SCCE Cascade - March 2019 (Compatibility Mode)

SCCE CASCADE March, 2019
Contents :
Introduction
What is WWW ?
The Web
Internet Vs WWW
Key Layers of the Internet
How did the Web Begin ?
World's 1st Web Page Tim Berners-Lee, the creator of the
Web Timeline World Wide Web, in 1994.
30 Years on, What’s Next for

The Web?
What is Surface Web, Deep
Web and Dark Web?
Early Websites The web's former logo
designed by Belgian Robert
Cailliau

Introduction:
Happy Birthday, World Wide Web. It was 30 years ago that British engineer Sir Tim Berners-Lee
effectively created the medium that has made communication instantaneous and cheap, spawned a
generation of content surfers, launched many a billion-dollar business, and upended nearly every
industry.
On 12th March 30 years ago, Tim Berners-Lee submitted a proposal with the dreary title
“Information Management” to his superior at the European physics laboratory CERN. It began by
asking how future scientists would keep track of their increasingly large projects. “This proposal
provides an answer to such questions,” he wrote.
The proposal described what, in just a couple of years’ time, would transform into the World Wide
Web: a connected system for sharing information that would revolutionize how the entire planet
communicated. At the time, connected networks of computers had been up, running, and growing
for a couple of decades. People had sent emails, shared files, ran message boards, and even created
the first emoticons.
But it wasn’t until the World Wide Web came along that the internet at large really began to take off.
Web browsers, WebPages, and hyperlinks made information easy to find and move between, and
because the core code was open sourced, anyone could create a browser or website of their own.
Over the past 30 years, major portions of the web have come and gone. They’ve made us laugh and
cringe, let us waste time and find friends, and reshaped the world in the process.
What is WWW ?:
WWW stands for "World Wide Web." It is important to know that this is not a synonym
for the Internet. The World Wide Web, or just "the Web," as ordinary people call it, is a
subset of the Internet. The Web consists of pages that can be accessed using a Web
browser. The Internet is the actual network of networks where all the information resides.
Things like Telnet, FTP, Internet gaming, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), and e-mail are all part
of the Internet, but are not part of the World Wide Web. The Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) is the method used to transfer Web pages to your computer. With hypertext, a word
or phrase can contain a link to another Web site. All Web pages are written in the Hyper-
Text Markup Language (HTML), which works in conjunction with HTTP.

The Web :
The Web is Dynamic -
The Web is in a constant state of change. There are always new pages available to browse and information on
existing pages is sometimes in an ongoing state of change.
The Web is Distributed -

The Web is successful in providing so much information because that information is distributed globally across
thousands of Web sites, each of which contributes the space for the information that it publishes. A Web Site is a
location on the Web that publishes some kind of information.
The Web is Cross-Platform -

If you can access the internet, you can access the World Wide Web regardless of whether you are running on a low
end PC, or an expensive workstation. The World Wide Web is not limited to one type of machine, or developed by
any one company. The Web is entirely cross-platform. Cross-platform means that you can access web information
equally well from any computer hardware running any operating system using any display.
Hypertext Information -
Hypertext enables you to read and navigate text and visual information in a nonlinear way based on what you want
to know next. The idea behind hypertext is that instead of reading text in a rigid, linear structure (such as a book) you
can easily skip from one point to another.
The Web is Interactive -

Interactivity is the ability to "talk back" to the Web server. The Web is inherently Interactive; the act of selecting a
link and jumping to another Web page to go somewhere else on the Web is a form of interactivity. The web also
enables you to communicate with the publisher of the pages you are reading and with other readers of those pages.

The Web (Contd…):
Web Browsers -
A Web Browser is the program you use to view pages on and navigate the World Wide Web. A wide variety of web
browsers are available for just about every platform that you can imagine.
What the Browser Does -

A Web Browser's job is twofold: given a pointer to a piece of information on the Net (a URL), it has to be able to
access the information or operate in some way based on the contents of that pointer. For hypertext, Web documents,
this means that the browser must be able to communicate with the web server using the HTTP protocol. Because the
web can also manage information contained on FTP and Gopher servers, in Usenet news postings, in e-mail, and so
on, browsers can often communicate with those servers or protocols as well. What a web browser does most often,
however, is deal with formatting and displaying web documents. Each web page is a file written in a language called
HTML or Hyper- Text Markup Language. HTML includes the text of the page, its structure, and links to other
documents, images, or media. Retrieving documents from the Web and formatting them for your system are the two
tasks that make up the core of a browser's functionality.
Web Servers -
To view and browse pages on the Web, all you need is a Web browser. To publish pages on the Web, most of the time
you will need a Web Sever. A Web Server is the program that runs on a Web site and is responsible for replying to Web
browser’s requests for files. You need a Web Server to publish documents on the Web.
Uniform Resource Locator -

The Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a pointer to a specific bit of information on the net. An example of a URL is
http://www.netscape.com. URLs can be used to point your browser to a piece of information and can also be used as a
hypertext link within a document to link to another document.

