REPORT FOR RIZAL’S

LIFE AND WORKS

PRESENTED BY:

● ELQUIERO ● GOLLOSO
● GONZALGO ● FERATERO
● AREVALO ● PARENAS
● JAMISOLA, C. ● VILLARANDA
● POLO ● SICAD
● SABEROLA ● BUHAYO
Table of contents:
THE MORGA AND THE PACTO DE
RIZAL’ S SEARCH
1 2
SANGRE
FOR ORIGINS

WRITER, HERO, MYTH,

COCKFIGHTS AND AND SPIRIT: THE

3
ENGKANTOS
4 CHANGING IMAGE OF
JOSE RIZAL
ICE BREAKER

GUESS THE ANIMAL!

GUESS THE ANIMAL!
GUESS THE ANIMAL!
GUESS THE ANIMAL!
GUESS THE ANIMAL!
GUESS THE ANIMAL!
GUESS THE ANIMAL!
GUESS THE ANIMAL!
GUESS THE ANIMAL!
GUESS THE ANIMAL!
GUESS THE ANIMAL!
 1
THE MORGA AND RIZAL’ S
SEARCH FOR ORIGINS
“Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas”
1
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
HISTORY by Antonio de Morga

● One of the first books that published the

history of the Philippines, the Successos de
las Islas Filipinas written by Antonio de
Morga and annotated by Dr. Jose Rizal.
● It conveys the history of the past; the
events occurred outside and inside of the
country from 1493 to 1603.
● He tackled the culture, politics, social and
economics of both Spain and our country
as they colonized it. He also emphasized
the strength and weaknesses of the
policies of the government, abuses as well
as the everyday routine works and beliefs
of the Filipinos.
1
1
THE MORGA AND RIZAL’ S SEARCH FOR ORIGINS
Annotations to Dr. Antonio De Morga’s
Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas (1609)

● As a child José Rizal heard from his uncle,

José Alberto, about an ancient history of the
Philippines written by a Spaniard named
Antonio de Morga.
● While in London, Rizal acquainted himself
with the British Museum where he found one
of the remaining copies of that work and had
the work republished with annotations that
showed the Philippines was an advanced
civilization prior to the Spanish conquest.
1 ANNOTATION OF DR. JOSE RIZAL
● Regardless of costing his own life for educating Filipinos, he
still published articles, literatures, books and annotated
books to awaken the consciousness of his own people about
their self-worth and their own race.
● Rizal was so eager to learn more about the history of the
Philippines and study further about our culture and our own
language, the “Wikang Tagalog”.
● He had given so much importance and effort to know more
about the history and the origin of our native language,
since, for him it is the key for Indios to understand more
about our origin and his vision for a brighter future.
1 ANNOTATION OF DR. JOSE RIZAL
● In his annotation, he wants to show to the world, to everyone the
real situation of Filipinos, both, before and after the colonizer set
foot on our island.
● He chose to annotate Morga’s books because of his influence as a
royal officer of Spain and his point of views coming from a
“foreigner”, a Spaniard who revealed the real situations and
abuses of the friars and someone who witnessed the last breath of
ancient nationality.
● Rizal felt the needs to show to the world the sufferings,
oppressions and discriminations to his fellow countrymen.
● Rizal also clarified some of the issues pointed out by Morga and
confirmed or explain further the things Morga is trying to describe.
1 ANNOTATION OF DR. JOSE RIZAL
● Rizal did not write a history book; he annotated one yet the
significance of Rizal's annotations to Antonio de Morga's
(1609) Sucesos de las islas Filipinas is that this is an
expression of the writing of the History of the Philippines from
a Filipino viewpoint.
● Rizal's choice of reprinting Morga rather than other
contemporary historical accounts of the Philippines was due
to the following reasons: the original book was rare; Morga
was a layman not a religious chronicler.
 THE MORGA AND RIZAL’ S SEARCH FOR ORIGINS
1
The Spaniards uses 3Gs
to colonize and influence our country:

