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UNIT – I
PREPARED BY
M
O
R.SURYA, M.E
C
S.
Assistant Professor
U
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
C
FO
TS
EN
D
U
ST
Mass of fluid
p
Volume of fluid
M
3. Define Specific Weight.
O
C
It is the ratio between weight of a fluid to its volume.
S.
U
Weight of fluid Mass of fluid
C
w g p g
Volume of fluid Volume of fluid
FO
TS
w p g
EN
Unit: N / m3
D
U
ST
4. Define Viscosity.
When two layers move one over the other at different velocities, say u and u+ du,
the viscosity together with relative velocity causes a shear stress acting between the fluid
layers. The top layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent lower layer while the lower
layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent top layer.
du
dy
Coefficient of dynamic viscosity (or) only viscosity
du / dy = rate of shear strain
Volume of a fluid 1 1
Sp. volume
Mass of fluid p mass of fluid
volume
M
Unit: m3 / kg.
O
6. Define Specific Gravity.
C
S.
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight density or density of a fluid to the
U
C
7. Calculate the specific weight, density and specific gravity of 1 litre of liquid which
weighs 7 N.
Solution:
1
Given V 1ltre m3
1000
W=7N
weight 7N
i. Sp. Weight (w) 7000 N / m 3
volume 1 3
m
1000
w 7000 N
ii Density (p) 3
kg / m 3 713..5 Kg / m 3
g 9.81 m
S = 0.7135
It states that the shear stress ( ) on a fluid element layer is directly proportional
to the rate of shear strain. The constant of proportionality is called the co-efficient of
viscosity
M
O
C
du
dy S.
U
C
FO
1. Ideal fluid
EN
2. Real fluid
D
3. Newtonian fluid
U
ST
4. Non-Newtonian fluid.
5. Ideal plastic fluid
It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and density of fluid.
Vis cos ity
Represented as ;
Density p
Unit: m2 / sec.
2
Cm 2 1 m 2
1 Stoke 10 4 m 2 / s.
S 100 S
1
Centistoke means stoke
100
11. Find the Kinematic viscosity of an oil having density 981 kg/m. The shear stress
at a point in oil is 0.2452 N/m2 and velocity gradient at that point is 0.2 /sec.
1.226
kinematicvis cos ity( )
M
p 981
O
2
0.125 10 m / s.2
C
0.125 10 2 10 4 cm 2 / S
S.
U
C
12 .5stoke.
FO
TS
12. Determine the specific gravity of a fluid having viscosity 0.05 poise and
EN
= 0.035 x 10-4 m2 / s
p
0.05 1
0.035 10 4 p 1428 .5kg / m 3
10 p
M
O
Decrease of volume = d
C
S.
d
U
Volumetric strain
C
FO
Increase of Pr essure d p dp
Bulk modulus K
d
D
Volumetric strain d
U
ST
1
Compressibility
K
16. The Capillary rise in the glass tube is not to exceed 0.2 mm of water. Determine
its minimum size, given that surface tension of water in contact with air = 0.0725
N/m
Solution:
Capillary rise, h = 0.2 mm = 0.2 x 103 m
Surface tension 0.0725 N / m
M
O
Let, Diameter of tube = d
C
Angel for water = 0 S.
U
Density for water = 1000 kg / m2
C
FO
4 4 0.0725
TS
h 0.2 10 3
p g d 1000 9.81 d
EN
D
4 0.0725
U
d 0.148 m 14.8cm
ST
17. Find out the minimum size of glass tube that can be used to measure water level
if the capillary rise in the tube is to be restricted to 2mm. Consider surface
tension of water in contact with air as 0.073575 N/m.
Solution:
3
Capillary rise h = 2.0 mm = 2.0 10 m
Let, diameter = d
Density of water = 1000 kg / m3
0.073575 N / m
Angle for water 0
4 4 0.073575
h 2.0 10 3
p gd 1000 9.81 d
M
O
A fluid, which possesses viscosity, is known as real fluid. All fluids, in actual
C
practice, are real fluids. S.
U
C
Ideal Fluid:
FO
viscosity.
EN
D
4Cos
ST
M
O
τ = (14 /10) X (2.5 / 0.0125) = 280 N/m2.
C
S.
U
C
FO
1.Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters a glass tube of 4mm diameter, when
EN
immersed in (a) water (b) mercury. The temperature of the liquid is 20 0 C and the
D
U
values of the surface tension of water and mercury at 200 C in contact with air are
ST
0.073575 and 0.51 N/m respectively. The angle of contact for water is zero that for
mercury 1300. Take specific weight of water as 9790 N / m3
Given:
Diameter of tube d = 4 mm = 4 10 3 m
4 cos
Capillary effect (rise or depression) h
p g d
0.073575 N / m, 0 0
p 998 kg / m 3 @ 20 0 c
4 0.73575 Cos0 0
h 3
7.51 10 3 m
998 9.81 4 10
= 7.51 mm.
0.51 N / m, 130 0
M
p sp gr 1000 13.6 1000 13600 kg / m 3
O
C
4 0.51 Cos130 0 S.
h
U
13600 9.81 4 10 3
C
FO
2.46 10 3 m
TS
= - 2.46 mm.
