1

Perspective in Dentistry
Mission of the College of Dentistry
Dr. Andre Tiffany Abcede Imploring the aid of Divine Providence, The University of the
East - College of Dentistry dedicates to the service of the
Module 1 : Introduction youth, country and God, and declares adherence to
academic freedom, progressive instruction, creative
Vision Program outcomes scholarship, goodwill among nations and constructive
Mission Organizational Chart educational leadership in dental education.
Goals vs. Objectives Clubs and Organizations
SMART Vision of the College of Dentistry
The University of the East - College of Dentistry is envisioned
Mission to be recognized as the center of excellence in dental
"Present Day" education by the Commission on Higher Education and
Written declaration eventually to be known in the international dental
Something to be accomplished community for its world-class, globally competitive
What do we do? graduates, high standard of instruction, and state-of-the-art
How do we do it? facilities.
Whom do we do it for? Thus envisioning the college as a destination of choice for all
What value are we bringing? aspiring undergraduates and graduate students in Dentistry
not only in the Philippines but worldwide.
Vision
Future Goal vs. Objective
Serves as a clear guide
Goals Objectives
Something to be pursued for that accomplishment
Common characteristics (Kantabutra, 2008) General Specific
Long-term Short-term
Concise Challenging
Abstract Measurable
Clarity Abstract
Stability Inspiring
Future Orientation

UE Mission Statement
Imploring the aid of Divine Providence, The University of the
East dedicates itself to the service of the youth, country and
God, and declares adherence to academic freedom,
progressive instruction, creative scholarship, goodwill among
nations, and constructive educational leadership.

UE Vision Statement College Goals

As a private non-sectarian institution of higher learning, The
University of the East commits itself to producing, through
relevant and affordable quality education, morally upright and
competent leaders in various professions, imbued with a
strong sense of service to their fellowmen and to their country.
The UE College of Dentistry prepares young
men and women for the general practice in
order to develop their competence in the
maintenance of oral health.
Directed to give dental students a sound
foundation in oral health, the program of
instruction aims to develop the technical skills
and digital dexterity of students, and to instill
proper attitude and a strong commitment to
the ideals of dental profession.
 2
College Objectives Appreciate the value of life-learning and continue to
1. To maintain high standards of dental be a lifelong learner
education as envisioned in an enriched Adhere to ethical/legal/moral applications in dental
curriculum, developed by dental educators, as practice
approved by the CHED.
2. To develop a clinical program designed to
produce dental graduates who are not only
academically prepared but also clinically
proficient in the various branches of dental
practice.
3. To improve the syllabi of the different
disciples methodically and periodically to
conform to the demands of dental education.
4. To encourage continuous professional
development among dental students and
graduates in order to keep up with the
evolving trends in dental education.
5. To encourage research among students,
graduated and faculty members.
6. To develop a deep appreciation of health
service through collaboration with colleagues
in the profession.
7. To establish mass media communication
through scientific and civic assemblies, and for
the professional growth of dental students. Clubs and Organizations
8. To develop programs and projects in oral
health care through community service.
9. To provide extension programs with other
dental schools, both local and international,
including government agencies and industries,
for the benefit of the students, the faculty
members, the graduates and the community.
10. To motivate and reward students, faculty
members and graduates who are engaged in
productive research, community service and
outstanding dental practice to help project
the College in particular and the University in
general.

Program outcomes
Dental education would produce graduates who are globally
competitive, and have the ability to:

Provide quality oral health care

Provide proper patient education
Deliver community and extension dental services
Conduct and disseminate basic and clinical
researches
 Middle Ages 3
Perspective in Dentistry
700
Dr. Andre Tiffany Abcede A medical text in China mentions the use of "silver paste",
a type of amalgam.

Module 2 : History of Dentistry

500 - 1000
History of Dentistry Medicine, surgery and dentistry are practiced by Monks
History of Dentistry in the Philippines
1210
Guild of Barbers - established in France. Two groups
were :
History of Dentistry Surgeons - perform complex surgical operations
Lay barbers - also called barber surgeons. They
Dr. Wilmart M. Labriaga MSc
perform more hygienic services including shaving,
bleeding and tooth extraction.
7000 BC 1530
Indus Valley Civilization The Little Medicinal Book for All kinds of Diseases and
Infirmities of the Teeth - Artzney Buchlein
5000 BC First book dedicated to Dentistry published in Germany
Sumerian text Written for barbers and surgeons, it covers practical
"Tooth worms" as the cause of dental decay. topics such as oral hygiene, tooth extraction, drilling
teeth and placement of gold fillings
2600 BC 1575 Goals Objectives
Hesy-Re, an Egyptian scribe Ambrose Pare from France
Often called the first "dentist" "Father of Surgery"
"The greatest of those who deal with teeth, and of Published his complete works about practical

physicians." information about dentistry such as tooth extraction

Earliest known reference to a person identified as a dental and the treatment of tooth decay and jaw fractures
practitioner
1723
1700 - 1550 BC Pierre Fauchard - French surgeon
An Egyptian text, the Ebers Papyrus " Father of Modern Dentistry"
Refers to diseases of the teeth and various toothache Published "The Surgeon Dentist" - first time defined a
remedies comprehensive system for caring for and treating teeth.
Introduced the idea of dental fillings ad the use of dental
500 - 300 BC prosthesis
Hippocrates and Aristotle wrote about Dentistry Identified acid (from sugar) led to tooth decay
The eruption pattern of teeth, treating decayed teeth and
gum disease, extracting teeth with forceps, and using 1840
wires to stabilize loose teeth and fractured jaws. Baltimore College of Dentistry - 1st Dental College
100 BC
1873
Celsus, a Roman medical writer
Colgate - Mass produced the first toothpaste and mass
Compendium of medicine on oral hygiene, stabilization of
produced toothbrushes followed a few years later
loose teeth, and treatments for toothache, teething pain,
and jaw fractures
166 - 201 AD
The Etruscans practice dental prosthetics using gold
crowns and fixed bridgework.
 4
History of Dentistry in the

Philippines Colegio Dental del Liceo de Manila / Philippine Dental

Pre Spanish
College
Early Filipinos
Era had been practicing dentistry First dental school established under the leadership of:
Barbers are dental practitioners Gregorio R. Mateo
They used their fingers and sometimes nail-pliers for Antonio Oliveros
extracting teeth Crispulo Layoc
Spanish Era Renamed The Philippine Dental College consisted of

Not considered as a profession three (3) years professional course leading to the degree

"Sacamuelas" - any person skilled at pulling teeth of "D.D.S"

It started in the district of Quiapo, City of Manila, Gregorio Agramon ably edited the Odontologia Filipina,

Capital Jose Arevalo, popularly known as Capitan the official organ of the society as an offshoot of the

Cheng- Cheng - Regarded as the first Filipino dentist. Sociedad Dental Filipinas
University of Santo Tomas for cirujanos ministrantes
"one who administers surgery“ and which was eventually National Dental Association (1924)
changed to cirujano dentistas “as dental surgeons”. Dr. Francisco Tecson - First President

American Era After WWII

Examinations were given and licenses subsequently
Philippine Dental Association (1945)
issued. - Dr. Joaquin Ladao : First President
Beginning of the state supervision of the dental practice
University of the East (1948)
of the country. Visayas Institutions :
In the change from a military to a civil government, the

Southwestern Colleges
Islands were placed under a governing body known as

Iloilo City Colleges

the “Philippine Commission.”
University of San Agustin
In 1903, passed the Act No. 593 : " The Act of Regulating

the Practice of Dentistry in the Philippine Islands" provided

for the organization of the Board of Dental Examiners

and vested with powers substantially similar to those the

present Board enjoys.

