Spence 1

Honors Annotated Bibliography

Introduction to Perfluorocarbons & Their History

1) Surgery, F. the D. of. Perfluorocarbons : Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.

Perfluorocarbons have desirable characteristics as synthetic oxygen carriers. The compact

size of PFC particles exhibit 20 times the solubility of gasses for water and bind 40-50
times more oxygen than hemoglobin. It is estimated that a dose of 2.7 g/kg of
perfluorooctyl bromide is equivalent to 4 g/dL of hemoglobin. Perfluorocarbons were
discovered and developed in large quantities in association with the manhattan project
during World War II

Perfluorocarbons Utility in Clinical Treatments

2) Vacek, V.; Hallewell, G.; Ilie, S.; Lindsay, S. Perfluorocarbons and their use in cooling
systems for semiconductor particle detectors.

Perfluorocarbons can be used to cool systems for semiconductor particle detectors.

Evaporative fluorocarbon is used to cool semiconductor pixel and micro-strip sensors at
the CERN large hadron collider. In this study, A sonar instrument was used to measure
sound velocity in perfluorocarbon liquids and irradiation studies were made to determine
how suitable the liquids were for use in the large hadron collider’s high radiation
environment.

3) Use of perfluorocarbons to enhance the performance of ...

Perfluorocarbons have also been used to enhance the performance of hepatic cultures. In
these cells, it is often difficult to deliver oxygen within their three-dimensional
configurations. PFCs offer an extraordinarily high oxygen carrying capacity. This study
adds a PFC oxygen carrier to significantly increase the oxygen capacity in a medium. The
work in this study clarifies the benefits of using PFCs to enhance the functional
performance of three-dimensional liver systems.

4) Kramer, S. G.; Hwang, D.; Peyman, G. A.; Schulman, J. A.; Sullivan, B. Perfluorocarbon
liquids in ophthalmology.

Perfluorocarbon liquids have been used to facilitate surgery in a multitude of conditions.

Specifically, in ophthalmology cases including proliferative vitreoretinopathy, giant
retinal tears, drainage of suprachoroidal hemorrhages, diabetic traction, and more. The
clarity of PFC liquids, which have a refractive index similar to water, allows the use of a
 Spence 2

normal contact lens for vitreous surgery while the low viscosity facilitates tissue
manipulation, injection, and removal. This study did find that PFC liquids are not
tolerated in the anterior chamber, and caused a corneal edema within 2-3 days at the site
of contact.

5) Lincoff, H.; Coleman, J.; Kreissig, I.; Richard, G.; Chang, S.; Wilcox, L. M. The
perfluorocarbon gases in the treatment of retinal detachment.

More specifically in the field of ophthalmology, PFC gasses can be used in the treatment
of retinal detachment. Before this study, four PFC chains had been studied in animals.
This study used these PFC gasses in 30 patients. The larger volumes injected into patients
made for extended disappearance times. The expansion potential of these PFC gasses was
estimated to be the same as was measured in the animal model.

6) Cheng, Y.; Cheng, H.; Jiang, C.; Qiu, X.; Wang, K.; Huan, W.; Yuan, A.; Wu, J.; Hu, Y.
Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles enhance reactive oxygen levels and tumour growth
inhibition in photodynamic therapy.

PFC nanoparticles enhance oxygen levels and inhibit tumor growth in photodynamic
therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) kills cancer cells by converting tumor oxygen into
reactive singlet oxygen using a photosensitizer. In tumors, pre-existing hypoxia and
oxygen consumption during PDT can hamper photodynamic efficacy. To overcome this
problem, this study loads a photosensitizer into perfluorocarbon nanodroplets. This
significantly enhances the effect of the photosensitizer.

Stabilizing Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions:

7) Day, R. A.; Chapman, J. O.; Wu, C.; Estabrook, D. A.; Sletten, E. M.; Togle, A. J.
Systematic study of perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions stabilized by polymer amphiphiles.

This study analyzes different methodologies of stabilizing PFC nanoemulsions with the
use of polymer amphiphiles. PFC nanoemulsions are droplets of fluorous solvent
stabilized by surfactants dispersed in water. The size, stability, and surface chemistry of
PFC nanoemulsions are controlled by the surfactant. Hydrophilic block length and
identity, the overall polymer hydrophilic/lipophilic balance, and the polymer architecture
are all important factors. Changing these allows for more control over
size/stability/payload retention/cellular internalization and protein adsorption of PFC
nanoemulsions.