God Gold Glory

1 God
Morga’s book
Gold
Morga’s books
Glory
To honor the king
entails the goodness of Spain, Morga said,
spoke about the brought about the the Spaniards changes
Christian Religion but Spaniards to the a lot of things in the
very reserved because Philippines, in which the
Philippines including
he wanted to the country is in debt and
owes a lot to the Spain the name of the
preserved purity and
but Rizal implies that it country which derived
holiness of the
could be true but tells from the name of King
religion. Rizal stressed
about the enormous sum Philip of Spain. The
that not all provinces, of Gold which was taken Spaniards changed
regions and ethnic from the Filipinos and the the names of the
groups were invaded tributes collected by
places, surnames and
by Christianity. There encomenderos to pay the
expenses of the even the culture of the
are places that still
government, employees, people and replace by
did not embraced new
diplomats as well as to their ideologies and
religion.
others who have nothing take credits from it.
to do with them
 THE MORGA AND RIZAL’ S SEARCH FOR ORIGINS
1 Significance of Rizal’s view

Rizal is a great novelist, writer and motivator. His

being liberal and realistic showed how great the
potentials of Filipinos in having their own identity. His
annotations to Morga’s books only showed his great love
and concern to his motherland. He does not pretend to be
a moralist but just stating facts. His works and lessons
are still applicable up to this time, as if we have not yet
moved on from abuses of many kinds, only that the
present situations are elevated.
 THE MORGA AND RIZAL’ S SEARCH FOR ORIGINS
1 Significance of Rizal’s view

Rizal’s points of views are still relevant and must be

given importance in today’s education. Teach the right
history and be open minded to accept all kinds of
opinions, take more books for reference. The saying,
“History repeat itself” because we are not mindful of the
past failures and struggles that supposed to be our guide
not to go the same path rather consider it as lessons to
improve our nation and must not be taken for granted.

“To foretell the destiny of a nation, it is necessary to open the

books that tell of her past...’ - Dr. Jose Rizal
 THE MORGA AND RIZAL’ S SEARCH FOR ORIGINS
1 Significance of Rizal’s view

● Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las islas filipinas is a classic

account of the first decades of Spanish expansion into the
Philippines—the only such account written by a Spanish
layman until the nineteenth century.

● An account of the history of the Spanish colony in the

Philippines during the 16th century. Antonio de Morga was
an official of the colonial bureaucracy in Manila and could
consequently draw upon much material that would
otherwise have been inaccessible.
 THE MORGA AND RIZAL’ S SEARCH FOR ORIGINS
1 Relevance To Current Society

The value of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas

has long been recognised. A first-hand account of the early
Spanish colonial venture into Asia, it was published in
Mexico in 1609 and has since been re-edited on a number
of occasions. It attracted the attention of the Hakluyt
Society in 1851, although the edition prepared for the
Society by Henry Edward John Stanley was not published
until 1868. Morga's work is based on personal experiences,
or on documentation from eye-witnesses of the events
described.
 THE MORGA AND RIZAL’ S SEARCH FOR ORIGINS
1 Relevance To Current Society

Moreover, as he tells us himself, survivors from Legazpi's

expedition were still alive while he was preparing his book in
Manila, and these too he could consult. As a lawyer, it is
obvious that he would hardly fail to seek such evidence. The
Sucesos is the work of an honest observer, himself a major
actor in the drama of his time, a versatile bureaucrat, who
knew the workings of the administration from the inside.It is
also the first history of the Spanish Philippines to be written by
a layman, as opposed to the religious chroniclers.
 THE MORGA AND RIZAL’ S SEARCH FOR ORIGINS
1
THE PACTO DE
SANGRE
PRESENTED BY:

JAMISOLA, CYRELLE JANE G.

2
POLO, JOHN LOUIE L.

SABEROLA, RUBY ROSE G.

ICE BREAKER

JUMBLED WORD!!!

1. TOPAC ED SANGRE
ICE BREAKER

JUMBLED WORD!!!