The arrival of Filipino dentists who earned their degrees

from American dental schools

Dr. Gregorio R. Mateo - Father of Philippine Dentistry
Dr. Francisco Ponce
Dr. Placido Flores
Dr. Joaquin A. Lada
Dr. Bonifacio Arevalo
They bonded themselves together into an organization called

the "Sociedad Dental De Filipinas" or "Philippine Dental

Association
President : Don Bonifacio Arevalo
Vice President : Gregorio R. Mateo
Secretary : F. Calleja
Treasurer : Juan Villanueva
Established dental schools and initiation of reforms for the

improvement of the profession

 The Patients 5
Perspective in Dentistry The Public

Dr. Andre Tiffany Abcede Goals of Dental Profession

Continually increase production
Module 3 : Goal and Value of Orientation Continually grow profitability
Continually generate more referrals
Maintain a low-stress environment
Seek high professional satisfaction and an enjoyable
practice environment
Gain financial independence
Why did you choose Dentistry Three fold values of Dental Profession
Personal Factors (Intrinsic) Service to mankind
Personal Interest Preventive/Corrective treatments
Self-efficacy Social security
Outcome expectations Ideal means of livelihood, career opportunities
Professional development opportunities Prestige for self
External Factors (Extrinsic) Title : Doctor
Income
Ideal Characteristics of a Dentist
Professional Prestige
Job Accessibility Diligent Dedicated to Service Charitable
Job Security Resourceful Honest and Sincere
Goals Objectives
Characteristics of a Dental Student Factors for a Successful Dental Treatment
Energetic Persistent
Enthusiastic Disciplined The capability and skill of the dentist to work on a given

Patient case.
Patient cooperation with the dentist regarding

As Dental Student, How will you present

medication and operation .
yourself to patients? The need for the patient to have faith and confidence

to himself, in nature’s healing process and in building up

You must be Competent .

positive thinking that he will get well.
Competent - having the necessary ability,

knowledge or skill to do something successful Inter-professional Referrals

You must act with Firmness and Ease to instill
Physicians
Confidence to your patients.
More than Just Teeth and Gums.
Detection of disease inside the mouth that has
How to achieve this? systemic implication.
Study the theories Muscles of the head, neck and jaw, the tongue, salivary
Master/ Practice the craft or the "Art of Dentistry" glands, the nervous system of the head and neck and
Presence of heart and mind other areas
Co-management of systemic and oral diseases
Involved in training a Dentist (Cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy)

Dentistry Professors and Clinical Instructor/Supervisors Pharmacists

Members of allied professions (health professionals,
Checks for errors in dosage and takes medication
xray/laboratory technicians, etc.)
histories
Government agencies (CHED, PRC)
Identify potential interactions and adverse effects
Private Educational Institutions
 Common medications prescribed by the dentist : 6
Nonsteroidal, Anti-inflammatories with hypertensives, 2. Art (Skills) - Involves skilled craftsmanship/psychomotor
Antidepressants with sedatives, Antibiotics with anti- skills/technical skills
platelets, Analgesics, Anticoagulant medications
Ibuprofen Tramadol HCI Amoxicillin 3. Vocation / Profession (Intensive Program) - A calling or
Celecoxib Paracetamol Clindamycin vocation requiring specialized knowledge and technical skills
following lengthy and intensive program.
Medical Technologists
Performs gum /gingival biopsy
Scope of Dentistry
Incisional biopsy Percutaneous biopsy
Excisional biopsy Brush biopsy 1. Diagnosing oro-facial conditions and providing

appropriate information to patients of diagnosis,

Nurses treatment or management options and their

Medical history taking consequences.

Contacts physician 2. Removing tooth tissue and/or placing materials for either

the temporary or permanent restoration or replacement

of tooth structure, or the rehabilitation of the dentition.

3. Performing procedures on the orofacial complex, teeth,

and the hard and soft tissues surrounding or supporting

the teeth.
4. Extracting teeth
Module 4 : Definition of Dentistry 5. Administering local analgesia and/or sedative drugs in

connection with procedures on the teeth, the jaws and

the soft tissues surrounding or supporting the teeth.

6. Prescribing medicines appropriate to the scope of

practice, the sale or supply of which is restricted by law to

prescription by designated health practitioners.

7. Prescribing special tests in the course of dental

Definition of Dentistry
treatment.
(As adopted by the 1997 ADA House of Delegates) 8. Using ionising radiation, for diagnostic purposes, in the

Defined as the evaluation, diagnosis, prevention and/or course of the practice of dentistry.
treatment (nonsurgical, surgical or related procedures) 9. Performing procedures on any person to prepare for or

diseases, disorders and/or conditions of the oral cavity, carry out the construction, fitting, adjustment, repair, or

maxillofacial area and/or the adjacent and associated renewal of artificial dentures or restorative or corrective

structures and their impact on the human body; provided dental appliances.
by a dentist, within the scope of his/her education, training
and experience, in accordance with the ethics of the Basic Sciences and Dentistry
profession and applicable law.
A dentist must be knowledgeable in basic

medical/biological sciences.
Dentistry can be defined into 3 aspects : To be able to understand pathologic conditions, the

1. Science (diagnosis, prevention, and treatment) dentist must be well-educated with normal anatomy and

Branch of medicine that is involved in the study, physiology.

diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases,
disorders and conditions of the oral cavity, commonly in Introduction to Oral Anatomy
the dentition but also the oral mucosa, and of adjacent
Two types of Dentition
and related structures and tissues, particularly in the
maxillofacial (jaw and facial) area.
Primary / Deciduous dentition - (20 teeth; 10 per arch)
Permanent dentition - (32 teeth; 16 per arch)
In primary there is no presence of premolars only 2 molars Periodontal Ligament 7
In permanent there is 2 pre molars and 3 molars A system of collagenous connective tissue fibers that
connect the root of a tooth to its socket/bone.

Dental Anatomy
Crown
Clinical Crown - Portion of a tooth visible in the oral cavity
Anatomical Crown - Portion of a tooth covered with

enamel

Root
Clinical Root - Portion of a tooth which lies within the

alveolus
Anatomical Root - Portion of a tooth covered by

cementum
Cervical Margin
Junction of the anatomical crown and anatomical root

Dental Tissue
Enamel
Hard calcified tissue covering the crown.
Contains no living cells, tooth enamel cannot repair
damage from decay or from wear. 1st layer
Dentin
Beneath enamel and cementum.
Contains microscopic tubules (small hollow tubes or
canals)
the tubules allow heat and cold or acidic or sticky foods
to stimulate the nerves and cells inside the tooth, causing
sensitivity.
Less calcified tissue than enamel
2nd layer of the tooth
Jaw
Pulp Tooth Bearing Bones - They comprise three bones
Contains nerves, blood vessels and connective tissue. (2) Maxillary bones - upper arch
- The maxillary bones rea separated by a suture
Cementum known as median palatine suture
Hard connective tissue covering the tooth root (1) Mandible - lower arch
Anatomical structure that connects the periodontal
ligament to the bone
Outer part covering of the root
 Basic Tooth Forms 8
Incisors Cavity Classifications
(4) Cutting teeth; thin blade-like crowns
Class I
Central Incisors (2)
Lateral Incisors (2) Lesion and preparation in occlusal surface
Pit and fissures : posterior teeth
Canine Lingual surface : anterior teeth
(2) Piercing or Tearing teeth; single
stout, pointed cone-shaped crown

Premolars
(4) Grinding teeth
1st Pre molar (2) Class II
2nd Pre molar (2) Proximal caries on posterior teeth.

Molars
(6) Grinding teeth
1st Molar (2)
2nd Molar (2)
3rd Molar (2)
Class III
Surfaces of Tooth Proximal caries on anterior teeth that do not include the

incisal angles .
Buccal
Towards, or adjacent to, the cheek.
Premolar or molar

Labial
Towards, or adjacent to, the lips.
Incisor or canine which
Class IV
Proximal caries on anterior teeth that do include the

Palatal
incisal angles
Towards, or adjacent to, the palate.
Maxillary tooth

Lingual
Towards, or adjacent to, the tongue.
Class V
Mandibular teeth Cervical caries; gingival 1/3 of buccal or lingual surfaces

Mesial
Towards the median/midline.
Mesial surface is that surface which faces towards the
median line following the curve of the dental arch
Class VI
Distal Caries on the buccal/lingual cusps
Away from the median/midline.
The distal surface is that surface which faces away from
the median line following the curve of the dental arch
 Classification of Maloclussion 9
Class II Subdivision
Edward Hartley Angle Class II molar relationship exist on only one side with

June 1, 1855 - August 11, 1930 normal molar relationship on the other side
Dentist and made orthodontics his specialties
Founded the Angle School of Orthodontia in 1899
Father of American Orthodontics
In 1899 Edward H. Angle published the first classification
of malocclusion.
The classifications are based on the relationship of the
mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar and the Class III Maloclussion
buccal groove of the mandibular first molar The mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar lies

posteriorly to the mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular

Class I Maloclussion first molar

Usually seen as when the lower front teeth are more

The mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first permanent

prominent than the upper front teeth.
molar occludes with the mesiobuccal groove of the lower
first molar .