8) Mayes, A. G.; Mosbach, K. Molecularly imprinted polymer beads:  suspension

polymerization using a liquid perfluorocarbon as the dispersing phase.
 Spence 3

This study uses an acrylate polymer with PFC and poly(oxyethylene) ester group to
stabilize an emulsion of functional monomer, cross-linker, print molecule, initiator, and
porogenic solvent in perfluoro(methylcyclohexane). UV irradiation resulted in polymer
beads which gave the beaded packings low back pressure and rapid diffusion and good
separation even at high flow rates.

9) Fraker, C. A. Complementary methods for the determination …

This study is useful for methods of determining the amounts of dissolved oxygen in
perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions. The study begins by reviewing how quantification of the
liquids characteristics has previously relied on laboratory equipment such as in-line gas
chromatography with temperature-controlled glass diffusion cells. In the work done in
this study, an alternative method is used to determine the oxygen content that has been
dissolved in PFC nanoemulsions. This method implemented a stirred oxygen
consumption microchamber that goes along with an enzymatic reaction for the
determination of oxygen by optical density measurements. The oxygen consumption
from enzymatic processes is recorded with the oxygen depletion rates. The study found a
strong correlation between the reaction rate and the total measured oxygen
concentrations.

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) for Systemic Oxygen Delivery

10) Riess, J. G. Oxygen carriers ("Blood substitutes")raison d'etre, chemistry, and some
physiology Blut ist ein ganz besondrer SAFT1.

Blood substitutes can be used as an alternative method of delivering oxygen throughout

the body. Oxygen carriers that are used as an alternative to endogenous blood can
facilitate oxygen delivery to tissues. Once oxygen is delivered to specific tissues that are
relatively low in oxygen concentration the oxygen carrier releases its oxygen into the
lower concentration through simple diffusion. This study also looks into the dissolution
and transport of nitrogen and other gasses throughout the body.

11) Riess, J. G. Understanding the fundamentals of perfluorocarbons and perfluorocarbon

emulsions relevant to in vivo oxygen delivery.

Oxygen delivery has been established in animal models and through Phase II and III
human clinical trials. Multiple fluorocarbons have been investigated for use as oxygen
carriers, including lipophilic and “regular” PFCs. Organ retention of PFCs is an
exponential function of molecular weight. Fluorocarbons containing lipophilic elements
are excreted more rapidly than what would be predicted of their molecular weight.

12) Riess, J. G. Perfluorocarbon-based oxygen delivery.

 Spence 4

This study discusses key issues related to the selection of an appropriate, readily
excretable PFC and the engineering of a stable injectable PFC emulsion. Oxygent (PFC
emulsion made primarily of F-octyl bromide) is efficacious in avoiding and reducing red
cell transfusion during surgery. This study searches for possible interactions between
Oxygent and fluids present during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery and found no effect of
the emulsions on hemostasis, hemolysis and blood rheology.

13) Lowe, K. C. Perfluorocarbons as oxygen-transport fluids.

The study first discusses aspects of the properties, preparation, composition and
physiological assessment of PFC emulsions. PFCs can have potentially therapeutic uses
in liquid ventilation, treatment of decompression sickness, organ perfusion, oxygenation
of ischaemic and malignant tissues, and as contrast media for NMR imaging.

14) Day, R. A.; Sletten, E. M. Perfluorocarbon nanomaterials for photodynamic therapy.

This study analyzes the use of PFC nanomaterials as a useful material for enhancing
photodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT is a treatment where a photosensitizer is irradiated
with light. Specifically, the use of PDT on tumors. Cancerous cells are commonly
hypoxic, and delivering photosensitizer and oxygen to these cells is desirable to return the
cells to normoxia. This review highlights benefits/limitations of several different
nanomaterial structures for uses in photodynamic therapy. The study finds that PDT with
fluorous materials has a promising future to treat diseases by delivering oxygen and PSs.
Continued optimization is needed and could possibly use mesoporous silica nanoparticles
as molecular oxygen shuttles through the inclusion of fluorous solvents.

15) Constantino, M. The use of liquid perfluorocarbons ... - journals.sagepub.com.