Internet Vs WWW:

Key Layers of the Internet:

How did the Web Begin ?:

How did the Web Begin ?(Contd..) :
Tim Berners-Lee wrote the first proposal for
the World Wide Web in March 1989 and
his second proposal in May 1990. Together
with Belgian systems engineer Robert
Cailliau, this was formalized as a
management proposal in November 1990.
This outlined the principle concepts and it
defined important terms behind the Web. The
document described a "hypertext project"
called "WorldWideWeb" in which a "web" of
"hypertext documents" could be viewed by
“browsers”.
By the end of 1990, Tim Berners-Lee had the

first Web server and browser up and running
at CERN, demonstrating his ideas. He
developed the code for his Web server on a
NeXT computer. To prevent it being
accidentally switched off, the computer had a
hand-written label in red ink: "This machine The first page of Tim Berners-Lee's proposal for the World Wide Web,
is a server. DO NOT POWER IT DOWN!!" written in March 1989 (Image: CERN)

World's 1st Web Page :
info.cern.ch was the address of the world's first website
and Web server, running on a NeXT computer at CERN.
The first Web page address
was http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.htm
This page contained links to information about the
WWW project itself, including a description of
hypertext, technical details for creating a Web server,
and links to other Web servers as they became available.
The WWW design allowed easy access to existing

information and an early web page linked to information
useful to CERN scientists (e.g. the CERN phone book
and guides for using CERN’s central computers). A
search facility relied on keywords - there were no search
engines in the early years. A replica of the NeXT
machine used by Tim
Berners-Lee’s original Web browser running on NeXT Berners-Lee in 1990 to
computers showed his vision and had many of the develop and run the first
features of current Web browsers. In addition, it WWW server,
multimedia browser and
included the ability to modify pages from directly inside web editor (Image:
the browser – the first Web editing capability. This Maximilien Brice/Anna
screenshot shows the browser running on a NeXT Pantelia/CERN)
computer in 1993.
Web Timeline:

30 Years on, What’s Next for The Web? :
Sir Tim Berners-Lee reflects on how the web has changed our world and what we must do to build a better
web that serves all of humanity
The web has become a public square, a library, a doctor’s office, a shop, a school, a design studio, an office, a
cinema, a bank, and so much more. Of course with every new feature, every new website, the divide between those
who are online and those who are not increases, making it all the more imperative to make the web available for
everyone.
And while the web has created opportunity, given marginalized groups a voice, and made our daily lives easier, it
has also created opportunity for scammers, given a voice to those who spread hatred, and made all kinds of crime
easier to commit.
Against the backdrop of news stories about how the web is misused, it’s understandable that many people feel afraid
and unsure if the web is really a force for good. But given how much the web has changed in the past 30 years, it
would be defeatist and unimaginative to assume that the web as we know it can’t be changed for the better in the
next 30. If we give up on building a better web now, then the web will not have failed us. We will have failed the
web.
To tackle any problem, we must clearly outline and understand it. I broadly see three sources of dysfunction
affecting today’s web:
1. Deliberate, malicious intent, such as state-sponsored hacking and attacks, criminal behaviour, and online
harassment.
2. System design that creates perverse incentives where user value is sacrificed, such as ad-based revenue models
that commercially reward clickbait and the viral spread of misinformation.
3. Unintended negative consequences of benevolent design, such as the outraged and polarised tone and quality of
online discourse.
30 Years on, What’s Next for The Web? (Contd..):
Governments must translate laws and regulations for the digital age. They must ensure markets remain competitive,
innovative and open. And they have a responsibility to protect people’s rights and freedoms online. We need open
web champions within government — civil servants and elected officials who will take action when private sector
interests threaten the public good and who will stand up to protect the open web.
Companies must do more to ensure their pursuit of short-term profit is not at the expense of human rights,
democracy, scientific fact or public safety. Platforms and products must be designed with privacy, diversity and
security in mind. This year, we’ve seen a number of tech employees stand up and demand better business practices.
We need to encourage that spirit.
And most important of all, citizens must hold companies and governments accountable for the commitments they
make, and demand that both respect the web as a global community with citizens at its heart. If we don’t elect
politicians who defend a free and open web, if we don’t do our part to foster constructive healthy conversations
online, if we continue to click consent without demanding our data rights be respected, we walk away from our
responsibility to put these issues on the priority agenda of our governments.
The fight for the web is one of the most important causes of our time. Today, half of the world is online. It is more
urgent than ever to ensure the other half are not left behind offline, and that everyone contributes to a web that drives
equality, opportunity and creativity.
The Contract for the Web must not be a list of quick fixes but a process that signals a shift in how we understand our
relationship with our online community. It must be clear enough to act as a guiding star for the way forward but
flexible enough to adapt to the rapid pace of change in technology. It’s our journey from digital adolescence to a
more mature, responsible and inclusive future.
The web is for everyone and collectively we hold the power to change it. It won’t be easy. But if we dream a little
and work a lot, we can get the web we want.
What is Surface Web, Deep Web and Dark Web?:

Early Websites:

Sources of Information :
 https://www.theverge.com
 https://www.bbc.com
 https://en.wikipedia.org
 https://webfoundation.org/
 https://www.techopedia.com
 https://home.cern
 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com
 www.pewinternet.org
 https://malonemediagroup.com/
 http://www.biology.wustl.edu
If you have liked reading this issue or have any suggestions for improvements, please do write to the team :
cascade@scce.edu.in, sccecascade@scce.edu.in or cascade_scce@scce.edu.in
Cascade, a monthly electronic publication of SCCE is distributed by SCCE, Pune with an access to all the Corporate
Learners. This is also for the benefit of our alumni and due care has been taken to ensure that the information
published herein is correct to the best of our knowledge.
Website: www.scce.edu.in
Email ids : cascade@scce.edu.in ; sccecascade@scce.edu.in ; cascade_scce@scce.edu.in
SCCE - Cascade Team : Dr. Seema Singh, Director, SCCE and Ms. Mayura Pathak, Supervisor, SCCE

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SCCE CASCADE March, 2019

30 Years on, What’s Next for