙɷɻ͕ʉɿʉʋʉʀɸʎʍʖɸʏʀɺʉʆʏɲɿʅɸʏɿʎʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎʋʉʐʖʌɻʍɿʅɸʑʉʐʆ
ʘʎʉɿʃʊʏʉʋʉɿʏʘʆʃɻʏʘɷʙʆʃɲɿͬɼʉɿʉʋʉʀɸʎʋɲʌɹʖʉʐʆʍɻʅɲʆʏɿʃʉʑʎʋʊʌʉʐʎɸʋɿʍɿʏɿʍʅʉʑʏʉʐʎ͘
Ƀɿɸʆʄʊɶʘʋɸʌɿʉʖɹʎɸɿɷɿʃɼʎʋʌʉʍʏɲʍʀɲʎʃɲɽʉʌʀɺʉʆʏɲɿʍʏʉʋʄɲʀʍɿʉʏʘʆɇʐʅɴɳʍɸʘʆɶɿɲʏɿʎ
Ʌɸʌɿʔɸʌɸɿɲʃɹʎ ɽɳʄɲʍʍɸʎ ;ɇʐʅɴɳʍɸɿʎ K^WZ͕ Ȳɲʌʃɸʄʙʆɻʎ ʃɲɿ ȲʉʐʃʉʐʌɸʍʏʀʉʐͿ͕ ɼ ʍʏʉ
ʋʄɲʀʍɿʉɳʄʄʘʆʋʌʊʍʔʉʌʘʆɸʋʀʍɻʅʘʆʋʌɳʇɸʘʆͩ͘

Άρθρο δεύτερο 2. Με κοινή απόφαση του Υπουργού Περιβάλλοντος

Αρμόδια αρχή και Ενέργειας και των κατά περίπτωση αρμόδιων Υπουρ-
Το Υπουργείο Περιβάλλοντος και Ενέργειας είναι η γών εγκρίνονται πρόσθετα Παραρτήματα και τροποποι-
αρμόδια αρχή για: ήσεις στα Παραρτήματα που υιοθετούνται, σύμφωνα με
το άρθρο Χ της Συμφωνίας.
α) την εφαρμογή της Συμφωνίας και,
3. Με κοινή απόφαση του Υπουργού Περιβάλλοντος
β) την εκπόνηση σχεδίων δράσης και προγραμμάτων
και Ενέργειας και του κατά περίπτωση αρμόδιου Υπουρ-
για την προστασία και διατήρηση των κητωδών, σύμφω- γού, θεσπίζονται μέτρα εφαρμογής του άρθρου ΙΙ και του
να με το άρθρο ΙΙ και το Παράρτημα 2 της κυρούμενης Παραρτήματος 2 της κυρούμενης Συμφωνίας.
Συμφωνίας.
Άρθρο τέταρτο
Άρθρο τρίτο Έναρξη ισχύος
Εξουσιοδοτικές διατάξεις
Η ισχύς του παρόντος και της Συμφωνίας που κυρώ-
1. Με απόφαση του Υπουργού Περιβάλλοντος και νεται αρχίζει από τη δημοσίευση του παρόντος στην
Ενέργειας και του κατά περίπτωση αρμόδιου Υπουρ- Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως και των τροποποιήσεων
γού, ρυθμίζονται ειδικότερα θέματα για την εφαρμογή της Συμφωνίας από την πλήρωση των προϋποθέσεων
της Συμφωνίας. των παρ. 3 και 4 του άρθρου Χ της Συμφωνίας.
Παραγγέλλομε τη δημοσίευση του παρόντος στην Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως και την εκτέλεσή του ως νόμου
του Κράτους.
Αθήνα, 16 Ιανουαρίου 2023

Η Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας
ΚΑΤΕΡΙΝΑ ΣΑΚΕΛΛΑΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ
Οι Υπουργοί
Αναπληρωτής Υπουργός
Οικονομικών Οικονομικών Ανάπτυξης και Επενδύσεων
ΧΡΗΣΤΟΣ ΣΤΑΪΚΟΥΡΑΣ ΘΕΟΔΩΡΟΣ ΣΚΥΛΑΚΑΚΗΣ ΣΠΥΡΙΔΩΝ - ΑΔΩΝΙΣ ΓΕΩΡΓΙΑΔΗΣ
Εξωτερικών Παιδείας και Θρησκευμάτων Περιβάλλοντος και Ενέργειας

ΝΙΚΟΛΑΟΣ - ΓΕΩΡΓΙΟΣ ΔΕΝΔΙΑΣ ΝΙΚΗ ΚΕΡΑΜΕΩΣ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΣ ΣΚΡΕΚΑΣ
Ναυτιλίας Αγροτικής Ανάπτυξης

και Νησιωτικής Πολιτικής και Τροφίμων Τουρισμού
ΙΩΑΝΝΗΣ ΠΛΑΚΙΩΤΑΚΗΣ ΓΕΩΡΓΙΟΣ ΓΕΩΡΓΑΝΤΑΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΙΟΣ ΚΙΚΙΛΙΑΣ
Θεωρήθηκε και τέθηκε η Μεγάλη Σφραγίδα του Κράτους.
Αθήνα, 16 Ιανουαρίου 2023

Ο επί της Δικαιοσύνης Υπουργός
ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΣ ΤΣΙΑΡΑΣ
Καποδιστρίου 34, Τ.Κ. 104 32, Αθήνα

Τηλ. Κέντρο 210 5279000
Κείμενα προς δημοσίευση: webmaster.et@et.gr *01000091701230044*

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NOMOΣ ΥΠ’ ΑΡΙΘΜ. 5011 Άρθρο XII Επίλυση διαφορών

The Meeting established a Credentials Committee with the following membership:

Mme Marie-Christine van Klaveren (Chairperson, Monaco)

H. E. Dr. Emmanuel Gounaris (Greece)

2. Replaces the Article I, paragraph 1.a) with:

3. Replaces the Article I, paragraph 3.j) with:

4. Replaces the Article XIV (entry into force), paragraph 1, with:

5. Replaces the headline of the second part of the Annex 1 with:

6. Replaces the paragraph 3 of the Annex 2 (Conservation Plan) with:

Ȱʆɲɶʆʘʌʀɺʉʆʏɲʎ͕ ɸʋɿʋʄɹʉʆ͕ ʊʏɿ ɻ ɲʋʉʏɸʄɸʍʅɲʏɿʃɼ ɸʔɲʌʅʉɶɼ ʅɿɲʎ ʏɹʏʉɿɲʎ ʍʐʅʔʘʆʀɲʎ ɽɲ

ʃɲʏɳ ʏɻʆ ʃɲʏɳɽɸʍɻ ʏɻʎ ʋʌɳʇɻʎ ɸʋɿʃʑʌʘʍɻʎ͕ ɲʋʉɷʉʖɼʎ͕ ɹɶʃʌɿʍɻʎ ɼ ʋʌʉʍʖʙʌɻʍɻʎ͘ ȸ

Άρθρο δεύτερο 2. Με κοινή απόφαση του Υπουργού Περιβάλλοντος

Αθήνα, 16 Ιανουαρίου 2023

Εξωτερικών Παιδείας και Θρησκευμάτων Περιβάλλοντος και Ενέργειας

Ναυτιλίας Αγροτικής Ανάπτυξης

Θεωρήθηκε και τέθηκε η Μεγάλη Σφραγίδα του Κράτους.

Αθήνα, 16 Ιανουαρίου 2023

Καποδιστρίου 34, Τ.Κ. 104 32, Αθήνα

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