Class III Pseudo Class III Maloclussion

Class II Maloclussion Due to occlusal prematurity, when the mandible moves

The mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first molar is anterior

from rest position to occlusion, it slides forward into a

to the mesiobuccal groove of the lower first molar.

pseudo class III position.
The mesiobuccal cusp rests in between the first
It’s also known as postural class III. Not really real, only due

mandibular molars and second premolars

to your posture. Pseudo means fake

Class II Maloclussion Division 1

Class III Subdivision
Proclined upper central incisors. / Flaired
Condition in which class III molar relationship is present

There is an increase in overjet. - distance between

only on one side with normal relation on the other side.
central and lower central incisor

Facial Profile
Class II Maloclussion Division 2 1. Straight
Retroclined upper central incisors, upper lateral incisors
2. Convex
may be proclined or normally inclined.
3. Concave
Overjet is usually minimal or may be increased.
 Orthodontics 10
Perspective in Dentistry A branch of dentistry that includes the diagnosis,
prevention, interception, and treatment of all forms of
Dr. Andre Tiffany Abcede
malocclusion of the teeth and surrounding structures.
Malocclusion if the abnormal or malpositioned
Table of Contents relationship of the upper and lower teeth when
occluded

Introduction and Advanced Organizer
Restorative / Operative Dentistry
Includes the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of
problems and conditions of natural teeth
Vital or non-vital
Restores the functional and esthetic restoration of the
hard tissues of individual teeth.
Prosthetic Dentistry
Replacement of missing teeth and the associated soft
and hard tissues by use of prostheses (crowns, bridges,
Pediatric Dentistry
An age defined branch of dentistry that provides
primary and comprehensive preventive and
therapeutic oral health care for infants and children
through adolescence, including those with special
needs
TMJ Specialization
Concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of
temporomandibular joint disorder wherein the complex
system of muscles, ligaments, discs, and bones are not
working harmoniously.
Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
A specialty of dentistry and discipline of radiology

dentures)
concernedGoals
with the production and Objectives
interpretation of

Fixed, removable, or retained and supported by dental

images and data used for the diagnosis and

implants.
management of diseases, conditions, and disorders of

3 Branches
the oral and maxillofacial region.
Complete Denture - Full coverage oral
prostheses that replace a complete arch of Implant Dentistry
missing teeth Concerned with the implantation of an artificial tooth

Removable Partial Denture - Denture used root into the jaw to hold a replacement tooth or bridge.
partially edentulous jaw aimed at replacing
teeth for functional or esthetic reasons.
Fixed Partial Denture - Mechanically attached
and securely retained to natural teeth, roots,
and or dental implant abutments. Permanently
attached to adjacent teeth or dental implants.

Oral and Maxillofacial Dentistry

A branch of dentistry concerned with the treatment of
conditions, defects, injuries, and esthetic aspect of the
mouth, teeth, jaw, and face.

Endodontics
A branch of dentistry concerning the dental pulp and
tissues surrounding the roots of a tooth.
Periodontics
A branch of dentistry focusing exclusively in the
inflammatory disease that destroys he gums and other
supporting structures around the teeth.
 Qualifications 11
Perspective in Dentistry It refers to the formal certification that a person has
successfully achieved specific learning outcomes
Dr. Andre Tiffany Abcede
relevant to the identified academic, industry or
community requirements. A qualification confers official
Table of Contents recognition of value in the labor market and in further
education and training.

Objectives
To adopt national standards and levels of learning
outcomes of education
PQF To support the development and maintenance of
pathways and equivalencies that enable access to
Philippine Qualifications Framework qualifications and to assist individuals to move easily
and readily between the different education and training
The PQF describes the levels of educational qualifications
sectors and between these sectors and the labor
and sets the standards for qualification outcomes. It is a
market and
quality assured national system for the development,
To align domestic qualification standards with the
recognition and award of qualifications based on
international qualifications framework thereby
standards of knowledge, skills and values acquired in
enhancing recognition of the value and comparability of
different ways and methods by learners and workers of
Philippine qualifications and supporting the mobility of
the country.
Filipino students and workers.
WHAT
It is a reference-system of national standards of Goals
PQF is a collaborative program by Objectives
the Department of
Education, (DepEd), Technical Education and Skills
qualifications earned by individuals educated and traied
Development Authority (TESDA ), Commission on Higher
in the Philippines.
Education (CHED), Professional Regulation Commission
WHO
(PRC), and Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE).
It is governed by the PQF National Coordinating Council
(PQF NCC) composed of the Department of Education
(DepEd), Commission on Higher Education (CHED), Section 4. Participation of the Industry Sector
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority Industry Sector representatives shall be consulted and
(TESDA), Professional Regulations Commission (PRC) and tapped in the detailing and application of the PQF to
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). ensure alignment of educational outcomes to job
FOR requirements.
It is for employers, workers, teachers and learners, parents
Section 6. Learning Standards
and governents who wish to understand Philippine
DepEd, TESDA and CHED shall make detailed descriptors
qualifications and compare them with others.
of each qualification level based on learning standards in
WHY
basic education, competency standards or training
Its objectives is to establish national standards and levels
regulations, and the policies and standards of higher
of qualifications to assist and support academic and
education academic programs. They shall jointly
worker mobility and to address job skills mismatch.
implement national pilot programs to determine its
WHY
relevance and applicability in all levels of education
It outlines what an individual has learned and can do
based on qualification type, levels and degrees of Section 7. Review of Licensure Examination
competency. The PRC and CHED shall review the framework and
contents of the licensure examinations of each of the
profession and align them with that of the PQF.
Domains and Descriptors 12
The PQF has eight (8) Levels of qualifications
differentiated by descriptors of expected learning
outcomes along the three domains: knowledge, skills and
values; application; and degree of independence.
The PQF 8-level framework with Senior High School as the
foundation of the 8 levels.
It has sub-frameworks in separate subsystems of the
education and training system. For example, the Technical
Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)
subsystem covers National Certificates (NC) I through IV
corresponding to the first four levels while the
Commission on Higher Education Subsystem covers
Baccalaureate, Postgraduate Diploma, Masters, and
Doctorate that correspond to Levels 6 to 8. The two Sub-
systems interface in the provision of diploma programs at
level 5.

Goals Objectives
 Advantages: 13
Perspective in Dentistry Fixed salary
Free Post-graduate schooling
Dr. Andre Tiffany D. Abcede Benefits:
Dental Career Opportunities in Dentistry ▪ Clothing allowance
Table of Contents ▪ Free housing
Post-Graduate Courses ▪ Medical and dental
Retrain and develop new skills. insurance
To learn and gain a deep understanding of their chosen Retirement benefits:
subject. ▪ Lifetime pension
One can take specific post-graduate courses specializing Can have a private practice when
in a specific branch of Dentistry. not on duty