1. TOPAC ED SANGRE

PACTO DE SANGRE
ICE BREAKER

PUZZLE!
2 The Pacto de Sangre in the Late
Nineteenth-Century Nationalist
Emplotment of Philippine History

❖ MAIN AUTHOR: Aguilar, Filomeno V,

Jr
❖ YEAR PUBLISHED: 2010

❖ The blood oath that took place in the past

and the leaders' brotherhood were both
discussed in the book. It addressed social
and political changes as well as
nationalism.
2 PACTO DE SANGRE
Pacto De Sangre is also known as
“Blood Compact or Sandugo” It is
an ancient ritual in the Philippines,
which cuts the arm of the two
contract leader or parties and pour
their blood into a cup filled with
liquid, such as wine, and they drink
the mixture. This ritual intended to
seal a “friendship or treaty” to
validate an agreement.

❖ Sandugo- A Visayan word

which means “One Blood”.
2 PACTO DE SANGRE
History

● The event that happened in Bohol in 1565, involving Sikatuna and

Legazpi, was narrativized in the late nineteenth century and became
integral to the nationalist emplotment of the past. However, the two
principal narrative strands of Marcelo del Pilar and Andres Bonifacio
differed owing to divergent political projects.

● The sandugo (literally, unified blood) ceremony of Legazpi with

Sikatuna and Sigala, as well as that of Kolambu and Magellan, but
chose to emphasize the rite that transpired between Tupas and
Legazpi in Cebu, explaining: “Now, in the solemn ritual, native and
foreigner would sanctify the friendship that eluded earlier efforts.
2 PACTO DE SANGRE
History

● But, though blood had blended, minds remained apart.

To the Filipino, the blood compact was an agreement
between equals, a pledge of eternal fraternity and
alliance. In the same instant that Tupas and Legazpi now
drained their cups, it was clear on the other hand that to
the Spaniard this was a ceremony between victor and
vanquished foe. Jose Arcilla mentioned in his book: Rizal
and the emergence of the Philippine Nation describes
sanduguan as “too florid”
2 PACTO DE SANGRE
History

“Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived in Cebu, ruled by Rajah

Tupas, on 27 April 1565. Earlier, he had landed in Bohol, where
he befriended two native chiefs, Sikatuna and Sigala, with whom
he performed blood compacts, first with Sikatuna on 16 March
1565 and, a few days later, with Sigala.” The frame of modern
diplomacy: It was as a “treaty of peace” needed by both agents.
“can be seen not only as the first bond of friendship between the
Philippines and Spain, but also the first international treaty
between the Philippines and a foreign country”.
 2 PACTO DE SANGRE
History

Legazpi signed an agreement of peace and amity with Tupas and other
chieftains. The agreement, according to “Philippine History” by Teodoro
Agoncillo, includes provisions as follows;
•The Filipinos promise to be loyal to the King of Spain and the Spaniards
• Filipinos promise to help the Spaniards in any battle against an enemy;
and in return, the Spaniards promise to protect the Filipinos from all
enemies.
•A Filipino who has committed a crime against a Spaniard should be
turned over to Spanish authorities, while a Spaniard who has committed a
crime against a Filipino should be turned over to the Filipino chieftain.
2 PACTO DE SANGRE
History
2 PACTO DE SANGRE
History

It was believed that the first blood compact took place in 1521
between Magellan and Rajah Kolambu, at Limasawa Island,
wherein the first Catholic Mass on Philippine soil was held. But
then at present, "RA 9093 declares March 16 of every year as a
working special public holiday for the City of Tagbilaran and the
province of Bohol to be known as the blood compact day, and for
other purposes."
2 PACTO DE SANGRE
History

Virgilio Almario gives the blood oath a inspirational

significance that verges on a post-nationalist reading. To
many Filipinos there is a sense of Sikatuna standing tall in
the face of the conquistador Legazpi, the latter compelled
to abide by the indigenous custom as a way of “insuring
friendly relations.”
2 PACTO DE SANGRE
Significance In History

The Sandugo was a blood compact, performed in the island of

Bohol in the Philippines, between the Spanish explorer Miguel López de
Legazpi and Datu Sikatuna the chieftain of Bohol on March 16, 1565, to
seal their friendship as part of the tribal tradition. Its historical
importance lies in its consideration as the first treaty of friendship
between the Spaniards and native Filipinos.

