F lu id M ec h an ic s

In t roduc t ion t o F lu id M ec h an ic s
Ph y sic al Propert ies of F luid
F L UID M E C H ANIC S (3 +1 )
� Recom m ended Books:
� 1. D augherty, R. L., J. B. Franzini and Fenimore, Fluid
Mechanics with Engineering Application, McGraw-Hill N ew
York (Latest Edition)

� 2. Monson Young, Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, (Latest

Edition)
� 3. D ouglus, Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill Inc.
� 4. Jack P. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, McGraw-Hill
Inc.
� 5. Merle Potter, Mechanics of Fluid, C L- Engineering (2011)

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Grading Policy
F L UID M E C H ANIC S
� Fluid: Fluids are substance which area capable of
flowing and conforming the shapes of container.

� Mechanics: Mechanics is the branch of science that

deals with the state of rest or motion of body under
the action of forces.

� Fluid Mechanics: Branch of mechanic that deals

with the response or behavior of fluid either at
rest or in motion.
S ign ific an c e of F lu id M ec h an ic s
� Fluid is the most abundant available substance
e.g., air, gases, ocean, river and canal etc.

� Its provide basis for other subjects e.g.,

� Public health/environmental engineering
� Hydraulic Engineering
� Irrigation Engineering etc

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B ran c h es of F lu id M ec h an ic s
� Fluid St at ics: It is the branch of fluid mechanics
which deals with the response/behavior of fluid
when they are at rest.
� Fluid kinem at ics: It deals with the response of
fluid when they are in motion without
considering the energies and forces in them.
� H ydrodynam ics: It deals with the behavior of
fluids when they are in motion considering
energies and forces in them.
� H ydr aulics: It is the most important and
pr act ical branch of fluid mechanics which deals
with the behavior of water and other fluid either
at rest or in motion.
S t at e of M at t er
� 1. gas
� 2.
flui
Liquid d
� 3.
Solid

7
C om p arison B et ween L iqu ids an d
G ases
� Liquids have definite � Gases do not have any
volume at any particular definite volume
temperature � Gases do not have free
� Liquids have level free level surface
surface � Molecules of gases are
far apart
� Molecules of liquid are
close to each other � Gases have less
� Liquids have relatively molecular attraction
more molecular � Gases are highly
attraction compressible
� Liquids are slightly
compressible
� Gases have higher rate
of diffusion
� Rate of diffusion of
liquid is less
C om p arison B et ween L iqu ids an d
S� olids
Liquid conform the shape of � D o not conform the shape
any container of container
� Liquid can flow � Solids cannot flow
� Molecules of liquid are � Molecules of solids are
distinctly apart very close to each other

� Liquid have relatively � Solids have more

less molecular molecular attraction
attraction
� Solids are highly
incompressible
� Liquid are slightly
compressible
� Solids can sustain shear

� Liquids cannot sustain

shear forces
 D im e n sion an d Un it s
� Dim ension
Fundam ent al/Pr im ar y
Dim ension
�
Fundam ent al/Pr im ar y
Dim ension
� length(L), mass (M)

�
and time (T)
Der ived/Secondar
y Dim ensions
� e.g., force,
velocity,
acceleration etc
D im e n sion an d Un it s
� Syst em of U nit s
� System International (SI)
� Fundamental dimensions: length, mass
and time
� Units: (meter, kilogram and second)
� British Gravitation System (BG)
� Fundamental dimension: length, force
and time
� Units: (ft, slug and second)
� C GS System
� Fundamental dimensions: length, mass
and time
� Units: (centimeter, gram and second)
Un it s of S om e D im en sion s in D ifferen t
S y st em s

� Fundam ent al U nit s

� length(L), mass (M) and time (T)
� Der ived U nit s
� e.g., force(F), velocity(L/T),
acceleration (L/T/T) etc
Syste Length Time Force Velocity Accele Energ Power Tempe
m ration y rature