Government
Private Practice Dental professionals who find employment in the
Most common career path taken government sector, working for government funding
Provides the highest level of independence possible. health clinics or for specific branches of the government.
All decisions concerning staff oversight, property
management, financial/business/legal responsibilities, and Community Dentist
providing clinical care to the patients. Works in a public sector, focusing their skills and expertise
on population-based dentistry instead of treating an
Group Practice individual patient.
Partnership of two or more practice, to a large multi-state Improves oral health within a community.
organization. Involve gathering data and information to identify
Responsibilities can be departmentalized or efficiency,
Goals Objectives
community problem, then developing programs that can
product purchasing power is enhanced (larger capital), be used to improve public health.
ability to open extended hours and day.
School Dentist
A dental professional who works within the perimeters of
Military Dentist
a school, providing annual dental check-up and
Take care of the dental needs of active duty service men emergency dental care needed by the students. Data
and women. Some serve in a foreign country and support gathering is also done to keep the dental record of a
the Armed forces in either peacekeeping or combat specific student.
missions and others are stationed stateside.
REQUIREMENTS TO BECOME A MILITARY DENTIST IN
Company Dentist
THEPHILIPPINES :
Works for a company, providing the dental needs needed
Licensed Dentist
by the company’s employee. The procedures done are
Natural born Filipino Dentist
often covered or subsidized by an insurance company, or
Pleasing personality and of good moral character
the company itself.
Mentally and physically fit for military service
Male - single
Academe
Female - single, has never been married or borne a
A dental professional, obtaining a degree like Masters/PhD
child
who works as a teaching personnel at a college or
Not more than 32yrs old at the time of his/her
university.
appointment as probationary
Not more than 38 yrs old upon entry
Dental Research
Height should not be less than 60 inches for male and
Someone who invests time, knowledge, and expertise to
female.
investigate ways to improve the oral health of the public
Disadvantages:
and how to provide safe, high-quality professional care.
Rotation of duty
Separation from family
 14
Perspective in Dentistry
Hand Instruments and Devices
Dr. Andre Tiffany D. Abcede Hand Instruments commonly used have three
fundamental parts:
Rest Table of Contents
In dental instrument, means the position assumed by the third Handle (Shaft)
or fourth fingers to stabilize the positions of the instrument The handle can be small, medium, or large, smooth
when the pencil grasp is used. or serrated

Shank
Guard
It connects the handle to the blade
Is the position assumed by the finger of the non-operating
Straight or angled (mono, bin, or triple)
hand to protect the part being worked upon from injury, and
The angulation provides for access and stability
to lessen the vibration of the tooth being worked on. In general,
guards make the area steadier.
Working end (Blade)
Beveled to create the cutting edge
Finger Position
Pen grasp
Very commonly used and which is similar to the manner
in which one holds a pen in writing.
Thumb, index and middle fingers contact the instrument
while the tips of the ring and little fingers are placed on the Goals Objectives
Basic Dental Instruments
working tooth as a rest.
Applied usually in mandibular arch.
Example : Dental Explorer and Mouth Mirror Allows extra light for better vision
Allowing vision into difficult to access areas and indirect
Inverted Pen grasp vision
Used to retract tissue e.g. tongue and check
The instrument is directed upward or inward toward the
operator Cotton Pliers
Used in lingual surface of anterior teeth
Picking up small instruments such as dental blurs, cotton
rolls, cotton pellets
Palm and Thumb grasp
The dressing forceps are also used to carry liquid
Is a powerful grasp in comparison to the pen medication. Two types: Locking and Non-locking
grasp
Shaft of the instrument is grasped by all the four Dental explorers
fingers, while the thumb is free of the instrument
and rest on the nearby tooth of the same arch. The dental explorer or probe, is a sharped-ended
Limited use instrument
Used for stabilizing instrument during To determine the presence of caries
sharpening and manipulating air and water To explore other enamel and dentin defects, such as
syringes fractured teeth and odontoclastic restorative lesions

Palm and Thumb grasp Spoon shaped excavator

All fingers grasp the instrument Excavator to remove soft carious dentin
Control of balance is present and temporary fillings
e.g In using forceps, cotton pliers etc.
 Its operative part is spoon shaped 15
With round tip Mixture of metals, consisting of liquid mercury and a

Elongated cutting edge which facilitates the treatment of powdered alloy composed of silver, tin, and copper.
larges areas The dentist first drills the tooth cavity for placement of the

amalgam filling.
Other Instruments
Advantages :
Air-Water Syringe / - 3-in-1 Syringe Dental amalgam fillings are strong and long-lasting so

they are less likely to break than some other types of

This has the ability to clean areas with water as well as dry
fillings
areas through air
Dental amalgam is the least expensive type of filling

The 3-in-1 is useful in a huge number of applications,

material
examples :
Drying teeth to diagnose decay Potential risk :
Wash away acid etch Low levels of mercury in the form of vapor that can be

Dry tooth before composite placement inhaled and absorbed by the lungs
Can cause brain and kidney damage
FDA considers dental amalgam fillings safe for adults and

High-Speed Handpiece children ages 6 and above

Reduced torque compared to the low-speed
handpiece.
Speeds can be anywhere up to 500,000 Amalgam well
revolutions/minute Where newly mixed amalgam is placed.
Must be cooled down by a water spray (otherwise this
can be damaging to the tooth and materials used)
The bur can only rotate in a clockwise direction
High-speed handpieces also often have a fibre-optic Amalgam Carrier
light built into them Double-ended instrument with wells on both ends to

pack fresh amalgam in & carry to prepared tooth.

Low-speed Handpiece
Straight or contra-angled Amalgam Condenser
Contra-angled handpiece : inside the mouth Also known as a plugger that is used to press the silver

Straight handpiece : outside the mouth (e.g. to adjust filling into place.
dentures) Ensures that the amalgam is well packed and no void is

Reduced speed, but have higher torque formed inside the filling.
Electric motor or air driven handpieces
Rotate in both clockwise and anticlockwise directions

Hand pieces (both low and high speed) need to be lubricated

before and after being sterilized to ensure proper function

Filling Paraphernalia
Well - Carrier - Condenser
Dental amalgam
Silver fillings
Dental filling material used to fill cavities caused by tooth

decay
 Matrix band 16
In cavities involving more than one tooth surface, it is
Carvers
usually necessary to surround the tooth with a matrix Remove excess material, contour surfaces, and carve

band to help confine the restorative material to the anatomy back into amalgam restoration before it

cavity preparation during condensation. hardens. (Discoid-cleoid and Hollenback)

The matrix band also helps determine proper contours
and the location and form of proximal contacts in the
restored tooth.
Condensation is the time where you are packing the
amalgam to the tooth preparation

Composite
Composite Placement Instrument
Woodson Composite Instrument
Mylar Strip
Tofflemire / Matrix Band Retainer Finishing Strip
Maintain stability of matrix band during condensation of
Composite Placement Instrument
restoration.
Used to place composite restorative materials.
Made of anodized aluminum, plastic or Teflon

Woodson Composite Instrument

Highly polished stainless steel instrument used for

composite placement and contouring.

The curved area should be the same orientation with the

Mylar Strip
occlusal. Should be facing the gingival occlusal. Not on top.
Thin clear strip used to isolate cavity preparation
Wedges Matrix band is used for amalgam, the mylar strip is used for
The wedge keeps the amalgam from squeezing out composite
under the matrix band and into the interproximal space
or spaces

Finishing strip
Used to smoothen the interproximal surfaces

Amalgam burnisher
Used to smooth the surface of freshly placed amalgam

restoration.
 Sterilization and Disinfection 17
Clinical Sterilization
The process of eliminating all forms of microorganism, Ultraviolet rays/light
both vegetative type and spores. Artificially produced by mercury vapor lamps, carbon
arc lamps, and cold quartz lamps.
Used to sterilize air, surgical instruments, and treat
Disinfection
infections.
Process that uses chemicals to destroy pathogenic Can produce harmful chemical reactions in the human
microorganism. body.

Bacteriostasis
process that inhibits growth of bacteria. Dry heat
Used for sterilizing the working ends of endodontic files
Bactericidal and reamers by placing them in a container containing
Agent that can kill bacteria. glass beads heated to approximately 225°C (437°F) for a
defined period of time. Glass bead sterilizers are
Antiseptic ineffective against prions, and the effectiveness of the
Substances that stop and prevent the growth of glass bead sterilizer for viral infection control has not been
microorganism . Used in the oral cavity/ bone tissue/ skin. demonstrated unequivocally.

Factors that determine whether or not infection would set

in : Glutaraldehyde
1. Susceptibility of the host An organic compound with the formula CH2(CH2CHO)2.
2. Virulence of the organism A pungent colorless oily liquid that is used to sterilise

3. Number of concentration of the organisms entering the medical and dental equipment. It is mainly available as an

body aqueous solution, and in these solutions the aldehyde

4. The portal of entry groups are hydrate.

Methods that can destroy bacteria

Physical
Temperature: flame, hot air, steam under pressure, moist
heat, boiling.

