SSC Je Mains Test Series Solution Zone Tech 436

ZONE TECH Fluid Mechanics + Hydraulic Machine 1
SSC-JE Mains Test Series 2022

Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics + Hydraulic Machine Mains Test Paper
Detailed Solution
Test ID. 173 Date:- 22/01/2023
Duration : 2:00 hr. Maximum Marks : 300
Q.1
(a) Define density, specific gravity, surface tension and capillarity.
[Marks 20]
Sol. DENSITY OR MASS DENSITY
 Density or mass density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of a fluid to its volume.
 Thus mass per unit volume of a fluid is called density.
 It is denoted by the symbol  (rho).
 The unit of mass density in SI unit is kg per cubic metre, i.e., kg/m 3.
 The density of liquids may be considered as constant while that of gases changes with the
variation of pressure and temperature.
Mathematically, mass density is written as
Mass of fluid
=
Volume of fluid
 The value of density of water is 1 gm/cm 3 or 1000 kg/m3.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
 Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight density (or density) of a fluid to the weight
density (or density) of a standard fluid.
 For liquids, the standard fluid is taken water and for gases, the standard fluid is taken air.
 Specific gravity is also called relative density.
 It is dimensionless quantity and is denoted by the symbol S.
Mathemancally,
Weight density (density) of liquid
S(for liquids) =
Weight density (density) of water
Weight density (density) of gas

S(for gases) =
Weight density (density) of air
Thus weight density of a liquid
= S × Weight density of water
= S × 1000 × 9.81 N/m3
The density of a liquid
= S × Density of water
= S × 1000 kg/m3 ...(i)
 If the specific gravity of a fluid is known, then the density of the fluid will be equal to specific
gravity of fluid multiplied by the density of water.
 For example, the specific gravity of mercury is 13.6.
Hence density of mercury
= 13.6 × 1000 = 13600 kg/m3
SURFACE TENSION AND CAPILLARITY
 Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid in Contact with a
gas or on the surface between two immiscible liquids such that the contact surface behaves like
a membrane under tension.
 The magnitude of this force per unit length of the free surface will have the same value as the
surface energy per unit area.
 It is denoted by Greck letter  (called sigma).
 In MKS units, it is expressed as kgf/m while in SI units as N/m.
CAPILLARITY
 Capillarny is defined as a phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid surface in a small tube relative
to the adjacent general level of liquid when the tube is held vertically in the liquid.
 The rise of liquid surface is known as capillary rise while the fall of the liquid surface is known
as capillary depression. It is expressed in terms of cm or mm of liquid.
 Its value depends upon the specific weight of the liquid, diameter of the tube and surface
tension of the liquid.
 

4 cos 
h=
gd
(b) Define the following pairs :

(i) Ideal and real fluids
(ii) Newtonian and Non-Newtonian fluids
(iii) Compressible and incompressible fluids
(iv) Specific weight and Specific volume
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
[Marks 20]
Sol.
(i) Ideal and Real Fluids
(a) Ideal Fluid :
A fluid, which is incompressible and is having no viscosity, is known as an ideal fluid. Ideal
fluid is only an imaginary fluid as all the fluids, which exist, have some viscosity.
(b) Real Fluid :
A fluid, which possesses viscosity, is known as real fluid. All the fluids, in actual practice. are
real fluids.
(ii) Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
(a) Newtonian Fluid
A real fluid, in which the shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of shear strain (or
velocity gradient). is known as a Newtonian fluid.
(b) Non-Newtonian Fluid
A real fluid, in which the shear stress is not proportional to the rate of shear strain (or velocity
gradient), known as a Non-Newtonian fluid.
id
Ideal Solid ic Flu
las t
Shear Stress
eal P id
I d n Flu
nia
ewto
n-N
No
Newtonian Fluid
Ideal Fluid
Velocity Gradient (du/dy)
Types of Fluid
(iii) Compressible and Incompressible Fluids

 The property of volume change is called compressibility and a fluid whose volume changes is
called compressible fluid
 On the other hand, an incompressible fluid is a fluid which is not compressed or expanded, and
its volume is always constant.
 In reality, a rigorous incompressible fluid does not exist.
(iv) Specific Weight and Specific Volume
(a) Specific Weight or Weight Denisty
 Specific weight or weight density of a fluid is the ratio between the weight of a fluid to its
volume.
 Thus weight per unit volume of a fluid is called weight density and it is denoted by the symbol
w.
Thus mathematically,
Weight of fluid (Mass of fluid) × Acceleration due to gravity
w= =
Volume of fluid Volume of fluid
Mass of fluid  g
=
Volume of fluid
 Mass of fluid 
=×g   
 Volume of fluid 
w = g ...(i)
 The value of specific weight or weight density (w) for water is 9.81 × 1000 Newton/m 3 in SI
units.
(b) Specific Volume
 Specific volume of a fluid is defined as the volume of a fluid occupied by a unit mass or volume
per unit mass of a fluid is called specific volume. Mathematically, it is expressed as
Volume of fluid 1 1
Specific volume = = Mass of fluid =
Mass of fluid 
Volume of fluid
 Thus specific volume is the reciprocal of mass density. It is expressed as m 3/kg. It is commonly
applied to gases.
(c) State the Newton’s law of viscosity. Explain the importance of viscosity in fluid motion. What is the
effect of temperature on viscosity of water and that of air ?
[Marks 20]
Sol. Newton’s Law of Viscosity
 It States that the shear stress () on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate of
shear Strain.
 The constant of proportionality is called the Co-efficient of viscosity.
 Mathematically, it is expressed as given by equation as
du
= µ
dy
 Fluids which obey the above relation are known as Newtonian fluids and the fluids which do
not obey the above relation are called Non-Newtonian fluids.
Variation of Viscosity with Temperature
 Temperature affects the viscosity.
 The viscosity of liquids decreases with the increase of temperature while the viscosity of gases
increases with the increase of temperature.
 This is due to reason that the viscous forces in a fluid are due to cohesive forces and molecular
momentum transfer.
 In liquids, the cohesive forccs predominates the molecular momentum transfer, due to closely
packed molecules and with the increase in temperature, the cohesive forces decreases with the
result of decreasing viscosity.
 But in case of gases the cohesive forces are small and molecular momentum transfer predominates.
 With the increase in temperature, molecular momentum transfer increases and hence viscosity
increases.
The relation between viscosity and temperature for liquids and gases are:
 1 
(i) For liquids, µ = µ0  2  ...(i)
 1  t   t 
where µ = Viscosity of liquid at tºC, in poise
µ0 = Viscosity of liquid at 0°C, in poise
,  = Constants for the liquid
For water, µ0 = 1.79 × l0–3 poise
 = 0.03368
and  = 0.000221
Equation (i) shows that with the increase of temperature, the viscosity decreases.
(ii) For a gas, µ = µ0 + t – t2 ...(ii)
where for air µ0 = 0.000017
 = 0.000000056
and  = 0.1189 × 10–9
Equation (ii) shows that with the increase of temperature, the viscosity increases.
Importance of viscosity in fluid motion:
 Viscosity is an important parameter in fluid flow problems.
 When fluid passes over a flat plate, layer of fluid very close to plate have zero velocity while
velocity of fluid at the top is maximum.
 This develops a velocity gradient among various layers. Due to relative velocity between different
layers, they exert forces on each other ceasing their relative motion.
 Due to this force fluids retard and the force is termed as viscous force.
Q2.
(a) Explain the term:
(i) Dynamic viscosity
(ii) Kinematic viscosity
Give their dimensions
(i)
(ii)
[Marks 15]
Sol. (i) Dynamic viscosity (µ) :
According to Newton's law of viscosity, shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of
angular deformation (shear strain) or velocity gradient across the flow.
du
 