Also, its current spot holds historical significance since it is where

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Rajah Sikatuna performed a blood
compact. This gesture supposedly signified peace and friendship
between the foreigners and the natives of Bohol.
2 PACTO DE SANGRE
Significance In History

The Pacto de Sangre (Blood Compact), despite its crucial

significance in Filipino conceptions of history, is seldom interrogated in
Philippine historiography. The Spanish conquistadores required
alliances to establish trust. The Pacto de Sangre, as a sacred ritual,
ensures brotherhood among participants.
It is considered a contractual agreement between Spain and the
Philippines. Legaspi made the ritual as a peace treaty between Spain
and the Philippines. Blood compact is a custom among the ancient
Filipinos of sealing a treaty of alliance and friendship by mixing the
blood taken from an incision in the arms of the two leaders entering
into alliance.
2 PACTO DE SANGRE
2 PACTO DE SANGRE
COCKFIGHTS AND 3
ENGKANTOS:
Gambling on Submission and Resistance
ICE BREAKER

PICTOWORD!
PICTOWORD!
PICTOWORD!
PICTOWORD!
PICTOWORD!
PICTOWORD!
 3 COCKFIGHTS AND ENGKANTOS:
Gambling on Submission and Resistance

❖ BOOK TITLE: Clash of Spirits: The History of

Power and Sugar Planter Hegemony on a
Visayan Island
❖ MAIN AUTHOR: Aguilar, Filomeno V.
❖ YEAR PUBLISHED: September 1, 1998

The book illuminates the oral traditions of the

Philippines and the convergence of capitalism and the
indigenous spirit world. It examines hacienda life from
the indigenous perspective of magic and spirit beliefs,
reinterpreting several critical phases of Philippine
history in the process.
 Definition of COCKFIGHTS

A blood sport in which roosters are placed

in a ring and forced to fight to the death for the
“amusement” of onlookers.

Roosters are born, raised, and trained to

fight on “game farms.” Breeders (also called
“cockers”) kill the birds they deem inferior,
keeping only the birds who are “game,”
meaning willing to fight. Many of these birds
spend most of their lives tethered by one leg
near inadequate shelter, such as a plastic
barrel or small cage. Breeders “condition” the
birds to fight through physical work, including
attaching weights or blades to their legs for
“practice fights” with other roosters, a process
that cockfighters call being “tested with steel.”
Definition of ENGKANTOS

They are mythical environmental spirits that

are said to have the ability to appear in human
form.They are often associated with the spirits of
ancestors in the Philippines. They are also
characterized as spirit sorts like sirens, dark beings,
elves, and more. Belief in their existence has likely
existed for centuries, and continues to this day.

It is a bracket term for enchanted human-like

beings of the land which includes a variety of
mythical races. The term itself was adopted from
the Spanish, who were dumbfounded by the wide
array of mythical races in the Philippines and just
referred to many of the races as "enchanted".
Though at the same time the term does not differ
at all from the archaic Spanish sense of the word
as referring to a supernatural apparition,
sometimes tied to a place.
3 COCKFIGHTS AND ENGKANTOS
Summary

Spain managed to conquer the Philippines through Religion.

Filipinos have their own old traditions, ceremonies, rituals and other
spiritual activities long before the Spaniards conquered the country.
Conquista espritual means spiritual conquest or to conquer in spirit.
The art of dominating the indio spirit. The native believe in the
importance of asking guidance from the unknown spirits that live in
the environment to give them protections and provision. In the 17th
and 18th century’s popular: Ensalmadores (caster of spells)
Saludadores (healers).
3 COCKFIGHTS AND ENGKANTOS
Summary

Through religion, Spaniards have been able to convince those

uneducated Filipinos to have faith, go to church, for it will make the bad
spirits go away, in which it favors Dominican Friar who dominate and
govern the Churches in the country. This makes the illiterate Filipino
easily be under the hand of the Spaniards.