Chemical Glass beads sterilizer

Sometimes called Cold sterilization. i.e. Glutaraldehyde,

used for sterilizing the working ends of endodontic files

Phenols, Hydrogen Peroxide Alcohols i.e. 70% ethyl

and reamers by placing them in a container containing

alcohol.
glass beads heated to approximately 225°C (437°F) for a

Gas defined period of time. Glass bead sterilizers are

ineffective against prions, and the effectiveness of the

Ethylene oxide gas
glass bead sterilizer for viral infection control has not been

demonstrated unequivocally
Autoclave Dental burs, hand pieces should be sterilized
Parts held by dentist during work in the patient's mouth may be sterilized
A PRESSURE CHAMBER USED TO STERILIZE EQUIPMENT

with 70% alcohol every after operation

AND SUPPLIES BY SUBJECTING THEM TO HIGH
The cuspidor should be sterilized every after use per patient
PRESSURE SATURATED STEAM AT 121 °C (249°F) FOR
Hand pieces and contra angles should be disassembled before sterilization
AROUND 15–20 MINUTES DEPENDING ON THE SIZE OF
of internal parts
Non-toxic antiseptics like triethylene glycol vapor can be used to disinfect
THE LOAD AND THE CONTENTS.
the air

Perspective in Dentistry
Dr. Andre Tiffany D. Abcede
Table of Contents
Preoperative Requirements
Good Illumination
Systematic office arrangement
Good architectural and engineering design
Proper operatory equipment position
- Proper operatory position :
Proper divisions & Privacy
Proper positioning of dental furniture
Chair position is an important aspect in the
success of a dental treatment because it helps
the operator to have a good visibility and
accessibility
of the oral cavity
Proper operator’s position and posture
during treatment leads to lesser chance to get
muscle strain, fatigue leading to a more efficient
treatment.
Dentist Chairside Positions
Proper positioning promotes convenience for
both dentist and his patient
Helps improve work efficiency
Decreases efforts thus conserves energy
Lessen risks of work related injury
Promotes better illumination
Dentist chairside “clock” position
(right-handed dentist)
Right front position (7 o’clock)
Right side in front of patient
Helps in patient’s examination
Working areas:
Mandibular anterior
Mandibular right posterior area
Maxillary anterior teeth
Patient's head may be tilted towards operator
to increase ease and visibility
18
Right position (9 o’clock)
Right side beside patient
Operator is on the right side
of the patient
Working areas:
Facial surfaces of maxillary are posterior teeth
Facial surfaces of mandibular are posterior
teeth
Occlusal surfaces of mandibular are posterior
teeth
Right rear position ( 11 o’clock)
Right side behind the patient
Operator is behind to the right of the patient
Preferred position for most dental procedures
Most areas of the oral cavity are accessible either using
direct or indirect position
Working areas:
Palatal and incisal (occlusal) surfaces of
maxillary teeth
Mandibular teeth using direct vision
Objectives
Direct rear position (12 o’clock)
Operator is directly behind the patient
Working areas:
Lingual surfaces of mandibular teeth
This position has limited application
Dentist chairside “clock” position
(left-handed dentist)
Left front position (5 o’clock)
Left position (3 o’clock)
Left rear position (1 o’clock)
Proper Dental Posture
No stooping of shoulders - the shoulders should be erect
with both feet on the floor, about 1-1 1/2 feet apart
Avoid leaning over the patient
Avoid bending the neck when examining or treating
patients
 Four-handed treatment 19
Makes patient comfortable
The presence of dental assistant's two hands assisting a Develops radiographs
dentist's two hands, helping to reduce the amount of time a Taking impressions of teeth for study models
dental exam or procedure may take. Prepares materials for temporary fillings and other

The 4 basic tenets of four-handed dentistry: tasks under the direction of the dentist or

1. Use ergonomically designed equipment to minimize hygienist.

unnecessary motion May also be present during a dentistry procedure.
2. Place the patient in supine position The assistant may also perform any the
3.Seat the operating team and patient comfortably in following tasks:
ergonomically designed equipment Seating patients in the treatment area
4. Practice motion economy Providing assistance in the office
5. Seat the operating team as close to the patient as Ordering supplies
possible with the legs of the assistant parallel to the Serve as office manager or receptionist manage

patient chair the business aspect of dentistry manage patient

6.Utilize preset trays: records, filing, and recall systems .

Minimize the number of instrument to be used
Place instruments in sequence of use
Place in order from left to right or top to bottom as Dental/Oral Hygienist
preferred.
A licensed dental professional, specializes in preventive

7. Position equipment, instruments, and materials in advance. oral health.

8. The dentist assigns all legally delegable duties to qualified Some are licensed to administer local anesthesia.
clinical assistants based on the state's guidelines. Typically focusing on techniques in oral hygiene.
9. Patient treatment is discussed with the patient and Common procedures performed by hygienists :
planned in advance in a logical sequence.
Prophylaxis / Oral Prophylaxis
Scaling and Root Planing
Scaling is a type of cleaning wherein plaque and tartar

around and below the gum line are removed

Dental Assistant
Root planing involves scraping and smoothing the root

Multi-skilled member of the dental health team. surfaces of the teeth. Gum tissue can firmly reattach to

Provides support to both the dentist and the dental

roots that are clean and smooth
hygienist. Taking of prescribed radiographs
Effectively becomes the operator's extra hands. Dental sealants
Assist the dental operator provide more efficient dental
Administration of fluoride
treatment. Providing instructions for proper oral hygiene and

Requirements for Dental Assistant: care.

Dental assistants usually learn their skills on the job. Provide oral hygiene instructions, preventive

High school students interested in a future career

dentistry & dietary counseling
as a dental assistant should take courses in
Perform laboratory functions
biology, chemistry, health, and office practices.
Dental assistants must be reliable, work well with
Dental Chair
others, and have good manual dexterity. Cleaning and polish the upholstered parts, including

In some states, dental assistants must be licensed

crevices
or registered. Put on clean headrest covers
Tasks of a Dental Assistant: Bring the chair to lowest and basic positions.
Keeps all the instrument in proper working order.
Sterilization and preparation of instruments.
 20
Dental Unit
All necessary instruments must be placed o the bracket

Clean and polish with non-abrasive material table, without allowing any to hung over the edge.
The waste trap in cuspidor should be empty and clean The operating spotlight or light should be turned on and

Clean and polish bright the cuspidor adjusted to illuminate directly the field of operation.
Put off the electric switch
Put out the Bunsen Burner
Put off the supply to the cuspidor
Put off the compressed air, if the unit is fitted with the
cut-off valve.

Room in General
Clean towels
Gauze and cotton rolls should be ready for the next day.
Put off the heat radiators, electric fans, and air-
conditioners.
Doors and windows should be locked.
Must be cleaned.
All electric gas, adequate switches must be put off.

Reception Room and Appointment Desk

Furniture and fixture should be clean and polish
Drinking fountain should be clean
Typewriter or Computer should be covered after use
The time of the clock must be set
Ashtrays should be emptied and cleaned
Keep lavatories clean

Prosthetic Laboratory
Put off the burn-furnaces, water baths, vacular, boil-out
tanks, lathes and dental engines
Put off and polish the lathe blower
Close the air and gas valves
Check and fill the plastic artificial stone and investment
bin
Clean and store the crucible ring and flasks
Tools, mounted stones and other small gadgets should
be cleaned and boil-out tank and remove the wax
residue
Release tension on casting machine
Eliminate waxes from casting ovens

Training Techniques for Patient's Comfort

Stand behind the chair as the patient is being seated in

order to make immediate adjustments for the patient's

comfort
A towel is placed like a bib, on the patient.