This study analyzes the use of perfluorocarbons for lung ventilation in newborn children.
PFCs not only provide effective gas exchange but also acid/base balance and improve
lung function. PFC ventilation has been suggested as a therapy for severe respiratory
distress in human infants. The purpose of this work was to determine the optimal
volumes of PFC to be delivered, the frequency of the ventilatory cycle, the oxygen flow
rate and the best circuit set up for neonatal application. The results showed that total
liquid ventilation is a valid alternative to gas ventilation. Especially when neonates with
insufficient or no production of surfactant are concerned.

16) Spahn, D. R. Blood substitutes artificial oxygen carriers: Perfluorocarbon emulsions -

This study looks at PFCs specifically being used as an artificial oxygen carrier to reduce
allogeneic blood transfusions or to improve tissue oxygenation. The study also states that
additional uses of PFC emulsions can include treatments of diseases with compromised
 Spence 5

tissue oxygenation (cerebral/myocardial ischaemia, air embolism, emergency/trauma

surgery) as long as no allogeneic blood is available. The study also states the use of PFC
emulsions can augment tumor oxygenation to render these tumor cells more sensitive to
radiation and chemotherapy. The study also finds that the relatively short half-life of FPC
emulsions (< 24 h) will not compromise their success in reducing the requirement for
allogeneic blood transfusions.

17) Krafft, M. P. Alleviating tumor hypoxia with perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers.

This research from Dr. Krafft at the University of Strasbourg looks at methods of
reducing hypoxia in tumors with perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers. Hypoxia of
cancerous cells is a major problem when attempting various cancer treatments. Most
cancer treatments require oxygen for the degradation of the tumor with reactive oxygen
species. Liquid perfluorocarbons are solvents that allow to restore normal oxygen levels
to these hypoxic areas. Local oxygen delivery with the nanoemulsions occurs facilitated
by ultrasound. The nanoemulsions can also be loaded with alternative cargo that could
aid in the cancer treatment process. These emulsions can help store anything from
chemotherapeutics to photosensitizers. This study concludes by finding that PFC-based
carriers may provide new strategies for improving immune responses in cancer patients.

18) Castro, C. I.; Juan Carlos Barceno. Perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers: Review of
products and trials.

This study focuses on perfluoro-based oxygen carriers. The study begins by showing the
characteristics of the emulsions that take advantage of high solubility respiratory gasses.
There are currently no perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers approved for clinical uses.
Many of these substances have attempted for approval but failed due to secondary effects
of the surfactants employed, like Fluosol DA. Others, like Oxygent, were found to have
adverse cerebrovascular effects on cardiopulmonary bypass. This study later aims to
review the most common perfluorocarbons that are used for oxygen delivery and to
reflect on their specific causes for failure to be approved for clinical use. Strategies to
overcome these failures will be presented along with findings.

Potential PFC Utilization Side Effects

19) Flaim, S. F. Pharmacokinetics and side effects of perfluorocarbon-based blood

substitutes.

This study focuses on the pharmacokinetics and side effects of PFC-based blood
substitutes. In general, these molecules do not pose any toxicologic risk from metabolic
degradation. Intravenous PFC emulsions are cleared from the blood through a process
involving phagocytosis by macrophages and later elimination through the lungs during
 Spence 6

respiration. Phagocytosis of PFC emulsion particles lead to normal biological effects that
are a consequence of a normal host-defense mechanism. Stimulation of macrophages
releases intracellular products (metabolites of the arachidonic acid cascade and
cytokines). These products are responsible for more of the biological effects that come
with PFC emulsion use (cutaneous flushing, fever at lower doses, and macrophage
hypertrophy and recruitment at higher doses. These effects do not result in any permanent
tissue alteration, even with prolonged exposure at relatively high doses. The study
concludes that PFC emulsions may elicit minor untoward effects, but that these effects
are reversible and, at clinically relevant doses, do not pose a toxicologic risk.

Cancer Cells and their Hypoxic/Inflamed Characteristics

20) Liu, J.; Li, Z.; Zhao, D.; Feng, X.; Wang, C.; Li, D.; Ding, J. Immunogenic cell death-
inducing chemotherapeutic nanoformulations potentiate combination
chemoimmunotherapy.