dy
du
= µ
dy
Where,  = Shear stress
µ = Absolute or dynamic viscosity
du
= Velocity gradient
dy
d
 = Rate of angular defomration (shear strain)
dt
Units of Dynamic Viscosity :
 Shear stress
µ= 
du Changer in velocity
dy Change in distance
Force
Area Force  Time
µ= 
Length 1 (Length)2

Time Length
N.s
µ=
m2
The unit of dynamic viscosity in CGS unit is
Dyne.s/cm2 known as poise
1 poise = 1 Dyne.s/cm2
= 10–5 N-s/10–4 m2
= 10–1 N-s/m2
1
= N-s/m2
10
 The unit of dynamic viscosity in SI unit is N.s/m 2 or Pa-s
N.s kgms 2  s
µ= 2  = kgm–1s–1  ML–1T–1
m m2
Kinematic Viscosity ()
It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid. It is denoted by the
Greek symbol  (called 'nu').
Thus, mathematically,
Viscosity 
= = ...(i)
Density 
The units of kinematic viscosity is obtained as
Units of µ Force  Time Force  Time
= = =
Units of  Mass Mass
(Length)2  3
(Length) Length
Length  Force  Mass  Acc.

Mass   Time
(Time)2  
=  Length 
 Mass    Mass 
 (Time)2 
 
 Length 
(Length)2
=
Time
In MKS and SI, the unit of kinematic viscosity is meter 2/sec or m2/sec while in CGS units it is
written as cm2/s. In CGS units, kinematic viscosity is also known as stoke.
2
 1 
Thus, One stoke = cm2/s =   m2/s = 10–4 m2/s
 100 
1
Centistoke means = stoke
100
(b) Calculate the specific weight ,density and specific gravity of one litre of a liquid which weight 7 N.
7N
[Marks 15]
–3 3
Sol. Given : (a) Volume = 1 litre = 10 m
(b) Weight = 7 N
(i) Specific weight (w) :
Weight 7N
= = = 7000 N/m3
Volume  1  3
 m
 1000 
(ii) Density () :
Specific weight (w) w 7000
= = = kg/m3 = 713.5 kg/m3
Density() g 9.81
(iii)Specific gravity (S) :
Density of liquid 713.5
= = { Density of water = 1000 kg/m3}
Density of water 1000
= 0.7135
(c) A plate 0.025 mm distance from a fixed plate at 60 cm/s and requires a force of 2N per unit area i.e.
2 N/m2 to maintain this speed. Determine the fluid viscosity between the plates.
0.025 mm 60 cm/s
2N 2 N/m2
[Marks 15]
Sol. Given,
F
u = 60 cm/s
dy =
Fixed Plate
Distance between plates,
dy = 0.025 mm
Velocity of upper plate,
u = 60 cm/s = 0.6 m/s
Force on upper plate,
F = 2.0 N/m2
This is the value of shear stress i.e., 
Let the fluid viscosity between the plates is µ.
Using the equation of Newtons law of viscosity
du
= µ
dy
where, du = Change of velocity = u – 0 = u = 0.60 m/s
dy = Change of distance = 0.025 × 10 –3 m
 = Force per unit area = 2.0 N/m2
0.60
 2.0 = µ 3
0.025  10
2.0  0.025  103

 µ= = 8.33 × 10–5 Ns/m3
0.60
= 8.33 × 10–5 × 10 poise = 8.33 × 10–4 poise

(d) Define the following
(i) Steady and Unsteady flow
(ii) Uniform and Non-uniform flows
(iii) Laminar and Turbulent flows
(iv) Compressible and Incompressible flows
(v) Rotational and Irrotational flows
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
[Marks 15]
Sol. (i) Steady and Unsteady Flows :
Steady flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid characteristics like velocity,
pressure, density, etc., at a point do not change with time. Thus for steady flow, mathematically,
we have
 V 
  =0
 t x0 ,y0 ,z0
 p 
  =0
 t x0 ,y0 ,z0
  