Perspective in Dentistry
Dr. Andre Tiffany D. Abcede
Table of Contents
Levels of PPE
What is PPE
Personal Protective Equipment refers to a piece
of protective equipment like gloves, gowns,
masks, goggles, and other equipment that helps
the wearer avoid getting injured, catching a
disease, and transferring microorganisms to
others.
Health workers use PPE in different health
facilities to create barriers between the
healthcare workers and contagious diseases
from the patients. It also reduces the risk of
transmitting diseases from healthcare workers
to patients.
Gloves, aprons, long-sleeved gowns, surgical
masks, eye goggles, face visors, and respiratory
masks are all examples of PPE that may be worn
when providing healthcare.
Dentist and Patient must wear comfortable
clean attire during treatment session
DENTIST PPE
Head cap
Eyeshield/ dental protective eyewear
Surgical Mask
Sterile Gown
Surgical Gloves
Shoe Cover
PATIENT PPE
Head cap
Eyeshiels/ dental protective eyewear
Disposable Bib/ Polybib
Sterile Gown
Shoe Cover
Surgical Mask
A product that covers the wearer's nose and
mouth to create a physical barrier between the
mouth and the nose of the wearer and potential
contaminants in the immediate environment.
21
It is fluid resistant and provides protection
against droplets/splashes of bodily fluids.
They are not to be shared and may be labeled
as surgical, isolation, dental, or medical
procedure masks.
Sometimes referred to as face masks, although
not all face masks are regulated as surgical
masks.
Must be compliant with the Medical Devices
Directive and be “CE” marked.
Not intended to be used more than once.
Should be removed using the ties/strings and
disposed properly of (clinical waste)
Eye Protection: Goggles
Safety goggles should seal perfectly with the
skin of the face
It has a flexible PVC frame to easily fit all the
facial contours with even pressure
It encloses eyes and the surrounding areas
And can accommodate wearers with
prescription glasses
It has clear plastic lens withObjectives
fog and scratch-
resistant treatments
And adjustable bands to secure firmly so as not
to become loose during clinical activity and
avoid fogging
It may be reusable (provided that appropriate
arrangement for decontamination is in place) or
disposable
Face Shield
serves as barrier protection for the facial area
and associated mucous membranes from
airborne body fluids (blood, saliva, bronchial
secretions, etc.) expelled as a result of various
physiological processes (vomiting, coughing,
sneezing, etc.) and medical, and dental
procedures
For improved protection from infectious agents,
face shields should be at least full face length
with the outer edges of the face shield reaching
at least to the point of the ear, with chin and
forehead protectors
Forehead cushions should be of sufficient
dimensions to ensure that there is adequate
space between the wearer’s face and the inner
surface of the visor to allow the use of ancillary
equipment
In the event of a face shield shortage, some 22
industrial face shield models can be used for
infectious control purposes.
Neoprene
Also have similar properties to natural rubber
Sterile Gown latex and is often a popular replacement in
situations when a latex-free glove is required
Gowns are designed to protect clothing from
and manual dexterity is important e.g. surgery.
moisture or soiling during direct patient care.
They are a more expensive alternative to natural
Should be stored in a clean area.
rubber latex gloves.
Should not be worn routinely during shifts and
must be changed between patients. Shoe Cover
Care should be taken to remove gowns carefully
To provide a barrier against possible exposure
using ties and taking care not to touch the outer
to airborne organisms or contact with a
surface. The gown should be folded or rolled
contaminated environment
into a ball before disposal.
Protective layer to footwear when entering
Should be discarded immediately after use.
sensitive areas to restrict contaminations.
Hands should always be decontaminated after
Disposable Bib/ Polybib - An effective
removal of the gown.
preliminary barrier against contamination - They
protect the patient’s clothing to ensure
Surgical Caps patient’s Hygienic appearance is maintained
Minimizes the risk of hair or debris
contaminating a sterile medical environment. Donning
Disposable surgical caps are the most common Donning involves putting on the required apparel before
style because cloth caps should be washed patient contact and must be performed in the following
every after use. Goals
order; hand hygiene, gown, mask, eye or face protection,
Objectives
Disposable caps commonly have an elastic and gloves .
band or tie in the back for a secure fit.
Doffing
Polypropylene and SMS are standard materials.
According to the FLSA, the term “doffing” is used to refer
SMS is made from three layers of 100%
to the practice of taking off (doffing) protective gear,
polypropylene thermally welded together.
clothing, and uniforms.
There are certain circumstances where employers legally
Types of Gloves must pay their employees for time spent donning and
Latex DP NRL (Deproteinized
doffing.
1. Remove shoe covers (if applicable)
Natural Rubber Latex
2. Remove gown and gloves together
Closer fitting than vinyl and provides a more
3. Perform hand hygiene
effective barrier against microorganisms.
4. Remove eye protection (if applicable)
5. Remove mask/respirator (if applicable)
Nitrile (acrylonitrile)
6. Perform hand hygiene
Comparable to natural rubber latex in providing
a biological barrier but arguably afford less
elasticity.
Are quickly becoming the favorite in dental
offices, replacing latex gloves, which were
previously the industry standard. Their high-end
safety, excellent puncture resistance, and
quicker donning and doffing make them the
preferred one.
 23
Perspective in Dentistry
Dr. Andre Tiffany D. Abcede

Table of Contents
Levels of PPE

What is PPE

In the medical field, personal protective

equipment, or "PPE", is the equipment used to
reduce exposure to infections that causes
illness in the work place. Gloves, eye protection,
shoes, respirators, coveralls, and gowns are
examples of personal protection equipment.
When should we use PPE - Personal Protective
Equipment, or PPE controls infections, viruses,
and diseases from spreading. It is a safety
equipment that serves as a barrier between
infectious materials and your skin, nose, mouth,
and eyes.

Objectives
 24

Objectives
25
 26

Level 1 : Low risk areas: Triage area, consultation and private room.
Face shield and Surgical mask/disposable mask

Level 2: Low risk level of transmission areas (Green zone) like Triage area,

consultation room, and private room

face shield, surgical mask/disposable mask, gown, gloves

Level 3: Triage area and areas where patients under investigation (PUIs) are

admitted.
Head cap, Face shield, n-95 mask, gown/coveralls, gloves, shoe cover

Level 4: The COVID-19 wards and operation room requires the most protection for

personnel.
Head cap, face shield, n-95 mask, gown, double sterile gloves, shoe cover, clean