This study first analyzes the characteristics of cell death from over immune system
functioning. Immunogenic cell death causes the release of tumor-associated antigens and
triggers other immune cells to exhibit an anti-tumor immune response. Immunogenic cell
death inducing medicines exhibit a strong potential for enhancing chemotherapy in
clinical applications. This review reviews nanoemulsions characteristics for mediated
immune reaction during chemotherapeutic treatment.

21) Krafft, M. P. Alleviating tumor hypoxia with perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers.

This study is more specific towards diminishing tumors’ hypoxic state through the
utilization of perfluorocarbon oxygen carriers. The study shows how PFC-based oxygen
carriers also increase the lifetime of oxygen and can enhance photodynamic therapy,
along with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The use of PFC nanocarriers also promote T
cell infiltration, which are an important aspect of the bodys’ immune response towards
cancerous cells. Hypoxia is a major problem for most cancer treatments that require
oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species that destroy tumors. The local oxygen
delivery is facilitated by the use of ultrasound. PFC nanocarriers can also be loaded with
fluorescent dyes, photosensitizers, or loaded with chemotherapeutics. Lastly, the study
concludes that PFC carriers may also provide new ways to promote T-cell localization
towards tumors to return a greater immune response.

Lipopolysaccharide Induced Inflammation and Alternative Methods

 Spence 7

22) Liang, H.; Baudouin, C. LPS-stimulated inflammation and apoptosis in corneal injury
models.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the effects of lipopolysaccharide
(LPS). Three rabbit corneal injury models are utilized to make this comparison. Three
corneal models were tested, using corneal incision, corneal epithelium scraping, and
corneal suture. Ten rabbits were used in each model and divided into subgroups, with or
without LPS installation, where saline was used for a control group. The study found that
LPS induced earlier and higher levels of inflammation in eyes that were subjected to
scraping and suturing compared to saline, showing that the LPS had induced a larger
amount of inflammation. The results indicated that LPS is a potent proinflammatory
stimulus and its exposure has major effects on inflammation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis.

23) Chen, L.; Deng, H.; Cui, H.; Fang, J.; Zuo, Z.; Deng, J.; Li, Y.; Wang, X.; Zhao, L.
Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs

This study intends to analyze inflammation as a biological response of the immune

system. Inflammation can be triggered by pathogens, cellular damage, and toxic
compounds. These can induce acute or chronic inflammatory responses throughout the
body. Inflammatory signaling pathways become activated during this time, most
commonly the NF-κB, MAPK, and JAK-STAT pathways. This study reviews altering
inflammatory responses in various organs, looking at organ-specific inflammatory
responses. The study also shows the NF-κB pathway which is triggered by TLRs and
inflammatory cytokines, like TNF and IL-1. NF-κB signaling also requires IKK subunits
that regulate the pathways activation through IκB phosphorylation.
 Spence 8

24) Yücel, G.; Zhao, Z.; El-Battrawy, I.; Lan, H.; Lang, S.; Li, X.; Buljubasic, F.;
Zimmermann, W.-H.; Cyganek, L.; Utikal, J.; Ravens, U.; Wieland, T.; Borggrefe, M.;
Zhou, X.-B.; Akin, I. Lipopolysaccharides induced inflammatory responses and
electrophysiological dysfunctions in human-induced pluripotent stem cell derived
cardiomyocytes.

This study aims to establish an induced inflammatory model using cardiomyocytes. The
cells were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in varying concentrations and times. It
was found that LPS inhibited conductance of calcium activated potassium channels and
also enhanced sodium/calcium exchange (antiporter). The LPS also induced prolonged
action potential duration which suggested electrical dysfunction in the cellular
environment.

Inflammatory Response in Cells - TF Activation of HIF and NF-κB

25) Biddlestone, J.; Bandarra, D.; Rocha, S. The role of hypoxia in inflammatory disease
(review).

This study is intended to show the role that the hypoxic environment plays in various
inflammatory diseases. Mammals are seen to have developed conserved programs of
transcriptional response to the hypoxic environment, along with inflammation. Both of
these characteristics commonly occur together and transcription factors are able to
respond to these cellular characteristics. This review discusses the current understanding
of the cellular hypoxic response and inflammatory transcription factors crosstalk. This
study specifically analyzes their presence in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel
disease and colorectal cancer. It is also found that individuals with mountain sickness
have also presented with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, specifically
cytokine IL-6.

26) Michiels, C.; Minet, E.; Mottet, D.; Raes, M. Regulation of gene expression by oxygen:
NF-ΚB and HIF-1, two extremes.