  =0
 t  x0 ,y0 ,z0
Where, (x0, y0, z0) is a fixed point in fluid field.
Unsteady flow is that type of flow, in which the velocity, pressure or density at a point changes
with respect to time. Thus, mathematically, for unsteady flow
 V 
  0
 t x0 ,y0 ,z0
 p 
   0 etc.
 t x0 ,y0 ,z0
(ii) Uniform and Non-uniform Flow :
Uniform flow is defined as that type of flow in which the velocity at any given time does not
change with respect to space (i.e., length of direction of the flow), Mathematically, for uniform
flow
 V 
  =0
 s  tconstant
where, V = Change of velocity
s = Length of flow in the direction S.
Non-uniform flow is that type of flow in which the velocity at any given time changes with
respect to space. Thus, mathematically, for non-uniform flow
 V 
  0
 s  tconstant
(iii)Laminar and Turbulent Flows :
Laminar flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid particles move along well-
defined paths or stream line and all the stream-lines are straight and parallel. Thus the particle
move in laminas or layers gliding smoothly over the adjacent layer. This type of flow is also
called stream-line flow or viscous flow.
Turbulent flow is that type of flow in which the fluid particles move in a zig-zag way. Due to
the movement of fluid particles in a zig-zag way, the eddies formation takes place which are
responsible for high energy loss. For a pipe flow, the type of flow is determined by a non-
VD
dimensional number called the Reynold number.

where D = Diameter of pipe
V = Mean velocity of flow in pipe
and  = Kinematic viscosity of fluid
• If the Reynold number is less than 2000, the flow is called laminar. If the Reynold number is
more than 4000, it is called turbulent flow.
• If the Reynold number lies between 2000 and 4000, the flow may be laminar or turbulent.
(iv)Compressible and Incompressible Flows :
• Compressible flow is that type of flow in which the density of the fluid changes from point to
point or in other words the density () is not constant for the flow.
Thus. mathcmaticafly, for compressible flow
  Constant
• Incompressible flow is that type of flow in which the density is constant for the fluid flow.
Liquids are generally incompressible while gases are compressible.
Mathematically, for incompressible flow
 = Constant
(v) Rotational and Irrotational Flows :
• Rotational flow is that type of flow in which the fluid particles while flowing along stream-
lines, also rotate about their own axis.
• And if the fluid particles while flowing along stream-lines, do not rotate about their own axis
then that type of flow is called irrotational flow.
Q.3
(a) What is a manometer ? How are they classified ?
[Marks 15]
Sol. Manometers :
Manometers are defined as the devices used for measuring the pressure at a point in a fluid by
balancing the column of fluid by the same or another column of the fluid. They are classified as :
I. Simple Manometers
II. Differential Manometers
I. SIMPLE MANOMETERS :
A simple manometer consists of a glass tube having one of its ends connected to a point where
pressure is to be measured and other end remains open to atmosphere.
Common types of simple manometers are :
(i) Piezomctcr
(ii) U-tube Manometer, and
(iii) Single Column Manometer
(i) Piezometer :
• It is the simplest form of manometer used for measuring gauge pressures.
• One end of this manometer is connected to the point where pressure is to the measured and
other end is open to the atmosphere as shown in figure.
• The rise of liquid gives the pressure head at that point.
• If at a point A, the height of liquid of water is h in piezometer tube.
Piezometer
Then pressure at A =  × g × h N/m2
(ii) U-Tube Manometer :
• It consists of glass tube bent in U-shape, one end of which is connected to a point at which
pressure is to be measured and other end remains open to the atmosphere as shown in figure.
• The tube generally contains mercury or any other liquid whose specific gravity is greater than
the specific gravity of the liquid whose pressure is to be measured.
B h2 B
h1
h1
h2
A A A A
(i) For Gauge Pressure (ii) For Vacuum Pressure

U-Tube Manometer
(iii)Single Column Manometer :

• Single column manometer is a modified form of a U-tube manometer in which a reservoir,
having a large cross-sectional area (about 100 times) as compared to the area of the tube is
connected to one of the limbs (say left limb) of the manometer as shown in figure.
• Due to large cross-sectional area of the reservoir, for any variation in pressure, the change in
the liquid level in the reservoir will be very small which may be neglected and hence the
pressure is given by the height of liquid in the other limb.
• The other limb may be vertical or inclined.
Thus there are two types of single column manometer as :
(a) Vertical Single Column Manometer.
(b) Inclined Single Column Manometer.
II. DIFFERENTIAL MANOMETERS
• Differential manometers are the devices used for measuring the difference of pressures between
two points in a pipe or in two different pipes.
• A differential manometer consists of a U-tube, containing a heavy liquid, whose two ends are
Connected to the points, whose difference of pressure is to be measured.
Most commonly types of differential manometers are :
(a) U-tube differential manometer and
(b) Inverted U-tube differential manometer
(b) State and prove the Pascal’s law.
[Marks 15]
Sol. PASCAL’S LAW :
It slates that the pressure or intensity of pressure at a point in a static fluid is equal in all directions.
This is proved as :
The fluid element is of very small dimensions i.e., dx, dy and ds.
Consider an arbitrary fluid element of wedge shape in a fluid mass at rest as shown in figure.
B pz·ds·1 Y


px·dy·1 ds
dy X
A dx
C
Z
py·x·1
Forces on a Fluid Element
Let the width of the element perpendicular to the plane of paper is unity and p x, py and pz are the
pressure or intensity of pressure acting on the face AB, AC and BC respectively.
Let ABC = . Then the forces acting on the element are :
(a) Pressure forces normal to the surfaces, and
(b) Weight of element in the vertical direction.
The forces on the faces are :
= px × Area of face AB
= px × dy × 1
Similarly force on the face
AC = py × dx × 1
Force on the face
BC = pz × ds × 1
Weight of element = (Mass of element) × g
 AB  AC 
= (Volume × ) × g =   1 ×  × g
 2 
where,  = Density of fluid
Resolving the forces in x-direction, we have
px × dy × 1 – p(ds × 1)sin(90º – ) = 0
or px × dy × 1 – pzds × 1 cos = 0
But from figure
ds cos = AB = dy
or px × dy × 1 – pz × dy × 1 = 0
or px = pz (i)
Similarly, resolving the forces in y-direction, we get
dx  dy
py × dx × 1 – pz × ds × 1 cos(90º – ) – ×1××g=0
2
dxdy
or py × dx – pzds sin – ××g=0
2
But ds sin = dx
and also the element is very samll and hence weight is negligible.
 pydx – pz × dx = 0
or py = pz ...(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii), we have
px = py = pz ...(iii)
The above equation shows that the pressure at any point in x, y and z directions is equal.
Since the choice of fluid element was completely arbitrary, which means the pressure at any point is
the same in all directions.
(c) An open tank contains water upto a depth of 2 m and above it an oil of specific gravity 0.9 for a
depth of 1 m. Find the pressure intensity :
(i) At the interface of the two liquids
(ii) At the bottom of the tank
(i)
(ii)
[Marks 15]
Sol. Given : (i) Height of water, Z1 = 2 m
(ii) Height of oil, Z2 = 1 m
(iii)Specific gravity of oil, S0 = 0.9
(iv)Density of water, 1 = 1000 kg/m3
(v) Density of oil, 2 = Specific gravity of oil × Density of water
= 0.9 × 1000 = 900 kg/m3
Pressure intensity at any point is given by
p=  × g × Z
1.0 OIL
A
2.0 WATER
B
(i) At interface, i.e., at A
p = 2 × g × 1.0
p = 900 × 9.81 × 1.0 = 8829 N/m 2
8829
p= = 0.8829 N/cm2
10 4
(ii) At the bottom, i.e., at B
p = 2 × gZ2 + 1 × g × Z1
p = 900 × 9.81 × 1.0 + 1000 × 9.81 × 2.0
= 8829 + 19620 = 28449 N/m2
28449
p= N/cm2 = 2.8449 N/cm2
10 4
(d) A single column manometer is connected to a pipe containing a liquid of specific gravity 0.9 as
shown in fig. Find the pressure in the pipe if the area of the reservoir is 100 times the area of the
tube for the manometer reading shown in fig. The specific gravity of mercury is 13.6
0.9
100
13.6
A 40
20 cm
[Marks 15]
Sol. Given:
Specific gravity of liquid in pipe,
S1 = 0.9
 Density 1 = 900 kg/m3
Specific gravity of heavy liquid,
S2 = 13.6
Density, 2 = 13.6 × 1000 A 40
Area of reservoir A
Area of right limb = a = 100 20 cm
Height of liquid,
h1 = 20 cm = 0.2 m
Rise of mercury in right limb,
h2 = 40 cm = 0.4 m
Let, pA = Pressure in pipe
Pressure in pipe
a
PA = h [ g – 1g] + h22g – h11g
A 2 2
1
= × 0.4[13.6 × 1000 × 9.81–900 × 9.81]+0.4 × 13.6 × 10000 × 9.81–0.2 × 900 × 9.81
100
0.4
= [133416 – 8829] + 53366.4 – 1765.8
100
= 533.664 + 53366.4 – 1765.8 N/m 2 = 52134 N/m2 = 5.21 N/cm2
Q4.
(a) What is Euler’s equation of motion. How will you obtain Bernoulli’s equation from it ?
[Marks 15]
Sol. EULER’S EQUATION OF MOTION
This is equation of motion in which the forces due to gravity and pressure are taken into consideration.
This is derived by considering the motion of a fluid element along a stream-line as :
Consider a stream-line in which flow is taking place in s-direction as shown in figure.
s
 p 
p  ds  dA
 s 
ds
 
ds
dz
pdA
gdAds
(i) (ii)
Forces on a fluid element
Consider a cylindrical element of cross-section dA and length ds. The forces acting on the cylindrical
element are :
(a) Pressure force pdA in the direction of flow.
 p 
(b) Pressure force  p  ds  dA opposite to direction of flow.
 s 
(c) Weight of element pgdAds.

Let  is the angle between the direction of flow and the line of action of the weight of element.
The resultant force on the fluid element in the direction of s must be equal to the mass of fluid
element × acceleration in the direction s.
p
 pdA –  p  ds  dA – gdAds cos
 s 
= dAds × s ...(i)
where s is the acceleration in the direction of s.
d
Now s = , where is a function of s and t.
dt
 ds     ds 
=  =     
s dt t s t  dt 
If the flow is steady,

=0
t

 s =
s
Substituting the value of  in equation (i) and simplifying the equation, we get
p 
– dsdA – g dAds cos  = dAds ×
s s
Dividing by dsdA
p  p 
– – g cos = or + g cos +  =0
s s s s
But from figure (ii), we have
dz
cos =
ds
1 dp dz d dp
 g  = 0 or + gdz + d = 0
 ds ds ds 
dp
or + gdz + d = 0 ...(ii)

Equation (ii) is known as Euler's equation of motion.

BERNOULLI'S EQUATION FROM EULER'S EQUATION
Bernoulli's equation is obtained by integrating the Euler's equation of motion (ii) as
dp
  gdz    d = Constant
 
If flow is incompressible,  is constant and
p 2
 + gz + = Constant
 2
p 2
or g + z + 2g = Constant
p 2
or g + 2g + z = Constant ...(iii)
Equation (iii) is a Bernoulli's equation in which

p
g = Pressure energy per unit weight of fluid or pressure head
2
2g = Kinetic energy per unit weight or kinetic head
z = Potential energy per unit weight or potential head
(b) Derive the expression : Cd = Cv × Cc

Where, Cd = Co-efficient of discharge
C v = Co-efficient of velocity
C c = Co-efficient of contraction
Cd = Cv × Cc
Cd =
Cv =
Cc =
[Marks 15]
Sol. The coefficient of discharge Cd is defined as the ratio between the actual discharge issued from an
orifice and its theoretical (or ideal) discharge.
Thus if Qth is the theoretical discharge and Q is the actual discharge emerging from an orific then
Actual discharge Q
Cd = = ...(i)
Theoretical discharge Q th
But actual discharge

Q = (Actual area of the jet at Vena – Contract × Actual Velocity of jet)
 a c  C c .a 