SI m s N m/s m/s/s N-m kg-m/s oC

BG ft s lb ft/s ft/s/s ft-lb ft-lb/s F

CGS cm s dyne cm/s cm/s/s dyne dyne oC
- cm -
cm/s
Im p ort an t Prefix es
� e.g.,
� Force=1000000N
=1000KN
=1MN

D iameter=0.000001
m
=1µm
Ph y sic al Propert ies of F lu ids
� D ensity �
Viscosity
� Specific � Surface
Volume Tension
�Specific �
Weight Pressure
�Specific
Gravity
�
C ompressibility
D en sit y
� It is also termed as specific mass or mass density
� It is the mass of substance per unit volume .i.e., mass of
fluid per unit volume.
� It is designated with symbol of ρ (rho)
ρ =mass/volume
=M/L3
Fundam ent al Unit s=kg/m 3, g/cm 3

N ot e: Densit y of wat er at 4oc=1000kg/m 3, 1g/cm 3

S pec ific V olu m e
� It is defined as volume of substance per unit
mass.
� It is designated with υ

  volume / mass  L3 / M
Fundam ent al Unit s=m 3/kg,
cm 3/g
R elat ion sh ip Bet ween M ass an d S pec ific V olu m e

  volume / mass  L3 /
M
  mass / volume  M /
L3

  1/


1/ 
S pec ific Weigh t
� It is the weight of substance per unit volume or
say it is the weight of fluid per unit volume
� It is designated by γ (gamma)
weight W Mg W  Mg
  volume   
3
L
ML M
  
3
LT 2 L3
L2T 2

N ot e: Specific weight of wat er at 4oc=9810N /m 3, 62.4lb/ft 3,

981dyne/cm 3
R elat ion B et ween  an d 

Mass &   weight


volume volume
W  Mg


19 g
S pec ific G ravit y (R elat ive
D en
� It is sit y ) of density of a substance and density of water
the ratio
at 4oC .
� It is the ratio of specific weight of substance and specific
weight of water at 4oC .
� It is the ratio of weight of substance and weight of an equal
volume of water at 4ofluid
C .  fluid
S W fluid
 water   Wwater

�
Remember: water
 at T  at T W at T
S  at T C  Cwater
o
Cwater  C
o o
 fluid o
at T C fluid
water
o W fluid o
at T C
N ot e: Specific gr avit y of liquid is m easure w.r.t . wat er while
for cases of gases it is m easured w.r.t . st andard gas (i.e., air )
PR O B L E M S

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PR O B L E M S
Assignment 1
C om p ressibilit y
� C ompressible fluids
� Incompressible fluids

� In fluid mechanics we deal with both compressible

and incompressible fluids of either variable or
constant density.
� Although there is no such thing in reality as incompressible
fluid, we use this terms where the change in density with
pressure is so small as to be negligible.This is usually the
case with liquids.
� O rdinarily, we consider the liquids as incompressible.
� We may consider the gases to be incompressible when the
pressure variation is small compared with absolute pressure.
C om p ressibilit y
� Com pressible fluids
� Fluids which can be compressed.
� Fluid in which there is a change in volume with change in
pressure
P1
P2 
P2
P1
v1
v 2  v1
v2

� As a result of change in v1  v2
volume, density and specific
weight of fluid also changes. 1  2
Hence, for
compressible
fluids,
C om p ressibilit y
� Incom pressible fluids
� Fluids which can not be compressed.
� Fluid in which there is no change in volume with change in
pressure
P1 P2
P2 
P1
v1 v2v2
v2  v1

� As a result of change in v1  v2
volume, density and specific
weight of fluid also changes. 1  2
Hence, for
compressible
fluids,
C om p ressibilit y (V olu m e t ric
S� tVolum
rainet )r ic St r ain is the ratio of change in volume and original
volume.
P1
P2 
P2
P1
v1
v 2  v1
v2

� Volumetric strain=change in specific volume/original

specific volume.
  2 1 
 1
1   2  1 2 
2  1
1
v1 / M  v2 /
 v1 / M d
M 
1
v  v dv
 1v 2  v
1 1
 T h an k y ou
�
Q uestions….