What is “Preternatural”?
3 domains:
1. Supernatural – God’s unmediated actions
2. Natural – what happens always or most of the times
3. Preternatural – what happens rarely but nonetheless by
the agency of created beings and spirits such as angels,
demons, ghosts and other terrestrial beings.
3 COCKFIGHTS AND ENGKANTOS
Summary

These Preternatural entities are:

1. Engkanto, engkantu or ingkanto – generic spirit – being

2. Dwende – elf
3. Multo – ghost
4. Muerto – dead
5. Maligno – evil spirit
6. Kapre – a dark, hairy, otherworldly giant
7. Santilmo – spirit or soul in the appearance of fire
8. Sirena – sea nymph or mermaid
9. Tag – lugar – environmental spirit
 3 COCKFIGHTS AND ENGKANTOS
Summary
But years after the establishment of colonial rule
and the atrophy of the pre conquest datu’s
charisma in the face of Friar Power, there is a
decline of ancient debt peonage. The ties that
bound had loosened such as:
• The “conquista espiritual” had broken the
unitary canopy that subsumed economic
relations of production.
• Indio’s release from the debt peonage
revitalized the dungan and freed surplus labor
from the elite’s control.
• Indio became subordinated to an external
overlord and a peasant.
• The new rules of the social game
affected the totality of interpersonal
relations, and one
colonial edict was to the issue of debt.
• With the loss of the datu’s magical
mystique and with the law on debts,
old native elite lost legitimate grounds
for imposition of debt peonage.
• For the first time, indio being
subservient to Friar Power, experienced
a liberation of sorts from
tradition.
3 COCKFIGHTS AND ENGKANTOS
Summary

Colonial society and its relative peace made room for the
possibility that natives could stake a claim on a parcel of land to
become an independent cultivator. Natives did imbibe the concept
of private proprietorship and of land as inheritable property. Indios’
smallholdings were demarcated from lands owned by the native
elite. The native peasants also engaged in land disputes and the
idea of old peasant autonomy had been born.
 3 COCKFIGHTS AND ENGKANTOS
Summary

Natives learned that, as long as they complied with the

routine performances of attending mass and the compulsory
rituals at life’s passages, Friar Power could somehow be held
at bay. Peasants were left to their own devices to negotiate
with spirits, a process deemed imperative to enhance good
fortune in agricultural production.

Native’s strategy of negotiating with the spirit-world

was the anting-anting. Anting-anting was also relied upon
in the cockpit. Native learned to use anting-anting in
cockfighting for the belief that it will bring fortune. State’s
use of the game is to effect native incorporation into the
expanding money economy.
3 COCKFIGHTS AND ENGKANTOS
Summary

Gambling is sugal, from the Spanish jugar (to play or gamble),

while tahur meaning gambling as well as cheating. Reconfiguration of
indigenous society and the indio’s own gambling response gave currency
to the concept of suwerte (suerte) for good luck and malas (de malas)
for bad luck. Spanish tahur was suggestive of routes to success where
corruption was endemic. Flouting the law (of Spanish officials) with
impunity became a principal strategy of the native planter class that
emerged in Negros.
3 COCKFIGHTS AND ENGKANTOS
Summary

Cockfight – bulang or sabong or juego de gallos describe as colonial

cockpit and cultural entrapment. Natives loves to have “siesta” in the
afternoon after working in the farm. Others play cockpit which became
popular among the farmers. Spaniards became interested and enjoyed
to this activity and allowed this gambling as past time and later on
became gambling. But in Rizal’s perspective, this gambling becomes a
way for Filipinos to at least become superior (Llamado) not to be
inferior (Dehado) to them through this game.

Suwerte was believed to emanate from a variety of sources like

what had earlier been seen as misfortune converted to good luck.
3 COCKFIGHTS AND ENGKANTOS
Significance In History

Indios have the idea that to work for Friar Power was to
enjoy the enchantment and protection of the Hispanic
shamans as if the monastic states were a reincarnation of
the barangay under the direction of men of power. Being
protected from colonial governmental demands was
another benefit of being in the circle of Spanish magical
men.
Attachment to the monastic estates was also a source
of pride and privilege. Landless indigenous revolted by
escaping beyond the control of the colonial state because
they could not stand the conditions of the friar estates.
3 COCKFIGHTS AND ENGKANTOS
Relevance To Current Society

Filipinos have grown accustomed to the mythological environmental

spirits and beliefs that have been regarded as a part of our religions and
traditions over the years. Filipino myth continues to play a significant role
in daily life; everyone is aware of it, and some people truly believe in its
existence. The belief in their existence may have persisted for generations.