Q = (ac × V) = (Cca) × C v 2gh  
   C 2gh 

where, C c = Co-efficient of contraction

V = C v 2gh
C v = Coefficient of velocity
ac = Area of contraction
Similarly, Thoretical discharge
Qth = (Theoretical area of jet × Theoretical velocity of jet)
i.e., 
Qth = a  2gh 
By substituting the values in equation (i)
Q 
(C c a)  C v 2gh 
Cd = =
Q th a  2gh
Therefore C d = Cc × Cv
(c) Explain the term:

(i) Path line
(ii) Streak line
(iii) Stream line
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
[Marks 15]
Sol.
(i) PATH LINES :
 A path line is the line traced by a single fluid particle as it moves over a period of time.
 Thus a path line indicates the direction of velocity of the same fluid particle at successive instants of
time.
 While a streamline shows the direction of velocity of a number of fluid particles at the same instant
of time.
 A fluid particle always moves tangent to the streamline thus, for steady flow, the path lines and
streamlines are identical.
(ii) STREAK LINE:
 The instantaneous pictures of the position of all fluid particles, which have passed through a given
point at some previous time are called streak lines or filament lines.
 In experimental work, often a colour or dye or some other substance (such as smoke in case of
gases) is injected into the flowing fluid, in order to trace the motion of the fluid particles. The
resulting trail of colour is known as streak line.
 In steady flow, since there is no change in the flow pattern, a streak line is same as a streamline and
the path line of a particle. In unsteady flow a streak line at an instant is the locus of end points of
particle paths (or path lines) that started at the instant the particle passed through the injection
point.
(iii) STREAMLINE:
 A streamline is an imaginary line drawn through a flowing fluid in such a way that the tangent to
it at any point gives the direction of the velocity of flow at that point.
 Since a fluid is composed of fluid particles, the pattern of flow of fluid may be represented by a
series of streamlines, obtained by drawing a series of curves through the flowing fluid such that
the velocity vector at any point is tangential to the curves.
 For a steady flow, all above mentioned three lines, viz. streamline, path line and streak line are
identical.
Flow Fluid particle at some
intermediate time
At time, At time, At time, Fluid particle at
t = t1 t = t2 t = t3 t = tend
Fluid particle at
At time, t = 0 t = tstart
(i) Time Lines (ii) Path Line
Dye or smoke V Stream Tube

Injected fluid particle 1
3 
5 2
8 dy
4 u
7 6 dx
Object
Flow
(iii) Streak Line (iv) Stream Line (v) Stream Tube
(d) A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameters 30 cm and 15 cm respectively is used to
measure the flow of water. The reading of differential manometer connected to the inlet and the
throat is 20 cm of mercury. Determine the rate of flow. Take C d = 0.98.
30 cm 15 cm
20 cm
Cd = 0.98
[Marks 15]
Sol. Given : (i) Dia. at inlet, d1 = 30 cm
 2 
Area at inlet, a1 = d 1 = (30)2 = 706.85 cm2
4 4
(ii) Dia. at throat,d 2 = 15 cm

 × 152 = 176.7 cm2
a2 =
4
Cd = 0.98
Reading of differential manometer = x = 20 cm of mercury.
 Difference of pressure head is given by
 Sh 
or h = x   1
 S0 
where Sh = Sp. gravity of mercury = 13.6
S0 = Sp. gravity of water = 1
 13.6 
= 20   1  = 20 × 12.6 cm
 1 
= 252.0 cm of water
The discharge through venturimeter is given by
a1a2
Q = Cd  2gh
a21  a22
706.85  176.7
= 0.98 ×  2  9.81  252
(706.85)2  (176.7)2
86067593.36 86067593.36
= =
499636.9  31222.9 684.4
125756
= 125756 cm3/s = lit/s = 125.756 lit/s
1000
Q5.
(a) Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbines:
[Marks 15]
Sol.
Basis of Difference Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine

The type of turbine in which only The type of water turbine in which both
kinetic energy of water (impulse force) kinetic energy as well as pressure energy of
Definition is used to rotate the turbine is known as water is used turn the turbine is called the
impulse turbine. reaction turbine.
In an impulse turbine, the water flow In reaction turbine, the water is guided by
Water flow through a nozzle and strikes to the the guide blades (fixed blades) to flow over
blades of the turbine. the turbine.
Force on blades In impulse turbine, an impulsive force In reaction turbine, a reaction force on the
rotates the turbine. blades is rotation the turbine.
In impulse turbine, the pressure of In the reaction turbine, the pressure of water
Pressure of water
water remains unchanged and is equal continuously decreases when it flows over
while flowing over
to atmospheric pressure when it flows the blades.
Moving blades
over the moving blades.
In impulse turbine, the pressure of In reaction turbine, the pressure of water is
Decrease in pressure
water is reduced in the nozzle before decreasing while flowing over the blades.
of water
entering the turbine.
Change in pressure In impulse turbine, all the pressure of In reaction turbine, there is no change in the
of water water is converted into kinetic energy pressure of water before striking the turbine
before strinking the turbine blades. blades.
Water head The impulse turbines are most suitable The reaction turbines are suitable for
for large water heads. relatively low water heads.
The impulse turbines are suitable for Reaction turbines are suitable in cases where
Water flow rate
comparatively low water flow rates. water flow rates are higher.
In impulse turbine, there is no necessity In reaction turbine, the turbine casing is
Necessity of turbine of turbine casing as it has no hydraulic required because the pressure at inlet is very
casing function. It is just provided to prevent high as compared to pressure at outlet.
splashing of water. Therefore, the casing seals it from the
atmospheric pressure.
The blades of an impulse turbine are of The blades of a reaction turbine are
Blades profile
symmetrical profile. asymmetrical, having aerofoil profile.
In impulse turbine, the water discharges In a reaction turbine, the water discharges
Water discharge directly from the turbine wheel to tail into a draft tube first and then into the tail
race. race.
For the same power output, the size of The reaction turbine have relatively large
Turbine size impulse turbine is smaller. size for the same power output.
Popular examples of impulse turbine Popular examples of reaction turbines are :
Examples are : Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine.
Pelton wheel turbine, Turgo turbine and
cross-flow turbine.
(b) Define the specific speed of a turbine? Drive an expression for the specific speed. What is the
significance of the specific speed?
[Marks 15]
Sol. SPECIFIC SPEED
It is defined as the speed of a turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical dimensions, blade
angles, gate opening etc., with the actual turbine but of such a size that it will develop unit power
when working under unit head. It is denoted by the symbol N s. The specific speed is used in
comparing the different types of turbines as every type of turbine has different specific speed.
In M.K.S. units, unit power is taken as one horse power and unit head as one metre. But in S.I.
units, unit power is taken as one kilowatt and unit head as one metre.
Derivation of the specific Speed
The overall efficiency (0) of any turbine is given by,
Shaft power Power developed P

 0 = = = ...(i)
Water power gQH gQH
1000 1000
where, H = Head under which the turbine is working
Q = Discharge through turbine
P = Power developed or shaft power.
From equation (i), we get
g QH
P = 0 ×
1000
P  Q × H (as 0 and  are constant) ...(ii)
Now let, D = Diameter of actual turbine
N = Speed of actual turbine
u = Tangential velocity of the turbine
Ns = Specific speed of the turbine
V = Absolute velocity of water
The absolute velocity, tangential velocity and head on the turbine are related as,
u V
where V H
 H ...(iii)
But the tangential velocity u is given by
DN
u=  DN ...(iv)
60
 From equations (iii) and (iv), we have
H
H  DN or D  N ...(v)
The discharge through turbine is given by

Q = Area × Velocity
But Area  B × D (where B = Withd)
 D2 ( B  D)
and Velocity  H
 Q  D2 × H
2
 H  H
   ×  From equation (v),D  
 N 
H
 N 
H H3/2
 2 × H  N2 ...(vi)
N
Substituting the value of Q in equation (ii), we get
H3/2 H5/2
P × H 
N2 N2
H5/2
 P= K
N2
where, K = Constant of proportionallity
If P = 1, H = 1, the speed N = Specific speed N s.
Substituting these values in the above equation, we get
K  15/2
1= or N2s = K
N 2s
2 H5/2 N2 P
 P = Ns or N 2
=
N2 s
H5/2
N2P N P
 Ns = = ...(vii)
H 5/2
H 5/4
In equation (vii), if P is taken in metric horse power the specific speed is obtained in M.K.S. units.
But if P is taken in kilowatts, the specific speed is obtained in S.I. units.
Significance of Specific Speed
Specific speed plays an important role for selecting the type of the turbine. Also the performance of
a turbine can be predicted by knowing the specific speed of the turbine. The type of turbine for
different specific speed is given in table as :
Specific Speed
S.No. Types of Turbine
(M.K.S.) (S.I.)
1. 10 to 35 8.5 to 30 Pelton wheel with single jet
2. 35 to 60 30 to 51 Pelton wheel with two or more jets
3. 60 to 300 51 to 225 Francis turbine
4. 300 to 1000 225 to 860 Kaplan or Propeller turbine
(c) A Pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specifications :
Shaft power = 11,772 kW
Head = 380 metres
Speed = 750 r.p.m.
Overall efficiency = 86%
Jet diameter is not to exceed one-sixth of the wheel diameter.
Determine :
(i) The wheel diameter,
(ii) The number of jets required, and
(iii) Diameter of the jet.
(Take Kv = 0.985 and Ku = 0.45)
1 1
= 11,772 kW
= 380
= 750 r.p.m.
= 86%
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(Kv1 = 0.985 Ku1 = 0.45 )
[Marks 15]
Sol. Given, (i) Shaft power = 11,772 kW
(ii) Head = 380 metres
(iii) Speed = 750 r.p.m.
(iv) Overall efficiency, 0 = 86% or 0.86
d 1
(v) Ratio of jet dia. to wheel dia. = =
D 6
(vi) Co-efficient of velocity, Kv1 = Cv = 0.985
(vii) Speed ratio,Ku1 = 0.45
Velocity of jet, V1 = C v 2gH
V1 = 0.985 2  9.81  380 = 85.05 m/s

The velocity of wheel,
u = u1 = u2
= Speed ratio × 2gH
= 0.45 × 2  9.81  380 = 38.85 m/s

DN
But u=
60
DN
 38.85 =
60
60  38.85 60  38.85
or D= = = 0.989 m
 N  750
d 1
But =
D 6
1 0.989
 Dia of jet d= ×D= = 0.165 m
6 6
Discharge of one jet,
q = Area of jet × Velocity of jet
 2 
= d × V1 = (0.165) × 85.05 m3/s
4 4
q = 1.818 m3/s
S.P. 11772
Now, 0 = = g  Q  H
W.P.
1000
11772  1000
0.86 =
1000  9.81  Q  380
where, Q = Total discharge
 Total discharge,
11772  1000
Q= = 3.672 m3/s
1000  9.81  380  0.86
Total discharge Q 3.672
 Number of jets = = = = 2 jets
Discharge of one jet q 1.818
(d) A Pelton wheel is revolving at a speed of 190 r.p.m. and develops 5150.25 kW when working under
a head of 220 m with an overall efficiency of 80%. Determine unit speed, unit discharge and unit
power. The speed ratio for the turbine is given as 0.47. Find the speed, discharge and power when
this turbine is working under a head of 140 m.
190 r.p.m. 80% 220 m
5150.25 kW
0.47 140 m
[Marks 15]
Sol. Given, (i) Speed, N1 = 190 r.p.m.
(ii) Power, P1 = 5150.25 kW
(iii) Head, H1 = 220 m
(iv) Overall efficiency, 0 = 80% = 0.80
(v) Speed ratio= 0.47
(vi) New head of water, H 2 = 140 m
Overall efficiency is given by
P1 1000  P1
0 = =
  g  Q1  H1   g  Q 1  H1
1000
1000  P1 1000  5150.25