EN
D
2. A cylinder of 0.6 m3 in volume contains air at 500C and 0.3 N/ mm2 absolute
pressure. The air is compressed to 0.3 m3. Find (i) pressure inside the cylinder
assuming isothermal process (ii) pressure and temperature assuming adiabatic
process. Take K = 1.4
Given:
Initial volume 1 0.36 m 3
Pressure P1 = 0.3 N/mm2
0.3 10 6 N / m 2
Temperature, t1 = 500 C
T1 = 273 + 50 = 323 0 K
Final volume, 2 0.3m
3
K = 1.4
i. Isothermal Process:
P
Cons tan t (or ) p Cons tan t
p
p11 p 2 2
p1 1 30 10 4 0.6
p2 0.6 10 6 N / m 2
2 0.3
M
= 0.6 N / mm2
O
C
ii. Adiabatic Process: S.
U
C
p
Cons tan t
FO
or
pK p K cons tan t
TS
EN
p1 .1 p 2 2
K K
D
U
ST
1.4
1 K 0.6
p 2 p1 30 10 4 30 10 4 21.4
2 K 0.3
RT RT
p and k cons tan t
3. If the velocity profile of a fluid over a plate is a parabolic with the vertex 202 cm
from the plate, where the velocity is 120 cm/sec. Calculate the velocity gradients
M
and shear stress at a distance of 0,10 and 20 cm from the plate, if the viscosity of the
O
fluid is 8.5 poise.
C
Given, S.
U
Distance of vertex from plate = 20 cm.
C
FO
8.5 Ns
Viscosity, 8.5 poise 0.85
EN
10 m 2
D
u ay 2 by C --------------
U
Substituting (ii) in equation (1), 120 a20 b2 400a 20b -----------(2)
2
du
Substituting (iii) in equation (1), 2ay b
dy
0 2 a 20 b 40a b -----------(3)
120 3
a 0.3
400 10
M
O
C
Substituting a, b and c in equation (i) u 0.3 y 2 12 y
S.
U
C
du
0.3 2 y 12 0.6 y 12
FO
dy
TS
Velocity gradient
EN
du
at y = 0, Velocity gradient, 0.6 0 12 12 / s.
D
y 0
dy
U
ST
du
at y =10 cm, Velocity gradient, 0.6 10 12 6 12 6 / s.
y 10
dy
du
at y = 20 cm, Velocity gradient, 0.6 20 12 12 12 0
y 20
dy
Shear Stresses:
du
Shear stresses is given by,
dy
du
Shear stress at y = 0 ,
i.
0.85 12.0 10.2 N / m 2
dy y 0
du
10 ,
ii. Shear stress at y =
0.85 6.0 5.1N / m 2
dy y 10
du
Shear stress at y = 20 ,
iii.
0.85 0 0
y 20
dy
M
Solution:
O
Diameter of cylinder = 15 cm = 0.15 m
C
S.
Diameter of outer cylinder = 15.10 cm = 0.151 m
U
C
Viscosity =
D
U
DN 0.15 100
Tangential velocity of cylinder u 0.7854
ST
m/s
60 60
= 0.1178 m2
du du u 0 u 0.7854 m / s
dy
0.151 0.150
dy 0.0005 m
2
0.7854
0.0005
0.7854
Shear force, F Shear Stress Area 0.1178
0.0005
D
Torque T F
2
0.7854 0.15
12.0 0.1178
0.0005 2
12.0 0.0005 2
0.864 Ns / m 2
0.7854 0.1178 0.15
M
O
5. The dynamic viscosity of oil, used for lubrication between a shaft and sleeve is 6
C
S.
poise. The shaft is of diameter 0.4 m and rotates at 190 rpm. Calculate the power
U
lost in the bearing for a sleeve length of 90 mm. The thickness of the oil film is 1.5
C
FO
mm.
TS
6 Ns Ns
Given, 6 poise 0.6 2
EN
2
10 m m
D
U
2 NT
Power W
60
D
T force Nm.
2
du
N / m2
dy
DN
u m / s.
60
DN 0.4 190
Tangential Velocity of shaft, u 3.98 m / s.
60 60
du 3.98
10 3
1592 N / m 2
dy 1.5 10
M
F 1592 D L 1592 0.4 90 10 3 180.05 N
O
C
S.
U
D 0.4
Torque on the shaft, T Force 180.05 36.01 Ns.
C
2 2
FO
60 60
D
U
ST
2
6.If the velocity distribution over a plate is given by u y y 2 in which U is the
3
velocity in m/s at a distance y meter above the plate, determine the shear stress at
y = 0 and y = 0.15 m. Take dynamic viscosity of fluid as 8.63 poise.
Given:
2
u y y2
3
du 2
2y
dy 3
du
20
2 2
dy y 0 3 3
du
2 0.17 0.667 0.30
2
dy y 0.15 3
8.63
8.63 poise SI units = 0.863 Ns / m2
10
du
dy
M
du
O
0 0.863 0.667 0.5756 N / m 2
C
dy y 0 S.
U
C
7.The diameters of a small piston and a large piston of a hydraulic jack at3cm and
10 cm respectively. A force of 80 N is applied on the small piston Find the load
lifted by the large piston when:
Area of small piston , a d2 3 7.068cm 2
2
4 4
Dia of large piston, D = 10 cm
10 78.54cm 2
P
A
2
Area of larger piston,
4
Force on small piston, F = 80 N
F 80
P N / cm 2
a 7.068
M
80
O
Pressure intensity on the large piston
C
7.068
S.
U
Force on the large piston = Pressure x area
C
FO
80
= x 78.54 N = 888.96 N.
7.068
TS
EN
F 80
N / cm 2
a 7.068
Pressure intensity of section A – A
F
pressure intensity due of height of 40 cm of liquid. P = pgh.
a
80
A A 0.3924
7.068
M
O
C
S.
U
C
FO
TS
EN
D
U
ST