This study begins by introducing how an oxygen rich environment is necessary for
aerobic life at the cellular level. Aerobic life is dependent on molecular oxygen for ATP
regeneration through oxidative phosphorylation. This is only possible in a small range of
oxygen concentrations. Variations in this level of oxygen are toxic and produce the
generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cells have been found to have developed
strategies to respond to changes in this oxygen concentration. Specific transcription
 Spence 9

factors are activated and target genes become targeted. This review aims to describe how
HIF-1 and NF-κB are regulated and what could be the mechanism for sensing this change
in oxygen levels.

27) Ansar, W.; Ghosh, S. Inflammation and inflammatory diseases, markers, and mediators:
Role of CRP in some inflammatory diseases.

Inflammation was initially seen early in human history and was characterized as having
features of rubor, tumor, calor, and dolor. Modern scientific analyses have allowed for us
to see characteristics of inflammation at the molecular level. Acute inflammation is seen
to trigger an increased liver synthesis of positive acute-phase proteins (APPs). The serum
level of these APPs returns to a base concentration when the factor that caused it is no
longer present. In clinical treatments of an inflammatory patient, diagnoses are made by
analyzing specific markers. This study reviews the acute-phase C-reactive protein and
how it can be used as an inflammatory biomarker in diseases.

28) BelAiba, R. S.; Rachida S BelAiba

This studies’ focus is determining the mechanism that HIF-1 is produced from gene
activation during cell hypoxia. The production of HIF-1 and NFkappaB mediate the cell's
transcription response to a hypoxic environment. A lack of HIF-1 production has been
found to be associated with disorders such as chronic hypoxia from pulmonary
hypertension. This study found that hypoxia transiently elevated the production of HIF-1
mRNA and was found to have the maximum production at one hour after the hypoxic
event. The study found that deletion of the HIF-1 promoter found the region responsible
for hypoxic induction. Hypoxia induced nuclear translocation of NFkappaB subunits p50
and p65. Inhibition of NF kappa B diminished hypoxic induction of HIF-1, mRNA, and
later protein synthesis. The study concludes that HIF-1 is a transcriptional target of
NFKappaB which is activated from a PI3 Kinase pathway under hypoxic conditions.

29) Ilu, M. Hypoxia, inflammation and phenotypic plasticity of macrophages: the central role
of HIF-1 and NFkappaB.

Macrophages concentration in hypoxic areas and their reaction to hypoxia are key
moments in understanding the mechanisms of how hypoxia has an influence on
immunity. This review presents data on how the hypoxic environment creates variations
in macrophages phenotypes and their overall plasticity. It was found that hypoxia
 Spence 10

generated a regulated control of macrophages phenotypic plasticity, and further research

will find new effective ways to manage diseases with hypoxic disturbances.

30) Kuphal, S.; Winklmeier, A.; Warnecke, C.; Bosserhoff, A.-K. Constitutive HIF-1 activity
in malignant melanoma.

HIF-1 as a response to a hypoxic environment is especially present in malignant

melanoma. HIF-1 consists of a constitutive beta unit and the oxygen responsive alpha
subunit. This alpha subunit is what is found to be the master activator of the cellular
transcriptional response to hypoxia and what propagates the gene expression that is
induced during a hypoxic cellular environment. Overexpression of this protein is linked
to a progression of many tumor types (head/neck, cervical carcinoma, leukemia, and
renal cell carcinoma). This study demonstrates that hypoxia-inducible-factor-1 activity is
increased in malignant melanoma cells that are already under normal oxygen
concentrations. This effect is because of the constitutive HIF-1alpha expression, which is
the default pathway for transport and is unregulated. The inhibition of the NFkappaB
pathway lowered the accumulation of HIF-1alpha and suggested that reactive oxygen
species along with NFkappaB activity are responsible for this HIF-1 accumulation. This
study concluded that overproduction of HIF-1alpha in melanoma is mediated by reactive
oxygen species and the NFkappaB pathway.