 Q1 = = = 2.983 m3/s
0    g  H 1 0.80  1000  9.81  220
Unit speed is given by equation,
N1 190
Nu = = = 12.81 r.p.m.
H1 220
Unit discharge is given by equation
Q1 2.983
Qu = = = 0.201 m3/s
H1 220
Unit power is given by equation
P1 5150.25
Pu = = = 1.578 kW
H13/2
220 3/2
When the turbine is working under a new head of 140 m, the speed, discharge and power are given
by equation as
N1 N2
For speed, =
H1 H2
N 1 H2 H2 140
 N2 = = N1 = 190 = 151.56 r.p.m.
H1 H1 220
Q1 Q2
For discharge, =
H1 H2
Q 1 H2 H2 140
 Q2 = = Q1 = 2.983 = 2.379 m3/s
H1 H1 220
P1 P2
For power, 3/2 = H 3/2
H1 2
3/2 3/2
H 3/2
2  H2   140 
 P2 = P1 3/2 = P1   = 5150.25   = 2614.48 kW
H1  H1   220 
Q6.
(a) Classify centrifugal pump on the basis of casing and fluid handled. Define the net positive suction
head (NPSH) and obtain the maximum permissible head.
(NPSH)
[Marks 15]
Sol.
On the basis of design of casing the centrifugal pumps are classified as volute pump and diffuser
pump.
Volute Pump:
 In a volute pump the impeller is surrounded by a spiral shaped casing which is known as volute
chamber.
 The area of flow increases gradually in the volute chamber resulting in decrease in the velocity of
flow.
 The decrease in velocity increases the pressure of water flowing through the casing.
 It has been observed that in case of volute casing, the efficiency of the pump decreases slightly as a
large amount of energy is lost due to the formation of eddies in this type of casing.
Diffuser Pump:
 In the diffuser pump, the impeller is surrounded by a series of guide blades (vanes) mounted on a
ring called diffuser ring.
 The diffuser ring and guide vanes are fixed in position.
 The adjacent guide vanes provide gradually enlarged passages for the flow of liquid.
 The liquid after leaving the impeller passes through these passages of increasing area, wherein the
velocity of flow decreases and the pressure increases.
 Diffuser pumps are more costly than volute pumps.
On the basis of fluid handling centrigugal pumps are classified as radial flow pump, mixed flow
pump and axial flow pump.
Radial Flow Pump:
 In radial flow pump the liquid flows through the impeller in the radial direction only.
Mixed Flow Pump:
 In mixed flow pumps, the liquid flows through the impeller axially as well as radially.
 A mixed flow impeller discharges more than the radial impeller.
 These are used where a large quantity of liquid is to be discharged to low heights.
Axial Flow Pump:
 In axial flow pumps, the flow of liquid through the impeller is in axial direction only
 The axial flow pumps are designed to deliver large quantities of liquid at relatively low heads.
 However, it is not justified to call axial flow pumps as centrifugal pumps as there is hardly any
centrifugal action in their operation.
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
It is defined as the absolute pressure head at the inlet to the pump minus the vapour pressure head
(in absolute units) corresponding to the temperature of the liquid pumped, plus the velocity head
at this point.
Thus,
 pa ps  p v Vs2
NPSH    
 
     2g
ps  V2 
But    S  h s  h fs 
  2g 
pa VS2 p V2
 NPSH    h s  h fs  v  S
 2g  2g
pa p v
 NPSH    h s  h fs
 
The right hand side of the above equation represents the total suction head (H sv)
pa p v
i.e. H SV    h s  h fs
 
 NPSH  HSV
Where pa is the atmospheric pressure acting on the free liquid surface in the pump, p s is the gauge
pressure at the inlet to the pump, V s is the velocity of flow in the suction pipe, hs is the suction lift
and hfs is the head lost in foot valve, strainer and the suction pipe and p v is the vapour pressure of
liquid in absolute units.
(b) What do you understand by characteristic curves of a pump? What is the significance of the
characteristic curves?
[Marks 15]
Sol. CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
• Characteristic curves of centrifugal pumps are defined as those curves which are plotted from
the results of a number of tests on the centrifugal pump.
• These curves are necessary to predict the behaviour and performance of the pump when the
pump is working under different flow rate, head and speed.
The following are the important characteristic curves for pumps:
(i) Main characteristic curves.
(ii) Operating characteristic curves, and
(iii) Constant efficiency or Muschel curves.
(i) Main Characteristic Curves :
• The main characteristic curves of a centrifugal pump consists of variation of head (manometric
head, Hm), power and discharge with respect to speed.
• For plotting curves of manometric head versus speed, discharge is kept constant.
• For plotting curves of discharge versus speed, manometric head (H m) is kept constant.
• And for plotting curves of power versus speed, the manometric head and discharge are kept
constant.
• Figure shows main characteristic curves of a pump.
P(Q and H Constants)

Discharge, Q
Head,m(H )
Power (P)
2
HN
PN
3 H(Q = Constant)
QN
Q
(Hm = Constant)
Speed (N)
Main Characteristic Curves of a pump.
• For plotting the graph of H m versus speed (N), the discharge is kept constant. From equation, it
Hm
is clear that is a constant or Hm  N2.
DN
• This means that head developed by a pump is proportional to N 2.
• Hence the curve of H m vs N is a parabolic curves as shown in figure.
P
• From equation, it is clear that is a constant.
D N3
5
• Hence P  N3. This means that the curve P vs N is a cubic curve as shown in figure.
Q
• Equation, shows that = Constant.
D 3N
This means Q  N for a given pump. Hence the curve Q vs N is a straight line as shown in figure.
(ii) Operating Characteristic Curves :
• If the speed is kept constant, the variation of manometric head, power and efficiency with
respect to discharge gives the operating characteristics of the pump.
• Figure shows the operating characteristic curves of a pump.
• The input power curve for pumps shall not pass through the origin.
• It will he slightly away from the origin on the y-axls, as even at zero discharge some power is
needed to overcome mechanical losses.
• The head curve will have maxinium value of head when discharge is zero.
• The output power curve will start from origin as at Q = 0, output power (QgH) will be zero.
 Output 
• The efficiency curve will start from origin as at Q = 0,  = 0    
 Input 
Efficiency,

Power, P
Head, H
Head (H)
Efficiency, 
Input Power, P
Speed=Constant
Output Power
Discharge, Q
Operating characteristic Curves of a pump.
(iii) Constant Efficiency Curves :

• For obtaining Constant efficiency curves for a pump, the head versus discharge curves and
efficiency versus discharge curves for different speed are used.
• Figure (a) shows the head versus dascharge curves for different speeds.
• The efficiency versus discharge curves for the different speeds are as shown in figure (b).
• By combining these curves (H ~ Q curves and  ~ Q curves), constant efficiency curves are
obtained as shown in figure (a).
• For plotting the constant efficiency curves (also known as iso-efficiency curves), horizontal
lines representing constant efficiencies are drawn on the  ~ Q curves.
• The points, at which these lines cut the efficiency curves as various speeds, are transferred to
the corresponding H ~ Q curves.
• The points having the same efficiency are then joined by smooth curves.
• These smooth curves represents the iso-efficiency curves.
4 5 6 HVSQ
8
Head, H
Constant
8 Efficiency
6
5 Curve
C D
B N4
A N3
N2
(a) N1
Q
Efficiency
Constant
D Efficiency
A B C Line
N4
N1 N2 N3
(b)
Discharge, Q
constant efficiency curves of a pump
Significance of the Characteristic Curves:

 Pump Characteristic curve correlating head, power, efficiency, and NPSHR versus flow rate.
 How much head is required, efficiency created and the power it delivered (based on head
and efficiency) for a particular flow rate.
 It helps the manufacturer to design the pump based on the above four criteria which is
demanded by the customer.
(c) A centrifugal pump delivers water against a net head of 14.5 metres and a design speed of 1000
r.p.m. The vanes are curved back to an angle of 30° with the periphery. The impeller diameter is
300 mm and outlet width is 50 mm. Determine the discharge of the pump if manometric efficiency
is 95%.
14.5 1000 r.p.m.
30° 300 mm 50 mm
95%
[Marks 15]
Sol. Given: (i) Net head, Hm = 14.5 m
(ii) Speed, N = 1000 r.p.m.
(iii) Vane angle at outlet,  = 30º
(iv) Impeller diameter means the diameter of the impeller at outlet
 Diameter, D2 = 300 mm = 0.30 m
(v) Outlet width, B2 = 50 mm = 0.05 m
(vi) Manometric efficiency, man = 95% = 0.95
Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet,
D 2 N   0.30  1000
u2 = = = 15.70 m/s
60 60
Now using equation,
gHm
man =
Vw2  u2
9.81  14.5
 0.95 =
Vw2  15.70
0.95  14.5
 Vw2 = = 9.54 m/s
0.95  15.70
From outlet velocity traingle, we have
Vf2 Vf2 Vf2
tan = or tan30º = =
(u 2  Vw2 ) (15.70  9.54) 6.16
 Vf2 = 6.16 × tan30º = 3.556 m/s
 Discharge, Q = D2B2 × Vf2

Q =  × 0.30 × 0.05 × 3.556 m3/s = 0.1675 m3/s
(d) The diameters of an impeller of a centrifugal pump at inlet and outlet are 30 cm and 60 cm respectively.
Determine the minimum starting speed of the pump if it works against a head of 30 m.
30 cm 60 cm
30 m
[Marks 15]
Sol. Given, (i) Diameter of impeller at inlet,
D1 = 30 cm = 0.30 m
(ii) Diameter of impeller at outlet,
D2 = 60 cm = 0.60 m
(iii) Head, Hm = 30 cm
Let the minimum starting speed = N
For minimum speed,
u 22 u2
– 1 = Hm
2g 2g
  D2  N   0.6  N
where u2 = = = 0.03141 N
60 60
  D1  N   0.3  N
u1 = = = 0.0157 N
60 60
1 1
 2g (0.3141 N)2 – 2g (0.0157 N)2 = 30
or (0.03141 N)2 – (0.0157 N)2 = 30 × 2 × g = 30 × 2 × 9.81

30  2  9.81 588.6
or N2 = 2 2 =
(0.03141  0.0157 ) 0.0009866  0.0002465
N2 = 795297.9
 N= 795297.9 = 891.8 r.p.m.

SSC Je Mains Test Series Solution Zone Tech 436

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SSC Je Mains Test Series Solution Zone Tech 436

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ZONE TECH Fluid Mechanics + Hydraulic Machine 1

SSC-JE Mains Test Series 2022

Weight density (density) of gas

(b) Define the following pairs :

(iii) Compressible and Incompressible Fluids

Length  Force  Mass  Acc.

Distance between plates,

Velocity of upper plate,

u = 60 cm/s = 0.6 m/s

Force on upper plate,

This is the value of shear stress i.e., 

Let the fluid viscosity between the plates is µ.

Using the equation of Newtons law of viscosity

where, du = Change of velocity = u – 0 = u = 0.60 m/s

dy = Change of distance = 0.025 × 10 –3 m

 = Force per unit area = 2.0 N/m2

2.0  0.025  103

= 8.33 × 10–5 × 10 poise = 8.33 × 10–4 poise

(i) For Gauge Pressure (ii) For Vacuum Pressure

(iii)Single Column Manometer :

(b) State and prove the Pascal’s law.

(c) Weight of element pgdAds.

If the flow is steady,

But from figure (ii), we have

Equation (ii) is known as Euler's equation of motion.

Equation (iii) is a Bernoulli's equation in which

(b) Derive the expression : Cd = Cv × Cc

But actual discharge

where, C c = Co-efficient of contraction

(c) Explain the term:

Dye or smoke V Stream Tube

Basis of Difference Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine

Shaft power Power developed P

The discharge through turbine is given by

V1 = 0.985 2  9.81  380 = 85.05 m/s

= 0.45 × 2  9.81  380 = 38.85 m/s

1000  P1 1000  5150.25

P(Q and H Constants)

(iii) Constant Efficiency Curves :

Significance of the Characteristic Curves:

 Vf2 = 6.16 × tan30º = 3.556 m/s

 Discharge, Q = D2B2 × Vf2

or (0.03141 N)2 – (0.0157 N)2 = 30 × 2 × g = 30 × 2 × 9.81

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