gloves, micropore tape, dedicated shoes, coveralls, disposable yellow plastic to

cover foot area


Perspective in Dentistry
Dr. Andre Tiffany D. Abcede
Fundamental Compartments of an
Ideal Dental Office
Reception Area/ Receiving Area
This area should not be referred to or thought of as
the “waiting area, ” but as an area in which you
receive and greet patients
Treatment Room/ Operating Room
The dental treatment room, or operating room, is
the room where patients receive their dental
treatment, as provided by the dentist or the dental
hygienist.
The goal in designing the dental treatment area is
to achieve the following:
Comfort and mobility for dental team members
Privacy and comfort for the dental patient
Enhanced use of dental equipment through time
management and efficient techniques
Laboratory Area
In the laboratory, procedures such as pouring
impressions, preparing diagnostic models, and
creating custom impression trays can be performed
. Reduce anxiety before seeing the dentist
Lavatory Facility
This area is for the hygiene and comfort of both the
practitioner and the patients.
Business and secretary's Office
This is the area of the dental office where
negotiations and payments typically take place.
Rest or Recover room
A recovery room is a facility where patients can be
taken after operation procedures.
27
Staff Lounge
This room is used by staff and dentists to relax, eat
lunch, and store personal belongings. It usually has
lockers and a small pantry for preparing snacks and
meals
Dark Room
Where analogue X-ray film processor developer
is stored.
Completely darkened environment where x-ray
film can be handled & processed to produce
diagnostic radiographs.
Close to the treatment room, with safelight,
ventilation, hangers, x-ray processing solutions.
The room should have good radiation protection
with lead walls, to prevent films from fogging.
Some clinics use portable x-ray developer
Store Room
For storing extra clinic materials, equipments &
instruments.Goals Objectives
For storing larger & expensive machines like the laser and
intra-oral scanner Room should be organized & locked at
all times .
Play Room
For pediatric patients.
Ideal comfortable surrounding for children Colorings, toys,
games, storybooks and cartoon shows.
Diagnostic Equipment/s
Dental X-ray Units
Can produce images of your teeth that your dentist uses to
evaluate your oral health
Lasers
Diagnostic lasers are very effective in diagnosing pit and
fissure decay. Can reach the tiny areas in the biting surfaces of
teeth
Intraoral Camera
The device is a miniature video camera that moves
inside the mouth to generate a visual video exam of
the individual tooth.
Science of Dental Material
It is the study of compositions and properties of
dental materials and the way they interact with the
environment they are placed in.
Preventive Dental Materials
Pit and Fissure Sealants
The material are polymers applied to the occlusal
surfaces of the posterior teeth to prevent pit and
fissure caries.
Fluoride Varnish
The material is applied in a tray to the teeth in
minutes after a dental prophylaxis or at home to
prevent smooth-surface caries.
Mouth Protectors
Mouth guards are coverings worn over teeth to
protect the teeth from injury from teeth grinding
and during sports.
Restorative Dental Materials
Glass Ionomer Cement
The cement is used in the prevention of dental
caries. Gold
The dental material forms a tight seal between Gold is of the oldest materials used in dentistry. Advantages:
the internal structures of the tooth and its Durable and long-lasting Disadvantage: Highly visible
surrounding environment.
Zinc Phosphate Cement
Known as the “original cement”.
It is one of the oldest and widely used cements,
used for preparing crowns, inlays, onlays,
orthodontic appliances, and partial dentures.
28
Zinc Oxide Eugenol Cement
Eugenol-containing dental materials are often
used in clinical dentistry.
When Zinc oxide-eugenol is applied to a dental
cavity, small quantities of eugenol diffuse
through the dentin to the pulp
Dental Amalgam
A dental filling material used to fill cavities on
decayed tooth.
It has been used as a dental filler for centuries,
but is said to be falling out of favor due to
concerns over mercury toxicity.
Composite Resin
Resin-based composites are highly moldable,
bonds well to the surface of the teeth, and look
very natural.
Disadvantage: Not suitable for all kinds of
restorations.
Goals Objectives
Dental Ceramic
Ceramics are strong, durable, and it looks good in the
teeth.
It is used as full and partial coverage crowns, denture
teeth, and as particulate fillers for resin matrix composite
filling materials.
Advantages: Color matching and translucency.
Disadvantages: Brittle Time consuming Complicated
cementation
Zirconia
Zirconia is a newer material for restorative treatments.
The zirconia is similar to composite resin in terms of its
functionality and durability.
Advantages: Highly durable
Disadvantages: Minimal.

Auxiliary Dental Material
Alginate Impression Material
Alginate is one of the most frequently used
dental materials.
It is an elastic, irreversible hydrocolloid
impression material.
Alginate impression material can be done in two
ways: manual mixing or mechanical mixing.
Gypsum Products
Dental Stone
It is mainly used in making casts for diagnostic
purposes and casts for complete and partial
denture construction.
The stone is usually tan in color, but can be
obtained in other colors.
Dental plaster
The weakest and least expensive among the
gypsum products.
It is a commonly used material in dentistry used
to create molds for dental applications including
dentures and prostheses.
The plaster is white in color.
High-strength or Improved stone
The strongest and most expensive among the
gypsum products.
It is mainly used for making casts or dies for MOUNTED DENTAL CHAIR
crown, bridge, and inlay fabrication.
Finishing and Polishing Abrasives
It is used to finish and polish dental material
surfaces to improve their aesthetic quality.
Materials:
Aluminum Oxide - preferred choice for
composites and enamel
Silicon Carbide - preferred abrasive for
porcelain, acrylic, and gold as it will not cause
discoloration.
Diamond Grit - provides good outcomes for
removing, contouring, and polishing dental
materials
29
Acrylic Resin
It is known as “Polymethylmethacrylate”
(PMMA)
It is the most commonly used materials in
prosthesis and orthodontics
Dental Chair
It is a specially designed medical device used to
support the patient’s entire body.
Modern Dental chairs are usually made of a
combination of metal and plastic.
Usually injected with antibacterial agents to
minimize the risk of infection.
Can vary in size, shape, style, and features.
TYPES OF DENTAL CHAIRS
MOBILE INDEPENDENT DENTAL CHAIRS
Are wheel-mounted chairs or folding-style
chairs with locking mechanisms.
Used in mobile operations
Goals Objectives
CEILING MOUNTED DENTAL CHAIRS
Type of dentist's office furniture that mounts to
the ceiling.
Allows for more floor space and an elevated
viewpoint
A dental chair with a mounted design has a
dental engine and attachments built into the
actual dental chair.
Parts of Dental Chair
Dental Light
Used to illuminate inside the mouth or oral cavity of the
patient seated on the dental chair.
Positioned 30-50 inches from the mouth of the patient
to avoid the light from shining in the patient’s eyes and
causing discomfort.
Intensity of the light may be adjusted.
Protective barriers such as a plastic wrap or aluminum foil
are placed on the handles and the switches of the light.
 30
Dental Chair Controls
Saliva Ejector
Consist of control buttons that can move the
A small and low volume tube that is used for
dental chair upwards or downwards depending
suctioning saliva and pooling water during
on what is best suited for the clinician.
patient care.

Tumbler/Cup Holder
Hi-vacuum Ejector
Cup holder helps to hold a disposable cup for
the patient's use. A suction tool used during more extensive
Disposable cups are primarily used for patients dental work because of their ability to quickly
to take in water, gargle it, and then spit it out remove build-up of liquids and larger solids.
into a spittoon bowl.
High speed Handpiece
Bracket Table Removes tooth tissue efficiently and rapidly.
Hold hand instruments and materials such as
cotton, cotton holders, cement mixtures, and Low-speed Handpiece
diagnostic instruments among many others. Used for the removal of soft decay, finishing
cavity preparation, polishing, trimming and
Air-Water Syringe prophy work.
Injection in three different ways: water,
compressed air, mixture of water with air. Operator's Chair
Frequently used to clean a tooth or surface It allows the dentist to sit in an ergonomic
during dental treatment. positionGoals
while they work. Objectives

Spittoon Bowl
Assistant's Chair
The spittoon is the container that is placed next Where the dental assistant sits.
to the dental chair so you can rinse and salivate
during the process.
Headrest
It is connected to a water pipe supply which is
used to clean out the bowl and drain the waste Keeps the patient's head and neck firmly in
into a drain place.

Backrest
Supports the patient's back and shoulders.
X-ray Viewer
X-ray viewers aid in inspecting and interpreting Seat
radiographs of a patient's teeth or oral cavity.
Where the patient is seated.
They can assist in identifying any regions of
dental decay or infection, which show up darker
on the radiograph because they absorb less X- Armrest
ray energy. Makes the patient feel supported.

Foot Control Monitor Legrest

When a dentist's hands are busy, the foot
control monitor is extremely useful. It is
regarded as safe to use and features buttons for
operation that are comparable to those on a
manual foot press.
Supports the patient's calves.
Footrest
Allows the patient's feet to rest.
 31
Perspective in Dentistry
Characteristics of Dental Materials
Dr. Andre Tiffany D. Abcede
1. Biocompatible- Non-toxic, non-irritating, non-
allergenic.
Introduction to Dental Materials
2. Mechanically stable & durable Strong, resistant
Science of Dental Materials to fracture.
The study of composition and properties of dental 3. Resistant to Corrosion – does not deteriorate
materials and the manner on which they interact over time.
with the environment they are placed. 4. Dimensionally Stable – Little change in
temperature & solvents.
History of Dental Materials 5. Minimal conduction – Insulates against
thermal/electrical changes.
500 B.C. - Present 6. Esthetic –Looks like oral tissue.
7. Easy to manipulate - Minimal/reasonable effort
Metals - gold
& time needed.
Plaster and wax models
8. Adheres to tissues – Retains onto, and seals,
Prosthetics of bone, ivory, wax, metals
tooth structure.
Porcelains - late 1700's
9. Tasteless and Odorless – Not unpleasant to the
Amalgam - early 1800's
patient.
Acrylic - 1940's
10. Cleanable/Repairable – Easily maintained or
Adhesive dentistry 1970's - present
fixed.
11. Cost-effective – Affordability vs.
Oral Environment Goals
benefits/disadvantages. Objectives
Very demanding.
There can be: (a) Temperature variations. (b)pH Classifications of Dental Materials
Variations (c)Variations in Masticatory Polymers
A chemical compound consisting of large organic
Temperature Variations molecules formed by the union of many smaller
monomer units is called a “POLYMER”
Normal temperature of oral cavity (32 ℃ to
37℃).
Metals
On intake of a cold/hot food or drink
An opaque lustrous chemical substance that is a good
temperature range increases (0℃ to 70℃)
conductor of heat and electricity, and when polished is a
pH Variations good reflector of light”.
pH of saliva is neutral (7.0) A good example of metal used in dentistry is the metal
On intake of acidic fruit juices or alkaline crowning.
medicaments, pH level may vary from 2.0 to 11.0
Ceramic
Variations in Masticatory forces An inorganic compound with non metallic properties, typically
composed of metallic (or semimetallic) and non metallic
Muscles of Mastication apply forces to the
elements
dentition.
Masticatory forces vary from tooth to tooth.
Composite
Average force applied by the tooth increases
Also called composition materials, are materials made from
from anterior to posterior
two or more constituent materials with significantly different
physical or chemical properties, that when combined,
produce a material with characteristics different from the
individual components.

Preventive Dental Materials
Basic aim is to provide resistance to the
progression of an active carious lesion.
Carious lesion cause the demineralization of the
dental enamel.
- Chemotherapeutic agents
- Pit and fissure sealants
- Fluoride releasing cements
Preventive dental materials can also serve as
Restorative materials and can either be:
- Short term
- Moderately Lone Time Period
- Longest Time Period
Auxiliary Dental Material
Materials used in the process of fabricating dental
prosthesis
Impression Materials
Impression materials are used to make a mold
with negative dimensions of the surfaces of a
patient’s oral structures.
The purpose of impression is formation of the
ensuing “positive” model or cast.
Gypsum Casts and Model Materials
Gypsum products are used mainly for positive
reproductions or replicas of oral structures.
These replicas are called casts, dies, or models,
and they are obtained from negative
reproductions.
Used to construct restorations and other
appliances.
Dental waxes
Used to make wax pattern.
Finishing and Polishing Abrasives
Remove excess material, smooth roughened
surfaces, and produce pleasing appearance
Acrylic Resins
Used to make customized impressions and
bleaching trays.
Acid Etching Solutions
Enhance bending of direct restorations.
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Temporary Restorative Dental
Materials
Sub category of restorative materials. Intended
to be used to restore the tooth temporarily.
Orthodontic Wires, Cements used as temporary
liners, cements used as temporary filling
materials, acrylic resins
Selection Dental Materials
Analysis of the Problem
Basic and very important step.
Incorrect analysis may lead to the wrong
treatment plan.
An incorrect decision may cause failure of the
restoration or appliance
Consideration of the Available
Requirements
Enlist the requirements that a material must
meet. Goals Objectives
Build a profile of the ideal properties required
for the application being considered.
Requirements of a material are dependent upon
the situation
Consideration of the Available
Materials & Properties
Clear concept with regard to the properties
Availability of the materials
Up to date advancements
Thorough comparison of properties with
requirements
Choice of a Suitable Material
The final step in selection
Talks about narrowing the range of choice
Involves three (3) factors:
- Availability
- Ease of handling
- Cost-effectiveness

Identification of Restorations
Dental Restoration - Restores function &
appearance of the oral structure
Pathology Caries: Filling
Injury Broken teeth: Crown
Congenitally missing teeth: Prosthetic
Two Types of Restorations
Direct Restoration - Created and placed directly
into the preparation site of the tooth.
(1) Amalgam filling
(2)Composite filling
Indirect Restoration - Created outside of the
mouth on a model of the prepared tooth and
later fixed into the mouth.
(1)Gold crown
(2)Denture
Direct Fillings
Usually made of amalgam (“silver” metal) or
composite (acrylic) materials
For caries of various degrees; anterior or
posterior teeth (Gold and Ceramic Filling)
Crown
Indirect restoration to replace missing crown of
tooth, or protect remaining crown of tooth
Caries, fractures, teeth with RCT, esthetics
Made of porcelain, metals, or both
Bridge
An indirect restoration; to replace one or more
missing teeth
“fixed” – not removable; cemented to existing
teeth
Made of porcelain, metals, or both
Abutment – the existing tooth/teeth supporting
the bridge
Pontic – the replacement tooth
Inlay
A fabricated restoration made of metal or
porcelain that replaces missing tooth structure; Space Maintainers
does NOT include the restoration of any cusps
Onlay “maintain” the space left behind by a missing baby
A fabricated restoration (as above) that DOES tooth.
include the restoration of at least one cusp.
33
Veeners
All-porcelain or acrylic facing for tooth
Primarily used for esthetic reasons
Can alter shape & color of existing tooth
Dentures
The removable dental prosthetic used to
replace all of the teeth on an arch.
Partial Denture
Replaces some teeth in the arch; patient is
partially edentulous.
Dentures are generally made from acrylic, nylon,
porcelain, resin, or metal
Endodontic Restoration
Endodontics is a dental procedure used to treat
infection at the Centre of a tooth. It is not
painful and can save a tooth that might
otherwise have to be removed completely.
Gutta Percha
Goals Objectives
Gutta-percha, a plastic substance from a
Malaysian tree called a percha tree, is used as a
permanent filling in root canals.
Post and Core
Post and core is a dental restoration procedure
which is sometimes performed after a root
canal. The purpose of a post and core is to
salvage an existing tooth that has lost a
significant amount of its internal structure
Pediatric Restoration
Pediatric Restorations are dental restorations for
"children".
Stainless Steel Crowns
A stainless steel crown is a preformed metallic
tooth shaped crown that fits over the remaining
tooth structure to protect the tooth from further
breakdown.
A space maintainer is an oral appliance made to
 34
Perspective in Dentistry
Priority Data
Dr. Andre Tiffany D. Abcede 1. Full name of the patient.
2. Address
Records of Cases 3. By whom referred, if at all
4. Date of admittance
The Patient's Complaint 5. Age of patient
Present concern/complaint of the patient and 6. Sex
the reason for his visit to the dentist 7. Laboratory Findings
8. The payments
Chief Complaint or "CC" 9. The condition of the mouth
Verbatim
This statement helps you establish what should Conditions of the mouth given

be prioritized during history taking and

attention during oral examination:
treatment planning.
1. Missing teeth
Reason for patient's visits 2. Supernumerary teeth
3. Development defects of tooth
Preventive 4. Caries
A patient visits his dentist once or twice a year for a 5. Attrition, abrasion, erosion
checkup and prophylaxis. 6. Deformities of the jaws, teeth, malposition of teeth,
condition of occlusion
Curative
7. Firmness of the gums, their texture, and also the tongue
The reason for every patient to visit a dentist. and floor of the mouth
Goals Objectives
8. Inflammation of visible soft tissues
Cosmetics 9. Pain
The patient is motivated for consultation to improve his
10. Calculus, stains
facial esthetics.
11. Condition of the bone, alveolar
The Dentist's Role 12. Teeth filled or restored
13. Any other deviation from the normal condition of the
Pre-treatment Consideration mouth
The dentist is responsible for evaluating the 14. The condition of the pulps
conditions or symptoms of the case.
Dental Charts
Case of Exigency It contains record of a patient's dental history and
In case of exigency/urgency where only one
treatment. It's a simplified graphic representation of the
plan of treatment is possible, the denial or delay
teeth on which clinical, radiological, and forensic
would surely destroy the patient's health, and it
information may be recorded
is necessary to perform the operation at once.

Voluntary Consent Blue pen:

When a patient decides to go to the clinic and
sits on the dental chair of his own accord, it is
considered as enough consent.
The patient can choose among the number of
possible plans of treatments.
Sound tooth (/) Un, Restoration (AM, Co, PJC, GIC), A bt,
P, GC, PorJC, MI
Red Pen
Missing (M), Caries (c), Root fragment (RF), Teeth
indicated for extraction (X), (Anomalies/Pathologies)