Conclusion (more work needs to be done/future of PFC use)

 Spence 11

Bibliography

1. Liu, J.; Li, Z.; Zhao, D.; Feng, X.; Wang, C.; Li, D.; Ding, J. Immunogenic cell death-
inducing chemotherapeutic nanoformulations potentiate combination
chemoimmunotherapy.
2. Systematic Study of Perfluorocarbon Nanoemulsions Stabilized by Polymer Amphiphiles
Day, R; Estabrook, D; Wu, C; Chapman, J; Togle, A; Sletten, E. ACS Applied Materials
& Interfaces 2020 12 (35), 38887-38898
DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07206
3. Surgery, F. the D. of. Perfluorocarbons : Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery.
4. Vacek, V.; Hallewell, G.; Ilie, S.; Lindsay, S. Perfluorocarbons and their use in cooling
systems for semiconductor particle detectors.
5. Use of perfluorocarbons to enhance the performance of ...
6. Kramer, S. G.; Hwang, D.; Peyman, G. A.; Schulman, J. A.; Sullivan, B. Perfluorocarbon
liquids in ophthalmology.
7. Lincoff, H.; Coleman, J.; Kreissig, I.; Richard, G.; Chang, S.; Wilcox, L. M. The
perfluorocarbon gasses in the treatment of retinal detachment.
8. Cheng, Y.; Cheng, H.; Jiang, C.; Qiu, X.; Wang, K.; Huan, W.; Yuan, A.; Wu, J.; Hu, Y.
Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles enhance reactive oxygen levels and tumor growth
inhibition in photodynamic therapy.
9. Mayes, A. G.; Mosbach, K. Molecularly imprinted polymer beads:  suspension
polymerization using a liquid perfluorocarbon as the dispersing phase.
10. Fraker, C. A. Complementary methods for the determination…
11. Riess, J. G. Oxygen carriers ("Blood substitutes") raison d'etre, chemistry, and some
physiology Blut ist ein ganz besondrer SAFT1.
12. Riess, J. G. Understanding the fundamentals of perfluorocarbons and perfluorocarbon
emulsions relevant to in vivo oxygen delivery.
13. Riess, J. G. Perfluorocarbon-based oxygen delivery.
14. Lowe, K. C. Perfluorocarbons as oxygen-transport fluids.
15. Day, R. A.; Sletten, E. M. Perfluorocarbon nanomaterials for photodynamic therapy.
16. Constantino, M. The use of liquid perfluorocarbons ... - journals.sagepub.com.
17. Spahn, D. R. Blood substitutes artificial oxygen carriers: Perfluorocarbon emulsions -
critical care.
18. Krafft, M. P. Alleviating tumor hypoxia with perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers.
19. Castro, C. I.; Juan Carlos Barceno. Perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers: Review of
products and trials.
20. Flaim, S. F. Pharmacokinetics and side effects of perfluorocarbon-based blood
substitutes.
21. Krafft, M. P. Alleviating tumor hypoxia with perfluorocarbon-based oxygen carriers.
22. Liang, H.; Baudouin, C. LPS-stimulated inflammation and apoptosis in corneal injury
models.
23. Chen, L.; Deng, H.; Cui, H.; Fang, J.; Zuo, Z.; Deng, J.; Li, Y.; Wang, X.; Zhao, L.
Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs.
24. Yücel, G.; Zhao, Z.; El-Battrawy, I.; Lan, H.; Lang, S.; Li, X.; Buljubasic, F.;
Zimmermann, W.-H.; Cyganek, L.; Utikal, J.; Ravens, U.; Wieland, T.; Borggrefe, M.;
 Spence 12

Zhou, X.-B.; Akin, I. Lipopolysaccharides induced inflammatory responses and

electrophysiological dysfunctions in human-induced pluripotent stem cell derived
cardiomyocytes.
25. Biddlestone, J.; Bandarra, D.; Rocha, S. The role of hypoxia in inflammatory disease
(review).
26. Michiels, C.; Minet, E.; Mottet, D.; Raes, M. Regulation of gene expression by oxygen:
NF-ΚB and HIF-1, two extremes.
27. Ansar, W.; Ghosh, S. Inflammation and inflammatory diseases, markers, and mediators:
Role of CRP in some inflammatory diseases.
28. BelAiba, R. S.; Rachida S BelAiba
29. Ilu, M. Hypoxia, inflammation and phenotypic plasticity of macrophages: the central role
of HIF-1 and NF-κB.
30. Kuphal, S.; Winklmeier, A.; Warnecke, C.; Bosserhoff, A.-K. Constitutive HIF-1 activity
in malignant melanoma.