As a result, as time goes on, the Filipino people get more afraid and
uneasy to the point where it becomes a barrier and the foundation for
achieving various goals in life. Filipinos would need to say "tabi po" if they
did something as simple as tripping over a mountain of earth or strolling
through a large tree at night for fear of upsetting the environmental
spirits that live there.
3 COCKFIGHTS AND ENGKANTOS
 WRITER, HERO,
MYTH, AND
SPIRIT: 4
THE CHANGING IMAGE OF JOSE RIZAL
Presented by:

● VILLARANDA
● SICAD
● BUHAYO
 Studying Rizal: From Course Work to
Fieldwork
Smita Lahiri
Ph.D. candidate, Department of
Anthropology, Cornell University
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
have fascinated and eluded generations of
scholarly readers since their first publication
in Germany in the 1890s. Since that time,
they have withstood waves of adulation,
vilification, and dismissal, followed by
nationalist reappropriation and finally
canonization, while continuing to reward new
readers with pleasure and abundant
interpretive possibilities.
 More than Rizal's explicit
polemics, it was the Noli's story
of an intellectual-returned to the
Philippines from overseas-
pushed to radicalism by the
corruption of Spanish rule in
In the Noli Me Tangere and El
the Philippines, which
Filibusterismo (as the two
demonstrated Rizal's keen social
novels are nicknamed), Rizal
intelligence and command over
overtook his teachers and The Noli Me Tangere both
the intellectual currents of his
superiors. Writing in Spanish, depicts how the friars
time.
he cast off the intellectual maintained the colonial
hegemony of Spain in the hierarchy by withholding access
Philippines with every to Latin and Spanish from the
appearance of effortlessness. vast majority of Filipinos and
illustrates that Filipinos
nonetheless managed to
produce
new and destabilizing meanings
from the language and religion
of their colonizers.
 Popular veneration of Rizal was viewed rather ambivalently by
historians as a form of patriotic nationalism distorted by superstition
and credulity. Perhaps this view unconsciously mimicked the attitudes
of the seventeenth-century Spanish chroniclers who were both
appalled by the pagan religion of the Filipinos and reassured by its
apparent monotheism.

Some historians probably viewed Rizal-veneration as a sign of a

colonial mentality on the part of the masses, particularly when it
came to light that Rizal's stature as the preeminent national hero
had been partly the result of official promotion during the American
period. Perhaps his elite credentials and urbanity made him more
compatible with the objectives of U.S. colonialism than other
contenders, such as the militant Andres Bonifacio.
 One counter response has been to attempt to demystify Rizal
the hero and return to the man himself, or more precisely to the
writings-on topics as diverse as pre-colonial Philippine history and
epidemiology-through which he aimed to build a national
consciousness. But ironically, the posthumous cults and legends
about Rizal (which he would surely never have intended or desired)
show that his death did even more to achieve this objective than his
life's work.
Summary
Rizal is known for his two novels,nicknamed Noli and Fili, that
hugely contributes in awakening the nationalistic spirit ofFilipinos. On
one hand, Rizal as a “mythic” focuses more on Rizal as a hero more
than as a writer. On the other hand, Rizal as a spirit in the presence
of Amang Doktor emphasizes Rizal more as a writer, specifically as an
ilustrado who guides and offers wisdom to his believers. This gap
between two views is considered to a bigger challenge for researchers
and scholars to fully understand Rizal himself as a Filipino, a writer
and our national hero.
Summary
The “Writer, Hero, Myth and Spirit: The Changing Image of Jose
Rizal” by Smita Lahiri, explained that a myth was created about Rizal.
The myth is about the national hero to resurrect from his hiding place
within Mt. Makiling in Calamba, Laguna, his birthplace. This is
continuously believed by the Rizalistas after death. Rizal is believed
to be a spirit who continuously appear in front of his believers,
performing miracles that heal certain illnesses.
Thus, Rizal was entitled with the name “Amang Doktor”. His
appearance as Amang Doktor, who showed himself as a wizened old
man, made his followers such as Mama Rose to worship Rizal as a
Filipino Christ, resulting her to leave from her luxurious life and to
establish a church of her own.
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING!